Human skin - Knowledge

320: 1592: 61: 49: 2163:(TEWL), though it may take 3–5 days for the TEWL to reach its peak value. When the TEWL reaches its highest value, the maximum density of nanoparticles is able to permeate the skin. While the effect of increased permeability after UVR exposure can lead to an increase in the number of particles that permeate the skin, the specific permeability of skin after UVR exposure relative to particles of different sizes and materials has not been determined. 1974:

human skin. Oily surfaces, such as the face, may contain over 78 million bacteria per square centimetre (500 million per square inch). Despite these vast quantities, all of the bacteria found on the skin's surface would fit into a volume the size of a pea. In general, the microorganisms keep one another in check and are part of a healthy skin. When the balance is disturbed, there may be an overgrowth and infection, such as when

900: 1472: 4595: 1464: 2091:(ellipsoidal) particles because spheres are symmetric in all three spatial dimensions. One study compared the two shapes and recorded data that showed spherical particles located deep in the epidermis and dermis whereas ellipsoidal particles were mainly found in the stratum corneum and epidermal layers. 2158:

slightly damages the surface of skin and causes a time-dependent defect allowing easier penetration of nanoparticles. The UVR's high energy causes a restructuring of cells, weakening the boundary between the stratum corneum and the epidermal layer. The damage of the skin is typically measured by the

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There is a correlation between the geographic distribution of UV radiation (UVR) and the distribution of indigenous skin pigmentation around the world. Areas that highlight higher amounts of UVR reflect darker-skinned populations, generally located nearer towards the equator. Areas that are far from

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Detailed data for below cell groups are further subdivided into all the cell types listed in the above sections and categorized by epidermal, dermal, hair follicle, and glandular subcategories in the dataset and on the dataset's graphical website interface. While adipocytes in the hypodermal adipose

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In terms of surface area, the skin is the second largest organ in the human body (the inside of the small intestine is 15 to 20 times larger). For the average adult human, the skin has a surface area of 1.5–2.0 square metres (15–20 sq ft). The thickness of the skin varies considerably over

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especially shares similar epidermal and dermal thickness ratios to human skin: pig and human skin share similar hair follicle and blood vessel patterns; biochemically the dermal collagen and elastin content is similar in pig and human skin; and pig skin and human skin have similar physical responses

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pig skin has been shown to be the most similar to human skin. Pig skin is structurally similar to human epidermal thickness and dermal-epidermal thickness ratios. Pigs and humans have similar hair follicle and blood vessel patterns in the skin. Biochemically pigs contain dermal collagen and elastic

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is more transparent once applied to the skin and also has the ability to protect against UVA/UVB rays, although the sunscreen's ingredients have the ability to break down at a faster rate once exposed to sunlight, and some of the radiation is able to penetrate to the skin. In order for sunscreen to

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There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, five lumbar, and five sacral. Certain diseases like shingles, caused by varicella-zoster infection, have pain sensations and eruptive rashes involving dermatomal distribution. Dermatomes are helpful in the diagnosis of vertebral spinal injury levels. Aside

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Nanoparticles 40 nm in diameter and smaller have been successful in penetrating the skin. Research confirms that nanoparticles larger than 40 nm do not penetrate the skin past the stratum corneum. Most particles that do penetrate will diffuse through skin cells, but some will travel down

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nanosized particles. This protects the body from external particles such as toxins by not allowing them to come into contact with internal tissues. However, in some cases it is desirable to allow particles entry to the body through the skin. Potential medical applications of such particle transfer

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and bacteria, which cannot be removed by any amount of cleaning. Estimates place the number of individual bacteria on the surface of 6.5 square centimetres (1 sq in) of human skin at 50 million, though this figure varies greatly over the average 1.9 square metres (20 sq ft) of

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About 70% of all human protein-coding genes are expressed in the skin. Almost 500 genes have an elevated pattern of expression in the skin. There are fewer than 100 genes that are specific for the skin, and these are expressed in the epidermis. An analysis of the corresponding proteins show that

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Tissue mass is defined at 3.3 kg (ICRP-89, ICRP110) and addresses the skin's epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, and glands. The cell data is extracted from 'The Human Cell Count and Cell Size Distribution', Tissue-Table tab in the Supporting Information SO1 Dataset (xlsx). The 1200 record

1698:: the skin contains a blood supply far greater than its requirements, which allows precise control of energy loss by radiation, convection and conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and heat loss, while constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat. 1756:: the cells comprising the outermost 0.25–0.40 mm of the skin are "almost exclusively supplied by external oxygen", although the "contribution to total respiration is negligible". In addition, medicine can be administered through the skin, by ointments or by means of adhesive 1989:

Cosmetics should be used carefully on the skin because these may cause allergic reactions. Each season requires suitable clothing in order to facilitate the evaporation of the sweat. Sunlight, water and air play an important role in keeping the skin healthy.

457:, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air and to a far lesser degree by blood capillaries extending to the outer layers of the dermis. The main type of cells that make up the epidermis are 1573:

formed by two adjacent thymine bases, or by two adjacent cytosine bases, in DNA are the most frequent types of DNA damage induced by UV. Humans, as well as other organisms, are capable of repairing such UV-induced damages by the process of

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have proven to penetrate very effectively when they have certain properties. Because CdSe is toxic to living organisms, the particle must be covered in a surface group. An experiment comparing the permeability of quantum dots coated in

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Sokolov K, Follen M, Aaron J, Pavlova I, Malpica A, Lotan R, Richards-Kortum R (May 2003). "Real-time vital optical imaging of precancer using anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibodies conjugated to gold nanoparticles".

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colonize the skin surface. The density of skin flora depends on region of the skin. The disinfected skin surface gets recolonized from bacteria residing in the deeper areas of the hair follicle, gut and urogenital openings.

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tissue are treated separately in the ICRP tissue categories, fat content (minus cell-membrane-lipids) resident in the dermal layer (Table-105, ICRP-23) is addressed by the below interstitial-adipocytes in the dermal layer.

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to increase skin permeability. One application of transcutaneous particle delivery could be to locate and treat cancer. Nanomedical researchers seek to target the epidermis and other layers of active cell division where

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Mortensen L, Zheng H, Faulknor R, De Benedetto A, Beck L, DeLouise LA (2009). Osinski M, Jovin TM, Yamamoto K (eds.). "Increased in vivo skin penetration of quantum dots with UVR and in vitro quantum dot cytotoxicity".

2223:, because of the limitations in permeability of the skin. Development of techniques that increase skin permeability has led to more drugs that can be applied via transdermal patches and more options for patients. 2206:

penetrate the skin more frequently than neutral molecules after the skin has been exposed to electric field pulses. Results have shown molecules on the order of 100 μm to easily permeate electroporated skin.

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Nanoparticles of different materials have shown skin's permeability limitations. In many experiments, gold nanoparticles 40 nm in diameter or smaller are used and have shown to penetrate to the epidermis.

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Human skin shows high skin colour variety from the darkest brown to the lightest pinkish-white hues. Human skin shows higher variation in colour than any other single mammalian species and is the result of

3877: 1362:, which is synthesized from sunlight helps in absorbing calcium. For this reason it is thought that females may have evolved to have lighter skin in order to help their bodies absorb more calcium. 505: 2087:

The permeability of skin relative to different shapes of nanoparticles has also been studied. Research has shown that spherical particles have a better ability to penetrate the skin compared to

764:, which extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a "bumpy" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin. 4011:

Filipe P, Silva JN, Silva R, Cirne de Castro JL, Marques Gomes M, Alves LC, et al. (2009). "Stratum corneum is an effective barrier to TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticle percutaneous absorption".

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in females. One average square inch (6.5 cm) of skin holds 650 sweat glands, 20 blood vessels, 60,000 melanocytes, and more than 1,000 nerve endings. The average human skin cell is about

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The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue, and receives its name from the dense concentration of

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Scientists previously believed that the skin was an effective barrier to inorganic particles. Damage from mechanical stressors was believed to be the only way to increase its permeability.

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because of the possibility of a painless application of therapeutic agents with very few side effects. Transdermal patches have been limited to administer a small number of drugs, such as

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A validated comprehensive grading scale has categorized the clinical findings of skin ageing as laxity (sagging), rhytids (wrinkles), and the various facets of photoageing, including

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Sonavane G, Tomoda K, Sano A, Ohshima H, Terada H, Makino K (August 2008). "In vitro permeation of gold nanoparticles through rat skin and rat intestine: effect of particle size".

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concluded the PEG and PEG-amine surface groups allowed for the greatest penetration of particles. The carboxylic acid coated particles did not penetrate past the stratum corneum.

2025:. The oily-skin type is not necessarily bad, since such skin is less prone to wrinkling, or other signs of ageing, because the oil helps to keep needed moisture locked into the 1872:

have observed: "hairy, moist underarms lie a short distance from smooth dry forearms, but these two niches are likely as ecologically dissimilar as rainforests are to deserts."

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Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis and are linked to an arteriole and a venule. Arterial shunt vessels may bypass the network in ears, the nose and fingertips.

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is a numerical classification schema for human skin colour developed in 1975 as a way to classify the typical response of different types of skin to ultraviolet (UV) light:

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Larese FF, D'Agostin F, Crosera M, Adami G, Renzi N, Bovenzi M, Maina G (January 2009). "Human skin penetration of silver nanoparticles through intact and damaged skin".

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Cutroneo KR, Sterling KM (May 2004). "How do glucocorticoids compare to oligo decoys as inhibitors of collagen synthesis and potential toxicity of these therapeutics?".

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and radiation from the sun, and does not need to be reapplied several times in a day. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide are two of the important ingredients in sunblock.

1841:. Ecologically, sebaceous areas had greater species richness than moist and dry ones. The areas with least similarity between people in species were the spaces between 2049:; that is, most foreign substances are unable to penetrate and diffuse through the skin. Skin's outermost layer, the stratum corneum, is an effective barrier to most 1538:

have a faster turnover rate, while in the older population the skin becomes thinner and the epidermis turnover rate for cell repair is lower, which may result in the

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was "a simple, biologically inactive, outer epidermal layer comprising a fibrillar lattice of dead keratin". It is now understood that this is not true, and that the

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The actual skin colour of different humans is affected by many substances, although the single most important substance determining human skin colour is the pigment

2071:). Such direct interaction could be used to more accurately diagnose properties of specific tumours or to treat them by delivering drugs with cellular specificity. 385:

quickly, and can often be deadly. Human skin pigmentation varies substantially between populations; this has led to the classification of people(s) on the basis of

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meaning "over" or "upon", is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface, which also serves as a barrier to

477:(beginning with the outermost layer): corneum, lucidum (only in palms of hands and bottoms of feet), granulosum, spinosum, and basale. Cells are formed through 168: 2857:

Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. (January 2015). "Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome".

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content that is more similar to humans than other laboratory animals. Finally pigs have similar physical and molecular responses to various growth factors.

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Alexiades-Armenakas MR, Dover JS, Arndt KA (May 2008). "The spectrum of laser skin resurfacing: nonablative, fractional, and ablative laser resurfacing".

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As skin ages, it becomes thinner and more easily damaged. Intensifying this effect is the decreasing ability of skin to heal itself as a person ages.

2515: 485:) move up the strata changing shape and composition as they die due to isolation from their blood source. The cytoplasm is released and the protein 5061: 2034: 1274:

circulating in the veins of the dermis. The red colour underlying the skin becomes more visible, especially in the face, when, as consequence of

1704:: the skin provides a relatively dry and semi-impermeable barrier to fluid loss. Loss of this function contributes to the massive fluid loss in 767:

In the palms, fingers, soles, and toes, the influence of the papillae projecting into the epidermis forms contours in the skin's surface. These

737:. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the stratum basale of the epidermis. 1636: 1289:

There are at least five different pigments that determine the colour of the skin. These pigments are present at different levels and places.

244: 132: 2029:(outermost layer of skin). The negative aspect of the oily-skin type is that oily complexions are especially susceptible to clogged pores, 924:

The below table identifies the skin cell count and aggregate cell mass estimates for a 70 kg adult male (ICRP-23; ICRP-89, ICRP-110).

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generation, which in turn increases sebum production. Overwashing the skin does not cause sebum overproduction but may cause dryness.

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Gao X, Cui Y, Levenson RM, Chung LW, Nie S (August 2004). "In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots".

2749: 2767:"The clinical relevance of maintaining the functional integrity of the stratum corneum in both healthy and disease-affected skin" 2320:

and analogues are used to downregulate the cutaneous immune system and epithelial proliferation while promoting differentiation.

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all parts of the body, and between men and women, and young and old. An example is the skin on the forearm, which is on average

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to characterize the human microbiota, which includes that on the skin and the role of this microbiome in health and disease.

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at the innermost layers. They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with

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in the middle. At the bottom are the superficial parts of the dermis. The sweat ducts are clearly visible. (See also:

4059:"40 nm, but not 750 or 1,500 nm, nanoparticles enter epidermal CD1a+ cells after transcutaneous application on human skin" 2525:. Sinclair Research Centre, Auxvasse, MO, USA; Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Columbia, MO, USA. Archived from 782:

determined and are therefore unique to the individual, making it possible to use fingerprints or footprints as a means of

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in diameter, but there are variants. A skin cell usually ranges from 25 to 40 μm, depending on a variety of factors.

2642:"The cutaneous uptake of atmospheric oxygen contributes significantly to the oxygen supply of human dermis and epidermis" 3122: 1335:

the tropics and closer to the poles have lower concentration of UVR, which is reflected in lighter-skinned populations.

3210: 3181: 3123:"Cellular cartography: Charting the sizes and abundance of our body's cells reveals mathematical order underlying life" 1500:, dyspigmentation (brown discolouration), solar elastosis (yellowing), keratoses (abnormal growths) and poor texture. 497:. This keratinized layer of skin is responsible for keeping water in the body and keeping other harmful chemicals and 3911: 3607: 2823: 2978:"Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values: ICRP Publication 89" 1928:

from the dermatomes, the epidermis cells are susceptible to neoplastic changes, resulting in various cancer types.

1660:: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defence; 1554: 899: 2258:

Sunblock and sunscreen are different important skin-care products though both offer full protection from the sun.

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as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue and

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Human skin shares anatomical, physiological, biochemical and immunological properties with other mammalian lines.

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and rough in texture and tends to have large, clearly visible pores everywhere, except around the eyes and neck.

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to non-oily. Such skin variety provides a rich and diverse habitat for the approximately one thousand species of

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lists foods they state help the skin: fruits and vegetables, whole-grains, dark leafy greens, nuts, and seeds.

2021:, it becomes heavy and thick in texture, known as oily skin. Oily skin is typified by shininess, blemishes and 1486: 1458: 1313:: This pigment is yellow to orange in colour. It is present in the stratum corneum and fat cells of dermis and 2336:

is a membrane antioxidant that protects against oxidative damage and also provides protection against harmful

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that regulates collagen synthesis, forms barrier lipids, regenerates vitamin E, and provides photoprotection.

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Baroli B (January 2010). "Penetration of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in the skin: fiction or reality?".

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The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the

2491:. DVM Center for Comparative Medicine and Department of Pathology Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas 2384: 2283:

be more effective it is necessary to consistently reapply and use one with a higher sun protection factor.

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Several scientific studies confirmed that changes in baseline nutritional status affects skin condition.

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and the appearance of damaged skin. In younger skin, sun damage will heal faster since the cells in the

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Boelsma E, van de Vijver LP, Goldbohm RA, Klöpping-Ketelaars IA, Hendriks HF, Roza L (February 2003).

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areas. There are three main ecological areas: moist, dry and sebaceous. In moist places on the body

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Oxyhemoglobin: It is also found in blood and is not a pigment of the skin. It develops a red colour.

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and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a

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Webb AR (September 2006). "Who, what, where and when-influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis".

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Recently, simpler and more effective methods for increasing skin permeability have been developed.

1880: 1774:: The skin acts as a water-resistant barrier so essential nutrients are not washed out of the body. 888:(subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body. 151: 2977: 2950: 2900:

Edqvist PH, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Danielsson A, Edlund K, Uhlén M, Pontén F (February 2015).

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Pig skin is anatomically, physiologically, biochemically and immunologically similar to human skin

4810: 2902:"Expression of human skin-specific genes defined by transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling" 2416: 2247: 1604: 1513: 928:

Dataset is supported by extensive references for cell size, cell count, and aggregate cell mass.

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to skin ageing. For example, ageing skin receives less blood flow and lower glandular activity.

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Among other things, skin ageing is noted by a decrease in volume and elasticity. There are many

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attached to the surface for active targeting to successfully penetrate and identify cancerous

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affects the visibility of these signs, a source of misdiagnosis in unaware medical personnel.

2590:(Digitally printed version ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–50. 2170:

is the process in which tape is applied to skin then lifted to remove the top layer of skin;

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Vogt A, Combadiere B, Hadam S, Stieler KM, Lademann J, Schaefer H, et al. (June 2006).

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lining of the body at the orifices, each of which supports its own complement of microbes.

1685: 906: 197: 103: 4606: 4532:"Human skin condition and its associations with nutrient concentrations in serum and diet" 3064:

Hatton IA, Galbraith ED, Merleau NS, Miettinen TP, Smith BM, Shander JA (September 2023).

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Proksch E, Brandner JM, Jensen JM (December 2008). "The skin: an indispensable barrier".

2129: 1628: 853: 236: 4295: 4236: 3739: 3098: 3081: 3065: 5070: 4966: 4875: 4815: 4691: 4459: 4441: 4398: 4315: 4253: 4220: 4036: 3955: 3756: 3723: 3620: 3573: 3548: 3456: 2999: 2926: 2901: 2882: 2791: 2782: 2766: 2746: 2717: 2666: 2641: 2436: 2185: 2172: 1834: 1314: 826: 645: 340: 300: 269: 257: 4508: 2994: 1327:): It is found in blood and is not a pigment of the skin but develops a purple colour. 4898: 4888: 4883: 4716: 4553: 4512: 4481: 4433: 4390: 4373:(February 2004). "Current status and future potential of transdermal drug delivery". 4343: 4319: 4307: 4258: 4198: 4163: 4115: 4080: 4028: 3990: 3947: 3907: 3833: 3761: 3673: 3668: 3651: 3603: 3578: 3524: 3494: 3490: 3448: 3413: 3320: 3285: 3281: 3226: 3206: 3199: 3177: 3103: 2931: 2874: 2819: 2796: 2709: 2705: 2671: 2591: 2563: 2556: 2554:

Maton A, Hopkins J, McLaughlin CW, Johnson S, Warner MQ, LaHart D, Wright JD (1893).

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Oily skin is caused by over-active sebaceous glands, that produce a substance called

1757: 1366: 1275: 1240: 1233: 730: 706: 702: 292: 4445: 4402: 4142:"Penetration of intact skin by quantum dots with diverse physicochemical properties" 4040: 3878:"Medical student creates handbook for diagnosing conditions in Black and brown skin" 3460: 2721: 1720:: acts as a storage centre for lipids and water, as well as a means of synthesis of 5261: 5192: 5007: 4893: 4805: 4764: 4752: 4701: 4696: 4543: 4504: 4425: 4382: 4370: 4299: 4248: 4240: 4190: 4153: 4111: 4107: 4070: 4020: 3982: 3959: 3939: 3751: 3743: 3722:

Grice EA, Kong HH, Conlan S, Deming CB, Davis J, Young AC, et al. (May 2009).

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in mice. Tumour targeting is beneficial because the particles can be excited using

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Kligman A (2006). "A brief history of how the dead stratum corneum became alive".

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Stücker M, Struk A, Altmeyer P, Herde M, Baumgärtl H, Lübbers DW (February 2002).

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fibres give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity.

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Increasing the permeability of skin allows nanoparticles to penetrate and target

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can interact directly with cells that have lost their growth-control mechanisms (

1714:: others see our skin and can assess our mood, physical state and attractiveness. 1661: 1307:

Melanoid: It resembles melanin but is present diffusely throughout the epidermis.

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that are anucleated, these cells remain alive and metabolically functional until

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Jablonski NG, Chaplin G (July 2000). "The evolution of human skin coloration".

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3026:"Adult male and female reference computational phantoms (ICRP Publication 110)" 2411: 2299: 2199: 2003: 1909: 1888: 1854: 1826: 1806: 1798: 1761: 1681: 1558: 1497: 1279: 830: 726: 714: 655: 593: 576:. The epidermis is divided into several layers, where cells are formed through 560:

The skin has up to seven layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying

435: 4625: 4529: 4194: 3549:"Deciphering UV-induced DNA Damage Responses to Prevent and Treat Skin Cancer" 2265: 2033:, and buildup of dead skin cells on the surface of the skin. Oily skin can be 1868:

Reflecting upon the diversity of the human skin researchers on the human skin

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is opaque and stronger than sunscreen, since it is able to block most of the

2202:. The pulses are high voltage and on the order of milliseconds when applied. 2166:

There are other methods to increase nanoparticle penetration by skin damage:

2081: 2064: 2007: 1982:, resulting in an overgrowth of yeast. The skin is continuous with the inner 1966: 1932: 1913: 1830: 1818: 1765: 1705: 1632: 1624: 837: 734: 612: 494: 482: 295:(affected by melanin) varies among populations, and skin type can range from 240: 232: 144: 77: 4548: 4531: 4158: 4141: 3747: 3089: 2870: 814: 5387: 4734: 4724: 4557: 4516: 4437: 4394: 4347: 4262: 4202: 4167: 4119: 4084: 4075: 4058: 4032: 3994: 3951: 3837: 3765: 3677: 3582: 3452: 3417: 3370:. Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. Archived from 3324: 3316: 3289: 3107: 2935: 2878: 2800: 2713: 2675: 2421: 2363: 2235: 2124: 2055: 1903: 1810: 1789:

The human skin is a rich environment for microbes. Around 1,000 species of

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also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following

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Mortensen LJ, Oberdörster G, Pentland AP, Delouise LA (September 2008).

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Snyder WS, Cook M, Nasset E, Karhausen L, Howells GP, Tipton IH (1975).

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The skin is also valuable for diagnosis of other conditions, since many

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dominate. In dry areas, there is a mixture of species but dominated by

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from the dermis. The main type of cells that make up the epidermis are

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Shapiro SS, Saliou C (October 2001). "Role of vitamins in skin care".

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by sweating is at most a secondary function to temperature regulation.

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is done by shaving the top 5–10 μm off the surface of the skin;

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is determined mainly by the bluish-white connective tissue under the

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should be considered to be a live tissue. While it is true that the

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The epidermis is divided into the following 5 sublayers or strata:

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Lee JW, Ratnakumar K, Hung KF, Rokunohe D, Kawasumi M (May 2020).

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increases skin permeability by the application of short pulses of

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are ineffective in penetrating the skin past the stratum corneum.

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is the outer covering of the body and is the largest organ of the

5357: 5303: 5249: 5239: 5125: 2243: 2059: 2022: 1979: 1858: 1850: 1562: 1476: 1471: 1347: 1293: 1251: 1247:(UVR) penetrating the skin, controlling its biochemical effects. 873: 841: 807: 799: 680: 581: 577: 486: 478: 344: 30:

This article is about skin in humans. For other vertebrates, see

4140:

Ryman-Rasmussen JP, Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA (May 2006).

2951:"ICRP Publication 23: report of the task group on reference man" 665: 516:(≈500 μm thick) with the stratum disjunctum on top and the 5372: 5347: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5215: 5155: 5135: 4948: 4790: 4744: 4594: 4180: 4010: 3063: 2856: 2745:"Skin care" (analysis), Health-Cares.net, 2007, webpage: 2431: 2378: 2250:

and emit light energy and heat that will destroy cancer cells.

2227: 2068: 1842: 1794: 1539: 1267: 869: 692: 561: 489:

is inserted. They eventually reach the corneum and slough off (

413: 363: 308: 224: 69: 1578:. In humans this repair process protects against skin cancer. 5452: 5432: 5382: 5362: 5352: 5308: 5254: 5244: 5230: 5187: 5115: 3693:"Immune Defense against Bacterial Pathogens: Innate Immunity" 3395: 2553: 2303: 2133: 2018: 1999: 1970: 1743: 1735: 1339: 1338:

In the same population it has been observed that adult human

115: 81: 864:) is not part of the skin, but lies below the dermis of the 5457: 5447: 5437: 5367: 5220: 5202: 5120: 5105: 5100: 4866: 2307: 2238:. Skin with high permeability allowed quantum dots with an 1862: 1739: 868:. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and 565: 367: 285: 284:

folates. Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming

212: 31: 4056: 713:

that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the

552:. The epidermis helps the skin regulate body temperature. 5462: 5427: 5334: 5172: 5167: 5150: 4365: 4332: 4097: 3546: 2948: 2639: 1876: 1846: 1530:

Photoageing has two main concerns: an increased risk for

1343: 328: 228: 3930:

Sakuma TH, Maibach HI (2012). "Oily skin: an overview".

3515:

Gilchrest BA (April 1990). "Skin aging and photoaging".

1672:

that break the bonds within the cell walls of bacteria.

1463: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 2840:"The human proteome in skin – The Human Protein Atlas" 2310:, and reversing and treating photodamage, striae, and 2234:

techniques have been used as a way to diagnose cancer

1254:. Melanin is produced within the skin in cells called 512:-tomogram of the skin at the fingertip, depicting the 4284:

Colloidal Quantum Dots for Biomedical Applications IV

3721: 2691: 2192:

to the surface of the skin to increase permeability;

1684:, touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury; see 1258:

and it is the main determinant of the skin colour of

760:. It is named for its finger-like projections called 2562:. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. 1680:: contains a variety of nerve endings that react to 4460:"Sunblock vs. sunscreen: Which one should you use?" 4415: 4126: 3477:Oikarinen A (2004). "Connective tissue and aging". 2585: 2482:"Pigs as Dermatologic Models of Human Skin Disease" 1342:are considerably lighter in skin pigmentation than 231:skin. Though nearly all human skin is covered with 3823: 3198: 2818:. New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 35–44. 2555: 2771:The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology 1797:have been found. Most come from only four phyla: 1631:. There are two general types of skin, hairy and 1569:residues on the same strand of DNA. Cyclobutane 813:Also located within the reticular region are the 501:out, making skin a natural barrier to infection. 351:, which absorb some of the potentially dangerous 239:. There are two general types of skin: hairy and 5491: 4214: 4212: 3859:"Color awareness: A must for patient assessment" 3600:Lookingbill and Marks' Principles of Dermatology 3430: 3339:"The Fitzpatrick Skin Type Classification Scale" 3302: 3225:Handbook of General Anatomy by B. D. Chaurasia. 3176:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 192–213. 2215:A large area of interest in nanomedicine is the 2099:properties but have shown mediocre penetration. 2095:are used in experiments because of their unique 611:is mainly composed of terminally differentiated 366:that help reverse UV damage. People lacking the 4655: 3832:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2906:The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 2507: 1742:, however its concentration is 1/130th that of 1223:Human embryogenesis § Integumentary system 374:. One form predominantly produced by UV light, 323:Layers, receptors, and appendages of human skin 3594: 3592: 3398:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 3120: 2764: 2514:Liu J, Kim D, Brown L, Madsen T, Bouchard GF. 2473: 408:Skin is composed of three primary layers: the 5055: 4641: 4494: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4209: 4006: 4004: 3929: 3470: 2635: 2633: 2513: 2002:, a naturally healthy skin lubricant. A high 666:Genes and proteins expressed in the epidermis 481:at the basale layer. The daughter cells (see 288:. This is often discoloured and depigmented. 223:. Human skin is similar to most of the other 4326: 4091: 3424: 3270:Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology 3205:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3066:"The human cell count and size distribution" 2581: 2579: 909:Skin layers, of both hairy and hairless skin 697:The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the 27:Organ covering the outside of the human body 3589: 3171: 2807: 2758: 1296:: It is brown in colour and present in the 914: 5069: 5062: 5048: 4648: 4634: 4536:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 4269: 4174: 4001: 3966: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3542: 3540: 3538: 2630: 2143: 756:The papillary region is composed of loose 381:, is particularly invasive, causing it to 249:literally means "of the skin" (from Latin 59: 47: 4547: 4252: 4157: 4074: 3783:Your Body Is a Wonderland ... of Bacteria 3777: 3775: 3755: 3667: 3572: 3514: 3508: 3479:International Journal of Cosmetic Science 3476: 3196: 3097: 3041: 2993: 2925: 2790: 2687: 2685: 2665: 2576: 2253: 2010:(except for cheese) consumption increase 4063:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 3717: 3715: 3713: 3656:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology 3598:Marks, James G; Miller, Jeffery (2006). 2975: 2765:Del Rosso JQ, Levin J (September 2011). 1950: 1924:that deals with conditions of the skin. 1897: 1545: 1470: 1462: 503: 318: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4100:Colloids and Surfaces. B, Biointerfaces 4052: 4050: 3826:"Anatomy, Skin (Integument), Epidermis" 3649: 3638: 3535: 3331: 2813: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2610: 1865:(inside the nostril), and on the back. 1653:Skin performs the following functions: 1623:Though most human skin is covered with 1262:humans. The skin colour of people with 1131:Perivascular Cells / Pericytes / Mural 806:fibres that weave throughout it. These 744:, and a deep thicker area known as the 588:they are eventually 'sloughed off', or 14: 5492: 3972: 3772: 3357: 3296: 3261: 3190: 2682: 2604: 2479: 1945: 1857:stump. Most similarly were beside the 1075:Epithelial Cells (EpC); Non-Nucleated 847: 442:and is made up of stratified squamous 200:. The skin has up to seven layers of 5043: 4629: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3875: 3824:Yousef H, Alhajj M, Sharma S (2023). 3710: 3165: 3023: 2832: 1426:Moderate constitutional pigmentation 434:The epidermis, "epi" coming from the 370:for these enzymes have high rates of 311:which have been found on human skin. 4354: 4047: 3267: 2728: 2547: 1585: 658:(also called "stratum germinativum") 599:It was previously believed that the 260:role in protecting the body against 4613:. U.S. National Library of Medicine 2586:Wilkinson PF, Millington R (2009). 2298:, benefits the skin by normalizing 1437:Marked constitutional pigmentation 789: 751: 24: 3975:Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3916: 3030:Japanese Journal of Health Physics 2783:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb06268.x 919: 844:, are also located in the dermis. 836:Tattoo ink is held in the dermis. 227:' skin, and it is very similar to 25: 5516: 4587: 3690: 2306:production, which contributes to 2017:When the skin produces excessive 1821:species were the main species in 4593: 4013:Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 3932:Skin Pharmacology and Physiology 3669:10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12359.x 3491:10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.213_6.x 3433:Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 3282:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.004 3245:. Mananatomy.com. Archived from 2706:10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00786.x 2613:"Ever wondered about your skin?" 2230:cells. Nanoparticles along with 2074: 1641:means "of the skin" (from Latin 1590: 898: 891: 4564: 4523: 4488: 4470: 4464:Baylor Scott & White Health 4452: 4409: 3896: 3869: 3851: 3817: 3795: 3684: 3613: 3553:Photochemistry and Photobiology 3389: 3235: 3219: 3140: 3114: 3057: 3017: 2969: 2942: 2893: 2850: 2390:Cutaneous structure development 2210: 2040: 1516:are used to treat skin ageing. 584:. After reaching the top layer 4375:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 4112:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.02.013 3803:"NIH Human Microbiome Project" 1553:of human skin cells generates 1519: 1459:Intrinsic and extrinsic ageing 1393:Usually burns, sometimes tans 1227: 1216: 1145:Stem Cells; Epithelial (EpSC) 675:and have functions related to 671:these are mainly expressed in 596:and takes place within weeks. 13: 1: 4509:10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00660-8 3906:: Secker & Warburg, 1969 2995:10.1016/S0146-6453(03)00002-2 2976:Valentin J (September 2002). 2480:Herron AJ (5 December 2009). 2467: 2054:has prompted developments in 1908:Diseases of the skin include 1778: 1728:on certain parts of the skin. 3345:(November 2007). 28 May 2009 2658:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.013067 2385:List of cutaneous conditions 2084:and reach the dermis layer. 1993: 1712:Aesthetics and communication 1664:in the skin are part of the 1648: 1510:, accelerating skin ageing. 1487:internal and external causes 626: 423: 314: 7: 4657:Skin and related structures 3602:. (4th ed.). Elsevier Inc. 3152:humancelltreemap.mis.mpg.de 2352: 1201:Monocyte-Macrophage Series 840:, often from pregnancy and 778:) that are genetically and 332:to various growth factors. 243:(hairless). The adjective 10: 5521: 3697:textbookofbacteriology.net 3650:Madison KC (August 2003). 3410:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.01.003 3305:Journal of Human Evolution 3174:Human Evolutionary Biology 2408:– about excess skin colour 2180:applies chemicals such as 1961:The skin supports its own 1954: 1901: 1782: 1635:(hairless). The adjective 1576:nucleotide excision repair 1523: 1456: 1450: 1415:Rarely burns, always tans 1278:or the stimulation of the 1231: 1220: 876:. The main cell types are 690: 528:The epidermis contains no 493:). This process is called 453:The epidermis contains no 427: 276:, sensation, synthesis of 268:. Its other functions are 29: 5413: 5333: 5324: 5229: 5201: 5091: 5077: 4988: 4965: 4947: 4909: 4874: 4865: 4833: 4824: 4777: 4743: 4715: 4672: 4663: 4195:10.1016/j.tox.2008.09.025 3785:. ScienceNOW Daily News 3621:"Definition of CUTANEOUS" 2646:The Journal of Physiology 2611:Bennett H (25 May 2014). 2369:Anthropodermic bibliopegy 2161:transepidermal water loss 1957:Exfoliation (cosmetology) 1916:(including skin cancer). 1446: 1382:Always burns, never tans 1173:Granulocytes (Mast Cell) 758:areolar connective tissue 686: 592:. This process is called 555: 174: 162: 150: 138: 126: 114: 109: 97: 92: 58: 46: 41: 4572:"Foods for healthy skin" 3876:McCue D (21 July 2020). 2918:10.1369/0022155414562646 2752:12 December 2007 at the 2694:Experimental Dermatology 2558:Human Biology and Health 1881:Human Microbiome Project 1668:. Perspiration contains 1581: 1033:Epidermal Keratinocytes 991:Endothelial Cell (EnCs) 915:Cell count and cell mass 709:. It also harbours many 280:, and the protection of 256:Skin plays an important 4811:Loose connective tissue 3748:10.1126/science.1171700 3625:www.merriam-webster.com 3504:(subscription required) 3466:(subscription required) 3365:"Fitzpatrick Skin Type" 3201:Skin: a Natural History 3090:10.1073/pnas.2303077120 2871:10.1126/science.1260419 2286: 2248:fluorescence microscopy 2144:Increasing permeability 1559:photochemical reactions 1514:Anti-ageing supplements 1404:May burn, usually tans 1005:Epithelial Cells (EpC) 940:Associated Cell Groups 5071:Human regional anatomy 4934:Bulb with matrix cells 4146:Toxicological Sciences 4076:10.1038/sj.jid.5700226 3317:10.1006/jhev.2000.0403 3243:"Pigmentation of Skin" 3172:Muehlenbein M (2010). 2442:Polyphenol antioxidant 2254:Sunblock and sunscreen 1702:Control of evaporation 1666:adaptive immune system 1506:causes degradation of 1479: 1468: 525: 508:2D projection of a 3D 324: 274:temperature regulation 176:Anatomical terminology 4549:10.1093/ajcn/77.2.348 4159:10.1093/toxsci/kfj122 3197:Jablonski NG (2006). 2154:Ultraviolet radiation 2045:Human skin has a low 1951:Hygiene and skin care 1936:show through the skin 1902:Further information: 1898:Clinical significance 1845:, the spaces between 1718:Storage and synthesis 1546:UV-induced DNA damage 1542:layer being damaged. 1474: 1466: 1457:Further information: 1451:Further information: 1385:Pale, Fair, Freckles 1245:ultraviolet radiation 1221:Further information: 833:, and blood vessels. 507: 353:ultraviolet radiation 322: 4957:Arrector pili muscle 4847:Apocrine sweat gland 4602:at Wikimedia Commons 4418:Nature Biotechnology 4290:: 718919–718919–12. 3121:Max Planck Society. 2844:www.proteinatlas.org 2523:sinclairresearch.com 2417:Meissner's corpuscle 2397:– skin on fingertips 2381:– thick area of skin 2182:polyvinylpyrrolidone 2178:chemical enhancement 2117:silver nanoparticles 1886:Microorganisms like 1686:somatosensory system 1627:, some parts can be 1346:. Females need more 679:differentiation and 532:and is nourished by 339:cells which produce 299:to non-dry and from 198:integumentary system 104:Integumentary system 53:Skin of a human hand 4852:Eccrine sweat gland 4800:Panniculus carnosus 4795:Panniculus adiposus 4779:Subcutaneous tissue 4296:2009SPIE.7189E..19M 4237:2008NanoL...8.2779M 3789:2 June 2009 at the 3740:2009Sci...324.1190G 3734:(5931): 1190–1192. 3517:Dermatology Nursing 3082:2023PNAS..12003077H 3076:(39): e2303077120. 3043:10.5453/jhps.45.357 2617:The Washington Post 2232:multi-modal imaging 2130:polyethylene glycol 1946:Society and culture 1475:Skin infected with 854:subcutaneous tissue 848:Subcutaneous tissue 771:occur in patterns ( 522:Rotating 3D Version 446:with an underlying 4967:Pilosebaceous unit 4816:Superficial fascia 4725:Basal keratinocyte 4692:Stratum granulosum 3902:Theodor Rosebury. 3865:. 11 January 2011. 3781:Pappas S. (2009). 2982:Annals of the ICRP 2532:on 27 January 2018 2437:Pacinian corpuscle 2186:dimethyl sulfoxide 1835:Betaproteobacteria 1793:from 19 bacterial 1603:. You can help by 1480: 1469: 1315:superficial fascia 1159:White Blood Cells 815:roots of the hairs 646:Stratum granulosum 526: 325: 157:H3.12.00.1.00001 5487: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5032: 4984: 4983: 4889:Inner root sheath 4884:Outer root sheath 4773: 4772: 4717:Basement membrane 4607:"Skin Conditions" 4598:Media related to 4482:American Elements 4304:10.1117/12.809215 4245:10.1021/nl801323y 4025:10.1159/000235554 3987:10.1002/jps.21817 3944:10.1159/000338978 3565:10.1111/php.13245 3445:10.1002/jcb.20030 3249:on 7 October 2012 3231:978-81-239-1654-5 3148:"Human Cell data" 3127:medicalxpress.com 2865:(6220): 1260419. 2700:(12): 1063–1072. 2652:(Pt 3): 985–994. 2597:978-0-521-10681-8 2569:978-0-13-981176-0 2406:Hyperpigmentation 2302:, downregulating 2217:transdermal patch 2204:Charged molecules 1920:is the branch of 1621: 1620: 1571:pyrimidine dimers 1444: 1443: 1367:Fitzpatrick scale 1276:physical exercise 1241:natural selection 1234:Human skin colour 1214: 1213: 1061:Mechanoreceptors 938:Named Tissue and 731:lymphatic vessels 707:basement membrane 703:connective tissue 701:that consists of 293:skin pigmentation 190: 189: 185: 16:(Redirected from 5512: 5505:Organs (anatomy) 5331: 5330: 5262:Vertebral column 5064: 5057: 5050: 5041: 5040: 4872: 4871: 4831: 4830: 4806:Membranous layer 4702:Malpighian layer 4697:Stratum spinosum 4670: 4669: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4597: 4582: 4581: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4551: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4492: 4486: 4485: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4466:. 17 March 2022. 4456: 4450: 4449: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4369:, Mitragotri S, 4363: 4352: 4351: 4342:(9): 1999–2004. 4330: 4324: 4323: 4278: 4267: 4266: 4256: 4231:(9): 2779–2787. 4216: 4207: 4206: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4161: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4078: 4069:(6): 1316–1322. 4054: 4045: 4044: 4008: 3999: 3998: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3927: 3914: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3799: 3793: 3779: 3770: 3769: 3759: 3719: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3647: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3617: 3611: 3596: 3587: 3586: 3576: 3544: 3533: 3532: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3502: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3377:on 31 March 2016 3376: 3369: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3239: 3233: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3204: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3045: 3024:Zankl M (2010). 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2997: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2929: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2794: 2762: 2756: 2743: 2726: 2725: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2669: 2637: 2628: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2583: 2574: 2573: 2561: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2531: 2520: 2511: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2496: 2486: 2477: 2294:, also known as 2121:Cadmium selenide 1839:Flavobacteriales 1815:Propionibacteria 1772:Water resistance 1662:Langerhans cells 1616: 1613: 1594: 1586: 1372: 1371: 935: 934: 902: 819:sebaceous glands 790:Reticular region 769:epidermal ridges 752:Papillary region 746:reticular region 742:papillary region 723:sebaceous glands 651:Stratum spinosum 546:Langerhans cells 495:"keratinization" 471:Langerhans cells 404: 400: 396: 235:, it can appear 182:edit on Wikidata 179: 63: 51: 39: 38: 21: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5509: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5479: 5409: 5320: 5225: 5197: 5087: 5073: 5068: 5038: 5029: 4980: 4976:sebaceous gland 4961: 4943: 4905: 4861: 4820: 4769: 4758:Dermal papillae 4739: 4711: 4687:Stratum lucidum 4682:Stratum corneum 4659: 4654: 4616: 4614: 4605: 4590: 4585: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4528: 4524: 4503:(10): 839–844. 4493: 4489: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4414: 4410: 4387:10.1038/nrd1304 4364: 4355: 4336:Cancer Research 4331: 4327: 4279: 4270: 4217: 4210: 4179: 4175: 4138: 4127: 4096: 4092: 4055: 4048: 4009: 4002: 3971: 3967: 3928: 3917: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3874: 3870: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3791:Wayback Machine 3780: 3773: 3720: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3689: 3685: 3648: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3597: 3590: 3545: 3536: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3429: 3425: 3394: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3301: 3297: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3170: 3166: 3156: 3154: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3119: 3115: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2947: 2943: 2898: 2894: 2855: 2851: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2812: 2808: 2763: 2759: 2754:Wayback Machine 2744: 2729: 2690: 2683: 2638: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2552: 2548: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2494: 2492: 2484: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2374:Artificial skin 2355: 2289: 2256: 2213: 2200:electric fields 2195:electroporation 2146: 2138:carboxylic acid 2110: 2077: 2043: 1996: 1959: 1953: 1948: 1910:skin infections 1906: 1900: 1787: 1781: 1696:Heat regulation 1651: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1601:needs expansion 1595: 1584: 1557:through direct 1548: 1528: 1522: 1496:(redness), and 1461: 1455: 1449: 1282:(anger, fear), 1236: 1230: 1225: 1219: 922: 920:Skin cell table 917: 912: 911: 910: 908: 903: 894: 850: 792: 754: 727:apocrine glands 695: 689: 668: 641:Stratum lucidum 636:Stratum corneum 629: 609:stratum corneum 605:stratum corneum 601:stratum corneum 586:stratum corneum 574:internal organs 558: 518:stratum lucidum 514:stratum corneum 432: 426: 402: 398: 394: 317: 221:internal organs 186: 88: 86:sebaceous gland 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5518: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5236: 5234: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5000: 4994: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4899:Huxley's layer 4896: 4886: 4880: 4878: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4839: 4837: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4783: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4721: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4709: 4707:Stratum basale 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4653: 4652: 4645: 4638: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4603: 4589: 4588:External links 4586: 4584: 4583: 4563: 4542:(2): 348–355. 4522: 4487: 4469: 4451: 4430:10.1038/nbt994 4424:(8): 969–976. 4408: 4381:(2): 115–124. 4353: 4325: 4268: 4208: 4189:(1–2): 33–37. 4173: 4152:(1): 159–165. 4125: 4090: 4046: 4019:(5): 266–275. 4000: 3965: 3938:(5): 227–235. 3915: 3895: 3868: 3863:American Nurse 3850: 3816: 3794: 3771: 3709: 3683: 3662:(2): 231–241. 3637: 3612: 3588: 3559:(3): 478–499. 3534: 3507: 3469: 3423: 3404:(5): 719–737. 3388: 3356: 3330: 3295: 3260: 3234: 3218: 3212:978-0520954816 3211: 3189: 3183:978-1139789004 3182: 3164: 3139: 3113: 3056: 3036:(4): 357–369. 3016: 2988:(3–4): 1–277. 2968: 2941: 2912:(2): 129–141. 2892: 2849: 2831: 2824: 2806: 2757: 2727: 2681: 2629: 2603: 2596: 2575: 2568: 2546: 2506: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2412:Intertriginous 2409: 2403: 2398: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2354: 2351: 2300:keratinization 2288: 2285: 2255: 2252: 2236:non-invasively 2212: 2209: 2168:tape stripping 2145: 2142: 2108: 2105:Titanium oxide 2082:hair follicles 2076: 2073: 2042: 2039: 2008:dairy products 2004:glycemic-index 1995: 1992: 1967:microorganisms 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1914:skin neoplasms 1899: 1896: 1889:Staphylococcus 1879:conducted the 1855:umbilical cord 1829:together with 1827:Corynebacteria 1807:Pseudomonadota 1799:Actinomycetota 1783:Main article: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1769: 1762:nicotine patch 1760:, such as the 1751: 1729: 1715: 1709: 1699: 1693: 1673: 1650: 1647: 1625:hair follicles 1619: 1618: 1598: 1596: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1555:damages in DNA 1551:UV-irradiation 1547: 1544: 1524:Main article: 1521: 1518: 1498:telangiectasia 1467:A typical rash 1448: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1323:(also spelled 1318: 1308: 1305: 1280:nervous system 1260:darker-skinned 1232:Main article: 1229: 1226: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1047:Hair Follicle 1044: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1019:Eccrine Gland 1016: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1002: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 988: 987: 984: 981: 978: 974: 973: 970: 967: 964: 958: 957: 951: 949:Cell Mass (g) 945: 942: 921: 918: 916: 913: 905: 904: 897: 896: 895: 893: 890: 849: 846: 791: 788: 784:identification 780:epigenetically 753: 750: 715:hair follicles 691:Main article: 688: 685: 667: 664: 660: 659: 656:Stratum basale 653: 648: 643: 638: 628: 625: 594:keratinization 557: 554: 436:Greek language 428:Main article: 425: 422: 359:. It contains 316: 313: 307:from nineteen 264:and excessive 233:hair follicles 188: 187: 178: 172: 171: 166: 160: 159: 154: 148: 147: 142: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 118: 112: 111: 107: 106: 101: 95: 94: 90: 89: 64: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5517: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5051: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4940: 4939:Hair follicle 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4894:Henle's layer 4892: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4730:Lamina lucida 4728: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4632: 4631: 4628: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4591: 4579: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4053: 4051: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3913: 3912:0-670-42793-4 3909: 3905: 3899: 3883: 3882:As It Happens 3879: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3805:. Hmpdacc.org 3804: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3776: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3609: 3608:1-4160-3185-5 3605: 3601: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3373: 3366: 3360: 3344: 3340: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3311:(1): 57–106. 3310: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3214: 3208: 3203: 3202: 3193: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2835: 2827: 2825:9780429163470 2821: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2599: 2593: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2550: 2543: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2472: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2427:Nude swimming 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2173:skin abrasion 2169: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2149: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2075:Nanoparticles 2072: 2070: 2066: 2065:nanoparticles 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1933:medical signs 1929: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1905: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831:Staphylococci 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:Staphylococci 1816: 1812: 1809:(16.5%), and 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1766:iontophoresis 1763: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724:by action of 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:heat and cold 1679: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1633:glabrous skin 1630: 1626: 1615: 1606: 1602: 1599:This section 1597: 1593: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1465: 1460: 1454: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1224: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1003: 999: 996: 993: 990: 989: 985: 982: 979: 976: 975: 971: 968: 965: 963: 960: 959: 956: 952: 950: 946: 943: 941: 937: 936: 933: 929: 925: 907: 901: 892:Cross-section 889: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 845: 843: 839: 838:Stretch marks 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 811: 809: 805: 801: 797: 787: 785: 781: 777: 774: 770: 765: 763: 759: 749: 747: 743: 738: 736: 735:blood vessels 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 711:nerve endings 708: 704: 700: 694: 684: 682: 681:cornification 678: 674: 673:keratinocytes 663: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 633: 632: 624: 622: 618: 614: 613:keratinocytes 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 553: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538:keratinocytes 535: 531: 530:blood vessels 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 502: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 483:cell division 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:keratinocytes 460: 456: 455:blood vessels 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 431: 421: 419: 415: 411: 406: 397:in males and 390: 388: 384: 380: 377: 373: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 330: 321: 312: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 254: 252: 248: 247: 242: 241:glabrous skin 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 203: 199: 195: 183: 177: 173: 170: 167: 165: 161: 158: 155: 153: 149: 146: 143: 141: 137: 134: 131: 129: 125: 122: 119: 117: 113: 108: 105: 102: 100: 96: 91: 87: 83: 79: 78:hair follicle 75: 71: 67: 62: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5211:Adam's apple 5084: 4843:Sweat glands 4735:Lamina densa 4664: 4615:. Retrieved 4610: 4575: 4566: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4378: 4374: 4367:Prausnitz MR 4339: 4335: 4328: 4287: 4283: 4228: 4225:Nano Letters 4224: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4149: 4145: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4066: 4062: 4016: 4012: 3981:(1): 21–50. 3978: 3974: 3968: 3935: 3931: 3903: 3898: 3886:. Retrieved 3881: 3871: 3862: 3853: 3843:28 September 3841:. Retrieved 3829: 3819: 3807:. Retrieved 3797: 3731: 3727: 3700:. Retrieved 3696: 3686: 3659: 3655: 3628:. Retrieved 3624: 3615: 3599: 3556: 3552: 3523:(2): 79–82. 3520: 3516: 3510: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3379:. Retrieved 3372:the original 3359: 3347:. Retrieved 3342: 3333: 3308: 3304: 3298: 3276:(1): 17–25. 3273: 3269: 3263: 3251:. Retrieved 3247:the original 3237: 3221: 3200: 3192: 3173: 3167: 3155:. Retrieved 3151: 3142: 3130:. Retrieved 3126: 3116: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3047:. Retrieved 3033: 3029: 3019: 3007:. Retrieved 2985: 2981: 2971: 2959:. Retrieved 2955:www.icrp.org 2954: 2944: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2843: 2834: 2816:Skin Barrier 2815: 2809: 2777:(9): 22–42. 2774: 2770: 2760: 2697: 2693: 2649: 2645: 2620:. Retrieved 2616: 2606: 2587: 2557: 2549: 2541: 2534:. Retrieved 2527:the original 2522: 2509: 2500: 2493:. Retrieved 2488: 2475: 2422:Nude beaches 2364:Adam and Eve 2345: 2342: 2332: 2322: 2316: 2290: 2275: 2274: 2270:UVA/UVB rays 2261: 2260: 2257: 2225: 2214: 2211:Applications 2193: 2188:(DMSO), and 2177: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2125:quantum dots 2101: 2086: 2078: 2069:cancer cells 2056:nanomedicine 2047:permeability 2044: 2041:Permeability 2016: 1997: 1988: 1969:, including 1960: 1930: 1926: 1907: 1904:skin disease 1887: 1885: 1874: 1867: 1811:Bacteroidota 1788: 1771: 1753: 1731: 1717: 1711: 1701: 1695: 1675: 1657: 1652: 1642: 1637: 1622: 1609: 1605:adding to it 1600: 1561:at adjacent 1549: 1529: 1512: 1502: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1418:Olive brown 1407:Light Brown 1364: 1337: 1333: 1324: 1288: 1249: 1237: 1089:Fibroblasts 961: 954: 948: 939: 930: 926: 923: 861: 857: 851: 835: 823:sweat glands 812: 793: 772: 766: 761: 755: 745: 741: 739: 719:sweat glands 696: 669: 661: 630: 598: 559: 550:Merkel cells 527: 491:desquamation 474: 459:Merkel cells 452: 448:basal lamina 433: 407: 399:1.26 mm 391: 347:provided by 341:pigmentation 334: 326: 290: 255: 250: 245: 193: 191: 133:A16.0.00.002 120: 76:, showing a 36: 5025:Hyponychium 5020:Paronychium 4998:Nail matrix 4876:Root sheath 4835:Skin glands 4617:12 November 4611:MedlinePlus 4577:Mayo Clinic 4106:(1): 1–10. 3904:Life on Man 3888:15 December 3884:. CBC Radio 3439:(1): 6–15. 2457:Skin repair 2452:Skin lesion 2447:Skin cancer 2395:Fingerprint 2359:Acid mantle 2347:Mayo Clinic 2328:antioxidant 2132:(PEG), PEG- 2115:(ZnO), and 2097:fluorescent 1976:antibiotics 1918:Dermatology 1891:epidermidis 1532:skin cancer 1526:Photoageing 1520:Photoageing 1325:haemoglobin 1298:basal layer 1272:haemoglobin 1270:and by the 1256:melanocytes 1228:Skin colour 1217:Development 955:Total Mass 953:Percent of 944:Cell Count 882:macrophages 878:fibroblasts 796:collagenous 776:fingerprint 621:desquamated 617:corneocytes 590:desquamated 542:melanocytes 467:melanocytes 395:1.3 mm 387:skin colour 372:skin cancer 349:melanocytes 291:In humans, 286:scar tissue 110:Identifiers 18:Skin layers 5500:Human skin 5494:Categories 5378:Fingernail 5015:Eponychium 5003:Nail plate 4911:Hair shaft 4787:Panniculus 4600:Human skin 4183:Toxicology 3830:StatPearls 3485:(2): 107. 3157:30 October 3132:30 October 3049:30 October 3009:30 October 2961:30 October 2622:27 October 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