577:
2922:
Teleri; Amann, Sabine; Lepamets, Maarja; Neumayr, Christoph; Arnold, Cosmas; Dou, Zhengchao; Kuhn, Volker; Novatchkova, Maria; Cronin, Shane J. F.; Tietge, Uwe J. F.; MĂĽller, Simone; Pospisilik, J. Andrew; Nagy, Vanja; Hui, Chi-Chung; Lazovic, Jelena; Esterbauer, Harald; Hagelkruys, Astrid; Tancevski, Ivan; Kiefer, Florian W.; Harkany, Tibor; Haubensak, Wulf; Neely, G. Gregory; Metspalu, Andres; Hager, Jorg; Gheldof, Nele; Penninger, Josef M. (11 June 2020).
615:
of developing obesity in small part, with each gene increasing or decreasing the odds marginally, and together determining how an individual responds to the environmental factors. As of 2006, more than 41 sites on the human genome have been linked to the development of obesity when a favorable environment is present. Some of these obesogenic (weight gain) or
614:
predispose to obesity under certain dietary conditions. The percentage of obesity that can be attributed to genetics varies widely, depending on the population examined, from 6% to 85%, with the typical estimate at 50%. It is likely that in each person a number of genes contribute to the likelihood
2921:
Orthofer, Michael; Valsesia, Armand; Mägi, Reedik; Wang, Qiao-Ping; Kaczanowska, Joanna; Kozieradzki, Ivona; Leopoldi, Alexandra; Cikes, Domagoj; Zopf, Lydia M.; Tretiakov, Evgenii O.; Demetz, Egon; Hilbe, Richard; Boehm, Anna; Ticevic, Melita; Nõukas, Margit; Jais, Alexander; Spirk, Katrin; Clark,
1155:
postulates that due to dietary scarcity during human evolution people are prone to obesity. Their ability to take advantage of rare periods of abundance by storing energy as fat would be advantageous during times of varying food availability, and individuals with greater adipose reserves would more
2971:
Chadt, Alexandra; Leicht, Katja; Deshmukh, Atul; Jiang, Lake Q.; Scherneck, Stephan; Bernhardt, Ulrike; Dreja, Tanja; Vogel, Heike; Schmolz, Katja; Kluge, Reinhart; Zierath, Juleen R.; Hultschig, Claus; Hoeben, Rob C.; SchĂĽrmann, Annette; Joost, Hans-Georg; Al-Hasani, Hadi (November 2008). "Tbc1d1
2296:
Meyre, David; Delplanque, Jérôme; Chèvre, Jean-Claude; Lecoeur, CéCile; Lobbens, StéPhane; Gallina, Sophie; Durand, Emmanuelle; Vatin, Vincent; et al. (18 January 2009). "Genome-wide association study for early-onset and morbid adult obesity identifies three new risk loci in
European
2157:
Skoblov, Mikhail; Andrey
Marakhonov; Ekaterina Marakasova; Anna Guskova; Vikas Chandhoke; Aybike Birerdinc; Ancha Baranova (2013). "Protein partners of KCTD proteins provide insights about their functional roles in cell differentiation and vertebrate development".
595:
is the result of an interplay between environmental and genetic factors. Studies have identified variants in several genes that may contribute to weight gain and body fat distribution; although, only in a few cases are genes the primary cause of obesity.
1147:
Some studies have focused upon inheritance patterns without focusing upon specific genes. One study found that 80% of the offspring of two obese parents were obese, in contrast to less than 10% of the offspring of two parents who were of normal weight.
2740:
Parks BW, Nam E, Org E, Kostem E, Norheim F, Hui ST, Pan C, Civelek M, Rau CD, Bennett BJ, Mehrabian M, Ursell LK, He A, Castellani LW, Zinker B, Kirby M, Drake TA, Drevon CA, Knight R, Gargalovic P, Kirchgessner T, Eskin E, Lusis AJ (2013).
2691:; Schutz, Heidi; Chappell, Mark A.; Keeney, Brooke K.; Meek, Thomas H.; Copes, Lynn E.; Acosta, Wendy; Drenowatz, Clemens; Maciel, Robert C.; van Dijk, Gertjan; Kotz, Catherine M.; Eisenmann, Joey C. (2011).
1170:
The risk of obesity is determined by not only specific genotypes but also gene-gene interactions. However, there are still challenges associated with detecting gene-gene interactions for obesity.
2340:
Heid, Iris M.; Jackson, Anne U.; Randall, Joshua C.; Winkler, Thomas W.; Qi, Lu; Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur; Thorleifsson, Gudmar; Zillikens, M. Carola; Speliotes, Elizabeth K. (November 2010).
1713:
Lindgren, Cecilia M.; North, Kari E.; Loos, Ruth J. F.; Cupples, L. Adrienne; Hirschhorn, Joel N.; Kutalik, Zoltán; Rotter, Jerome I.; Mohlke, Karen L.; Lettre, Guillaume (18 February 2019).
1206:
The term "non-syndromic obesity" is sometimes used to exclude these conditions. In people with early-onset severe obesity (defined by an onset before 10 years of age and
930:
weighed about 3 kilograms more and had a 1.6-fold greater rate of obesity than those who had not inherited this trait. This association disappeared, though, when those with
627:
Although genetic deficiencies are currently considered rare, variations in these genes may predispose to common obesity. Many candidate genes are highly expressed in the
2612:
Chakravarthy MV, Booth FW (2004). "Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: Connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases".
2440:
BĂĽrger, Marco; Zimmermann, Tobias J.; Kondoh, Yasumitsu; Stege, Patricia; Watanabe, Nobumoto; Osada, Hiroyuki; Waldmann, Herbert; Vetter, Ingrid R. (January 2012).
2693:"The biological control of voluntary exercise, spontaneous physical activity and daily energy expenditure in relation to obesity: human and rodent perspectives"
2442:"Crystal structure of the predicted phospholipase LYPLAL1 reveals unexpected functional plasticity despite close relationship to acyl protein thioesterases"
1261:"Case Study: Cataplexy and SOREMPs Without Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Prader Willi Syndrome. Is This the Beginning of Narcolepsy in a Five Year Old?"
1282:
Albuquerque D, Stice E, et al. (Mar 2015). "Current review of genetics of human obesity: from molecular mechanisms to an evolutionary perspective".
2688:
1908:"Quantitative-Trait Loci Influencing Body-Mass Index Reside on Chromosomes 7 and 13: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study"
1531:
Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, et al. (May 2006). "Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss".
1005:
KCTD15 plays a role in transcriptional repression of AP-2α, which in turn, inhibits the activity of C/EBPα, an early inducer of adipogenesis.
2342:"Meta-analysis identifies 13 new loci associated with waist-hip ratio and reveals sexual dimorphism in the genetic basis of fat distribution"
1164:
Native
Americans, who evolved in a desert ecosystem, developed some of the highest rates of obesity when exposed to a Western lifestyle.
563:
1626:
1022:
Although it does not play a role in the formation of fat itself, it does determine the location on the body where this fat is stored.
2397:
Steinberg, Gregory R.; Kemp, Bruce E.; Watt, Matthew J. (October 2007). "Adipocyte triglyceride lipase expression in human obesity".
1160:. This tendency to store fat, however, would be maladaptive in societies with stable food supplies. This is the presumed reason that
3023:
Liu, Shannon; Sheng, Liang; Miao, Hongzhi; Saunders, Thomas L.; MacDougald, Ormond A.; Koenig, Ronald J.; Xu, Bin (May 2014).
2596:
1385:
718:
1856:"The role of obesity-associated loci identified in genome wide association studies in the determination of pediatric BMI"
1186:
which may be relevant to e.g. therapeutic strategies against obesity. Other candidate anti-obesity-related genes include
934:
polymorphisms participated in moderately intensive physical activity equivalent to three to four hours of brisk walking.
147:
3420:
3184:
104:
2249:"Replication and extension of genome-wide association study results for obesity in 4923 adults from northern Sweden"
2053:"A Common Variant in the FTO Gene Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Predisposes to Childhood and Adult Obesity"
3244:
2195:"Identification of an imprinted master trans regulator at the KLF14 locus related to multiple metabolic phenotypes"
1715:"Protein-coding variants implicate novel genes related to lipid homeostasis contributing to body-fat distribution"
1689:
2831:
556:
332:
1167:
Numerous studies of laboratory rodents provide strong evidence that genetics play an important role in obesity.
576:
520:
2743:"Genetic control of obesity and gut microbiota composition in response to high-fat, high-sucrose diet in mice"
3425:
153:
3399:
310:
3269:
1109:
505:
1627:"The role of leptin-melanocortin system and human weight regulation: lessons from experiments of nature"
3074:
Walley AJ, Asher JE, Froguel P (June 2009). "The genetic contribution to non-syndromic human obesity".
1772:"Six new loci associated with body mass index highlight a neuronal influence on body weight regulation"
1187:
619:(weight loss) genes may influence the obese individual's response to weight loss or weight management.
549:
23:
581:
3229:
128:
2649:"Ethnic variability in adiposity and cardiovascular risk: the variable disease selection hypothesis"
2110:"Physical activity and the association of common FTO gene variants with body mass index and obesity"
1545:
3301:
1341:
525:
3384:
3316:
3254:
1240:
1152:
771:
735:
485:
392:
80:
49:
2858:"Sequencing of 640,000 exomes identifies GPR75 variants associated with protection from obesity"
3374:
1540:
628:
599:
479:
1960:"Genomewide Linkage Analysis of Body Mass Index across 28 Years of the Framingham Heart Study"
1011:
879:
862:
845:
828:
811:
794:
3289:
3259:
3177:
1958:
Atwood LD, Heard-Costa NL, Cupples LA, Jaquish CE, Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB (November 2002).
1819:
585:
510:
385:
261:
221:
1665:
3329:
3324:
3121:
2064:
1228:
495:
447:
181:
1491:
8:
3389:
3379:
3264:
1097:
753:
515:
426:
327:
291:
216:
191:
3025:"SRA Gene Knockout Protects against Diet-induced Obesity and Improves Glucose Tolerance"
2972:
mutation in lean mouse strain confers leanness and protects from diet-induced obesity".
2890:
2857:
2589:
Rethinking thin: The new science of weight loss - and the myths and realities of dieting
2156:
2068:
2012:"Genetic linkage and imprinting effects on body mass index in children and young adults"
634:
Several additional loci have been identified. Also, several quantitative trait loci for
3394:
3354:
3334:
3239:
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3051:
3024:
3005:
2903:
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1880:
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1714:
1657:
1645:
1566:
1554:
1317:
1223:
1211:
352:
143:
1984:
1959:
1932:
1907:
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3339:
3249:
3214:
3209:
3149:
3130:
3091:
3056:
2997:
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2907:
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2813:
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2629:
2592:
2569:
2530:
2522:
2481:
2463:
2422:
2414:
2379:
2361:
2314:
2278:
2224:
2175:
2139:
2090:
2033:
1989:
1937:
1885:
1801:
1752:
1734:
1649:
1607:
1558:
1513:
1472:
1431:
1381:
1356:
1309:
402:
211:
100:
90:
31:
3103:
2625:
2326:
1661:
1335:
Albuquerque, David; NĂłbrega, ClĂ©vio; Manco, LicĂnio; Padez, Cristina (7 July 2017).
3369:
3364:
3359:
3344:
3279:
3170:
3139:
3083:
3046:
3036:
3009:
2981:
2935:
2885:
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2803:
2762:
2754:
2712:
2704:
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2621:
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2512:
2471:
2453:
2406:
2369:
2353:
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2268:
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2214:
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2167:
2129:
2121:
2080:
2072:
2023:
1979:
1971:
1927:
1919:
1875:
1867:
1791:
1783:
1742:
1726:
1641:
1597:
1570:
1550:
1503:
1462:
1421:
1346:
1321:
1299:
1291:
1101:
655:
442:
437:
317:
201:
196:
163:
133:
85:
3274:
2125:
1690:"Researchers discover DNA variants significantly influence body fat distribution"
1375:
1207:
683:
635:
417:
372:
322:
272:
249:
243:
186:
158:
2940:
2923:
2758:
2565:
2410:
530:
357:
267:
206:
123:
1730:
1295:
1178:
There are also genes that can be protective against obesity. For instance, in
3414:
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3294:
3284:
3117:
2993:
2949:
2881:
2549:
2526:
2467:
2418:
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1738:
1517:
1508:
490:
411:
342:
95:
3041:
2873:
2808:
2791:
2076:
2028:
2011:
2010:
Gorlova OY, Amos CI, Wang NW, Shete S, Turner ST, Boerwinkle E (June 2003).
1467:
1450:
3153:
3095:
3060:
3001:
2957:
2899:
2817:
2776:
2726:
2674:
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2573:
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2517:
2500:
2485:
2426:
2383:
2318:
2282:
2228:
2179:
2171:
2143:
2094:
2037:
1993:
1941:
1889:
1805:
1756:
1653:
1611:
1562:
1476:
1435:
1360:
1313:
535:
470:
452:
347:
337:
277:
2501:"The pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: an overview"
1426:
1409:
3224:
3219:
3144:
3125:
2665:
2648:
2264:
1871:
1351:
1336:
1260:
1161:
432:
367:
362:
75:
70:
60:
2458:
3204:
2708:
1304:
920:
611:
397:
287:
65:
55:
1602:
1585:
475:
3087:
2550:"NPY Y1 and Y5 Receptor Selective Antagonists as Anti-Obesity Drugs"
1583:
2985:
2357:
2310:
2210:
1975:
1923:
1787:
1584:
Hainer, Vojtĕch; Hermann Toplak; Asimina
Mitrakou (February 2008).
1088:
909:
607:
422:
253:
239:
3193:
1083:
701:
592:
407:
257:
45:
1134:
1117:
781:
759:
741:
723:
706:
689:
671:
1957:
1191:
1182:
variants were identified as such alleles in ~640,000 sequenced
1157:
995:
953:
939:
927:
895:
665:
500:
2687:
1770:
Willer CJ, Speliotes EK, Loos RJ, et al. (January 2009).
1906:
Feitosa MF, Borecki IB, Rich SS, et al. (January 2002).
1183:
1179:
1129:
1055:
1041:
1027:
967:
282:
2399:
American
Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
2295:
2247:
Renström F, Payne F, Nordström A, et al. (April 2009).
1334:
2832:"Gene variants related to controlling body weight isolated"
2439:
2193:
Small KS, Hedman AK, Grundberg E, et al. (June 2011).
1377:
Treatment of the Obese
Patient (Contemporary Endocrinology)
1195:
1069:
981:
775:
650:
603:
297:
3162:
2855:
2108:
Rampersaud E, Mitchell BD, Pollin TI, et al. (2008).
2339:
1337:"The contribution of genetics and environment to obesity"
2970:
2920:
2789:
2107:
2051:
Frayling TM, Timpson NJ, Weedon MN, et al. (2007).
1712:
616:
1492:"Genetics of common forms of obesity: a brief overview"
2790:
Yang, Wenjie; Tanika Kelly; Jiang He (June 12, 2007).
2246:
2050:
3022:
2192:
2009:
1854:
Zhao J, Bradfield JP, Li M, et al. (May 2009).
3110:
1769:
1173:
3073:
1905:
1586:"Treatment Modalities of Obesity: What fits whom?"
1214:above normal), 7% harbor a single locus mutation.
2739:
2611:
2396:
1812:
641:Confirmed and hypothesized associations include:
3412:
3116:
1530:
1490:Lyon, Helen N; Hirschhorn, Joel N (2005-07-01).
1281:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2005:
2003:
1953:
1951:
1901:
1899:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1373:
1489:
1328:
1096:Disputed metabolic function of being either a
839:near D6S1009, GATA184A08, D6S2436, and D6S305
3178:
557:
3067:
2586:
2235:
2000:
1948:
1896:
1832:
1763:
1618:
16:Relation between obesity and genetic factors
1448:
1410:"Obesity in anaesthesia and intensive care"
1407:
3185:
3171:
2856:Akbari, Parsa; et al. (2 July 2021).
1496:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
564:
550:
3143:
3050:
3040:
2939:
2889:
2807:
2766:
2716:
2664:
2516:
2475:
2457:
2373:
2272:
2218:
2133:
2084:
2027:
1983:
1931:
1879:
1795:
1746:
1601:
1544:
1507:
1466:
1425:
1380:. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 158.
1350:
1303:
1263:. European Society of Sleep Technologists
2646:
575:
2547:
2498:
1401:
3413:
1624:
1258:
3166:
2554:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
856:near D11S1998, D11S4464, and D11S912
1201:
591:Like many other medical conditions,
2924:"Identification of ALK in Thinness"
13:
1646:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V38N1p34
1555:10.1161/01.ATV.0000216787.85457.f3
148:Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome
14:
3437:
2792:"Genetic Epidemiology of Obesity"
1451:"Genetic epidemiology of obesity"
1408:Adams JP, Murphy PG (July 2000).
1345:. Advance articles (1): 159–173.
3245:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2505:International Journal of Obesity
1533:Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol
1174:Genes protective against obesity
3126:"Genetics of Obesity in Humans"
3029:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3016:
2964:
2914:
2849:
2824:
2783:
2733:
2681:
2640:
2626:10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003
2605:
2580:
2541:
2492:
2433:
2390:
2333:
2289:
2186:
2150:
2101:
2044:
1706:
1682:
1577:
1524:
1483:
1449:Yang W, Kelly T, He J (2007).
1442:
1367:
1275:
1252:
521:Social determinants of obesity
1:
1246:
154:Metabolically healthy obesity
2548:MacNeil, Douglas J. (2007).
2126:10.1001/archinte.168.16.1791
311:Obesity-associated morbidity
7:
3270:Obesity and the environment
3192:
1217:
584:of a girl presumed to have
506:Obesity and the environment
10:
3442:
2941:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.034
2759:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.007
2647:Wells JC (February 2009).
2566:10.2174/156802607782341028
2499:Pertwee, R G (June 2006).
2411:10.1152/ajpendo.00235.2007
3315:
3230:Classification of obesity
3200:
2446:Journal of Lipid Research
1731:10.1038/s41588-018-0334-2
1296:10.1007/s00438-015-1015-9
129:Classification of obesity
3421:Risk factors for obesity
2591:. Picador. p. 122.
1374:Kushner, Robert (2007).
1342:British Medical Bulletin
622:
526:Social stigma of obesity
3255:Anti-obesity medication
3042:10.1074/jbc.M114.564658
2874:10.1126/science.abf8683
2077:10.1126/science.1141634
2029:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200979
1860:Obesity (Silver Spring)
1625:Lee YS (January 2009).
1241:Human genetic variation
1153:thrifty gene hypothesis
772:melanocortin-4 receptor
736:prohormone convertase-1
582:Juan Carreño de Miranda
486:Fat acceptance movement
393:Anti-obesity medication
81:Gestational weight gain
2518:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803272
2172:10.1002/bies.201300002
1634:Ann. Acad. Med. Singap
1509:10.1093/ajcn/82.1.215S
638:have been identified.
629:central nervous system
588:
3290:Obesity and sexuality
3260:Management of obesity
2809:10.1093/epirev/mxm004
2796:Epidemiologic Reviews
2587:Kolata, Gina (2007).
1468:10.1093/epirev/mxm004
586:Prader-Willi syndrome
579:
511:Obesity and sexuality
386:Management of obesity
262:Binge eating disorder
222:Waist-to-height ratio
3426:Behavioural genetics
3145:10.1210/er.2006-0040
2934:(6): 1246–1262.e22.
2689:Garland Jr, Theodore
1872:10.1038/oby.2009.159
1284:Mol. Genet. Genomics
1229:Nutritional genomics
496:Health at Every Size
448:Weight loss coaching
182:Body adiposity index
3265:Obesity and walking
3235:Genetics of obesity
3035:(19): 13000–13009.
2459:10.1194/jlr.M019851
2069:2007Sci...316..889F
1427:10.1093/bja/85.1.91
1212:standard deviations
754:proopiomelanocortin
580:A 1680 painting by
516:Sedentary lifestyle
328:Fatty liver disease
292:Starvation response
192:Body fat percentage
139:Genetics of obesity
3240:Obesity and cancer
3122:O’Rahilly, Stephen
2868:(6550): eabf8683.
2709:10.1242/jeb.048397
2666:10.1093/ije/dyn183
2265:10.1093/hmg/ddp041
2016:Eur. J. Hum. Genet
1352:10.1093/bmb/ldx022
1224:New World syndrome
589:
353:Obesity and cancer
234:Related conditions
144:Metabolic syndrome
3408:
3407:
3250:Bariatric surgery
3215:Abdominal obesity
3210:Childhood obesity
3131:Endocrine Reviews
3118:Farooqi, I. Sadaf
2980:(11): 1354–1359.
2836:medicalxpress.com
2598:978-0-312-42785-6
2560:(17): 1721–1733.
1964:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1912:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1694:medicalxpress.com
1603:10.2337/dc08-s265
1387:978-1-59745-400-1
1202:Genetic syndromes
1145:
1144:
1100:or a short-chain
923:for a particular
574:
573:
403:Bariatric surgery
212:Relative Fat Mass
101:Childhood obesity
91:Weight management
32:Human body weight
3433:
3280:Parental obesity
3187:
3180:
3173:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2943:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2893:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2614:J. Appl. Physiol
2609:
2603:
2602:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2520:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2461:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2244:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2063:(5826): 889–94.
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1851:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1820:"OMIM - OBESITY"
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1750:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1664:. Archived from
1631:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1605:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1548:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1502:(1): 215S–217S.
1487:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1354:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1307:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1256:
1102:carboxylesterase
919:Adults who were
719:Ghrelin receptor
644:
643:
566:
559:
552:
443:Weight loss camp
438:Obesity medicine
318:Arteriosclerosis
202:Corpulence index
197:Body Shape Index
164:Set point theory
134:Exercise paradox
118:Medical concepts
86:Diet (nutrition)
40:General concepts
19:
18:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3375:Pacific islands
3311:
3275:Obesity paradox
3196:
3191:
3161:
3115:
3111:
3088:10.1038/nrg2594
3076:Nat. Rev. Genet
3072:
3068:
3021:
3017:
2974:Nature Genetics
2969:
2965:
2919:
2915:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2788:
2784:
2738:
2734:
2686:
2682:
2653:Int J Epidemiol
2645:
2641:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2585:
2581:
2546:
2542:
2511:(S1): S13–S18.
2497:
2493:
2438:
2434:
2405:(4): E958–964.
2395:
2391:
2352:(11): 949–960.
2346:Nature Genetics
2338:
2334:
2299:Nature Genetics
2294:
2290:
2253:Hum. Mol. Genet
2245:
2236:
2191:
2187:
2155:
2151:
2120:(16): 1791–97.
2114:Arch Intern Med
2106:
2102:
2049:
2045:
2008:
2001:
1956:
1949:
1904:
1897:
1852:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1768:
1764:
1719:Nature Genetics
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1582:
1578:
1546:10.1.1.508.7066
1529:
1525:
1488:
1484:
1447:
1443:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1372:
1368:
1333:
1329:
1290:(4): 1191–221.
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1220:
1208:body mass index
1204:
1176:
1156:likely survive
1113:
684:leptin receptor
625:
570:
541:
540:
466:
458:
457:
418:Caloric deficit
388:
378:
377:
373:Type 2 diabetes
323:Atherosclerosis
313:
303:
302:
273:Hyperthyroidism
250:Eating disorder
235:
227:
226:
217:Waist–hip ratio
187:Body mass index
177:
169:
168:
159:Obesity paradox
119:
111:
110:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3160:
3159:
3138:(7): 710–718.
3109:
3066:
3015:
2986:10.1038/ng.244
2963:
2913:
2848:
2823:
2782:
2732:
2680:
2639:
2604:
2597:
2579:
2540:
2491:
2432:
2389:
2358:10.1038/ng.685
2332:
2311:10.1038/ng.301
2297:populations".
2288:
2259:(8): 1489–96.
2234:
2211:10.1038/ng.833
2185:
2166:(7): 586–596.
2149:
2100:
2043:
1999:
1976:10.1086/343822
1970:(5): 1044–50.
1947:
1924:10.1086/338144
1895:
1866:(12): 2254–7.
1831:
1811:
1788:10.1038/ng.287
1762:
1725:(3): 452–469.
1705:
1681:
1617:
1576:
1523:
1482:
1441:
1400:
1386:
1366:
1327:
1274:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1203:
1200:
1175:
1172:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
998:
992:
991:
989:
986:
984:
978:
977:
975:
972:
970:
964:
963:
961:
958:
956:
950:
949:
947:
944:
942:
936:
935:
917:
914:
912:
906:
905:
903:
900:
898:
892:
891:
888:
885:
883:
875:
874:
873:near ATA41E04
871:
868:
866:
858:
857:
854:
851:
849:
841:
840:
837:
834:
832:
824:
823:
820:
817:
815:
807:
806:
803:
800:
798:
790:
789:
787:
784:
779:
774:polymorphism (
768:
767:
765:
762:
757:
750:
749:
747:
744:
739:
732:
731:
729:
726:
721:
715:
714:
712:
709:
704:
698:
697:
695:
692:
687:
680:
679:
677:
674:
669:
662:
661:
658:
653:
648:
624:
621:
572:
571:
569:
568:
561:
554:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
531:Weight cutting
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
473:
467:
465:Social aspects
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
420:
415:
405:
400:
395:
389:
384:
383:
380:
379:
376:
375:
370:
365:
360:
358:Osteoarthritis
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
314:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
295:
285:
280:
275:
270:
268:Food addiction
265:
247:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
207:Lean body mass
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
141:
136:
131:
126:
124:Adipose tissue
120:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
42:
39:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3438:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3401:
3400:United States
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3307:Overnutrition
3305:
3303:
3302:Social stigma
3300:
3296:
3295:Fat fetishism
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:Infectobesity
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:(7): 431–42.
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2753:(1): 141–52.
2752:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2703:(2): 206–29.
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2022:(6): 425–32.
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1671:on 2011-07-21
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:Diabetes Care
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1539:(5): 968–76.
1538:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1455:Epidemiol Rev
1452:
1445:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1420:(1): 91–108.
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
999:
997:
994:
993:
990:
987:
985:
983:
980:
979:
976:
973:
971:
969:
966:
965:
962:
959:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
943:
941:
938:
937:
933:
929:
926:
922:
918:
915:
913:
911:
908:
907:
904:
901:
899:
897:
894:
893:
890:near D20S482
889:
887:20pter-p11.2
886:
884:
882:
881:
877:
876:
872:
869:
867:
865:
864:
860:
859:
855:
852:
850:
848:
847:
843:
842:
838:
835:
833:
831:
830:
826:
825:
822:near D13S257
821:
818:
816:
814:
813:
809:
808:
805:near D7S1804
804:
801:
799:
797:
796:
792:
791:
788:
785:
783:
780:
777:
773:
770:
769:
766:
763:
761:
758:
755:
752:
751:
748:
745:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
696:
693:
691:
688:
685:
682:
681:
678:
675:
673:
670:
667:
664:
663:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
637:
632:
630:
620:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:Polymorphisms
597:
594:
587:
583:
578:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
547:
545:
544:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
491:Fat fetishism
489:
487:
484:
481:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
462:
461:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
413:
412:List of diets
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
387:
382:
381:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
343:Heart disease
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
307:
306:
299:
296:
293:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
237:
231:
230:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
173:
172:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
149:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
115:
114:
106:
102:
99:
97:
96:Overnutrition
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
51:
47:
44:
43:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
25:
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3385:Saudi Arabia
3317:Epidemiology
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1666:the original
1640:(1): 34–44.
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536:Weight class
471:Comfort food
453:Yo-yo effect
348:Hypertension
338:Gynecomastia
278:Malnutrition
176:Measurements
138:
105:Epidemiology
50:Epidemiology
3225:Weight loss
3220:Weight gain
2620:(1): 3–10.
1596:: 269–277.
1305:10316/45814
1210:over three
756:deficiency
738:deficiency
686:deficiency
668:deficiency
602:in various
433:Liposuction
368:Sleep apnea
363:Prediabetes
76:Weight loss
71:Weight gain
61:Underweight
3415:Categories
3205:Overweight
2747:Cell Metab
2199:Nat. Genet
1825:2009-06-08
1776:Nat. Genet
1699:2019-03-12
1675:2009-06-08
1247:References
1076:18q11-q12
921:homozygous
647:Condition
617:leptogenic
612:metabolism
398:Bariatrics
288:Starvation
66:Body shape
56:Overweight
3330:Australia
3325:Argentina
2994:1546-1718
2950:0092-8674
2908:235699731
2882:0036-8075
2841:14 August
2802:: 49–61.
2527:0307-0565
2468:1539-7262
2419:0193-1849
2366:1546-1718
2160:BioEssays
1739:1546-1718
1541:CiteSeerX
1518:0002-9165
1461:: 49–61.
1062:5q15-q21
1002:19q13.12
836:6q23-q25
746:5q15-q21
480:Criticism
476:Fast food
3390:Thailand
3380:Pakistan
3154:17122358
3124:(2006).
3104:10870369
3096:19506576
3061:24675075
3002:18931681
2958:32442405
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2891:10275396
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1612:18227496
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1477:17566051
1436:10927998
1393:April 5,
1361:28910990
1314:25749980
1267:April 6,
1235:Related:
1218:See also
1048:11p11.2
1034:16p11.2
916:16q12.2
728:3q26.31
608:appetite
423:Exercise
254:Anorexia
240:Diabetes
24:a series
22:Part of
3395:Ukraine
3355:Germany
3335:Austria
3194:Obesity
3052:4036315
3010:4069428
2862:Science
2768:3545283
2718:3008631
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2135:3635949
2086:2646098
2065:Bibcode
2057:Science
1881:2860782
1797:2695662
1748:6560635
1571:6052584
1322:3238210
1139:4q32.2
1084:LYPLAL1
974:1p31.1
946:2p25.3
902:2q14.1
802:7q32.3
764:2p23.3
711:3p25.3
702:Ghrelin
676:7q31.3
593:obesity
427:outline
408:Dieting
258:Bulimia
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1184:exomes
1158:famine
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1118:114610
1098:lipase
1089:616548
996:KCTD15
988:11p13
954:GNPDA2
940:TMEM18
928:allele
896:INSIG2
870:16p13
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819:13q14
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724:601898
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672:164160
666:leptin
660:Notes
501:Hunger
244:Type 1
3370:Malta
3365:Italy
3360:India
3345:China
3100:S2CID
3006:S2CID
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2323:S2CID
1669:(PDF)
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