606:
516:; and any married person who engages in licentious conduct. To "ride such a person skimmington" involved exposing them or their effigy to ridicule on a cart, or on the back of a horse or donkey. Some accounts describe the participants as carrying ladles and spoons with which to beat each other, at least in the case of skimmingtons prompted by marital discord. The noisy parade passed through the neighbourhood, and served as a punishment to the offender and a warning to others to abide by community norms; Roberts suggests that the homes of other potential victims were visited in a pointed manner during a skimmington. According to one citation, a skimmington was broken up by the police in a village in Dorset as late as 1917; and incidents have been reported from the 1930s, the 1950s and perhaps even the 1970s.
38:
448:
just such an occurrence. However, in the nineteenth century the practice seems to have been somewhat refocused; whilst in the early period rough music was often used against men who had failed to assert their authority over their wives, by the end of the nineteenth century it was mostly targeted against men who had exceeded their authority by beating them. Thus, in contrast to the verses above referring to a shrewish wife there were also songs referring to the use of rough music as a protection for wives.
399:
276:
1267:, Season 1, Episode 8, "The Chivaree", the couple getting married discuss the expected "chivareeing" to follow their upcoming wedding. The groom opposes, after having already been chided in the town previously, but the scorned ex-lover of the bride insists. The bride and groom sit quietly in the window and endure the ruckus for two days before inviting the crowd in for food and drink.
700:
were committing the adulterous relationship) and dispense animal blood on their doorsteps. European charivaris were highly provocative, leading to overt public humiliation. The people used them to acknowledge and correct misbehaviour. In other parts of the world, similar public rituals around nuptials were practised mostly for celebration.
248:
Villages also used charivari in cases of adulterous relationships, against wife-beaters or unmarried mothers. It was also used as a form of shaming upon husbands who were beaten by their wives and had not stood up for themselves. In some cases, the community disapproved of any remarriage by older widows or widowers.
794:. In some communities the ritual served as a gentle spoof of the newlyweds, intended to disrupt for a while any sexual activities that might be under way. In parts of the midwest US, such as Kansas, in the mid 1960–1970s, shivaree customs continued as good natured wedding humour along the lines of the musical
240:
was frequently dunked at the end of the proceedings. A safer form involved a neighbour of the wrongdoer impersonating the victim while being carried through the streets. The impersonator was obviously not him or herself punished and often cried out or sang ribald verses mocking the wrongdoer. In the common form, an
546:
of royal forest lands, the name "Lady
Skimmington" was adopted by the leader of the protest movement. According to some sources the name was used by a number of men involved with the Western Rising, who dressed in women's clothes not only as a method of disguise, but also in order to symbolise their
875:
for that reason. After he married at the age of 14, his wife did not get pregnant for eight years, so villagers ridiculed him. Later in his life, another man took over Guerre's identity and life. The trial against the impostor was what captured the events for history. In the 20th century, the events
823:
The use of excessive noise was a universal practice in association with variations in the custom. Loud singing and chanting were common in Europe, including
England, and throughout North America. For an 1860 English charivari against a wife-beater, someone wrote an original chant which the crowd was
699:
In Europe various types of charivari took place that differed from similar practices in other parts of the world. For example, the community might conduct a stag hunt against adulterers by creating a mock chase of human "stags" by human "hounds". The hounds would pursue the stags (that is, those who
667:
but it is likely that it was traditional before that. It was first recorded in France, as a regular wedding activity to celebrate the nuptials at some point after the vows had been taken. But charivari achieved its greatest importance as it became transformed into a form of community censure against
239:
Parades were of three types. In the first and generally most violent form, an alleged wrongdoer (or wrongdoers) might be dragged from his or her home or place of work and paraded by force through a community. In the process, the victim was subject to the derision of the crowd and might be pelted and
789:
This account from an
American charivari in Kansas exemplifies the North American attitude. In contrast to punitive charivari in small villages in Europe, meant to ostracize and isolate the evildoers, North American charivaris were used as "unifying rituals", in which those in the wrong were brought
691:
The charivari as celebration was a custom initially practised by the upper classes, but as time went on, the lower classes also participated and often looked forward to the next opportunity to join in. The two main purposes of the charivari in Europe were to facilitate change in the current social
511:
used in that region for cheesemaking, which was perceived as a weapon used by a woman to beat a weak or henpecked husband. The rationale for a skimmington varied, but one major theme was disapproval of a man for weakness in his relationship with his wife. A description of the custom in 1856 cites
803:
In Tampa, Florida, in
September 1885, a large chivaree was held on the occasion of local official James T. Magbee's wedding. According to historian Kyle S. Vanlandingham, the party was "the wildest and noisiest of all the chivaree parties in Tampa's history," attended by "several hundred" men and
479:
The participants were generally young men temporarily bestowed with the power of rule over the everyday affairs of the community. As above, issues of sexuality and domestic hierarchy most often formed the pretexts for rough music, including acts of domestic violence or child abuse. However, rough
447:
Rough music processions are well attested in the medieval period as punishments for violations of the assumed gender norms. Men who had allowed themselves to be dominated by their shrewish wives were liable to be targeted and a frieze from
Montecute House, an Elizabethan Manor in Somerset depicts
859:
Charivari was sometimes called "riding the 'stang", when the target was a man who had been subject to scolding, beating, or other abuse from his wife. The man was made to "ride the 'stang", which meant that he was placed backwards on a horse, mule or ladder and paraded through town to be mocked,
1061:. Effigies of the mayor and Lucetta, a former lover, are paraded through the streets on a donkey by a noisy crowd when rumours of their prior relationship surface. Lucetta, now respectably married to Henchard's rival Farfrae, collapses in distress and humiliation, miscarries her baby and dies.
418:
Noisy, masked processions were held outside the home of the accused wrongdoer, involving the cacophonous rattling of bones and cleavers, the ringing of bells, hooting, blowing bull's horns, the banging of frying pans, saucepans, kettles, or other kitchen or barn implements with the intention of
774:
As practised in North
America, the charivari tended to be less extreme and punitive than the traditional European custom. Each was unique and heavily influenced by the standing of the family involved, as well as who was participating. While embellished with some European traditions, in a North
770:
from the earliest days of
English settlers through the early 1900s. The earliest documented examples of Canadian charivari were in Quebec in the mid-17th century. One of the most notable was on June 28, 1683. After the widow of François Vézier dit Laverdure remarried only three weeks after her
247:
Communities used "rough music" to express their disapproval of different types of violation of community norms. For example, they might target marriages of which they disapproved such as a union between an older widower and much younger woman, or the premature remarriage of a widow or widower.
765:
The early French colonists took the custom of charivari to their settlements in Quebec. Some historians believe the custom spread to
English-speaking areas of Lower Canada and eventually into the American South, but it was independently common in English society, so was likely to be part of
423:, along with a litany of obscenities and insults. Alternatively, one of the participants would "ride the stang" (a pole carried between the shoulders of two or more men or youths) while banging an old kettle or pan with a stick and reciting a rhyme (called a "nominy") such as the following:
593:, a seasonal custom, takes place at midnight on the third Sunday in December. The participants march around the village for about an hour, rattling pans, dustbin lids, kettles and anything else that will make a noise. The council once attempted to stop the tin-canning; participants were
851:
Perhaps the most common usage of the word today is in relation to circus performances, where a 'charivari' is a type of show opening that sees a raucous tumble of clowns and other performers into the playing space. This is the most common form of entrance used in today's classical
842:
In Europe the noise, songs, and chants had special meanings for the crowd. When directed against adulterers, the songs represented the community’s disgust. For a too-early remarriage of a widow or widower, the noises symbolized the scream of the late husband or wife in the night.
749:
Charivari has been practiced in much of the United States, but it was most frequent on the frontier, where communities were small and more formal enforcement was lacking. It was documented into the early 20th century, but was thought to have mostly died out by mid century. In
706:
was the most common consequence of the
European charivari. The acts which victims endured were forms of social ostracism often so embarrassing that they would leave the community for places where they were not known. Sometimes the charivari resulted in
419:
creating long-lasting embarrassment to the alleged perpetrator. During a rough music performance, the victim could be displayed upon a pole or donkey (in person or as an effigy), their "crimes" becoming the subject of mime, theatrical performances or
719:
include five cases of a charivari victim's firing on his accusers: these incidents resulted in two people being blinded and three killed. Some victims committed suicide, unable to recover from the public humiliation and social exclusion.
406:
In
Warwickshire, the custom was known as "loo-belling" or "lewbelling", and in northern England as "riding the stang". Other names given to this or similar customs were "rough-musicking" and "hussitting" (said to be a reference to the
316:), literally "heaviness in the head" but also used to mean "headache", from κάρα "head" and βαρύς "heavy". In any case, the tradition has been practised for at least 700 years. An engraving in the early 14th-century French manuscript,
905:; the items consist of small trophies from game, like teeth from wild boar, or deer, jaws and fangs from foxes and various marters, feathers and claws from jaybirds and birds of prey. A Bavarian Charivari resembles the so-called "
1194:
refers to the 'dissonant piping and war-drums of vengeance' sounds of rough music in a scene where a rural town finds out that a local man beat his daughter, causing her miscarriage, and a drunken mob come to kill him for the
374:
of the victim under the eyes of their neighbours Rough music practices were irregularly scattered throughout English communities in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth they declined but endured in a few places, such as
1222:, Season 2, Episode 8, the Widow Castell is made to walk a Skimmington in order to shame her for not remarrying soon enough. The men in power want her under the control of a husband to stymie her meddling in colony politics.
1163:, the episode titled "The Shivaree" focused around a wedding between a city boy and a country girl. The groom almost calls off the marriage after being humiliated by a shivaree thrown by his wife's family and friends.
1115:
band from the West Country of England. They took their name from the Skimmington (known as Skimmity in Dorset) to reflect their music and stage show which is a mix of rough music, parody, drunkenness and audience
367:". Where effigies of the "wrongdoers" were made they were frequently burned as the climax of the event (as the inscription on the Rampton photograph indicates) or "ritually drowned" (thrown into a pond or river).
484:, or profiteering at times of poor harvests. Occupational groups, such as butchers, employed rough music against others in the same trade who refused to abide by the commonly agreed labour customs.
267:
As species of popular justice rites, Charivaric events were carefully planned and they were often staged at times of traditional festivity thereby blending delivering justice and celebration.
970:, the evil half-man, half-horse central character Fauvel marries the allegorical figure of Vainglory, and the townspeople hold a charivari in the street as he goes to his marriage bed.
597:
and fined, but a dance was organised to raise money to pay the fines and the custom continues. The village is sufficiently proud of its custom for it to feature on the village sign.
800:. Rituals included wheeling the bride about in a wheelbarrow or tying cowbells under a wedding bed. This ritual may be the base of the fastening of tin cans to the newlyweds car.
1095:"She's me—she's me—even to the parasol—my green parasol!" cried Lucetta with a wild laugh as she stepped in. She stood motionless for one second—then fell heavily to the floor.
893:
With the charivari widely practised among rural villagers across Europe, the term and practice were part of common culture. Over time, the word was applied to other items. In
487:
Rough music practices would often be repeated for three or up to seven nights in a row. Many victims fled their communities and cases of suicide are not unknown. As forms of
503:
Skimmingtons are recorded in England in early medieval times and they are recorded in colonial America from around the 1730s. The term is particularly associated with the
696:
within the community. The goal was to enforce social standards and to rid the community of socially unacceptable relationships that threatened the stability of the whole.
909:", a women's ornament consisting of a silver chain with numerous pendants like a mini silver box of needles, a small pair of scissors, a tiny bottle of perfume, etc..
863:
The charivari was used to belittle those who could not or would not consummate their marriage. In the mid-16th century, historic records attest to a charivari against
402:
A lewbelling in Warwickshire, 1909. The caption stated that the custom, although dying out, was still occasionally observed. Here it was applied to an immoral couple.
1241:, Season 5, Episode 12, titled "Filibuster", Cyril proposes that the servants conduct a shivaree while he and Julia Calderon consummate their marriage. She declines.
523:
described a skimmington as: "Saucepans, frying-pans, poker and tongs, marrow-bones and cleavers, bulls horns, etc. beaten upon and sounded in ludicrous processions"
1083:"Well--it mid be. The man has got on a blue coat and kerseymere leggings; he has black whiskers, and a reddish face. 'Tis a stuffed figure, with a falseface." (...)
998:
741:
It is possible that the blowing of car horns after weddings in France (and indeed in many European countries) today is a holdover from the charivari of the past.
1258:) that they were unable to re-enter the saloon they just left because the "shivaree" (i.e., the fight they had with other bar patrons) "wore out our welcome".
232:. Since the crowd aimed to make as much noise as possible by beating on pots and pans or anything that came to hand, these parades were often referred to as
1087:
The numerous lights round the two effigies threw them up into lurid distinctness; it was impossible to mistake the pair for other than the intended victims.
1172:, in episode titled "Shivaree", two travelers are forced to get married when it is discovered that they are actually a young unmarried couple in disguise.
1903:
1276:, Cersei Lannister's hair is cut off and she is paraded naked through the streets of King's Landing, whilst a bell is rung to repeated chants of "Shame!"
2856:. It also states that "The details of the Skimmington are so accurately described by the poet, that he must have derived them from actual observation."
395:
around 1951, and an attempt at traditional rough music practice was last documented by the folklorist Theo Brown in a Devonshire village around 1973.
347:, was most commonly employed, a skimmington being a type of large wooden ladle with which an unruly wife might beat her husband. Other terms include "
480:
music was also used as a sanction against those who committed certain species of economic crimes such as blocking footpaths, preventing traditional
1592:
335:
So-called "Rough Music" practices in England were known by many regional or local designations. In the North the most commonly employed term was "
2389:
1460:
339:", a stang being a long pole carried on the shoulders of two men between which an object or a person could be mounted. In the South, the term
991:, her husband learns with alarm that "here was some talk about a charivari" among the miners, some of whom throw snickering glances at Susan.
570:, until it was banned by the police in 1964 because of hooliganism the previous year. The fair is still held, on the first Monday after Old
2933:
Several early examples of rough music, skimmington rides and similar unnamed customs between 1562 and 1790, including one in Seville (1593)
2547:
526:
2210:
2014:
558:
Tuneless, cacophonous "rough music", played on horns, bugles, whistles, tin trays and frying pans, was a feature of the custom known as
1131:
was the name given to a French satirical magazine first published in 1832. Its British counterpart, established in 1841, was entitled
2841:
2163:
1075:"Yes. Two images on a donkey, back to back, their elbows tied to one another's! She's facing the head, and he's facing the tail."
804:
lasting "until near daylight". The music produced during the chivaree was reportedly "hideous and unearthly beyond description".
605:
688:. It did not want the community taking on the judgment and punishment of parishioners. But the custom continued in rural areas.
2786:
2866:
Several early examples of skimmington rides and similar unnamed customs between 1562 and 1790, including one in Seville (1593)
2921:
2907:
2775:
2756:
2737:
2720:
2630:
2597:
2507:
2372:
2347:
2234:
1890:
1853:
1831:
1785:
1732:
1675:
1558:
1519:
1495:
1424:
1204:, the episode titled "Return Engagement, Part 1" references a shivaree after an ex-prostitute marries the telegraph operator.
2817:
1448:
562:. This had taken place annually, possibly for several centuries, in the early hours of the morning, to herald the start of
775:
American charivari participants might throw the culprits into horse tanks or force them to buy candy bars for the crowd.
2474:
Kyle S. Vanlandingham, "James T. Magbee: ‘Union Man, Undoubted Secessionist and High Priest in the Radical Synagogue,"
310:, already referring to the custom of rattling kitchenware with an iron rod, itself probably from the Greek καρηβαρία (
2893:
2081:
1655:
912:
In the Philippines, Charivari is punishable for being a public disorder under Article 155 of the Revised Penal Code.
771:
husband’s death, people of Quebec City conducted a loud and strident charivari against the newlyweds at their home.
2658:
2451:
1213:, Laurey and Curly are given a shivaree on their wedding night by a group of rowdy cowboys near the end of Act II.
1720:
1227:
779:
All in fun – it was just a shiveree, you know, and nobody got mad about it. At least not very mad.
2093:
1415:
1907:
1486:
Palmer, Bryan D. (2005). "Discordant Music: Charivaris and Whitecapping in Nineteenth-Century North America".
387:(1920s and 1936), Northamptonshire. There were in fact some examples after the Second World War in Sussex, at
1575:
1048:, which dates from the Elizabethan era, and shows a man mounted on a pole, carried on the shoulders of others
579:
507:
region of England and, although the etymology is not certain, it has been suggested that it derived from the
224:) was a European and North American folk custom designed to shame a member of the community, in which a mock
2966:
2956:
1232:
newlyweds Chris and Kay are given a shivaree by local ranchers on Kay’s first night at her husband’s ranch.
2044:(1922 edition), Sir James George Frazer, Ch 56 The Public Expulsion of Evils §1 The Omnipresence of Demons
512:
three main targets: a man who is worsted by his wife in a quarrel; a cuckolded man who accepts his wife's
2971:
1013:
590:
17:
1958:
1615:
1398:
878:
856:, whereas the two and three-ring circuses of the last century usually preferred a parade, or a 'spec'.
738:, consisted of raucous nocturnal music, and was aimed at widows or widowers who remarried prematurely.
37:
31:
2976:
2567:
2527:
2408:
1402:
1200:
1057:
1301:
452:
376:
1968:
924:
tradition as a 'rustic' or 'pastoral' character piece. Notable examples are those of the renowned
2936:
2926:
2869:
2859:
1236:
555:
Many folk customs around the world have involved making loud noises to scare away evil spirits.
1316:
392:
2138:
2622:
2614:
2250:
Johnson, Loretta T. (1990). "Charivari/Shivaree: A European Folk Ritual on American Plains".
2026:
1929:
1245:
1217:
994:
723:
2390:"Charivari on the Hudson: Misrule, Disorder, and Festive Play in the Countryside, 1750–1900"
252:
is the original French word, and in Canada it is used by both Anglophones and Francophones.
2981:
1321:
1029:
987:, shortly after new bride Susan Burling Ward arrives in 1876 in the California mining town
49:
1025:, features a horseback skimmington ride prompted by a woman who seeks greater independence
8:
2204:
2174:
1181:
television episode "Four Funerals and a Wedding" prominently features a Skimmington ride.
1112:
887:
622:
2838:
Ralpho upon the skimmington (not named as such in the text) and their ignominious escape
1962:
2961:
2683:
2320:
2267:
1995:
1536:
1142:
906:
371:
1964:
The Social History of the People of the Southern Counties of England in Past Centuries
1154:'s characters by holding a noisy, drunken shivaree a couple days after their nuptials.
951:
ensemble, Charivari Agréable (founded in 1993), states that their name translates as,
2917:
2903:
2889:
2771:
2752:
2733:
2727:
2716:
2626:
2593:
2587:
2368:
2343:
2230:
2077:
1886:
1849:
1827:
1807:(1905 ed.). London, Reeves and Turner. p. 563 – via Internet Archive.
1781:
1728:
1671:
1651:
1554:
1515:
1491:
1444:
1420:
1263:
944:
567:
2792:
940:. Some are quite advanced and difficult and subsequently evoke the title's origins.
2834:
Part 2, Canto 2, lines 565–844 describe the mock-heroic attack by Hudibras and his
2312:
2259:
1987:
1607:
1177:
1147:
1133:
1038:, the central character encounters a skimmington in a scene notably illustrated by
677:
637:
609:
Paris men sing a drunken serenade in Honoré Daumier's series of humorous cartoons,
563:
380:
174:
168:
133:
68:
2827:
2316:
1611:
1576:
The Nottinghamshire Heritage Gateway: Folklore and customs, by Dr Peter Millington
2821:
2814:
1272:
1191:
1045:
1039:
983:
974:
966:
685:
651:
627:
617:
495:, ran-tanning and similar activities were banned under the Highways Act of 1882.
318:
281:
257:
127:
41:
2404:
2367:(in French). Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales. p. 141.
1650:, pp. 6–8, Privately published, Stanley L Hunt (printers), Rushden, 1991.
1588:
1376:
1346:
1018:
978:
937:
925:
921:
632:
539:
1802:
1371:
762:, and the Atlantic provinces, but not always as an expression of disapproval.
2950:
2199:
1311:
1022:
864:
767:
731:
642:
575:
520:
508:
398:
1461:""Stang riding" as punishment for male victims of intimate partner violence"
244:
was employed instead, abused and often burnt at the end of the proceedings.
27:
European and North American folk custom designed to shame a community member
2879:
1291:
1168:
1151:
1127:
1052:
929:
656:
504:
388:
294:
1578:
Includes a rare photograph of a ran-tan at Rampton, Nottinghamshire (1909)
955:'pleasant tumult' (from Saint-Lambert’s 1707 treatise on accompaniment)".
1410:
1406:
1326:
1159:
988:
948:
703:
681:
664:
420:
2645:
1146:, members of a North Dakota farming community celebrate the marriage of
2324:
2214:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 891.
2056:
2048:
2039:
1999:
1755:
1286:
1255:
1251:
902:
812:
647:
571:
2271:
684:
forbade the ritual of charivari and threatened its practitioners with
542:
of 1628–1631, which was a rebellion in south-west England against the
30:
This article is about the mock-serenading custom. For other uses, see
2848:
The footnote describes a skimmington, and likens it to examples from
1209:
1186:
1091:"Come in, come in," implored Elizabeth; "and let me shut the window!"
796:
543:
488:
412:
384:
1991:
2849:
2749:
Make the Night Hideous: Four English-Canadian Charivaris, 1881–1940
2263:
1296:
1034:
872:
673:
513:
481:
408:
229:
228:
was staged through the settlement accompanied by a discordant mock
54:
45:
1801:
Brand, John; Ellis, Henry; Hazlitt, William Carew (July 8, 1905).
1067:"They are coming up Corn Street after all! They sit back to back!"
2853:
2842:
Samuel Butler (ed. Henry G. Bohn, with notes from Grey and Nash)
1306:
894:
868:
755:
712:
693:
594:
2203:
2139:"British Folk Customs, Broughton Tin Can Band, Northamptonshire"
2835:
1648:
Like Dew Before the Sun – Life and Language in Northamptonshire
1006:
853:
808:
791:
759:
751:
716:
708:
241:
225:
807:
Charivari is believed to have inspired the development of the
668:
socially unacceptable marriages; for example, the marriage of
204:
116:
92:
2548:"stanging-for-a-man-beaten-by-a-wife-mentioned-top (picture)"
1982:
Allan, D. G. C. (1952). "The Rising in the West, 1628–1631".
727:
669:
766:
Anglo-American customs. Charivari is well documented in the
275:
154:
142:
2943:
Descriptions of Riding the Stang, including a ran-tan rhyme
2770:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 106–112.
901:
was adopted as the name for the silver ornaments worn with
790:
back into the community after what might amount to a minor
492:
195:
180:
157:
110:
83:
2119:
Wassail! A Traditional Celebration of an English Midwinter
177:
139:
101:
74:
189:
145:
104:
77:
2659:"Charivari et justice populaire au Québec de René Hardy"
672:
before the end of the customary social period of formal
2452:"Why Do We Fasten Tin Cans to Newlyweds' Car Bumpers?"
920:
Charivari would later be taken up by composers of the
2363:
Le Goff, Jacques; Schmitt, Jean-Claude, eds. (1981).
279:
Depiction of charivari, early 14th century (from the
183:
136:
71:
1706:: Illustrated London News, 14 August 1909, page 233.
1490:. Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press. pp. 48–49.
201:
192:
186:
151:
113:
107:
89:
80:
2303:Alford, Violet (1959). "Rough Music or Charivari".
1750:
Seal, Graham, "A 'Hussitting' in Berkshire, 1930" (
1535:. ex officina Hackiana. 1671. p. 822 (note by
547:protest against a breach of the established order.
311:
198:
148:
98:
86:
2566:
2546:
2526:
2506:
2508:"stanging-for-man-whose-wife-beats-him (picture)"
1904:"Riot and Revelry in Early America: Introduction"
1800:
1044:A skimmington is depicted in a plaster frieze in
2948:
1883:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914
1870:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914
1824:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914
1668:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760-1914
1551:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1780–1918
1512:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914
1441:Informal Justice in England and Wales, 1760–1914
442:Till the blood run down like a new stuck sheep!
2784:
2713:Informal Justice in England and Wales 1760-1914
2362:
2133:
2131:
730:"in spite of the energetic disapproval of the
2648:, from Charivari Agréable's official website.
1571:
1569:
1567:
1419:(18th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1347:"What medieval Europe did with its teenagers"
726:recorded the survival of the custom in 1950s
48:Encounters the Skimmington" (illustration to
2751:. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.
2229:. Ottawa: The Golden Dog Press. p. 57.
2052:, Ch 56 §2 The Occasional Expulsion of Evils
1986:. New series, vol. 5 (1). Blackwell: 76–85.
1746:
1744:
1581:
498:
440:She struck him so hard, and she cut so deep,
2732:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2592:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2128:
663:The custom has been documented back to the
527:A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue
436:For spending a penny when he stood in need.
305:
298:
2729:Society and Culture in Early Modern France
2356:
1953:
1951:
1564:
1051:A skimmington forms a well-known scene in
932:in his five collections of pieces for the
2746:
2060:, Ch56 §3 The Periodic Expulsion of Evils
1741:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1005:depicts a charivari that occurs in rural
2939:The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain
2929:The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain
2872:The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain
2862:The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain
2612:
2340:A View of the World: Selected Journalism
2224:
2198:
1804:The Popular Antiquities of Great Britain
1587:
1416:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
1079:"Is it meant for anybody in particular?"
1071:"What—two of 'em—are there two figures?"
958:
604:
397:
274:
36:
2846:Vol 1, p. 196, (1859) Annotated edition
2681:
2449:
2387:
2249:
2012:
1957:
1948:
1906:. Penn State University. Archived from
1843:
1714:
1712:
14:
2949:
2675:
2403:(2). Hudson River Valley Institute at
2302:
1895:
1633:
1485:
1344:
818:
650:, (also cacerolazo or cacerolada) and
325:
2725:
2682:Quinion, Michael (16 December 2000).
2585:
2337:
1981:
1975:
1780:. London: Continuum. pp. 47–48.
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1397:
1120:
964:In the 14th-century political satire
833:It is a very great shame and disgrace
370:The very essence of the practice was
2815:DarkDorset.co.uk: Skimmington Riding
2765:
2252:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2074:A Dictionary of British Folk Customs
2066:
1921:
1718:
1709:
886:, by the American history professor
466:We'll put his nose right out before.
2015:"Myth, Memory and Misunderstanding"
1927:
1775:
876:formed the basis of a French film,
860:while people banged pots and pans.
676:. In the early 17th century at the
24:
2824:(Several examples given in detail)
2705:
2388:Wermuth, Thomas S. (Spring 2016).
2125:, Fellside Records, FECD125 (1997)
2117:John Kirpatrick, Sleeve notes for
1901:
1760:
1721:"Appendix G: The Skimmington Ride"
692:structure and to act as a form of
600:
550:
451:Rough music song originating from
25:
2993:
2808:
2791:. Richard Bentley. Archived from
2227:The Charivari or Canadian Poetics
1754:, vol. 98, No. 1 (1987), 91, 93.
1698:The word was said to derive from
1345:Kremer, William (23 March 2014).
533:
438:She up with a three-footed stool;
260:. In the United States, the term
2876:Descriptions of Riding the Stang
2621:. New York: New Press. pp.
2573:gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com
2553:gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com
2533:gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com
2513:gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com
1533:Historiae Augustae scriptores VI
1465:gynocentrism.files.wordpress.com
1235:In the American animated sitcom
744:
519:The antiquary and lexicographer
173:
132:
67:
2828:Exclassics.com: online text of
2651:
2639:
2606:
2579:
2559:
2539:
2519:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2468:
2450:Russell, Whitney (2017-11-24).
2443:
2434:
2425:
2381:
2338:Lewis, Norman (2011). "Ibiza".
2331:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2243:
2218:
2192:
2156:
2111:
2086:
2033:
2006:
1875:
1862:
1837:
1816:
1794:
1692:
1680:
1660:
846:
434:She bang'd him, she bang'd him,
2832:by Samuel Butler, 1805 edition
2397:The Hudson River Valley Review
2076:, pp291–292, Paladin Granada,
1934:North Carolina History Project
1543:
1525:
1514:, Chapter Three Boydell Press
1504:
1479:
1453:
1433:
1391:
1364:
1338:
1134:Punch, or The London Charivari
754:, charivaris have occurred in
432:Mrs. _______ and her good man.
322:, shows a charivari underway.
13:
1:
2931:, (1905 edition) pp. 551–552.
2864:, (1905 edition) pp. 551–552.
2768:Ritual in Early Modern Europe
2726:Davis, Natalie Zemon (1975).
2715:Woodbride, UK: Boydell Press
2586:Davis, Natalie Zemon (1983).
2317:10.1080/0015587x.1959.9717197
2164:"Broughton Parish Plan (pdf)"
1612:10.1080/0015587X.1992.9715826
1332:
835:To all who live in this place
715:. Examples from the south of
256:became the common variant in
1488:Crime and Deviance in Canada
1216:In the British drama series
1184:In the fantasy novel series
1111:The Skimmity Hitchers are a
837:It is indeed, upon my life!
491:that were likely to lead to
270:
7:
2747:Greenhill, Pauline (2010).
2589:The Return of Martin Guerre
1984:The Economic History Review
1844:Bloxham, Christine (2005).
1280:
1014:The Late Lancashire Witches
915:
884:The Return of Martin Guerre
591:Broughton, Northamptonshire
312:
10:
2998:
1848:. Tempus. pp. 60–61.
1593:"Rough Music Reconsidered"
879:Le Retour de Martin Guerre
464:So if he does it any more,
460:There is a man in our town
330:
32:Charivari (disambiguation)
29:
2937:Archive.org: John Brand,
2927:Archive.org: John Brand,
2888:(1884), chapters 36, 39.
2886:The Mayor of Casterbridge
2880:Notbored.org: Rough music
2870:Archive.org: John Brand,
2860:Archive.org: John Brand,
2804:Chapter XI: The Charivari
2568:"stanging-1829 (picture)"
2528:"wife-beat-him (picture)"
2225:Longmore, George (1977).
2143:information-britain.co.uk
1885:pp. 76–82. Boydell Press
1725:The Mayor of Casterbridge
1443:pp. 71–72 Boydell Press,
1377:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1201:Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
1104:The Mayor of Casterbridge
1058:The Mayor of Casterbridge
499:Origins, history and form
472:Holler boys, holler boys.
468:Holler boys, holler boys,
462:Who often beats his wife,
2941:, (1905 edition) p. 563.
2874:, (1905 edition) p. 563.
2785:Moodie, Susanna (1854).
2613:Thompson, E. P. (1993).
2072:Hole, Christina (1978).
2013:Pericic, Marija (2009).
1302:Extrajudicial punishment
882:(1982) and the history,
867:in the small village of
616:Equivalents include the
453:South Stoke, Oxfordshire
377:Rampton, Nottinghamshire
212:, alternatively spelled
2788:Roughing It In The Bush
2496:Johnson (1990), p. 376.
2478:20, no. 1 (1994): 7–23.
2440:Johnson (1990), p. 387.
2407:: 27–52. Archived from
2293:Johnson (1990), p. 379.
2284:Johnson (1990), p. 375.
2211:Encyclopædia Britannica
1936:. John Locke Foundation
1846:Folklore of Oxfordshire
1776:Cox, Christoph (2004).
1687:Illustrated London News
1553:, P. 63 Boydell Press,
1510:Banks, Stephen (2014)
1261:In the television show
1198:In the television show
1166:In the television show
1157:In the television show
784:Johnson (1990), p. 382.
289:The origin of the word
2711:Banks, Stephen (2014)
1822:Banks Stephen, (2014)
1666:Banks, Stephen (2014)
1549:Banks, Stephen (2014)
1439:Banks, Stephen (2014)
1317:Tarring and feathering
1108:
840:
787:
655:
641:
631:
621:
613:
611:The Musicians of Paris
477:
445:
403:
306:
299:
286:
59:
2900:I Shall Wear Midnight
2766:Muir, Edward (2005).
2487:Palmer (2005), p. 49.
2431:Palmer (2005), p. 51.
2025:: 6–7. Archived from
1881:Banks Stephen (2014)
1719:Page, Norman (1997).
1254:) tells Mississippi (
1113:Scrumpy & Western
1064:
959:In art and literature
826:
777:
608:
457:
428:With a ran, tan, tan,
425:
401:
278:
40:
2180:on 30 September 2011
2094:"What's On - Dorset"
1967:. Longman. pp.
1811:Costume of Yorkshire
470:Make the bells ring,
2967:Canadian traditions
2957:Weddings by culture
2902:(2010), chapter 2.
2121:, John Kirpatrick
1727:. Broadview Press.
1621:on 13 February 2020
1228:Never A Dull Moment
888:Natalie Zemon Davis
819:Importance of noise
574:Day (10 October) –
474:God save the King.
326:Regional variations
293:is likely from the
2972:Wedding traditions
2820:2019-09-13 at the
2690:. World Wide Words
2684:"World Wide Words"
1646:Dorothy A Grimes,
1537:Claudius Salmasius
1467:. December 2, 2015
1143:The Purchase Price
1121:In popular culture
1003:The Violent Season
831:Has beat his wife!
829:Has beat his wife!
734:". It was called
614:
580:Old Style calendar
430:On my old tin can,
404:
372:public humiliation
287:
220:and also called a
60:
2922:978-0-00-655220-8
2908:978-0-385-61107-7
2898:Terry Pratchett,
2777:978-0-521-84153-5
2758:978-1-4426-4077-1
2739:978-0-8047-0868-5
2721:978-1-84383-940-8
2632:978-1-56584-003-4
2619:Customs in Common
2599:978-0-674-76690-7
2374:978-2-7132-0754-9
2349:978-1-78060-037-6
2342:. London: Eland.
2236:978-0-919614-18-5
2205:"Charivari"
1928:Kickler, Troy L.
1902:Pencak, William.
1891:978-1-84383-940-8
1855:978-0-7524-3664-7
1832:978-1-84383-940-8
1787:978-0-8264-1614-8
1734:978-1-55111-122-3
1689:, 14 August 1909.
1676:978-1-84383-940-8
1559:978-1-84383-940-8
1520:978-1-84383-940-8
1497:978-1-55130-274-4
1426:978-0-521-15255-6
1351:BBC News Magazine
1322:The Rogue's March
1270:In the TV series
1264:Death Valley Days
1244:In the 1966 film
1225:In the 1950 film
945:period instrument
568:Sherborne, Dorset
560:Teddy Rowe's Band
16:(Redirected from
2989:
2977:English folklore
2803:
2801:
2800:
2781:
2762:
2743:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2575:. December 2015.
2570:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2555:. December 2015.
2550:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2535:. December 2015.
2530:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2515:. December 2015.
2510:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2394:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2173:. Archived from
2171:kettering.gov.uk
2168:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2135:
2126:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2098:visit-dorset.com
2090:
2084:
2070:
2064:
2042:The Golden Bough
2037:
2031:
2030:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1955:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1899:
1893:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1841:
1835:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1773:
1758:
1748:
1739:
1738:
1716:
1707:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1664:
1658:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1620:
1614:. Archived from
1597:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1562:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1449:978-1-84383940-8
1437:
1431:
1430:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1342:
1250:, Cole Thorton (
1178:Midsomer Murders
1148:Barbara Stanwyck
1106:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
954:
824:happy to adopt:
785:
678:Council of Tours
623:haberfeldtreiben
564:Pack Monday Fair
411:or followers of
381:Middleton Cheney
345:skimmington ride
315:
309:
302:
264:is more common.
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
172:
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
131:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
21:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2947:
2946:
2822:Wayback Machine
2811:
2798:
2796:
2778:
2759:
2740:
2708:
2706:Further reading
2703:
2693:
2691:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2611:
2607:
2600:
2584:
2580:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2476:Sunland Tribune
2473:
2469:
2460:
2458:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2336:
2332:
2311:(4): 505–518 .
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2258:(3): 371–387 .
2248:
2244:
2237:
2223:
2219:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2071:
2067:
2038:
2034:
2011:
2007:
1992:10.2307/2591309
1980:
1976:
1959:Roberts, George
1956:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1911:
1900:
1896:
1880:
1876:
1868:Banks Stephen,
1867:
1863:
1856:
1842:
1838:
1821:
1817:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1774:
1761:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1717:
1710:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1670:Boydell Press.
1665:
1661:
1645:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1595:
1589:Thompson, E. P.
1586:
1582:
1574:
1565:
1548:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1283:
1273:Game of Thrones
1207:In the musical
1192:Terry Pratchett
1123:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1046:Montacute House
1040:William Hogarth
984:Angle of Repose
981:-winning novel
975:Wallace Stegner
967:Roman de Fauvel
961:
952:
918:
849:
839:
836:
834:
832:
830:
821:
786:
783:
747:
686:excommunication
682:Catholic Church
603:
601:Mainland Europe
553:
551:Similar customs
536:
501:
493:public disorder
476:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
444:
441:
439:
437:
435:
433:
431:
429:
333:
328:
319:Roman de Fauvel
282:Roman de Fauvel
273:
258:Ontario, Canada
176:
167:
166:
135:
126:
125:
97:
70:
66:
42:William Hogarth
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2924:
2912:Patrick Gale,
2910:
2896:
2884:Thomas Hardy,
2882:
2877:
2867:
2857:
2839:
2825:
2810:
2809:External links
2807:
2806:
2805:
2782:
2776:
2763:
2757:
2744:
2738:
2723:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2674:
2650:
2638:
2631:
2605:
2598:
2578:
2558:
2538:
2518:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2467:
2456:The News Wheel
2442:
2433:
2424:
2405:Marist College
2380:
2373:
2355:
2348:
2330:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2264:10.2307/204083
2242:
2235:
2217:
2202:, ed. (1911).
2200:Chisholm, Hugh
2191:
2155:
2127:
2110:
2085:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2054:
2032:
2029:on 2009-10-17.
2005:
1974:
1947:
1920:
1894:
1874:
1861:
1854:
1836:
1815:
1793:
1786:
1759:
1740:
1733:
1708:
1691:
1679:
1659:
1632:
1580:
1563:
1542:
1524:
1503:
1496:
1478:
1452:
1432:
1425:
1390:
1363:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1242:
1233:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1138:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1102:Thomas Hardy,
1099:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1055:'s 1884 novel
1049:
1042:
1026:
1019:Thomas Heywood
1010:
1001:'s 1961 novel
992:
979:Pulitzer Prize
971:
960:
957:
934:basse de viole
926:viola da gamba
922:French Baroque
917:
914:
871:in the French
848:
845:
827:
820:
817:
781:
746:
743:
602:
599:
552:
549:
540:Western Rising
535:
534:Western Rising
532:
500:
497:
458:
426:
332:
329:
327:
324:
272:
269:
44:'s engraving "
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2994:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:0-00-424535-0
2891:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2795:on 2012-04-02
2794:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:"Rough Music"
2609:
2601:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2414:on 2018-03-04
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2082:0-586-08293-X
2079:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2040:Bartleby.com
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1935:
1931:
1930:"Skimmington"
1924:
1910:on 2006-09-01
1909:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1829:
1826:p. 92. p. 99
1825:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:Audio Culture
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1736:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1656:0-9518496-0-3
1653:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Jones, Daniel
1394:
1380:(Online). n.d
1379:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Riding a rail
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:Samuel Butler
1027:
1024:
1023:Richard Brome
1020:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Robert Goulet
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
980:
976:
972:
969:
968:
963:
962:
956:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
913:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
880:
874:
870:
866:
865:Martin Guerre
861:
857:
855:
844:
838:
825:
816:
814:
811:tradition of
810:
805:
801:
799:
798:
793:
780:
776:
772:
769:
768:Hudson Valley
763:
761:
757:
753:
745:North America
742:
739:
737:
733:
732:Guardia Civil
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
710:
705:
701:
697:
695:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
661:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
644:
639:
635:
634:
629:
625:
624:
619:
612:
607:
598:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
548:
545:
541:
531:
529:
528:
522:
521:Francis Grose
517:
515:
510:
506:
496:
494:
490:
485:
483:
475:
456:
454:
449:
443:
424:
422:
416:
414:
410:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
323:
321:
320:
314:
308:
303:
301:
296:
292:
284:
283:
277:
268:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
245:
243:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
209:
170:
162:
129:
121:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:Samuel Butler
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
2938:
2928:
2913:
2899:
2885:
2871:
2861:
2843:
2829:
2797:. Retrieved
2793:the original
2787:
2767:
2748:
2728:
2712:
2692:. Retrieved
2687:
2677:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2646:All about us
2641:
2618:
2608:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2561:
2552:
2541:
2532:
2521:
2512:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2459:. Retrieved
2455:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2416:. Retrieved
2409:the original
2400:
2396:
2383:
2365:Le charivari
2364:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2289:
2280:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2226:
2220:
2209:
2194:
2184:25 September
2182:. Retrieved
2175:the original
2170:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:
2088:
2073:
2068:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2027:the original
2022:
2018:
2008:
1983:
1977:
1963:
1938:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:the original
1897:
1882:
1877:
1872:Chapter Five
1869:
1864:
1845:
1839:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1777:
1751:
1724:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1667:
1662:
1647:
1623:. Retrieved
1616:the original
1603:
1599:
1583:
1550:
1545:
1532:
1527:
1511:
1506:
1487:
1481:
1469:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1440:
1435:
1414:
1411:Esling, John
1407:Setter, Jane
1403:Roach, Peter
1393:
1382:. Retrieved
1375:
1366:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:
1340:
1292:Dorset Ooser
1271:
1262:
1246:
1237:
1226:
1218:
1208:
1199:
1185:
1176:
1169:The Rifleman
1167:
1158:
1152:George Brent
1141:
1140:In the film
1132:
1128:Le Charivari
1126:
1116:humiliation.
1103:
1066:
1056:
1053:Thomas Hardy
1033:
1017:, a play by
1012:
1002:
982:
965:
943:The British
942:
933:
930:Marin Marais
919:
911:
898:
892:
883:
877:
862:
858:
850:
847:Other usages
841:
828:
822:
806:
802:
795:
788:
778:
773:
764:
748:
740:
735:
724:Norman Lewis
722:
702:
698:
690:
662:
615:
610:
587:Tin Can Band
586:
584:
576:St Michael's
559:
557:
554:
537:
524:
518:
505:West Country
502:
486:
478:
459:
450:
446:
427:
417:
405:
391:in 1947 and
389:West Hoathly
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
337:stang riding
336:
334:
317:
304:, plural of
297:
295:Vulgar Latin
290:
288:
280:
266:
261:
253:
249:
246:
238:
233:
221:
217:
213:
62:
61:
53:
2982:Vigilantism
2914:Rough Music
2688:Skimmington
2663:Septentrion
1372:"charivari"
1327:Vigilantism
1160:The Waltons
989:New Almaden
949:early music
704:Humiliation
665:Middle Ages
633:katzenmusik
578:Day in the
538:During the
489:vigilantism
421:recitatives
383:(1909) and
357:ran tanning
353:tin-panning
341:skimmington
234:rough music
222:skimmington
18:Skimmington
2951:Categories
2799:2009-10-20
2668:2024-03-27
2461:2020-03-01
2418:2018-03-03
1914:2009-10-17
1384:2022-01-12
1333:References
1287:Cacerolazo
1256:James Caan
1252:John Wayne
907:chatelaine
903:Lederhosen
813:Tintamarre
736:cencerrada
648:cacerolada
646:, Spanish
643:scampanate
572:Michaelmas
349:lewbelling
307:caribarium
2962:Widowhood
2694:1 January
2148:6 January
2103:6 January
1940:1 January
1809:(quoting
1247:El Dorado
1219:Jamestown
1210:Oklahoma!
1187:Discworld
995:Québécois
928:virtuoso
899:charivari
797:Oklahoma!
657:charivari
544:enclosure
530:, 1796).
413:John Huss
393:Copthorne
385:Blisworth
313:karēbaría
300:caribaria
291:charivari
271:Etymology
250:Charivari
63:Charivari
2916:(2000)
2850:Plutarch
2844:Hudibras
2830:Hudibras
2818:Archived
2305:Folklore
1961:(1856).
1752:Folklore
1606:: 3–26.
1600:Folklore
1591:(1992).
1413:(eds.).
1401:(2011).
1356:23 March
1297:Escrache
1281:See also
1100:—
1035:Hudibras
977:'s 1971
938:continuo
916:In music
873:Pyrenees
782:—
674:mourning
595:summoned
514:adultery
482:gleaning
409:Hussites
379:(1909),
262:shivaree
254:Chivaree
230:serenade
218:chivaree
214:shivaree
55:Hudibras
46:Hudibras
2854:Juvenal
2623:467–531
2325:1258223
2058:op.cit.
2050:op.cit.
2000:2591309
1813:, 1814)
1704:belling
1625:14 July
1471:15 July
1307:Mobbing
1150:'s and
997:writer
895:Bavaria
869:Artigat
809:Acadian
756:Ontario
713:suicide
694:censure
638:Italian
361:nominey
331:England
2920:
2906:
2892:
2836:squire
2774:
2755:
2736:
2719:
2629:
2596:
2371:
2346:
2323:
2272:204083
2270:
2233:
2123:et al.
2080:
2019:Limina
1998:
1889:
1852:
1830:
1784:
1731:
1674:
1654:
1557:
1518:
1494:
1447:
1423:
1238:Archer
1195:crime.
1007:Quebec
854:circus
792:hazing
760:Quebec
752:Canada
717:France
709:murder
680:, the
670:widows
652:French
628:German
618:German
365:wooset
363:" or "
359:", a "
242:effigy
226:parade
2412:(PDF)
2393:(PDF)
2321:JSTOR
2268:JSTOR
2178:(PDF)
2167:(PDF)
1996:JSTOR
1971:–536.
1619:(PDF)
1596:(PDF)
728:Ibiza
509:ladle
343:, or
171:also
130:also
2918:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2890:ISBN
2852:and
2772:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2717:ISBN
2696:2010
2627:ISBN
2594:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2186:2017
2150:2017
2105:2017
2078:ISBN
1942:2010
1887:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1700:lewd
1672:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1627:2012
1555:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1473:2023
1445:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1358:2014
1175:The
1021:and
936:and
626:and
585:The
355:", "
351:", "
2313:doi
2260:doi
1988:doi
1969:535
1608:doi
1604:103
1032:'s
1028:In
973:In
711:or
589:at
566:at
415:).
216:or
155:ɑːr
143:ɑːr
52:'s
2953::
2686:.
2661:.
2625:.
2617:.
2571:.
2551:.
2531:.
2511:.
2454:.
2401:32
2399:.
2395:.
2319:.
2309:70
2307:.
2266:.
2256:20
2254:.
2208:.
2169:.
2141:.
2130:^
2096:.
2023:15
2021:.
2017:.
1994:.
1950:^
1932:.
1762:^
1757:).
1743:^
1723:.
1711:^
1702:+
1635:^
1602:.
1598:.
1566:^
1539:).
1463:.
1409:;
1405:;
1374:.
1349:.
1190:,
897:,
890:.
815:.
758:,
660:.
654::
640::
636:,
630::
620::
582:.
455::
236:.
205:iː
169:US
165:,
128:UK
124:,
117:iː
93:iː
2802:.
2780:.
2761:.
2742:.
2698:.
2671:.
2635:.
2602:.
2464:.
2421:.
2377:.
2352:.
2327:.
2315::
2274:.
2262::
2239:.
2188:.
2152:.
2107:.
2002:.
1990::
1944:.
1917:.
1858:.
1834:.
1790:.
1737:.
1629:.
1610::
1561:.
1522:.
1500:.
1475:.
1429:.
1387:.
1360:.
1230:,
1137:.
1009:.
953:"
947:/
525:(
285:)
208:/
202:r
199:ˈ
196:ə
193:v
190:ɪ
187:r
184:ˌ
181:ə
178:ʃ
175:/
161:/
158:i
152:v
149:ˈ
146:ɪ
140:ʃ
137:ˌ
134:/
120:/
114:r
111:ə
108:v
105:ɪ
102:ʃ
99:ˈ
96:,
90:r
87:ˈ
84:ə
81:v
78:ɪ
75:ʃ
72:ˌ
69:/
65:(
58:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
