Body fat percentage

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displacement rather than on water immersion. Air-displacement plethysmography offers several advantages over established reference methods, including a quick, comfortable, automated, noninvasive, and safe measurement process, and accommodation of various subject types (e.g., children, obese, elderly, and disabled persons). However, its accuracy declines at the extremes of body fat percentages, tending to slightly understate the percent body fat in overweight and obese persons (by 1.68–2.94% depending on the method of calculation), and to overstate to a much larger degree the percent body fat in very lean subjects (by an average of 6.8%, with up to a 13% overstatement of the reported body percentage of one individual — i.e. 2% body fat by DXA but 15% by ADP).

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prediction formulas showed that they gave valid estimates of body fat in males and females at all ages. In obese subjects, however, the prediction formulas slightly overestimated the BF%. The prediction error is comparable to the prediction error obtained with other methods of estimating BF%, such as skinfold thickness measurements and bioelectrical impedance. The formula for children is different; the relationship between BMI and BF% in children was found to differ from that in adults due to the height-related increase in BMI in children aged 15 years and younger.

633:(BMI) provides a measure that allows the comparison of the adiposity of individuals of different heights and weights. While BMI largely increases as adiposity increases, due to differences in body composition, other indicators of body fat give more accurate results; for example, individuals with greater muscle mass or larger bones will have higher BMIs. As such, BMI is a useful indicator of overall fitness for a large group of people, but a poor tool for determining the health of an individual. 754: 647: 1012:

individuals. For instance, a skinfold based body density formula developed from a sample of male collegiate rowers is likely to be much more accurate for estimating the body density of a male collegiate rower than a method developed using a sample of the general population, because the sample is narrowed down by age, sex, physical fitness level, type of sport, and lifestyle factors. On the other hand, such a formula is unsuitable for general use.

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thickness. By making thickness measurements at multiple sites on the body you can calculate the estimated body fat percentage. Ultrasound techniques can also be used to directly measure muscle thickness and quantify intramuscular fat. Ultrasound equipment is expensive, and not cost-effective solely for body fat measurement, but where equipment is available, as in hospitals, the extra cost for the capability to measure body fat is minimal.

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sites measured. As well, it is of utmost importance to test in a precise location with a fixed pressure. Although it may not give an accurate reading of real body fat percentage, it is a reliable measure of body composition change over a period of time, provided the test is carried out by the same person with the same technique.

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their body fat levels due to differences in other body fat deposits such as visceral adipose tissue: fat in the abdominal cavity. Some models partially address this problem by including age as a variable in the statistics and the resulting formula. Older individuals are found to have a lower body density for the same skinfold

1117:(BMI), a person's mass in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters; if weight is measured in pounds and height in inches, the result can be converted to BMI by multiplying by 703. There are a number of proposed formulae that relate body fat to BMI. These formulae are based on work by researchers published in 703:, the percentage of body fat in an individual varies according to sex and age. Various theoretical approaches exist on the relationships between body fat percentage, health, athletic capacity, etc. Different authorities have consequently developed different recommendations for ideal body fat percentages. 1104:

Methods using circumference have little acceptance outside the Department of Defense due to their negative reputation in comparison to other methods. The method's accuracy becomes an issue when comparing people with different body compositions, those with larger necks artificially generate lower body

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Each (bare) foot may be placed on an electrode, with the current sent up one leg, across the abdomen and down the other leg. (For convenience, an instrument which must be stepped on will also measure weight.) Alternatively, an electrode may be held in each hand; calculation of fat percentage uses the

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also rely on the height and circumference method. For males, they measure the neck and waist just above the navel. Females are measured around the hips, waist, and neck. These measurements are then looked up in published tables, with the individual's height as an additional parameter. This method is

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Because most anthropometric formulas such as the Durnin-Womersley skinfold method, the Jackson-Pollock skinfold method, and the US Navy circumference method, actually estimate body density, not body fat percentage, the body fat percentage is obtained by applying a second formula, such as the Siri or

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weight, so that must be measured with scales and entered by the user. The two methods may give different percentages, without being inconsistent, as they measure fat in different parts of the body. More sophisticated instruments for domestic use are available with electrodes for both feet and hands.

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The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method is a lower-cost (from less than one to several hundred US dollars in 2006) but less accurate way to estimate body fat percentage. The general principle behind BIA: two or more conductors are attached to a person's body and a small electric current is

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With a well engineered weighing system, body density can be determined with great accuracy by completely submerging a person in water and calculating the volume of the displaced water from the weight of the displaced water. A correction is made for the buoyancy of air in the lungs and other gases in

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There also exist formulas for estimating body fat percentage from an individual's weight and girth measurements. For example, the U.S. Navy circumference method compares abdomen or waist and hips measurements to neck measurement and height and other sites claim to estimate one's body fat percentage

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Ultrasound is used extensively to measure tissue structure and has proven to be an accurate technique to measure subcutaneous fat thickness. A-mode and B-mode ultrasound systems are now used and both rely on using tabulated values of tissue sound speed and automated signal analysis to determine fat

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Skinfold-based body fat estimation is sensitive to the type of caliper used, and technique. This method also only measures one type of fat: subcutaneous adipose tissue (fat under the skin). Two individuals might have nearly identical measurements at all of the skin fold sites, yet differ greatly in

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These methods are therefore inferior to a direct measurement of body density and the application of just one formula to estimate body fat percentage. One way to regard these methods is that they trade accuracy for convenience, since it is much more convenient to take a few body measurements than to

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sample, the method's measurements are recorded, and that individual's body density is also recorded, being determined by, for instance, under-water weighing, in combination with a multi-compartment body density model. From this data, a formula relating the body measurements to density is developed.

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Bodybuilders may compete at essential body fat range. Certified personal trainers will suggest competitors keep that extremely low level of body fat only for the contest time. However, it is unclear that such levels are ever actually attained since (a) the means to measure such levels are, as noted

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fat layer thickness. These measurements are converted to an estimated body fat percentage by an equation. Some formulas require as few as three measurements, others as many as seven. The accuracy of these estimates is more dependent on a person's unique body fat distribution than on the number of

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refers to measurements made of various parameters of the human body, such as circumferences of various body parts or thicknesses of skinfolds. Most of these methods are based on a statistical model. Some measurements are selected, and are applied to a population sample. For each individual in the

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Body fat may be estimated from the body mass index by formulae derived by Deurenberg and co-workers. When making calculations, the relationship between densitometrically determined body fat percentage (BF%) and BMI must take age and sex into account. Internal and external cross-validation of the

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There is little scope for technician error as such, but factors such as eating, drinking and exercising must be controlled since hydration level is an important source of error in determining the flow of the electric current to estimate body fat. The instructions for use of instruments typically

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Since fat tissue has a lower density than muscles and bones, it is possible to estimate the fat content. This estimate is distorted by the fact that muscles and bones have different densities: for a person with a more-than-average amount of bone mass, the estimate will be too low. However, this

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X-rays of two different energies are used to scan the body, one of which is absorbed more strongly by fat than the other. A computer can subtract one image from the other, and the difference indicates the amount of fat relative to other tissues at each point. A sum over the entire image enables

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Whole-body air displacement plethysmography (ADP) is a recognised and scientifically validated densitometric method to measure human body fat percentage. ADP uses the same principles as the gold-standard method of underwater weighing, but representing a densitometric method that is based on air

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In males, mean percentage body fat ranged from 23% at age 16–19 years to 31% at age 60–79 years. In females, mean percentage body fat ranged from 32% at age 8–11 years to 42% at age 60–79 years. But it is important to recognise that women need at least 9% more body fat than men to live a normal

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The chief problem with all statistically derived formulas is that in order to be widely applicable, they must be based on a broad sample of individuals. Yet, that breadth makes them inherently inaccurate. The ideal statistical estimation method for an individual is based on a sample of similar

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recommended not making measurements soon after drinking or eating or exercising, or when dehydrated. Instruments require details such as sex and age to be entered, and use formulae taking these into account; for example, men and women store fat differently around the abdomen and thigh region.

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divided by its total body mass, multiplied by 100; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat. Essential body fat is necessary to maintain life and reproductive functions. The percentage of essential body fat for women is greater than that for men, due to the demands of

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Different BIA analysers may vary. Population-specific equations are available for some instruments, which are only reliable for specific ethnic groups, populations, and conditions. Population-specific equations may not be appropriate for individuals outside of specific groups.

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neutron activation can quantify all the elements of the body and use mathematical relations among the measured elements in the different components of the body (fat, water, protein, etc.) to develop simultaneous equations to estimate total body composition, including body fat.

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Pineau JC, Guihard-Costa AM, Bocquet M (2007). "Validation of ultrasound techniques applied to body fat measurement. A comparison between ultrasound techniques, air displacement plethysmography and bioelectrical impedance vs. dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry".

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Results from the 2017–2018 NHANES survey indicate that an estimated 43% of noninstitutionalized U.S. adults aged 20–74 are obese (including 9% who are severely obese) and an additional 31% are overweight. Only 26% were either normal weight or are underweight.

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method gives highly reproducible results for individual persons (± 1%), unlike the methods discussed below, which can have an uncertainty of 10%, or more. The body fat percentage is commonly calculated from one of two formulas (ρ represents density in g/cm):

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and a poor conductor of electric current. Factors that affect the accuracy and precision of this method include instrumentation, subject factors, technician skill, and the prediction equation formulated to estimate the fat-free mass.

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Prior to the adoption of DXA, the most accurate method of estimating body fat percentage was to measure that person's average density (total mass divided by total volume) and apply a formula to convert that to body fat percentage.

1089:. In the U.S. Navy, the method is known as the "rope and choke." There is limited information, however, on the validity of the "rope and choke" method because of its universal acceptance as inaccurate and easily falsified. 841:

the body spaces. If there were no errors whatsoever in measuring body density, the uncertainty in fat estimation would be about ± 3.8% of the body weight, primarily because of normal variability in body constituents.

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There are several more complicated procedures that more accurately determine body fat percentage. Some, referred to as multicompartment models, can include DXA measurement of bone, plus independent measures of

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Athletic performance might be affected by body fat: A study by the University of Arizona indicated that the ideal body fat percentage for athletic performance is 12–18% for women and 6–15% for men.

1061:, which is assumed to signify a higher body fat percentage. However, older, highly athletic individuals might not fit this assumption, causing the formulas to underestimate their body density. 837:

with an average density of about 0.9 kilograms per litre. Most modern body composition laboratories today use the value of 1.1 kilograms per litre for the density of the "fat free mass".

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However – contrary to the aforementioned internal and external cross-validation –, these formulae definitely proved unusable at least for adults and are presented here illustratively only.

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sent through the body. The resistance between the conductors will provide a measure of body fat between a pair of electrodes, since the resistance to electricity varies between

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Wang Z, Heshka S, Wang J, Wielopolski L, Heymsfield SB (2003-02-01). "Magnitude and variation of fat-free mass density: a cellular-level body composition modeling study".

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Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, or DXA (formerly DEXA), is a newer method for estimating body fat percentage, and determining body composition and bone mineral density.

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Data from the 2003–2006 NHANES survey showed that fewer than 10% of American adults had a "normal" body fat percentage (defined as 5–20% for men and 8–30% for women).

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Loprinzi P, Branscum A, Hanks J, Smit E (2016). "Healthy Lifestyle Characteristics and Their Joint Association With Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers in US Adults".

966:, muscular and skeletal tissue. Fat-free mass (muscle) is a good conductor as it contains a large amount of water (approximately 73%) and electrolytes, while fat is 1682:

Friedl KE, Moore RJ, Martinez-Lopez LE, Vogel JA, Askew EW, Marchitelli LJ, Hoyt RW, Gordon CC (August 1994). "Lower limit of body fat in healthy active men".

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McCrory MA, Gomez TD, Bernauer EM, Molé PA (December 1995). "Evaluation of a new air displacement plethysmograph for measuring human body composition".

2516:. By Jessica Bruso with reference to a study published in the International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders in 2002. July 18, 2017. 2001:

Brozek J, Grande F, Anderson JT, Keys A (September 1963). "Densitometric analysis of body composition: revision of some quantitative assumptions".

2150:"Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years" 2448: 764: 657: 2227:"Skinfold thickness measurements are better predictors of body fat percentage than body mass index in male Spanish children and adolescents" 1846:"Air displacement plethysmography versus dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in underweight, normal-weight, and overweight/obese individuals" 1519:"QuickStats: Mean Percentage Body Fat, by Age Group and Sex – National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999–2004" 860: 850: 576: 1402:{\displaystyle {\text{(Adult) body fat percentage}}=(1.39\times {\text{BMI}})+(0.16\times {\text{age}})-(10.34\times {\text{gender}})-9} 721:

QuickStats: Mean Percentage Body Fat, by Age Group and Sex – National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, United States, 1999–2004

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Essential fat is the level at which physical and physiological health would be negatively affected, and below which death is certain.

884:. The light is reflected from the underlying muscle and absorbed by the fat. The method is safe, noninvasive, rapid and easy to use. 1300:{\displaystyle {\text{Adult body fat percentage}}=(1.20\times {\text{BMI}})+(0.23\times {\text{age}})-(10.8\times {\text{sex}})-5.4} 1209:{\displaystyle {\text{Child body fat percentage}}=(1.51\times {\text{BMI}})-(0.70\times {\text{age}})-(3.6\times {\text{sex}})+1.4} 1577:"Prevalence of Overweight, Obesity, and Severe Obesity Among Adults Aged 20 and Over: United States, 1960–1962 Through 2017–2018" 1421:

was said by its developers to give a direct estimate of body fat percentage, but statistical studies found this not to be so.

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below, lacking in principle and inaccurate, and (b) 4–6% is generally considered a physiological minimum for human males.

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in the chest and abdomen. A number of methods are available for determining body fat percentage, such as measurement with

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Irrespective of the location from which they are obtained, the fat cells in humans are composed almost entirely of pure

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Siri WE (1961). "Body composition from fluid spaces and density: Analysis of methods". In Brozek J, Henzchel A (eds.).

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In this paper the terms "skinfold caliper" and "plicometer" are used interchangeable, as in the description of Table 2

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or other anthropometric methods carries the cumulative error from the application of two separate statistical models.

794: 687: 117: 915:(using the dilution principle with isotopically labeled water) and body volume (either by water displacement or air 1479:"The effect of sex, age and race on estimating percentage body fat from body mass index: The Heritage Family Study" 956: 893: 615: 1121:

journals, but their correlation with body fat are only estimates; body fat cannot be deduced accurately from BMI.

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Jackson AS, Stanforth PR, Gagnon J, Rankinen T, Leon AS, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Bouchard C, Wilmore JH (June 2002).

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where, again, gender (sex) is 0 if female and 1 if male to account for the lower body fat percentage of men.

710:) in the United States charts the average body fat percentages of Americans from samples from 1999 to 2004: 323: 1101:

used because it is a cheap and convenient way to implement a body fat test throughout an entire service.

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Brozek described in the above section on density. Consequently, the body fat percentage calculated from

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Still, the following formula designed for adults proved to be much more accurate at least for adults:

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In 1983, the body fat percentages of American Olympians averaged 14–22% for women and 6–13% for men.

141: 2581:"Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index" 2452: 1805:"Body-composition assessment via air-displacement plethysmography in adults and children: a review" 776: 669: 538: 1591: 498: 405: 93: 62: 2633: 492: 2298: 1645: 772: 665: 523: 398: 274: 234: 2638: 2010: 1857: 1418: 828: 625:

level, since it is the only body measurement which directly calculates a person's relative

508: 460: 194: 8: 2475:"Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: age- and sex-specific prediction formulas" 1518: 1049: 919:). Various other components may be independently measured, such as total body potassium. 528: 439: 340: 304: 229: 151: 2579:

Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Sakamoto Y (September 2000).

2014: 1861: 1450: 2628: 2552: 2527: 2350: 2271: 2125: 2098: 2034: 2022: 1935: 1880: 1845: 1750: 1619: 1557: 365: 156: 2602: 2557: 2496: 2391: 2342: 2304: 2248: 2171: 2130: 2077: 2026: 1983: 1927: 1885: 1826: 1785: 1781: 1742: 1734: 1699: 1655: 1611: 1549: 1500: 1456: 1097: 717: 415: 224: 113: 103: 44: 2526:

Barreira TV, Harrington DM, Staiano AE, Heymsfield SB, Katzmarzyk PT (August 2011).

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Sarría A, García-Llop LA, Moreno LA, Fleta J, Morellón MP, Bueno M (August 1998).

2386: 2370:"Evaluation of ultrasound in assessing body composition of high school wrestlers" 2369: 1870: 1545: 1114: 1086: 1079: 916: 630: 430: 385: 335: 285: 262: 256: 199: 171: 1695: 2528:"Body adiposity index, body mass index, and body fat in white and black adults" 2436:

Description of circumference sites and their anatomical landmarks and technique

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and other hormonal functions. Storage body fat consists of fat accumulation in

594: 543: 370: 280: 219: 136: 1905:"A new approach for the estimation of body composition: infrared interactance" 1710: 2617: 1962:"Improved models for determination of body fat by in vivo neutron activation" 1923: 1738: 1675: 991:

There exist various anthropometric methods for estimating body fat. The term

834: 503: 424: 355: 108: 2597: 2580: 2243: 2226: 2207: 2190: 1978: 1961: 1821: 1804: 2606: 2561: 2543: 2395: 2346: 2134: 2115: 2030: 1889: 1830: 1746: 1553: 1504: 1495: 1478: 700: 599: 548: 483: 465: 360: 350: 290: 2500: 2252: 2175: 1987: 1931: 1789: 1703: 1615: 2191:"Correction equations to estimate body fat with plicometer WCS dual hand" 1118: 1058: 445: 380: 375: 88: 83: 73: 2491: 2474: 2166: 2149: 1440: 912: 410: 300: 78: 68: 2419:. Department of the Army. 28 June 2013. pp. 26–31. Archived from 2338: 2189:

Zonatto HA, Ribas MR, Simm EB, Oliveira AG, Bassan JC (Oct–Dec 2017).

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This graph from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (

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Exercise physiology: basis of human movement in health and disease

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Cohn SH, Vaswani AN, Yasumura S, Yuen K, Ellis KJ (August 1984).

1041: 963: 922: 420: 270: 58: 2076:(2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 324. 1483:

International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders

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Total mass of fat divided by total body mass, multiplied by 100

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American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism

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fat percentage calculations than those with smaller necks.

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Army Regulation 600–9: The Army Body Composition Program

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Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC (March 1991).

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without regard to height or weight. The widely used

1902: 1073: 950: 929: 887: 1903:Conway JM, Norris KH, Bodwell CE (December 1984). 1802: 1401: 1299: 1208: 1574: 2615: 2071: 1725:(2). American Physiological Society: E267–E273. 2147: 2096: 1028:The skinfold estimation methods are based on a 1803:Fields DA, Goran MI, McCrory MA (March 2002). 1843: 1837: 1592:"Body composition of elite American athletes" 902:calculation of the overall body composition. 871: 761:The examples and perspective in this section 654:The examples and perspective in this section 570: 2374:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1770:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1311:where sex is 0 for females and 1 for males. 861:whole-body air displacement plethysmography 851:Whole-body air displacement plethysmography 845:Whole-body air displacement plethysmography 636: 2585:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2367: 2296: 2218: 2003:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1994: 1966:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1912:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1844:Lowry DW, Tomiyama AJ (January 21, 2015). 1809:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 779:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 672:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 577: 563: 2596: 2551: 2514:How to Convert BMI to Body Fat Percentage 2490: 2385: 2242: 2206: 2165: 2124: 2114: 2097:Dehghan M, Merchant AT (September 2008). 2054:Techniques for Measuring Body Composition 1977: 1879: 1869: 1820: 1575:Fryar, Carroll, Afful (5 February 2021). 1494: 986: 946:Siri formula is: BF=(4.95/ρ − 4.50) × 100 943:Brozek formula: BF=(4.57/ρ − 4.142) × 100 817: 795:Learn how and when to remove this message 688:Learn how and when to remove this message 2067: 2065: 2063: 1014: 854: 716: 621:The body fat percentage is a measure of 593:of an organism is the total mass of its 2182: 1596:The American Journal of Sports Medicine 14: 2616: 2268:"A–Z of health, fitness and nutrition" 2265: 2231:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2072:Brown SP, Miller WC, Eason JM (2006). 1796: 1761: 1647:The Complete Guide to Sports Nutrition 1453:, a woman with "zero percent body fat" 822: 743: 2060: 1589: 2327:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2148:Durnin JV, Womersley J (July 1974). 2051: 1643: 747: 640: 2408: 1023: 24: 2195:Research on Biomedical Engineering 2023:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb17079.x 859:Body composition measurement with 161:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome 25: 2655: 2572: 2303:. Human Kinetics. pp. 425–. 1040:of skin is precisely measured by 2479:The British Journal of Nutrition 2154:The British Journal of Nutrition 1782:10.1249/00005768-199512000-00016 1074:Height and circumference methods 957:Bioelectrical impedance analysis 951:Bioelectrical impedance analysis 930:Body average density measurement 894:Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry 888:Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry 752: 645: 616:bioelectrical impedance analysis 2519: 2507: 2466: 2441: 2402: 2368:Utter AC, Hager ME (May 2008). 2361: 2317: 2290: 2259: 2141: 2090: 2045: 1953: 1896: 1417:Other indices may be used; the 1113:Body fat can be estimated from 1008:submerge individuals in water. 2451:. UC San Diego. Archived from 1637: 1583: 1568: 1525: 1511: 1470: 1390: 1376: 1370: 1356: 1350: 1336: 1288: 1274: 1268: 1254: 1248: 1234: 1197: 1183: 1177: 1163: 1157: 1143: 534:Social determinants of obesity 13: 1: 1684:Journal of Applied Physiology 1590:Fleck SJ (November 1, 1983). 1463: 1064: 905: 167:Metabolically healthy obesity 2387:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318163f29e 2266:Bruner R (2 November 2001). 1871:10.1371/journal.pone.0115086 1546:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.01.009 880:light is transmitted into a 324:Obesity-associated morbidity 7: 1696:10.1152/jappl.1994.77.2.933 1424: 1330:(Adult) body fat percentage 1108: 775:, discuss the issue on the 668:, discuss the issue on the 519:Obesity and the environment 10: 2660: 1731:10.1152/ajpendo.00151.2002 1608:10.1177/036354658301100604 1077: 954: 891: 872:Near-infrared interactance 848: 826: 2624:Classification of obesity 2449:"Gastric Banding Surgery" 1446:Classification of obesity 1228:Adult body fat percentage 1137:Child body fat percentage 1085:by a conversion from the 606:, part of which protects 142:Classification of obesity 1650:(6th ed.). London: 637:Typical body fat amounts 539:Social stigma of obesity 2244:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600606 2208:10.1590/2446-4740.01117 1534:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 499:Fat acceptance movement 406:Anti-obesity medication 94:Gestational weight gain 2544:10.1001/jama.2011.1189 2300:Human Body Composition 2116:10.1186/1475-2891-7-26 1924:10.1093/ajcn/40.6.1123 1496:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802006 1403: 1301: 1210: 1020: 987:Anthropometric methods 864: 818:Measurement techniques 722: 614:or through the use of 2598:10.1093/ajcn/72.3.694 2297:Heymsfield S (2005). 1979:10.1093/ajcn/40.2.255 1822:10.1093/ajcn/75.3.453 1404: 1302: 1211: 1018: 858: 720: 524:Obesity and sexuality 399:Management of obesity 275:Binge eating disorder 235:Waist-to-height ratio 1419:body adiposity index 1325: 1223: 1132: 829:Hydrostatic weighing 773:improve this section 763:may not represent a 666:improve this section 656:may not represent a 509:Health at Every Size 461:Weight loss coaching 195:Body adiposity index 2492:10.1079/BJN19910073 2167:10.1079/BJN19740060 2015:1963NYASA.110..113B 1862:2015PLoSO..1015086L 823:Underwater weighing 744:Body fat guidelines 591:body fat percentage 529:Sedentary lifestyle 341:Fatty liver disease 305:Starvation response 205:Body fat percentage 152:Genetics of obesity 2272:The Jerusalem Post 1399: 1297: 1206: 1044:, also known as a 1032:, also known as a 1021: 865: 723: 366:Obesity and cancer 247:Related conditions 157:Metabolic syndrome 2426:on 7 October 2022 2339:10.1159/000111161 2310:978-0-7360-4655-8 2103:Nutrition Journal 2083:978-0-7817-7730-8 1776:(12): 1686–1691. 1661:978-1-4081-0538-2 1457:Relative Fat Mass 1388: 1368: 1348: 1331: 1286: 1266: 1246: 1229: 1195: 1175: 1155: 1138: 1098:U.S. Marine Corps 805: 804: 797: 727: 726: 701:Epidemiologically 698: 697: 690: 587: 586: 416:Bariatric surgery 225:Relative Fat Mass 114:Childhood obesity 104:Weight management 45:Human body weight 16:(Redirected from 2651: 2644:Sports nutrition 2610: 2600: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2494: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2431: 2425: 2414: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2389: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2278:on 11 April 2013 2274:. Archived from 2263: 2257: 2256: 2246: 2222: 2216: 2212: 2210: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2169: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2118: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2069: 2058: 2057: 2049: 2043: 2042: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1981: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1942:. Archived from 1918:(6): 1123–1130. 1909: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1883: 1873: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1824: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1498: 1474: 1451:Lizzie Velásquez 1408: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1389: 1386: 1369: 1366: 1349: 1346: 1332: 1329: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1287: 1284: 1267: 1264: 1247: 1244: 1230: 1227: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1196: 1193: 1176: 1173: 1156: 1153: 1139: 1136: 1024:Skinfold methods 1019:Body fat caliper 863:(ADP) technology 800: 793: 789: 786: 780: 756: 755: 748: 713: 712: 693: 686: 682: 679: 673: 649: 648: 641: 627:body composition 579: 572: 565: 456:Weight loss camp 451:Obesity medicine 331:Arteriosclerosis 215:Corpulence index 210:Body Shape Index 177:Set point theory 147:Exercise paradox 131:Medical concepts 99:Diet (nutrition) 53:General concepts 32: 31: 21: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2614: 2613: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2524: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2471: 2467: 2458: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2366: 2362: 2322: 2318: 2311: 2295: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2264: 2260: 2223: 2219: 2187: 2183: 2146: 2142: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2070: 2061: 2050: 2046: 1999: 1995: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1907: 1901: 1897: 1856:(1): e0115086. 1842: 1838: 1801: 1797: 1766: 1762: 1715: 1711: 1680: 1676: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1654:. p. 108. 1652:A & C Black 1644:Bean A (2009). 1642: 1638: 1628: 1626: 1588: 1584: 1573: 1569: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1427: 1385: 1365: 1345: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1283: 1263: 1243: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1192: 1172: 1152: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1115:body mass index 1111: 1087:body mass index 1082: 1080:Body mass index 1076: 1067: 1026: 989: 959: 953: 932: 917:plethysmography 908: 896: 890: 874: 853: 847: 831: 825: 820: 801: 790: 784: 781: 770: 757: 753: 746: 694: 683: 677: 674: 663: 650: 646: 639: 631:body mass index 608:internal organs 583: 554: 553: 479: 471: 470: 431:Caloric deficit 401: 391: 390: 386:Type 2 diabetes 336:Atherosclerosis 326: 316: 315: 286:Hyperthyroidism 263:Eating disorder 248: 240: 239: 230:Waist–hip ratio 200:Body mass index 190: 182: 181: 172:Obesity paradox 132: 124: 123: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2657: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2612: 2611: 2591:(3): 694–701. 2574: 2573:External links 2571: 2568: 2567: 2538:(8): 828–830. 2518: 2506: 2485:(2): 105–114. 2465: 2440: 2401: 2380:(5): 943–949. 2360: 2333:(5): 421–427. 2316: 2309: 2289: 2258: 2237:(8): 573–576. 2217: 2201:(4): 285–292. 2181: 2140: 2089: 2082: 2059: 2044: 2009:(1): 113–140. 1993: 1972:(2): 255–259. 1952: 1949:on 2019-02-22. 1895: 1836: 1815:(3): 453–467. 1795: 1760: 1709: 1690:(2): 933–940. 1674: 1660: 1636: 1602:(6): 398–403. 1582: 1567: 1540:(4): 432–442. 1524: 1510: 1489:(6): 789–796. 1468: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1436:Andreas Münzer 1433: 1431:Adipose tissue 1426: 1423: 1415: 1414: 1410: 1409: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1307: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1218: 1216: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1110: 1107: 1078:Main article: 1075: 1072: 1066: 1063: 1025: 1022: 993:anthropometric 988: 985: 955:Main article: 952: 949: 948: 947: 944: 931: 928: 907: 904: 892:Main article: 889: 886: 873: 870: 849:Main article: 846: 843: 827:Main article: 824: 821: 819: 816: 803: 802: 785:September 2021 767:of the subject 765:worldwide view 760: 758: 751: 745: 742: 730:healthy life. 725: 724: 696: 695: 678:September 2021 660:of the subject 658:worldwide view 653: 651: 644: 638: 635: 604:adipose tissue 585: 584: 582: 581: 574: 567: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 544:Weight cutting 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 486: 480: 478:Social aspects 477: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 433: 428: 418: 413: 408: 402: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 371:Osteoarthritis 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 327: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 308: 298: 293: 288: 283: 281:Food addiction 278: 260: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 220:Lean body mass 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 191: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 174: 169: 164: 154: 149: 144: 139: 137:Adipose tissue 133: 130: 129: 126: 125: 122: 121: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 55: 52: 51: 48: 47: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2656: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2634:Medical signs 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2576: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2455:on 2011-04-15 2454: 2450: 2444: 2437: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 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566: 561: 560: 558: 557: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 504:Fat fetishism 502: 500: 497: 494: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 475: 474: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 441: 437: 434: 432: 429: 426: 425:List of diets 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 400: 395: 394: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 356:Heart disease 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 325: 320: 319: 312: 309: 306: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 276: 272: 268: 264: 261: 258: 254: 251: 250: 244: 243: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 192: 186: 185: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 162: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 134: 128: 127: 119: 115: 112: 110: 109:Overnutrition 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 64: 60: 57: 56: 50: 49: 46: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 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