Heart rate variability

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suffer. For example, researchers have suggested that HRV can index attention. For example, a group of researchers found that groups with high anxiety and low HRV have poor attention. In line with this research, it has also been suggested that increased attention has been linked to high HRV and increased vagus nerve activity. The vagus nerve activity reflects the physiological modulation of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system. The activity behind the prefrontal cortex and the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system can influence heart activity. However, people are not all affected the same. A systematic review of HRV and cognitive function suggested that resting HRV can predict individual differences in attentional performance. Even in psychological concepts such as attention, HRV can index individual differences. Furthermore, HRV has been able to index the role of attention and performance, supporting high HRV as a biomarker of increased attention and performance. Both emotion and attention can shed light on how HRV is used as an index for decision making.

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making is negatively affected by lower HRV and positively affected by higher levels of HRV. Most importantly, resting-state HRV was found to be a significant predictor of cognitive functions such as decision making. HRV, accompanied by a psychological state, such as anxiety, has been found to lead to poor decisions. For example, a group of researchers found that low HRV was an index of higher uncertainty leading to poor decision-making skills, especially those with higher levels of anxiety. HRV was also used to assess decision-making skills in a high-risk game and was found to be an index higher sympathetic activation (lower HRV) when making decisions involving risk. HRV can index psychological concepts, such as the ones outlined above, to assess the demand for the situations that people experience.

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electrical vagal stimulation, muscarinic receptor blockade, and vagotomy. More problematic is the interpretation of the LF component, which was considered by some as a marker of sympathetic modulation (especially when expressed in normalized units) but is now known to include both sympathetic and vagal influences. For example, during sympathetic activation the resulting tachycardia is usually accompanied by a marked reduction in total power, whereas the reverse occurs during vagal activation. Thus the spectral components change in the same direction and do not indicate that LF faithfully reflects sympathetic effects.

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an increase in cell membrane K+ conductance. Acetylcholine also inhibits the hyperpolarization-activated "pacemaker" current. The "Ik decay" hypothesis proposes that pacemaker depolarization results from slow deactivation of the delayed rectifier current, Ik, which, due to a time-independent background inward current, causes diastolic depolarization. Conversely, the "If activation" hypothesis suggests that after action potential termination, If provides a slowly activating inward current predominating over decaying Ik, thus initiating slow diastolic depolarization.

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was reported. In fact, whereas the reduction in time domain measures of HRV seemed to parallel the severity of the disease, the relationship between spectral components and indices of ventricular dysfunction appears to be more complex. In particular, in most patients with a very advanced phase of the disease and with a drastic reduction in HRV, an LF component could not be detected despite the clinical signs of sympathetic activation. This reflects that, as stated above, the LF may not accurately reflect cardiac sympathetic tone.

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represent the balance of these two influences. For example, high HRV is shown proper emotion regulation, decision-making, and attention, and low HRV reflects the opposite. The parasympathetic nervous system works to decrease heart rate, while the SNS works to increase heart rate, and this is important because it applies to the different psychological states mentioned above. For example, someone with high HRV may reflect increased parasympathetic activity, and someone with low HRV may reflect increased sympathetic activity.

129: 28: 701:, may produce a paradoxical increase in vagal effects on the heart, as suggested by a decrease in heart rate. In addition, scopolamine and low dose atropine can markedly increase HRV. However, though the heart rate slowing in proportional to the (low) dose of atropine, the increase in HRV varies widely across and within individuals. This suggests that even for vagal activity to the heart, HRV may be a limited marker. 268:). This heart rate variation is directly caused by the central respiratory rhythm, faithfully tracks the respiratory rate across a range of frequencies and is a major cause of heart rate variability in humans (Cooper HE, Clutton-Brock TH & Parkes MJ (2004). Contribution of the respiratory rhythm to sinus arrhythmia in normal unanesthetized subjects during mechanical hyperventilation with positive pressure. 169:. However, HRV is elevated by negative news in persons who react more strongly to negative news than to positive news. When completing a task, HRV is subject to change, especially when people need to regulate their emotions. Most importantly, individual differences are related to the ability to regulate emotions. Not only is emotional regulation necessary, but so is attention. 441:

wavelet with a scale of 7. Once the wavelet coefficients are obtained, the energy for each coefficient are calculated as described in the literature. After calculating the normalized values of wavelet energies, which represent the relative wavelet energy (or the probability distribution), the wavelet entropies are obtained using the definition of entropy given by Shannon.

140:. For example, HRV is related to emotional arousal. High-frequency (HF) activity has been found to decrease under conditions of acute time pressure and emotional strain and elevated anxiety state, presumably related to focused attention and motor inhibition. HRV has been shown to be reduced in individuals reporting to worry more. In individuals with 165:

at two different levels, while resting and while completing a task. Research suggests that a person with higher HRV while resting can provide more appropriate emotional responses compared to those that have low HRV at rest. Empirical research found that HRV can reflect better emotional regulation by those with higher resting HRV, particularly with

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flecainide, also encainide and moricizine, decreased HRV in post-MI patients but found no correlation between the change in HRV and mortality during follow-up. Thus, some antiarrhythmic drugs associated with increased mortality can reduce HRV. However, it is not known whether these changes in HRV have any direct prognostic significance.

433:. Analysis has shown that the LS periodogram can produce a more accurate estimate of the PSD than FFT methods for typical RR data. Since the RR data is an unevenly sampled data, another advantage of the LS method is that in contrast to FFT-based methods it is able to be used without the need to resample and detrend the RR data. 252:

rate such that it increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration. Less is known about the physiological inputs of the low frequency (LF) activity (0.04 to 0.15 Hz). Though previously thought to reflect SNS activity, it is now widely accepted that it reflects a mixture of both the SNS and PSNS.

144:(PTSD), HRV and its HF component (see below) is reduced whilst the low-frequency (LF) component is elevated. Furthermore, PTSD patients demonstrated no LF or HF reactivity to recalling a traumatic event. Statistical quantitative differences have also been found among healthy, depressed, and psychotic people. 189:

rate variability based on frequency domain characteristics. However, it places more emphasis on respiratory sinus arrhythmia and its transmission by a hypothesized neural pathway distinct from other components of HRV. There is anatomic and physiological evidence for a polyvagal control of the heart.

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Exercise training may decrease cardiovascular mortality and sudden cardiac death. Regular exercise training is also thought to modify cardiac autonomic control. Individuals who exercise regularly have a 'training bradycardia' (i.e., low resting heart rate) and generally have higher HRV than sedentary

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Data exist for several antiarrhythmic drugs. Flecainide and propafenone but not amiodarone were reported to decrease time domain measures of HRV in patients with chronic ventricular arrhythmia. In another study, propafenone reduced HRV and decreased LF much more than HF. A larger study confirmed that

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Under resting conditions, vagal tone prevails and variations in heart period are largely dependent on vagal modulation. The vagal and sympathetic activity constantly interact. Because the sinus node is rich in acetylcholinesterase, the effect of any vagal impulse is brief because the acetylcholine is

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is intrinsic to various pacemaker tissues, heart rate and rhythm are largely under the control of the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic influence on heart rate is mediated via release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors respond to this release mostly by

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Time domain methods are preferred to frequency domain methods when short-term recordings are investigated. This is due to the fact that the recording should be at least 10 times the wavelength of the lowest frequency bound of interest. Thus, recording of approximately 1 minute is needed to assess the

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Frequency domain methods assign bands of frequency and then count the number of NN intervals that match each band. The bands are typically high frequency (HF) from 0.15 to 0.4 Hz, low frequency (LF) from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz, and the very low frequency (VLF) from 0.0033 to 0.04 Hz. HF power

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The series of NN intervals also can be converted into a geometric pattern such as: Geometric Measures HRV triangular index: integral of density distribution / maximum of density distribution maximum HRV triangular index = Number of all NN intervals / maximum number. Dependent on the length of the bin

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Errors in the location of the instantaneous heart beat will result in errors in the calculation of the HRV. HRV is highly sensitive to artifact and errors in as low as even 2% of the data will result in unwanted biases in HRV calculations. To ensure accurate results therefore it is critical to manage

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teaches how to recognize and control involuntary heart rate variability. A randomized study by Sutarto et al. assessed the effect of resonant breathing biofeedback among manufacturing operators; depression, anxiety and stress significantly decreased. A first overall meta-analysis by Goessl VC et al.

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HRV correlates with the progression of disease and outcome of cancer patients, according to a systematic review of published studies. Patients in the early stages of cancer have a significantly higher HRV when compared to patients in the later stages of cancer, suggesting disease severity influences

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A reduced HRV has been observed consistently in patients with cardiac failure. In this condition characterized by signs of sympathetic activation such as faster heart rates and high levels of circulating catecholamines, a relation between changes in HRV and the extent of left ventricular dysfunction

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In neuropathy associated with diabetes mellitus characterized by alteration in small nerve fibers, a reduction in time domain parameters of HRV seems not only to carry negative prognostic value but also to precede the clinical expression of autonomic neuropathy. In diabetic patients without evidence

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However, the exact HRV(HR) relationship is still a matter of debate. For time domain parameters (RMSSD, SDNN, etc.) the results imply that, if there exists a universal function, it should be either exponential or hyperbolic in nature. The evaluation procedures used to determine HRV(HR) function have

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methods are (1) smoother spectral components that can be distinguished independent of preselected frequency bands, (2) easy postprocessing of the spectrum with an automatic calculation of low- and high-frequency power components with an easy identification of the central frequency of each component,

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Decision-making skills are found to be indexed by HRV in several studies. Previous research has suggested that both emotion and attention are linked to decision making; for example, poor decision making is linked to the inability to regulate or control emotions and attention and vice versa. Decision

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The RR interval variations present during resting conditions represent beat-by-beat variations in cardiac autonomic inputs. However, efferent vagal (parasympathetic) activity is a major contributor to the HF component, as seen in clinical and experimental observations of autonomic maneuvers such as

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A newly used HRV index, which depends on the wavelet entropy measures, is an alternative choice. The wavelet entropy measures are calculated using a three-step procedure defined in the literature. First, the wavelet packet algorithm is implemented using the Daubechies 4 (DB4) function as the mother

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EBC (estimated breath cycle), the range (max-min) within a moving window of a given time duration within the study period. The windows can move in a self-overlapping way or be strictly distinct (sequential) windows. EBC is often provided in data acquisition scenarios where HRV feedback in real time

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that mediate HRV. The polyvagal theory highlights three main ordinal processes, inactive response to an environmental threat, the active response to an environmental threat, and the fluctuation between the connect and disconnect to an environmental threat. This theory, like others, decomposes heart

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Emotions stem from the time and impact of a situation on a person. The ability to regulate emotions is essential for social environments and well-being. HRV has provided a window to the physiological components associated with emotional regulation. HRV has been shown to reflect emotional regulation

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The data on the effect of β-blockers on HRV in post-MI patients are surprisingly scant. Despite the observation of statistically significant increases, the actual changes are very modest. In conscious post-MI dogs, β-blockers do not modify HRV. The unexpected observation that before MI, β-blockade

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Interventions that augment HRV may be protective against cardiac mortality and sudden cardiac death. Although the rationale for changing HRV is sound, it also contains the inherent danger of leading to the unwarranted assumption that modification of HRV translates directly into cardiac protection,

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HRV is decreased in patients with sepsis. Loss of HRV has both diagnostic and prognostic value in neonates with sepsis. The pathophysiology of decreased HRV in sepsis is not well understood but there is experimental evidence to show that partial uncoupling of cardiac pacemaker cells from autonomic

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Sequences of RR intervals have been found to have long-term correlations. However, one flaw with these analyses is their lack of goodness-of-fit statistics, i.e. values are derived that may or may not have adequate statistical rigor. Different types of correlations have been found during different

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Alternatively, to avoid artefacts that are created when calculating the power of a signal that includes a single high-intensity peak (for example caused by an arrhythmic heart beat), the concept of the 'instantaneous Amplitude' has been introduced, which is based on the Hilbert transform of the RR

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and (3) an accurate estimation of PSD even on a small number of samples on which the signal is supposed to maintain stationarity. The basic disadvantage of parametric methods is the need of verification of the suitability of the chosen model and of its complexity (that is, the order of the model).

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Robust management of artifacts, including RWave identification, interpolation and exclusion requires a high degree of care and precision. This can be very time-consuming in large studies with data recorded over long durations. Software packages are able to assist users with a variety of robust and

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Low RMSSD, thought to represent vagal tone, have been associated with major depression. Lower SDNN and elevated LF/HF were found in those with bipolar disorder, and in particular those characterized as having greater illness severity due to greater number of episodes, illness duration and whether

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Depressed HRV after MI may reflect a decrease in vagal activity directed to the heart. HRV in patients surviving an acute MI reveal a reduction in total and in the individual power of spectral components. The presence of an alteration in neural control is also reflected in a blunting of day-night

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of each NN (or RR) interval with the immediately preceding NN (or RR) interval – also called "Poincare plot" or (apparently in error) a "Lorenz plot"; and so forth. A simple formula is then used that judges the variability on the basis of the geometric and/or graphics properties of the resulting

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Decreased PSNS activity or increased SNS activity will result in reduced HRV. High frequency (HF) activity (0.15 to 0.40 Hz), especially, has been linked to PSNS activity. Activity in this range is associated with the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a vagally mediated modulation of heart

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Patients with chronic complete high cervical spinal cord lesions have intact efferent vagal neural pathways directed to the sinus node. However, an LF component can be detected in HRV and arterial pressure variabilities of some tetraplegic patients. Thus, the LF component of HRV in those without

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The sympathetic influence on heart rate is mediated by release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Activation of β-adrenergic receptors results in cAMP-mediated phosphorylation of membrane proteins and increases in ICaL and in If the result is an acceleration of the slow diastolic depolarization.

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Previous research has suggested that a large part of the attention regulation is due to the default inhibitory properties of the prefrontal cortex. Top-down processes from the prefrontal cortex provide parasympathetic influences, and if for some reason, those influences are active, attention can

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Although time domain methods, especially the SDNN and RMSSD methods, can be used to investigate recordings of long durations, a substantial part of the long-term variability is day–night differences. Thus, long-term recordings analyzed by time domain methods should contain at least 18 hours of

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HRV is the measure of the varying length of gaps between each heartbeat and is used as an index for different aspects of psychology. HRV is reported to be an index of the influence of both the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous systems. Different aspects of psychology

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have been found to have had lower HRV than healthy individuals. HRV can be observed to be depressed prior to the development of SCD, which raises questions about whether or not altered autonomic function plays a role in the development of electrical instability. HRV is also depressed in SCD

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rapidly hydrolyzed. Parasympathetic influences exceed sympathetic effects probably through two independent mechanisms: a cholinergically induced reduction of norepinephrine released in response to sympathetic activity, and a cholinergic attenuation of the response to an adrenergic stimulus.

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A very reduced HRV with no definite spectral components has been reported in patients with a recent heart transplant. The appearance of discrete spectral components in a few patients is considered to reflect cardiac reinnervation. This reinnervation may occur as early as 1 to 2 years after

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has been assumed, more rigorous testing has shown that heart rate variability cannot be described as a low dimensional chaotic process. However, application of chaotic globals to HRV has been shown to predict diabetes status. The most commonly used non-linear method of analysing heart rate

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receives several different inputs and the instantaneous heart rate or RR interval and its variation are the results of these inputs. Contribution of the respiratory rhythm to sinus arrhythmia in normal unanesthetized subjects during mechanical hyperventilation with positive pressure.

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transplantation and is assumed to be of sympathetic origin. In addition, a correlation between respiratory rate and the HF component of HRV observed in some transplanted patients also indicates that a nonneural mechanism may generate a respiration-related rhythmic oscillation.

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is associated with decreased HRV. Decreased HRV in patients with cirrhosis has a prognostic value and predicts mortality. Loss of HRV is also associated with higher plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and impaired neurocognitive function in this patient population.

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which act to suppress parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) activity and activate sympathetic nervous system (SNS) circuits. Variation in the output of these two branches of the autonomic system produces HRV and activity in the prefrontal cortex can hence modulate HRV.

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on HRV (assessed by pNN50) was reported in 95 patients with acute MI. HRV was higher 90 minutes after thrombolysis in the patients with patency of the infarct-related artery. However, this difference was no longer evident when the entire 24 hours were analyzed.

357:-> quote the bin size+ relative insensitive to the analytic quality of the series of NN intervals – need of reasonable number of NN intervals to generate the geometric pattern (in practice 20 min to 24 h) – not appropriate to assess short-term changes in HRV 147:

The neurovisceral integration is a model of HRV that views the central autonomic network as the decision maker of cognitive, behavioral and physiological regulation as they pertain to a continuum of emotion. The neurovisceral integration model describes how the

458:. Each data point represents a pair of successive beats, the x-axis is the current RR interval, while the y-axis is the previous RR interval. HRV is quantified by fitting mathematically defined geometric shapes to the data. Other methods used are the 301:

The most widely used methods can be grouped under time-domain and frequency-domain. A joint European and American task-force described standards in HRV measurements in 1996. Other methods have been proposed, such as non-linear methods.

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which may not be the case. Despite the growing consensus that increases in vagal activity can be beneficial, it is not as yet known how much vagal activity (or HRV as a marker) has to increase in order to provide adequate protection.

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HF components of HRV (i.e., a lowest bound of 0.15 Hz is a cycle of 6.6 seconds and so 10 cycles require ~60 seconds), while more than 4 minutes are needed to address the LF component (with a lower bound of 0.04 Hz).

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of autonomic neuropathy, reduction of the absolute power of LF and HF during controlled conditions was also reported. Similarly, diabetic patients can be differentiated from normal controls on the basis of reduction in HRV.

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A basic problem is that all the parameters used to characterize HRV strongly depend on heart rate, but many articles have not adjusted properly or at all for HR differences when comparing HRV in multiple circumstances.

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HRV measures fluctuations in autonomic inputs to the heart rather than the mean level of autonomic inputs. Thus, both withdrawal and saturatingly high levels of autonomic input to the heart can lead to diminished HRV.

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Cohen H, Kotler M, Matar MA, Kaplan Z, Loewenthal U, Miodownik H, Cassuto Y (November 1998). "Analysis of heart rate variability in posttraumatic stress disorder patients in response to a trauma-related reminder".

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variations of RR interval. In post-MI patients with a very depressed HRV, most of the residual energy is distributed in the VLF frequency range below 0.03 Hz, with only a small respiration-related variations.

739:(24 studies, 484 individuals, 2017) indicates ''HRV biofeedback training is associated with a large reduction in self-reported stress and anxiety'', while mentioning that more well-controlled studies are needed. 2039: 1076:

Schäfer A, Vagedes J (June 2013). "How accurate is pulse rate variability as an estimate of heart rate variability? A review on studies comparing photoplethysmographic technology with an electrocardiogram".

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A new evaluation method has recently allowed to determine a HRV(HR) function with unprecedented precision: it can be described by two descending exponential components for healthy individuals, in general.

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Given the complexity of the mechanisms regulating heart rate, it is reasonable to assume that applying HRV analysis based on methods of non-linear dynamics will yield valuable information. Although

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of NN intervals). Often calculated over a 24-hour period. SDNN reflects all the cyclic components responsible for variability in the period of recording, therefore it represents total variability.

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SDANN (standard deviation of the average NN intervals) calculated over short periods, usually 5 minutes. SDANN is therefore a measure of changes in heart rate due to cycles longer than 5 minutes.

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Storella RJ, Wood HW, Mills KM, Kanters JK, Højgaard MV, Holstein-Rathlou NH (October 1998). "Approximate entropy and point correlation dimension of heart rate variability in healthy subjects".

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tested artifact management tools. These software programs also include some automated capability but it is important that a human review any automated artifact management and edit accordingly.

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Even though there are no widely accepted standard values for HRV that can be used for clinical purposes, multiple studies have measured and reported normal values for various populations:

413:. Methods for the calculation of PSD may be generally classified as nonparametric and parametric. In most instances, both methods provide comparable results. The advantages of the 466:, multiscale entropy analysis, sample asymmetry and memory length (based on inverse statistical analysis). It is also possible to represent long range correlations geometrically. 3914:

Mølgaard H, Sørensen KE, Bjerregaard P (September 1991). "Attenuated 24-h heart rate variability in apparently healthy subjects, subsequently suffering sudden cardiac death".

409:(PSD), using parametric or nonparametric methods, provides basic information on the power distribution across frequencies. One of the most commonly used PSD methods is the 892:

is InterBeat Interval, the time period between successive heartbeats (Normal-to-Normal interbeat interval, also known as the R–R interval), measured in milliseconds (ms).

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Mizuno T, Tamakoshi K, Tanabe K (August 2017). "Anxiety during pregnancy and autonomic nervous system activity: A longitudinal observational and cross-sectional study".

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Brosschot JF, Van Dijk E, Thayer JF (January 2007). "Daily worry is related to low heart rate variability during waking and the subsequent nocturnal sleep period".

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Işler Y, Kuntalp M (October 2007). "Combining classical HRV indices with wavelet entropy measures improves to performance in diagnosing congestive heart failure".

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Haselton JR, Solomon IC, Motekaitis AM, Kaufman MP (September 1992). "Bronchomotor vagal preganglionic cell bodies in the dog: an anatomic and functional study".

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Nunan D, Sandercock GR, Brodie DA (November 2010). "A quantitative systematic review of normal values for short-term heart rate variability in healthy adults".

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Shapiro MS, Rylant R, de Lima A, Vidaurri A, van de Werfhorst H (October 2017). "Playing a rigged game: Inequality's effect on physiological stress responses".

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wave; and R–R is the interval between successive Rs), and "heart period variability". Measurement of the RR interval is used to derive heart rate variability.

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Gatti PJ, Johnson TA, Massari VJ (February 1996). "Can neurons in the nucleus ambiguus selectively regulate cardiac rate and atrio-ventricular conduction?".

4456:"Comparative Study of Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder, or Major Depressive Disorder" 1904:"Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Vagal Tone in Psychophysiological Research – Recommendations for Experiment Planning, Data Analysis, and Data Reporting" 3147:

Brennan M, Palaniswami M, Kamen P (November 2001). "Do existing measures of Poincaré plot geometry reflect nonlinear features of heart rate variability?".

1994:"Is heart rate variability (HRV) an adequate tool for evaluating human emotions? - A focus on the use of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS)" 2782:

Golgouneh A, Tarvirdizadeh B (2019-06-07). "Fabrication of a portable device for stress monitoring using wearable sensors and soft computing algorithms".

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increases HRV only in the animals destined to be at low risk for lethal arrhythmias after MI may suggest novel approaches to post-MI risk stratification.

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Stein PK, Hagley MT, Cole PL, Domitrovich PP, Kleiger RE, Rottman JN (April 1999). "Changes in 24-hour heart rate variability during normal pregnancy".

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Goessl VC, Curtiss JE, Hofmann SG (November 2017). "The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback training on stress and anxiety: a meta-analysis".

4359:"Decreased Task-Related HRV Is Associated With Inhibitory Dysfunction Through Functional Inter-Region Connectivity of PFC in Major Depressive Disorder" 2239:

Colzato LS, Steenbergen L (November 2017). "High vagally mediated resting-state heart rate variability is associated with superior action cascading".

50:) is the physiological phenomenon of variation in the time interval between heartbeats. It is measured by the variation in the beat-to-beat interval. 1461:

Nickel P, Nachreiner F (2003). "Sensitivity and diagnosticity of the 0.1-Hz component of heart rate variability as an indicator of mental workload".

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HRV alterations occur in healthy pregnancies as well as similar changes in pregnancies with gestational diabetes that include lower HRV mean values.

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is a primary goal. EBC derived from PPG over 10-second and 16-second sequential and overlapping windows has been shown to correlate highly with SDNN.

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Voss A, Schulz S, Schroeder R, Baumert M, Caminal P (January 2009). "Methods derived from nonlinear dynamics for analysing heart rate variability".

2560:"Contribution of the respiratory rhythm to sinus arrhythmia in normal unanesthetized subjects during positive-pressure mechanical hyperventilation" 2150:

Ramírez E, Ortega AR, Reyes Del Paso GA (December 2015). "Anxiety, attention, and decision making: The moderating role of heart rate variability".

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neural control may play a role in decreased HRV during acute systemic inflammation. (Decreased HRV is generally lower in inflammatory conditions).

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Thayer JF, Lane RD (February 2009). "Claude Bernard and the heart-brain connection: further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration".

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is Root Mean Square of Successive Differences between normal heartbeats measured in milliseconds. The conventional recording time is five minutes.

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RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences), the square root of the mean of the squares of the successive differences between adjacent NNs.

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Singer DH, Martin GJ, Magid N, Weiss JS, Schaad JW, Kehoe R, et al. (January 1988). "Low heart rate variability and sudden cardiac death".

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Griffin MP, Moorman JR (January 2001). "Toward the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis and sepsis-like illness using novel heart rate analysis".

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In addition to classical FFT-based methods used for the calculation of frequency parameters, a more appropriate PSD estimation method is the

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Sabelli H, Messer J, Kovacevic L, Walthall K (January 2011). "Biotic patterns of heart rate variation in depressed and psychotic subjects".

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brain & heart, "Parameter der Herzratenvariabilität" (Parameters of HRV), by Dr. Egon Winter, Austria. Accessed 2016-11-20. In German.

3380:"Sample asymmetry analysis of heart rate characteristics with application to neonatal sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome" 84:

although others have shown that the information in HRV relevant to acute myocardial infarction survival is fully contained in the mean

2096:"From the heart to the mind: cardiac vagal tone modulates top-down and bottom-up visual perception and attention to emotional stimuli" 72:(PPG). ECG is considered the gold standard for HRV measurement because it provides a direct reflection of cardiac electric activity. 3112:

De Souza NM, Vanderlei LC, Garner DM (2 January 2015). "Risk evaluation of diabetes mellitus by relation of chaotic globals to HRV".

1294:"Reduced heart rate variability predicts fatigue severity in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis" 4408:

Levy B (December 2014). "Illness severity, trait anxiety, cognitive impairment and heart rate variability in bipolar disorder".

4845: 3640:"Biophysical characterization of the underappreciated and important relationship between heart rate variability and heart rate" 3066:

Kanters JK, Holstein-Rathlou NH, Agner E (July 1994). "Lack of evidence for low-dimensional chaos in heart rate variability".

4043:

De Couck M, Gidron Y (October 2013). "Norms of vagal nerve activity, indexed by Heart Rate Variability, in cancer patients".

3014:"Resolving Ambiguities in the LF/HF Ratio: LF-HF Scatter Plots for the Categorization of Mental and Physical Stress from HRV" 53:

Other terms used include "cycle length variability", "R–R variability" (where R is a point corresponding to the peak of the

1404:"Combined effect of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation and a working memory task on heart rate variability" 3783:"Decreased heart rate variability in patients with cirrhosis relates to the presence and degree of hepatic encephalopathy" 3691:"CrossTalk opposing view: Heart rate variability as a measure of cardiac autonomic responsiveness is fundamentally flawed" 1245:"Should heart rate variability be "corrected" for heart rate? Biological, quantitative, and interpretive considerations" 1114:"Measuring Heart Rate Variability in Free-Living Conditions Using Consumer-Grade Photoplethysmography: Validation Study" 3284:

Richman JS, Moorman JR (June 2000). "Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy".

2385: 217:. Respiration gives rise to waves in heart rate mediated primarily via the PSNS, and it is thought that the lag in the 2378:

The polyvagal theory : neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation

4310:"Heart rate variability in late pregnancy: exploration of distinctive patterns in relation to maternal mental health" 2418: 632:

survivors, who are at high risk for subsequent episodes. HRV is markedly decreased prior to both fatal and non-fatal

3478:

Ebadi H, Shirazi AH, Mani AR, Jafari GR (24 August 2011). "Inverse statistical approach in heartbeat time series".

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Appelhans BM, Luecken LJ (September 2006). "Heart Rate Variability as an Index of Regulated Emotional Responding".

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Brüser C, Winter S, Leonhardt S (2012). "Unsupervised Heart Rate Variability Estimation from Ballistocardiograms".

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Costa M, Goldberger AL, Peng CK (August 2002). "Multiscale entropy analysis of complex physiologic time series".

2726:"A real-time automated point-process method for the detection and correction of erroneous and ectopic heartbeats" 1702:

Thayer JF, Sternberg E (November 2006). "Beyond heart rate variability: vagal regulation of allostatic systems".

1204:"Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction" 3867:"Endotoxemia is associated with partial uncoupling of cardiac pacemaker from cholinergic neural control in rats" 1507:

Jönsson P (January 2007). "Respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a function of state anxiety in healthy individuals".

2564: 383: 210: 141: 88:. A range of other outcomes and conditions may also be associated with modified (usually lower) HRV, including 4640:

Miller EB, Goss CF (January 2014). "An Exploration of Physiological Responses to the Native American Flute".

4234:"A study on cardiac autonomic modulation during pregnancy by non-invasive heart rate variability measurement" 2930: 4265:

Logan JG, Yeo S (March 2017). "Effects of Stretching Exercise on Heart Rate Variability During Pregnancy".

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command in online user manual for 'Dataplot' software, published by NIST, USA. Accessed via on 2016-11-20.

2906: 430: 395: 265: 101: 1292:

Escorihuela RM, Capdevila L, Castro JR, Zaragozà MC, Maurel S, Alegre J, Castro-Marrero J (January 2020).

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These are based on the beat-to-beat or NN intervals, which are analysed to give variables such as:

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Electrocardiogram (ECG) recording of a canine heart that illustrates beat-to-beat variability in

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A reduction of HRV has been reported in several cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases.

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there had been psychosis. Patients with PTSD also had lower HF, a measure of vagal tone.

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896:

is Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal interbeat intervals measured in milliseconds.

751:

found a significant HRV increase when playing both low-pitched and high-pitched flutes.

275:(Traube–Hering–Mayer waves) of blood pressure and is usually at a frequency of 0.1 4749: 4698: 4669: 4641: 4622: 4528: 4480: 4455: 4433: 4385: 4358: 4334: 4309: 4290: 4179: 4020: 3993: 3939: 3896: 3807: 3782: 3717: 3690: 3666: 3639: 3612: 3585: 3563: 3537: 3503: 3455: 3420: 3396: 3379: 3360: 3309: 3266: 3223: 3172: 3091: 3079: 3040: 3013: 3012:

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feedback loop may give rise to 10 second waves in heart rate (associated with

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in most of the cases) and (2) the high processing speed. The advantages of

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NN20, the number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 20 ms.

334:

NN50, the number of pairs of successive NNs that differ by more than 50 ms.

289:

artifact and RR errors appropriately prior to performing any HRV analyses.

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Variation in the beat-to-beat interval is a physiological phenomenon. The

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sample density distribution of differences between adjacent NN intervals;

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Low-frequency oscillations. This heart rate variation is associated with

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HRV. Different ranges of HRV can be observed between cancer types.

619:

intact sympathetic inputs to the heart represent vagal modulation.

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A simplified representation of the neurovisceral integration model

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Reduced HRV has been shown to be a predictor of mortality after

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One study that surveyed the physiological effects of playing

508: 343:

pNN20, the proportion of NN20 divided by total number of NNs.

337:

pNN50, the proportion of NN50 divided by total number of NNs.

276: 3780: 3065: 2289: 697:

Low-dose muscarinic receptor blockers, such as atropine and

4552:

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Heart rate variability visualized with R-R interval changes

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Methods used to detect beats include ECG, blood pressure,

4670:"An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms" 4147: 3421:"Quantifying memory in complex physiological time-series" 2557: 386:(PNS), whereas LF power reflects stimulation by both the 361:

the sample density distribution of NN interval durations;

327:

SDSD (standard deviation of successive differences), the

58: 4795:

Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback

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Review on the mechanisms of cardiovascular variability

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methods are (1) the simplicity of the algorithm used (

4723: 4502: 4196: 1751: 1749: 1502: 1500: 1060: 513: 488:

not allowed to decide between these options, so far.

4586: 225:

of blood pressure), but this remains controversial.

4238:

International Journal of Medicine and Public Health

3527: 3326: 2517: 1901: 331:

of the successive differences between adjacent NNs.

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correlations 419:fast Fourier transform 407:Power spectral density 152:regulates activity in 133: 44:Heart rate variability 40: 24: 4815:Journal of Physiology 4167:10.1515/jpm-2020-0380 3844:10.1542/peds.107.1.97 2440:Biological Psychology 1580:Biological Psychiatry 929:Heart rate turbulence 770:Time Domain Analysis 731:The technique called 675:β-Adrenergic blockade 556:Myocardial infarction 460:correlation dimension 131: 104:and poor survival in 82:myocardial infarction 76:Clinical significance 30: 22: 684:Antiarrhythmic drugs 629:sudden cardiac death 623:Sudden cardiac death 520:cardiac automaticity 4410:Psychiatry Research 4045:Cancer Epidemiology 3758:2022IEEEA..1036606B 3584:Billman GE (2013). 3492:2011JSMTE..08..014E 3437:2013PLoSO...872854S 3341:2002PhRvL..89f8102C 3204:2009RSPTA.367..277V 3126:2015Cmplx..20c..84D 2599:Billman GE (2013). 2158:(3 Pt 1): 490–496. 2053:2019PNAS..11618888S 2047:(38): 18888–18892. 1998:Psychiatry Research 1716:2006NYASA1088..361T 1420:2017PLoSO..1281833N 1363:2022NatSR..12.3702K 766: 733:resonant breathing 565:Diabetic neuropathy 454:variability is the 306:Time-domain methods 118:atrial fibrillation 94:diabetic neuropathy 70:photoplethysmograph 66:ballistocardiograms 4841:Medical statistics 3965:(Suppl): S46–S55. 3928:10.1007/BF01824992 3384:Pediatric Research 3292:(6): H2039–H2049. 3255:10.1007/BF02688699 3134:10.1002/cplx.21508 2376:Porges SW (2011). 1350:Scientific Reports 1261:10.1111/psyp.13287 775:Spectral Analysis 762: 445:Non-linear methods 329:standard deviation 316:standard deviation 134: 98:cardiac-transplant 41: 25: 4732:(11): 1407–1417. 4595:(15): 2578–2586. 3701:(10): 2599–2601. 3198:(1887): 277–296. 3161:10.1109/10.959330 3155:(11): 1342–1347. 2985:(10): 1502–1510. 2790:(11): 7515–7537. 2736:(10): 2828–2837. 1586:(10): 1054–1059. 882: 881: 755:Normal HRV values 718:Exercise training 574:Heart transplants 398:. and peripheral 352:Geometric methods 167:negative emotions 154:limbic structures 150:prefrontal cortex 4853: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4779: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4701: 4691: 4665: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4612: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4567: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4483: 4451: 4442: 4441: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4388: 4378: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4337: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4262: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4169: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4013: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3886: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3810: 3793:(2): G330–G338. 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3720: 3710: 3708:10.1113/JP277501 3686: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3659: 3650:(6): 1334–1343. 3635: 3626: 3625: 3615: 3605: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3545: 3525: 3512: 3511: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3458: 3448: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3399: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3109: 3100: 3099: 3063: 3054: 3053: 3043: 3033: 3009: 3003: 3002: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2957: 2947: 2921: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2871: 2865: 2864: 2854: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2779: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2650:Hales S (1733). 2647: 2641: 2640: 2630: 2620: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2555: 2544: 2543: 2526:(1–2): 123–127. 2515: 2509: 2508: 2491:(3): 1122–1129. 2480: 2474: 2473: 2463: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2241:Neuropsychologia 2236: 2230: 2229: 2219: 2209: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2147: 2136: 2135: 2125: 2115: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2074: 2064: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2013: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1933: 1923: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1856: 1837: 1836: 1826: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1777: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1656: 1639: 1638: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1504: 1495: 1494: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1441: 1431: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1382: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1323: 1313: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1249:Psychophysiology 1240: 1234: 1233: 1223: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1182: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1133: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1073: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1011: 1005: 1004: 994: 962: 767: 761: 743:Wind instruments 451:chaotic behavior 392:thermoregulation 242:sleep–wake cycle 234:thermoregulation 182:polyvagal theory 138:psychophysiology 106:premature babies 4861: 4860: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4821: 4820: 4805:1996 guidelines 4791: 4786: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4722: 4715: 4666: 4655: 4638: 4634: 4585: 4581: 4544: 4540: 4501: 4497: 4452: 4445: 4406: 4402: 4355: 4351: 4306: 4302: 4263: 4259: 4230: 4226: 4195: 4191: 4146: 4142: 4111: 4107: 4076: 4072: 4041: 4037: 3990: 3986: 3955: 3951: 3912: 3908: 3863: 3859: 3828: 3824: 3779: 3775: 3752:: 36606–36615. 3738: 3734: 3687: 3683: 3636: 3629: 3582: 3575: 3526: 3515: 3476: 3472: 3417: 3413: 3376: 3372: 3325: 3321: 3282: 3278: 3239: 3235: 3188: 3184: 3145: 3141: 3110: 3103: 3064: 3057: 3010: 3006: 2975: 2971: 2922: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2872: 2868: 2823: 2819: 2780: 2767: 2722: 2718: 2707: 2703: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2597: 2593: 2572:(1): H402-411. 2556: 2547: 2516: 2512: 2481: 2477: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2374: 2370: 2331: 2327: 2288: 2284: 2237: 2233: 2186: 2179: 2148: 2139: 2092: 2088: 2031: 2027: 1990: 1986: 1951: 1947: 1900: 1896: 1857: 1840: 1795: 1791: 1754: 1747: 1700: 1696: 1657: 1642: 1619: 1615: 1575: 1571: 1540: 1536: 1505: 1498: 1459: 1455: 1414:(8): e0181833. 1400: 1396: 1341: 1337: 1290: 1286: 1241: 1237: 1200: 1196: 1159: 1155: 1110: 1106: 1074: 1070: 1059: 1055: 1012: 1008: 963: 946: 942: 925: 757: 745: 729: 720: 707: 695: 686: 677: 668: 659: 651: 642: 625: 616: 607: 594: 592:Liver cirrhosis 585: 576: 567: 558: 550: 537: 516: 511: 498: 481: 472: 447: 379: 354: 308: 299: 286: 258: 215:humoral factors 195: 126: 78: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4859: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4819: 4818: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4789:External links 4787: 4785: 4784: 4759: 4713: 4653: 4632: 4579: 4558:(4): 549–561. 4538: 4511:(6): 544–552. 4495: 4466:(3): 137–143. 4443: 4416:(3): 890–895. 4400: 4349: 4300: 4273:(2): 107–111. 4257: 4244:(4): 441–445. 4224: 4189: 4160:(9): 965–970. 4140: 4121:(5): 684–688. 4105: 4086:(4): 978–985. 4070: 4051:(5): 737–741. 4035: 3984: 3949: 3922:(3): 233–237. 3906: 3877:(2): 219–227. 3857: 3822: 3773: 3732: 3681: 3627: 3573: 3536:(3): 474–484. 3513: 3470: 3411: 3390:(6): 892–898. 3370: 3319: 3276: 3249:(4): 315–320. 3233: 3182: 3139: 3101: 3074:(7): 591–601. 3055: 3004: 2969: 2911: 2907:'Lorenz Curve' 2899: 2887: 2866: 2837:(4): 378–380. 2817: 2765: 2716: 2701: 2666: 2657: 2642: 2591: 2545: 2510: 2475: 2446:(2): 116–143. 2426: 2419: 2393: 2387:978-0393707007 2386: 2368: 2341:(3): 503–513. 2325: 2282: 2231: 2177: 2137: 2086: 2025: 1984: 1965:(3): 201–216. 1945: 1894: 1838: 1809:(1): 169–177. 1789: 1768:(3): 354–381. 1745: 1710:(1): 361–372. 1694: 1667:(3): 229–240. 1640: 1613: 1569: 1534: 1496: 1469:(4): 575–590. 1453: 1394: 1335: 1284: 1235: 1214:(4): 256–262. 1194: 1173:(1): 164–171. 1153: 1104: 1068: 1053: 1026:(5): 778–786. 1006: 943: 941: 938: 937: 936: 931: 924: 921: 880: 879: 876: 874: 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 837: 836: 833: 830: 827: 824: 821: 817: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 797: 796: 793: 790: 787: 784: 781: 777: 776: 773: 771: 756: 753: 744: 741: 728: 725: 719: 716: 709:The effect of 706: 703: 694: 691: 685: 682: 676: 673: 667: 664: 658: 655: 650: 647: 641: 638: 624: 621: 615: 612: 606: 603: 593: 590: 584: 581: 575: 572: 566: 563: 557: 554: 549: 546: 536: 533: 515: 512: 510: 507: 497: 494: 480: 477: 475:sleep stages. 471: 468: 464:sample entropy 446: 443: 378: 375: 374: 373: 365: 362: 353: 350: 349: 348: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 325: 322: 319: 307: 304: 298: 295: 285: 282: 281: 280: 269: 257: 254: 194: 191: 125: 122: 77: 74: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4858: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836:Medical signs 4834: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4648: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4448: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4261: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3838:(1): 97–104. 3837: 3833: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3632: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3580: 3578: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3431:(9): e72854. 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3374: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3335:(6): 068102. 3334: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 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2405:: 1041–1047. 2404: 2397: 2389: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1501: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463:Human Factors 1457: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1339: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255:(2): e13287. 1254: 1250: 1246: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1131:10.2196/17355 1127: 1124:(1): e17355. 1123: 1119: 1115: 1108: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1064: 1057: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1010: 1002: 998: 993: 988: 984: 980: 977:(2): 48–157. 976: 972: 968: 961: 959: 957: 955: 953: 951: 949: 944: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 920: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886: 877: 875: 872: 871: 867: 864: 861: 858: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 839: 838: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 818: 814: 811: 808: 805: 802: 799: 798: 794: 791: 788: 785: 782: 779: 778: 768: 765: 760: 752: 750: 740: 737: 736: 724: 723:individuals. 715: 712: 702: 700: 690: 681: 672: 663: 654: 646: 637: 635: 630: 620: 611: 602: 599: 589: 580: 571: 562: 553: 545: 541: 532: 528: 524: 521: 506: 502: 493: 489: 485: 476: 467: 465: 461: 457: 456:Poincaré plot 452: 442: 438: 434: 432: 427: 424: 420: 416: 415:nonparametric 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 370: 366: 363: 360: 359: 358: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 326: 323: 320: 317: 313: 312: 311: 303: 294: 290: 278: 274: 270: 267: 263: 262: 261: 253: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 203: 200: 190: 187: 183: 178: 174: 170: 168: 162: 158: 155: 151: 145: 143: 139: 130: 121: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 73: 71: 67: 62: 60: 56: 51: 49: 45: 38: 34: 29: 21: 4813: 4776:. 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Physiol 3114:Complexity 2676:Ergonomics 2261:1051786844 1803:NeuroImage 940:References 535:Components 423:parametric 402:activity. 230:baroreflex 86:heart rate 37:heart rate 35:(top) and 4647:1401.6004 4184:221502222 3543:1004.4186 3508:122326023 2938:(1): 35. 2881:1308.6018 2812:174803224 2804:0941-0643 2298:: 60–69. 1681:1089-2680 1148:226305881 1140:2561-3278 789:Variable 780:Variable 649:Pregnancy 598:cirrhosis 518:Although 400:vasomotor 256:Phenomena 193:Variation 39:(bottom). 4754:44378765 4746:20663071 4708:29034226 4619:28478782 4574:23294659 4533:40627250 4525:17036185 4490:24465250 4430:25219620 4395:32038327 4344:33986246 4287:26938507 4219:28712414 4176:32887191 4135:24972765 4100:10203667 4065:23725879 4030:29896113 3944:31170353 3901:36435763 3893:22249221 3852:11134441 3817:19023029 3727:31006856 3676:25225208 3622:23986716 3560:21316386 3465:24039811 3425:PLOS ONE 3406:12930915 3357:12190613 3306:10843903 3271:25332169 3263:10333974 3220:18977726 3169:11686633 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