204:
27:
183:
298:. Although some drugs shorten REM periods, they do not abolish the underlying rhythm. Deliberate REM deprivation shortens the cycle temporarily, as the brain moves into REM sleep more readily (the "REM rebound") in an apparent correction for the deprivation. There are various methods to control the alterations of sleep cycles:
242:
The cycle can be defined as lasting from the end of one REM period to the end of the next, or from the beginning of REM, or from the beginning of non-REM stage 2 (the decision of how to mark the periods makes a difference for research purposes, because of the unavoidable inclusion or exclusion of the
190:
The standard figure given for the average length of the sleep cycle in an adult man is 90 minutes. N1 (NREM stage 1) is when the person is drowsy or awake to falling asleep. Brain waves and muscle activity start to decrease at this stage. N2 is when the person experiences a light sleep. Eye movement
195:
discusses the different stages of NREM sleep and their importance. They describe REM sleep as "A unique state, in which dreams usually occur. The brain is awake and body paralyzed." This unique stage usually occurs when the person dreams. The figure of 90 minutes for the average length of a sleep
191:
has stopped by this time. Brain wave frequency and muscle tonus is decreased. The heart rate and body temperature also goes down. N3 or even N4 are the most difficult stages to be awakened. Every part of the body is now relaxed, breathing, blood pressure and body temperature are reduced. The
151:, occur normally during non-REM sleep, but not during REM sleep. Thus, during REM sleep, body temperature tends to drift away from its mean level, and during non-REM sleep, to return to normal. Alternation between the stages therefore maintains body temperature within an acceptable range.
77:. In humans, this cycle takes 70 to 110 minutes (90 ± 20 minutes). Within the sleep of adults and infants there are cyclic fluctuations between quiet and active sleep. These fluctuations may persist during wakefulness as rest-activity cycles but are less easily discerned.
140:
Moreover, methods based on cardiorespiratory parameters are also effective in the analysis of sleep architecture—if they are associated with the other aforementioned measurements (such as electroencephalography, electrooculography and the electromyography).
273:
discovered in 1968 that humans seem to continue a roughly 90-minute ultradian rhythm throughout a 24-hour day, whether they are asleep or awake. According to this hypothesis, during the period of this cycle corresponding with REM, people tend to
573:
ber C., Ancoli-Israel S., Chesson A., and Quan SF. in The AASM Manual for the
Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications, 1st. Ed.: Westchester, Illinois: American Academy of Sleep Medicine;
169:
model proposed in the 1970s suggested a cyclic give-and-take between these two systems. More recent theories such as the "flip-flop" model, proposed in the 2000s, include the regulatory role of an inhibitory neurotransmitter
137:, the measure of the eyes’ movement, is the third method used in the sleep architecture measurement; for example, REM sleep, as the name indicates, is characterized by a rapid eye movement pattern, visible thanks to the EOG.
302:
Switching off all artificial lights: Since the natural production of melatonin can be suppressed by bright light, exposure to light–even after sunset–may prevent the body from feeling sleepy (and hence entering the sleep
286:, of which the "sleep cycle" would be a manifestation. A difficulty for this theory is the fact that a long non-REM phase almost always precedes REM, regardless of when in the cycle a person falls asleep.
131:
is in general a characteristic of the transition from wake to sleep, and during REM sleep, there is a state of muscle atonia (paralysis), resulting in an absence of signals in the EMG.
157:
Researchers have proposed different models to elucidate the undoubtedly complex rhythm of electrochemical processes that result in the regular alternation of REM and NREM sleep.
250:
A 7–8-hour sleep probably includes five cycles, the middle two of which tend to be longer than the first and the fourth. REM takes up more of the cycle as the night goes on.
583:
Tataraidze, A., Korostovtseva, L., Anishchenko, L., Bochkarev, M., & Sviryaev, Y. (2016,). Sleep architecture measurement based on cardiorespiratory parameters.
369:
123:
In order to determine in which stage of sleep the asleep subject is, electroencephalography is combined with other devices used for this differentiation. EMG (
453:
790:Ă…kerstedt, Torbjorn; Billiard, Michel; Bonnet, Michael; Ficca, Gianluca; Garma, Lucile; Mariotti, Maurizio; Salzarulo, Piero; Schulz, Hartmut (2002).
96:
activity, correlating with slow-wave (deep) sleep, in particular shows regular oscillations throughout a good night's sleep. Secretions of various
309:
Staying away from caffeine before bedtime: This ensures that the body is not under the stimulant effects of caffeine while trying to sleep.
646:
James T. McKenna, Lichao Chen, & Robert McCarley, "Neuronal models of REM-sleep control: evolving concepts"; in
Mallick et al. (2011).
239:
processes, which vary in proportion with organism size. However, shorter sleep cycles detected in some elephants complicate this theory).
830:
Ekkehard Othmer, Mary P. Hayden, and Robert
Segelbaum, "Encephalic Cycles during Sleep and Wakefulness in Humans: a 24-Hour Pattern" (
780:
Daniel
Aeschbach, "REM-sleep regulation: circadian, homeostatic, and non-REM sleep-dependent determinants"; in Mallick et al. (2011).
120:, well known to increase during REM, predictably also correlates inversely with delta-wave oscillations over the ~90-minute cycle.
849:
344:
1099:
592:
Pier Luigi
Parmeggiani, "Modulation of body core temperature in NREM sleep and REM sleep"; in Mallick et al. (2011).
1049:
492:
166:
454:"Inverse coupling between ultradian oscillations in delta wave activity and heart rate variability during sleep"
319:
283:
219:, the sleep cycle lasts about 50–60 minutes; average length increases as the human grows into adulthood. In
1050:"Using Coffee to Compensate for Poor Sleep: Impact on Vigilance and Implications for Workplace Performance"
514:
113:
1128:
408:
Gronfier, Claude; Simon, Chantal; Piquard, François; Ehrhart, Jean; Brandenberger, Gabrielle (1999).
368:
Stern, Evelyn; Parmelee, Arthur H.; Akiyama, Yoshio; Schultz, Marvin A.; Wenner, Waldemar H. (1969).
192:
47:
171:
999:"Workaholism, Intensive Smartphone Use, and the Sleep-Wake Cycle: A Multiple Mediation Analysis"
1133:
117:
85:
154:
In humans, the transition between non-REM and REM is abrupt; in other animals, it is less so.
8:
681:
1090:
Mallick, B. N.; S. R. Pandi-Perumal; Robert W. McCarley; and Adrian R. Morrison (2011).
527:
1048:
Anderson, Jason R.; Hagerdorn, Payton L.; Gunstad, John; Spitznagel, Mary Beth (2018).
1025:
998:
979:
915:
890:
729:
609:
512:
Chase, M. H.; Morales, F. R. (1990). "The atonia and myoclonia of active (REM) sleep".
484:
197:
134:
472:
127:) is a crucial method to distinguish between sleep phases: for example, a decrease of
1095:
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813:
763:
733:
685:
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258:
Unprovoked awakening occurs most commonly during or after a period of REM sleep, as
1061:
1020:
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961:
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725:
677:
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468:
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324:
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148:
124:
70:
1113:
Sleeping, dreaming, and dying: An exploration of consciousness with the Dalai Lama
997:
P, Spagnoli; C, Balducci; M, Fabbri; D, Molinaro; G, Barbato (20 September 2019).
956:
939:
452:
Brandenberger, Gabrielle; Erhart, Jean; Piquard, François; Simon, Chantal (2001).
1104:
Nir, and Tononi, "Dreaming and the Brain: from
Phenomenology to Neurophsiology."
1065:
665:
270:
43:
625:
906:
208:
105:
1122:
754:
Tobler, Irene (1992). "Behavioral sleep in the Asian elephant in captivity".
162:
866:
1073:
1034:
1015:
975:
924:
817:
808:
633:
480:
435:
426:
409:
223:, the sleep cycle lasts about 30 minutes, though it is about 12 minutes in
875:
767:
689:
535:
203:
737:
385:
279:
244:
144:
128:
74:
20:
966:
88:
shows the timing of sleep cycles by virtue of the marked distinction in
26:
831:
410:"Neuroendocrine Processes Underlying Ultradian Sleep Regulation in Man"
236:
93:
940:"Systematic Review of Light Exposure Impact on Human Circadian Rhythm"
34:
showing one sleep cycle (the first of the night) from NREM through REM
158:
109:
89:
56:
31:
282:. Kleitman and others following have referred to this rhythm as the
112:, correlate positively with delta-wave activity, while secretion of
275:
232:
228:
1047:
200:
around 1963. Other sources give 90–110 minutes or 80–120 minutes.
1111:
Varela, F., Engel, J., Wallace, B., & Thupten Jinpa. (1997).
1003:
International
Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
294:
The sleep cycle has proven resistant to systematic alteration by
97:
243:
night's first NREM or its final REM phase if directly preceding
889:
Blume, Christine; Garbazza, Corrado; Spitschan, Manuel (2019).
451:
216:
182:
891:"Effects of light on human circadian rhythms, sleep and mood"
101:
51:
789:
345:"What Happens During Sleep? | UPMC Sleep Medicine Resources"
407:
367:
295:
714:"Systematic Trends Across the Night in Human Sleep Cycles"
548:
Kleitman, N. (1963). Sleep and
Wakefulness Chicago, Univ.
211:(pictured) is thought to have a sleep cycle of 72 minutes.
224:
220:
16:
Oscillation between the slow-wave and REM phases of sleep
447:
445:
888:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
442:
507:
505:
414:Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
403:
401:
265:
1092:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep: Regulation and Function
696:
668:(March 1968). "The 90-Minute Sleep-Dream Cycle".
1120:
502:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
604:
602:
600:
598:
398:
161:are active during NREMS, but not REMS, whereas
612:(2007). "Neurobiology of REM and NREM sleep".
235:of the sleep cycle appears proportionate with
186:Schematic illustration of a normal sleep cycle
938:L, Tähkämö; T, Partonen; Ak, Pesonen (2019).
749:
747:
711:
649:
595:
511:
850:"Basic Rest-Activity Cycle—22 Years Later"
744:
560:Berry, R. B., & Wagner, M. H. (2014).
1024:
1014:
965:
955:
914:
865:
807:
425:
92:manifested during REM and non-REM sleep.
1108:, vol. 14, no. 2, 2010, pp. 88–100.
847:
664:
608:
370:"Sleep Cycle Characteristics in Infants"
202:
181:
25:
1121:
753:
996:
937:
682:10.1001/archpsyc.1968.01740030024004
306:Meditation and relaxation techniques
712:Feinberg, I.; Floyd, T. C. (1979).
528:10.1146/annurev.ps.41.020190.003013
13:
730:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1979.tb02991.x
80:
14:
1145:
165:is more active during REMS. The
1084:
1041:
990:
931:
882:
841:
824:
783:
774:
640:
586:
266:Continuation during wakefulness
1094:. Cambridge University Press.
670:Archives of General Psychiatry
577:
567:
554:
542:
361:
337:
73:alternation between sleep and
42:is an oscillation between the
1:
957:10.1080/07420528.2018.1527773
473:10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00507-7
349:UPMC | Life Changing Medicine
330:
320:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
289:
69:, to distinguish it from the
54:. It is sometimes called the
1106:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
1066:10.1016/j.apergo.2018.02.026
848:Kleitman, Nathaniel (1982).
562:Sleep Medicine Pearls E-Book
253:
7:
944:Chronobiology International
626:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.005
564:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
515:Annual Review of Psychology
313:
114:thyroid-stimulating hormone
10:
1150:
907:10.1007/s11818-019-00215-x
18:
838:164(3878), 25 April 1969.
284:basic rest–activity cycle
227:and up to 120 minutes in
196:cycle was popularized by
193:National Sleep Foundation
177:
461:Clinical Neurophysiology
135:EOG (electrooculography)
50:(paradoxical) phases of
172:gamma-aminobutyric acid
1016:10.3390/ijerph16193517
809:10.1053/smrv.2001.0202
796:Sleep Medicine Reviews
792:"Awakening from sleep"
427:10.1210/jcem.84.8.5893
212:
187:
167:reciprocal interaction
147:functions, especially
118:Heart rate variability
116:correlates inversely.
86:Electroencephalography
35:
867:10.1093/sleep/5.4.311
231:(In this regard, the
206:
185:
29:
386:10.1542/peds.43.1.65
610:McCarley, Robert W.
278:more and show less
19:For the album, see
1054:Applied Ergonomics
213:
198:Nathaniel Kleitman
188:
36:
1100:978-0-521-11680-0
63:sleep–dream cycle
1141:
1129:Sleep physiology
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718:Psychophysiology
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666:Hartmann, Ernest
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584:
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491:. Archived from
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420:(8): 2686–2690.
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395:
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392:
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358:
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355:
341:
325:Circadian rhythm
260:body temperature
149:thermoregulation
125:electromyography
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271:Ernest Hartmann
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881:
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840:
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614:Sleep Medicine
594:
585:
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550:Chicago Jfress
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522:(1): 557–584.
501:
498:on 2017-08-04.
467:(6): 992–996.
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209:Asian elephant
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106:growth hormone
82:
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67:REM-NREM cycle
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1134:Chronobiology
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207:The captive
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100:, including
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280:muscle tone
262:is rising.
145:Homeostatic
129:muscle tone
75:wakefulness
59:sleep cycle
40:sleep cycle
21:Sleep Cycle
1123:Categories
895:Somnologie
391:2023-11-18
374:Pediatrics
354:2021-09-24
331:References
290:Alteration
159:Monoamines
94:Delta wave
90:brainwaves
489:206133162
380:: 65–70.
254:Awakening
245:awakening
237:metabolic
229:elephants
110:prolactin
71:circadian
57:ultradian
44:slow-wave
32:hypnogram
1074:29866304
1035:31547191
984:52960410
976:30311830
925:31534436
818:12531132
634:17468046
481:11377256
436:10443660
314:See also
276:daydream
233:ontogeny
174:(GABA).
98:hormones
1026:6801767
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876:6819628
836:Science
768:1557589
690:5638533
536:1968326
303:phase).
217:infants
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178:Length
108:, and
980:S2CID
854:Sleep
832:JSTOR
756:Sleep
574:2007.
496:(PDF)
485:S2CID
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296:drugs
102:renin
65:, or
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1096:ISBN
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872:PMID
814:PMID
764:PMID
734:PMID
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630:PMID
532:PMID
477:PMID
432:PMID
225:rats
221:cats
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