Continent - Knowledge

2187: 3361:"4 Continents This would probably be the correct subdivision if we adopted a strict definition of continents, ideally defined as large land masses separated by water. Furthermore, we should consider "separated" only what is naturally separated, excluding therefore the separations resulting from the artificially made Panama Canal (which separates North and South America) and Suez Canal (which separates Africa from Eurasia). Under this model, the four continents of the world are: Afro-Eurasia (or Eurafrasia), America, Antarctica, and Australia (not Oceania, which combines Australia with smaller countries in the Pacific Ocean which are separated by water). An alternative four-continent model, introduced at the beginning of the 20th century, included Europe, Asia, Africa, and America." 2715:, p. 263, the whole Rig Vedic period may have lasted from c. 1900 BCE to c. 1200 BCE: "the bulk of the RV represents only 5 or 6 generations of kings (and of the contemporary poets) of the Pūru and Bharata tribes. It contains little else before and after this "snapshot" view of contemporary Rgvedic history, as reported by these contemporary "tape recordings." On the other hand, the whole Rgvedic period may have lasted even up to 700 years, from the infiltration of the Indo-Aryans into the subcontinent, c. 1900 B.C. (at the utmost, the time of collapse of the Indus civilization), up to c. 1200 B.C., the time of the introduction of iron which is first mentioned in the clearly post-gvedic hymns of the Atharvaveda." 6715: 6632: 6677: 6647: 6602: 6730: 6760: 6745: 2212: 588: 6587: 6617: 1948: 7242: 2577: 9429: 1596: 40: 2563: 1510: 6662: 7883: 7264: 2069: 2424: 378: 2549: 1444: 3622:"5 Continents This model adopts the criteria of both the six-continent models, resulting in the following 5 continents: Africa, Eurasia, America, Oceania (or Australia), and Antarctica. An alternative five-continent model is the one adopted, among others, by the Olympic Charter, which excludes Antarctica as uninhabited and lists the following five: Africa, Europe, Asia, America, and Oceania (or Australia)." 1854:) should be considered part of Asia or a third part of the world. Division into three parts eventually came to predominate. From the Greek viewpoint, the Aegean Sea was the center of the world; Asia lay to the east, Europe to the north and west, and Africa to the south. The boundaries between the continents were not fixed. Early on, the Europe–Asia boundary was taken to run from the Black Sea along the 3194:, Chapter 1: "While it might seem surprising to find North and South America still joined into a single continent in a book published in the United States in 1937, such a notion remained fairly common until World War II. By the 1950s, however, virtually all American geographers had come to insist that the visually distinct landmasses of North and South America deserved separate designations." 1784: 2535: 2089:, which was the first to show North and South America as separate from Asia and surrounded by water. A small inset map above the main map explicitly showed for the first time the Americas being east of Asia and separated from Asia by an ocean, as opposed to just placing the Americas on the left end of the map and Asia on the right end. In the accompanying book 2295:, Japanese leaders began to self-identify with the concept of being Asian, and renew relations with other "Asian" countries while conceiving of the idea of Asian solidarity against western countries. This conception of an Asian identity, as well as the idea of Asian solidarity, was later taken up by others in the region, such as Republican China and Vietnam. 2420:, which tapers off with a gradual slope covered in sediment, connecting it directly to the oceanic crust beyond. Most passive margins eventually transition into active margins: where the oceanic plate becomes too heavy due to cooling, it disconnects from the continental crust, and starts subducting below it, forming a new subduction zone. 1847:. But the division was only carried through to the end of navigable waterways and "... beyond that point the Hellenic geographers never succeeded in laying their finger on any inland feature in the physical landscape that could offer any convincing line for partitioning an indivisible Eurasia ..." 442:

The criterion that each continent is a discrete landmass is commonly relaxed due to historical conventions and practical use. Of the seven most globally recognized continents, only Antarctica and Australia are completely separated from other continents by the ocean. Several continents are defined not

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If you count Europe and Asia as one continent (called Eurasia), then there are six continents. Some people also count North America and South America as one continent (called America), since the two land masses are separated only by the human-made Panama Canal. This would allow for a model with only

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By convention, continents "are understood to be large, continuous, discrete masses of land, ideally separated by expanses of water". In modern schemes with five or more recognized continents, at least one pair of continents is joined by land in some fashion. The criterion "large" leads to arbitrary

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From the mid-19th century, atlases published in the United States more commonly treated North and South America as separate continents, while atlases published in Europe usually considered them one continent. However, it was still not uncommon for American atlases to treat them as one continent up

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And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. The International Olympic Committee's official flag, containing the single continent of America (North and South America being connected as the Isthmus of

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I shall first then speak of Europe, the foster-mother of that people which has conquered all other nations, and itself by far the most beauteous portion of the earth. Indeed, many persons have, not without reason, considered it, not as a third part only of the earth, but as equal to all the rest,

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are large peninsulas of the Eurasian landmass. However, Europe is considered a continent with its comparatively large land area of 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi), while the Indian subcontinent, with less than half that area, is considered a subcontinent. The alternative

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being split between Asia and Africa ("Libya") and took the boundary to lie along the western border of Egypt, regarding Egypt as part of Asia. He also questioned the division into three of what is really a single landmass, a debate that continues nearly two and a half millennia later. Herodotus

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defined a continent as "a large space of dry land comprehending many countries all joined together, without any separation by water. Thus Europe, Asia, and Africa is one great continent, as America is another." However, the old idea of Europe, Asia and Africa as "parts" of the world ultimately

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In accordance with these attributes, Eurasia and North America are connected by a bridge of continental crust at least 2 thousand kilometers wide. And with Africa, Eurasia is connected by such a bridge (interrupted by internal sections of the oceanic crust) with a width of at least 5 thousand

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From this perspective, the edge of the continental shelf is the true edge of the continent, as shorelines vary with changes in sea level. In this sense the islands of Great Britain and Ireland are part of Europe, while Australia and the island of New Guinea together form a continent.

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credited Vespucci with saying, "I have discovered a continent in those southern regions that is inhabited by more numerous people and animals than our Europe, or Asia or Africa", the first known explicit identification of part of the Americas as a continent like the other three.

2397:. The continents are accretionary crustal "rafts" that, unlike the denser basaltic crust of the ocean basins, are not subjected to destruction through the plate tectonic process of subduction. This accounts for the great age of the rocks comprising the continental cratons. 2290:

Over time, the western concept of dividing the world into continents spread globally, replacing conceptions in other areas of the world. The idea of continents continued to become imbued with cultural and political meaning. In the 19th century during the

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I wonder, then, at those who have mapped out and divided the world into Libya, Asia, and Europe; for the difference between them is great, seeing that in length Europe stretches along both the others together, and it appears to me to be wider beyond all

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is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago and to have embodied most or all of Earth's continents, and broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago. The eight continents later reassembled into another supercontinent called

2208:(or Maha Meru, Great Meru) – stands ... The continents encircle the mountain in seven concentric circles ... It seems clear that the Himalayas were the approximate location of Mt. Meru and the text is clear that the earth has seven continents. 3950: 2242:

in 1606, but for some time it was taken as part of Asia. By the late 18th century, some geographers considered it a continent in its own right, making it the sixth (or fifth for those still taking America as a single continent). In 1813,

2095:, Waldseemüller noted that the earth is divided into four parts, Europe, Asia, Africa, and the fourth part, which he named "America" after Amerigo Vespucci's first name. On the map, the word "America" was placed on part of South America. 5379:

As far as India, Asia is an inhabited land; but thereafter all to the east is desert, nor can any man say what kind of land is there. Such is Asia, and such its extent. But Libya is on this second promontory; for Libya comes next after

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was used on the one hand for relatively small areas of continuous land, on the other hand geographers again raised Herodotus's query about why a single large landmass should be divided into separate continents. In the mid-17th century,

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until World War II. From the 1950s, most U.S. geographers divided the Americas into two continents. With the addition of Antarctica, this made the seven-continent model. However, this division of the Americas never appealed to

2467:, are composed largely of granitic rock as well, but all continents contain both granitic and basaltic crust, and there is no clear boundary as to which islands would be considered microcontinents under such a definition. The 2234:

From the late 18th century, some geographers started to regard North America and South America as two parts of the world, making five parts in total. Overall though, the fourfold division prevailed well into the 19th century.

2775:"Most people recognize seven continents—Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia, from largest to smallest—although sometimes Asia and Europe are considered a single continent, Eurasia." 4835:

in Spanish) of the Americas containing Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and often Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Bermuda; the land bridge of Central America is generally considered a subregion of North

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are comparable to the entire European landmass, not to a single European country. ." However, for historical and cultural reasons, the view of Europe as a separate continent continues in almost all categorizations.

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Some islands lie on sections of continental crust that have rifted and drifted apart from a main continental landmass. While not considered continents because of their relatively small size, they may be considered

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are shaded green, and those without shaded blue. Along with dependent or disputed island territories, which do not appear on the map, these states are often grouped geographically with a neighboring continental

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or a part of a very large landmass, as in the case of Asia or Europe. Due to this, the number of continents varies; up to seven or as few as four geographical regions are commonly regarded as continents. Most

478:, and remains prevalent in some Asian six-continent models. The single American continent model remains a common view in France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Spain, and Latin American countries. 6523: 6027:

Some geographers list only six continents, combining Europe and Asia into Eurasia. In parts of the world, students learn that there are just five continents: Eurasia, Australia, Africa, Antarctica, and the

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Certain parts of continents are recognized as subcontinents, especially the large peninsulas separated from the main continental landmass by geographical features. The most widely recognized example is the

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at continental shelves, and the true edges of the continents are the steeper continental slopes. The actual shorelines are rather accidental, depending on the height of sea level on the sloping shelves."

5884:, p. 32: "...the 1950s... was also the period when... Oceania as a "great division" was replaced by Australia as a continent along with a series of isolated and continentally attached islands. " 3946: 3928: 2061:

Within a few years, the name "New World" began appearing as a name for South America on world maps, such as the Oliveriana (Pesaro) map of around 1504–1505. Maps of this time, though, still showed

5258: 5028: 1659:. Madagascar, the largest example, is usually considered an island of Africa, but its divergent evolution has caused it to be referred to as "the eighth continent" from a biological perspective. 1560:, is sometimes referred to as a subcontinent. This is a significant departure from the more conventional view of a subcontinent as comprising a very large peninsula on the fringe of a continent. 5050: 3640:"There are even geographical views that prefer the presence of both a Eurasian as well as one American continent. These geographers therefore contend that there should only be 5 continents." 5920: 1991:

as the boundary between Asia and Africa, but most writers continued to consider it the Nile or the western border of Egypt (Gibbon). In the Middle Ages, the world was usually portrayed on

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If continents are defined strictly as discrete landmasses, embracing all the contiguous land of a body, then Africa, Asia, and Europe form a single continent which may be referred to as

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view—in geology and geography—that Eurasia is a single continent results in a six-continent view of the world. Some view the separation of Eurasia into Asia and Europe as a residue of

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six-continent model (used mostly in France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, Greece, and Latin America) groups together North America+South America into the single continent America.

2393:(typically 1.5 to 3.8 billion years old) is widely exposed at the surface. The platform surrounding the shield is also composed of ancient basement rock, but with a cover of younger 2257:

was just as equivocal some decades later. It was in the 1950s that the concept of Oceania as a "great division" of the world was replaced by the concept of Australia as a continent.

5108: 2053:("New World"), was published under Vespucci's name in 1502 or 1503, although it seems that it had additions or alterations by another writer. Regardless of who penned the words, 114:

are occasionally grouped with a nearby continent to divide all the world's land into geographical regions. Under this scheme, most of the island countries and territories in the

3976: 2615: 1911:, in the 3rd century BCE, noted that some geographers divided the continents by rivers (the Nile and the Don), thus considering them "islands". Others divided the continents by 2994: 5081: 2610: 1096: 3844: 1995:, with the T representing the waters dividing the three continents. By the middle of the 18th century, "the fashion of dividing Asia and Africa at the Nile, or at the 5134: 3085: 2049:

much farther south than Asia was known to extend, confirming that this was a land of continental proportions. On return to Europe, an account of the voyage, called

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Mortimer, N.; Campbell, H.J.; Tulloch, A.J.; King, P.R.; Stagpoole, V.M.; Wood, R.A.; Rattenbury, M.S.; Sutherland, R.; Adams, C.J.; Collot, J.; Seton, M. (2017).

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Zhao, Guochun; Cawood, Peter A.; Wilde, Simon A.; Sun, M. (November 2002). "Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga orogens: implications for a pre-Rodinia supercontinent".

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North America and South America are treated as separate continents in the seven-continent model. However, they may also be viewed as a single continent known as

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was used in translating Greek and Latin writings about the three "parts" of the world, although in the original languages no word of exactly the same meaning as

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Manual of Modern Geography: Mathematical, Physical, and Political : on a New Plan : Embracing a Complete Development of the River Systems of the Globe

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composition. Continental crust is less dense and much thicker than oceanic crust, which causes it to "float" higher than oceanic crust on the dense underlying

3602:"In some textbooks, North and South America are combined into 'America' and/or Europe and Asia are combined into 'Eurasia', for a grand total of 6 or even 5." 232:

that "A Continent is a great quantity of Land, not separated by any Sea from the rest of the World, as the whole Continent of Europe, Asia, Africa." In 1727,

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p. 116: The Arabian Subcontinent later, approximately 35 million years ago, collided with southern Eurasia to form the Zagros Mountains of southwestern Iran.

3767: 514:. Combined with the consolidation of the Americas, this would produce a four-continent model consisting of Afro-Eurasia, America, Antarctica, and Australia. 422:, which is usually considered a region rather than a continent. This divides the entire land surface of Earth into continents, regions, or quasi-continents. 3932: 4494: 5228: 3108: 5020: 3611:

Martin W. Lewis and Kären E. Wigen, The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997)

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In regard to the above-quoted verses, it is commonly accepted that there are Seven Continents or 'regions of the earth'. A. Glucklich adds that 'In the

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is that of a continuous area of land or mainland, with the coastline and any land boundaries forming the edge of the continent. In this sense, the term

5502: 4997: 4095: 2858: 5058: 4851: 4840: 4313: 2408:. An active margin is characterised by mountain building, either through a continent-on continent collision or a subduction zone. Continents grow by 5492:. Ames, Iowa: Omphaloskepsis, book 4, p. 38. "I cannot conceive why three names ... should ever have been given to a tract which is in reality one," 4611:

p. 98: Thus, we can calculate past positions of the Indian Plate, with the Indian Subcontinent as its passenger, with respect to the Eurasian Plate.

3814: 1915:, calling the continents "peninsulas". These latter geographers set the border between Europe and Asia at the isthmus between the Black Sea and the 1759:

rocks, Zealandia's status as a geological continent has been disputed by some geologists. However, a study conducted in 2021 found that part of the

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Animated, colour-coded map showing some continents and the region of Oceania (purple), which includes the continent of Australia. Depending on the

4881: 1767:, twice as old as geologists had previously thought, which is further evidence that supports the idea of Zealandia being a geological continent. 3707: 3633: 7919: 6418: 2502:

The movement of plates has caused the continual formation and breakup of continents, and occasionally supercontinents, in a process called the

6550: 6006: 4217: 2471:, for example, is largely volcanic, but is associated with the breakup of Gondwanaland and is considered a microcontinent, whereas volcanic 96:. Different variations with fewer continents merge some of these regions; examples of this are merging North America and South America into 4377: 4052: 3379: 5772: 3891: 2022:. But despite four voyages to the Americas, Columbus never believed he had reached a new continent—he always thought it was part of Asia. 335: 7853: 5686: 3477: 3238: 2107:

often dated 1500 BCE has the earliest mention of seven continents in the Earth, the text claims that the Earth has seven continents and

6500: 5104: 3307: 2762: 9193: 9052: 5539: 5487: 4345: 3972: 638: 272:, with a surface area of 2,166,086 square kilometres (836,330 sq mi), is only considered the world's largest island, while 1983:, linked to Latin and the Catholic church, began to associate itself with the concept of "Europe". Through the Roman period and the 9379: 160:

gained recognition in the 20th century. It postulates that the current continents formed from the breaking up of a supercontinent (

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looking upon the whole of our globe as divided into two parts only, by a line drawn from the river Tanais to the Straits of Gades.

5455: 5354: 4027: 2318:. In this model, the world is divided into six continents, with North America and South America considered separate continents. 9186: 9072: 4153: 1938:, writing in the 1st century CE, stated that "The whole globe is divided into three parts, Europe, Asia, and Africa", adding: 5073: 3857: 9181: 9115: 6382: 6354: 6288: 6102: 5990: 5903: 5782: 4951: 4810: 4775: 4740: 4709: 4675: 4640: 4598: 4539: 3841: 3742: 3574: 3518: 3471: 3420: 3293: 3232: 3053: 2805: 2669: 2510:

or Nuna formed during a period of 2.0–1.8 billion years ago and broke up about 1.5–1.3 billion years ago. The supercontinent

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Limits and area – The landmass should have clearly-defined boundaries and an area of more than one million square kilometres.

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as a single landmass, and there the conception of six continents remains dominant, as it does in scattered other countries.

1049:'s five rings represent the five inhabited continents of the combined-America model but excludes the uninhabited Antarctica. 9176: 9140: 9079: 7858: 6255: 4118: 3827: 2600: 5160: 5130: 3679: 3656: 548:, were joined to the mainlands of their continents. At that time, there were just three discrete landmasses in the world: 9169: 9164: 9110: 6302: 4281: 3077: 2186: 4006: 3338: 2340:

in a different manner from geographers. In geology, a continent is defined by continental crust, which is a platform of

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1400 BCE. Philological estimates tend to date the bulk of the text to the second half of the second millennium:

9120: 6543: 5666: 5645: 5624: 5600: 4904: 4567: 4185: 3791: 3726: 3036: 2906: 2590: 431: 301:(sometimes referred to in Britain as "the Continent") is used to refer to mainland Europe, excluding islands such as 44: 5074:"A fragment of a mysterious 8th continent is hiding under New Zealand — and it's twice as old as scientists thought" 9135: 9125: 9067: 9045: 9028: 9023: 8942: 4667: 3566: 3040:, 11th edition revised. (Ed.) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press; "continent n." (2005) 6134: 4426:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 9145: 8974: 8840: 8754: 8704: 7588: 7306: 3170:, p. 40: "The joining of Australia with various Pacific islands to form the quasi continent of Oceania ... " 1140:) as a part of Africa, all of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Georgia, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, and Turkey (including 1575:

being the third). When Eurasia is regarded as a single continent, Asia and Europe are treated as subcontinents.

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may be extended beyond the confines of continuous dry land to include the shallow, submerged adjacent area (the

283:, which is divided into several principal oceanic components by the continents and various geographic criteria. 9089: 7417: 6459: 6374: 4455: 3823: 3510: 3463: 3275: 3043: 17: 9399: 9384: 7905: 7252: 9432: 9084: 8714: 8441: 8146: 7158: 6536: 4975: 4848: 4837: 4091: 2850: 2244: 4905:"The Violent History Of Mauritia: Birth, Oblivion, Renaissance | Labcoat Life | Learn Science at Scitable" 2961: 1491:. Over time, these supercontinents broke apart into large landmasses which formed the present continents. 1046: 68:

recognize seven regions as continents. In order from largest to smallest in area, these seven regions are

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The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World

6010: 3811: 3006: 1463:, largely in evidence earlier in the geological record, are landmasses that comprise most of the world's 1438: 5428: 5410: 5370: 8749: 8734: 8032: 8017: 7686: 6514: 5324: 5287: 5236: 3136:

structurally it includes shallowly submerged adjacent areas (continental shelf) and neighboring islands

2448: 2251:, an immense island, which some geographers dignify with the appellation of another continent" and the 188:. It was not applied only to very large areas of land—in the 17th century, references were made to the 31: 6486: 4873: 4372: 4340: 4308: 4276: 4244: 4212: 4180: 4148: 3665: 3063: 1104: 9130: 9062: 9033: 9018: 8759: 8684: 7691: 7063: 7053: 6806: 5864: 5528: 3873: 3687: 3631: 3025: 2886: 2507: 2253: 2091: 1563:

Where the Americas are viewed as a single continent (America), it is divided into two subcontinents (

1476: 6433: 3371: 2204:, for instance, there is a seven-part map of the world ... one centre, where an immense mountain – 8719: 8636: 8219: 7932: 7493: 7407: 7272: 7038: 2444: 2283:

for millennia. An 1849 atlas labelled Antarctica as a continent but few atlases did so until after

1843:. The names were first applied just to lands near the coast and only later extended to include the 1129: 1124:

as parts of Oceania. It also provides populations of continents according to 2021 estimates by the

1058: 883: 382: 7897: 6014: 2435:, that are built of continental crust but do not contain a craton. Some of these are fragments of 9366: 9057: 8964: 8641: 8351: 8346: 7095: 7090: 5869: 5328: 5291: 5207: 4632: 4590: 3030: 2911: 2891: 2499:

continent—only separated from the main continental landmass by inland seas flooding its margins.

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Measured the entire universe from his first foot from the land of Earth which has 7 continents.

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mariners who gave the names Europe and Asia to the lands on either side of the waterways of the

455:. In both cases, there is no complete separation of these landmasses by water (disregarding the 276:, at 7,617,930 square kilometres (2,941,300 sq mi), is deemed the smallest continent. 9343: 9150: 8744: 8547: 7033: 4796: 3545: 2754: 2673: 1395: 1035: 403: 262: 65: 6041: 5982: 5680: 4695: 4661: 4584: 4527: 3560: 3504: 3457: 3220: 2033:

attempted to sail around what they considered the southern end of the Asian mainland into the

9436: 9300: 9220: 8863: 8764: 8373: 7460: 6918: 6826: 6636: 6631: 6230: 6189: 6007:"Frequently Asked Questions - General Geography Information - How many continents are there?" 5525: 5450: 5346: 4761: 4730: 4626: 3436: 3406: 3269: 2492: 2440: 2239: 1735: 1066: 677: 481:

The criterion of a discrete landmass is completely disregarded if the continuous landmass of

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from the rest of the continent, providing a geological justification for the terminology.

129:, a continent is defined as "one of Earth's major landmasses, including both dry land and 8: 9461: 8959: 8624: 8561: 8537: 8368: 8229: 8175: 8116: 8087: 8027: 8022: 7764: 7721: 7555: 7498: 7349: 7341: 7299: 7267: 7214: 7004: 6963: 6494: 5574: 3783: 2789: 2758: 2409: 2401: 2211: 2038: 1760: 1611: 1584: 1522: 1514: 1500: 1411: 1082: 587: 490: 6923: 6243: 6202: 5318: 5281: 5201: 4474: 2697:, 1998, p. 158) based on 'cumulative evidence' sets a wide range of 1700–1100 BCE. 2356:. This explains why the continents form high platforms surrounded by deep ocean basins. 536:. At those times, Australia and New Guinea were a single, continuous continent known as 9247: 8868: 8831: 8709: 8155: 8077: 8037: 8012: 7633: 7122: 6968: 6948: 6448: 6343: 5940: 5823: 4767: 3299: 3173: 2645: 2568: 2412:

lighter volcanic island chains and microcontinents along these active margins, forming

2390: 2385: 1684:, whether dry or submerged beneath the ocean, should be elevated above the surrounding 1590: 1407: 533: 486: 415: 414:

a part of Africa. Extrapolating the concept to its extreme, some geographers group the

355: 322: 297: 6458:, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora; vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 6210: 3620: 3539: 3359: 2942: 2917: 2416:. At a passive margin, the continental crust is stretched thin by extension to form a 9328: 8947: 8774: 8739: 8600: 8595: 8576: 8385: 8212: 7972: 7863: 7845: 7749: 7716: 7189: 7043: 7008: 6449:"The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu" 6378: 6350: 6294: 6284: 6108: 6098: 6047: 5986: 5975: 5944: 5899: 5798: 5778: 5662: 5641: 5620: 5596: 5481: 5462: 5351: 5248: 5183: 4947: 4806: 4771: 4736: 4705: 4671: 4636: 4594: 4563: 4535: 4486: 4023: 3787: 3738: 3722: 3570: 3514: 3467: 3416: 3303: 3289: 3228: 2829: 2801: 2797: 2468: 2456: 2417: 2353: 2327: 1996: 1928: 1863: 1707: 1627: 1607: 1526: 1504: 452: 363: 157: 130: 118:

are grouped together with the continent of Australia to form the geographical region

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is any of several large geographical regions. Continents are generally identified by

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and continental fragments. In this way, Iceland is considered a part of Europe, and

9409: 9404: 9394: 9323: 9000: 8954: 8897: 8826: 8689: 8583: 8532: 8510: 8363: 8310: 8249: 7776: 7643: 7628: 7505: 7485: 7427: 7331: 7326: 7204: 6868: 6247: 6206: 5932: 5240: 4987: 4909: 4802: 4478: 3852: 3279: 2701:, p. 155 gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10. 2540: 2476: 2394: 2379: 2341: 2026: 1968: 1947: 1700: 1696: 1095:

For a more detailed list of populations by continental regions and subregions, see

367: 348: 233: 2828:(5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 139. 2075:, Waldseemüller's 1507 world map—the first to show the Americas separate from Asia 9295: 8796: 8784: 8769: 8724: 8674: 8614: 8556: 8517: 8505: 8498: 8407: 8224: 8207: 8182: 7771: 7754: 7711: 7701: 7593: 7194: 7164: 7105: 6928: 6368: 6157: 5358: 5244: 5224: 5021:"Zealandia – pieces finally falling together for continent we didn't know we had" 4937: 4855: 4844: 4239: 4207: 3895: 3861: 3848: 3818: 3774: 3714: 3660: 3637: 3599: 3593: 3117: 3010: 2998: 2331: 2280: 2170: 1988: 1980: 1935: 1572: 1545: 1530: 1137: 1133: 448: 386: 7241: 2576: 9440: 9389: 9288: 9252: 9232: 9215: 9155: 8919: 8811: 8789: 8779: 8631: 8609: 8493: 8488: 8473: 8468: 8395: 8341: 8293: 8264: 8170: 8160: 7886: 7804: 7794: 7658: 7653: 7412: 7402: 7292: 7126: 6846: 6800: 6444: 6225: 6127:"UT Austin scientist plays major rule in study of underwater "micro-continent"" 4732:

Air Pollution and the Forests of Developing and Rapidly Industrializing Regions

4697:

Colonial Wars of North America, 1512–1763 (Routledge Revivals): An Encyclopedia

3691: 3653: 3155: 2785: 2554: 2405: 2312:

Some geographers regard Europe and Asia together as a single continent, dubbed

2268: 2151:

Through all this world strode Vishnu; thrice his foot he planted, and the whole

2011: 1832: 1820: 1460: 1432: 1024: 973: 407: 111: 39: 6508: 6364: 5936: 4271: 2519:; Pangaea broke up into Laurasia (which became North America and Eurasia) and 9455: 9414: 9283: 9275: 9242: 8979: 8929: 8821: 8816: 8806: 8656: 8619: 8527: 8522: 8424: 8329: 7814: 7744: 7696: 7663: 7535: 7525: 7515: 7475: 7470: 7143: 6681: 6676: 6666: 6661: 6298: 6112: 4490: 4335: 3998: 3330: 2562: 2480: 2464: 2413: 2300: 2201: 2062: 2046: 1924: 1770:

All seven geological continents are spatially isolated by geologic features.

1623: 1595: 1568: 1564: 1534: 1297: 1275: 1153: 1062: 1039: 977: 794: 783: 545: 302: 249: 115: 81: 77: 6456:

Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas

3931:. Australian Curriculum, Assessment, and Reporting Authority. Archived from 2969: 2662: 1509: 406:, the concept of a continent may go beyond the continental shelf to include 9318: 9257: 9237: 9227: 8937: 8909: 8664: 8402: 8336: 8305: 8254: 8126: 8055: 7992: 7982: 7868: 7819: 7809: 7799: 7739: 7520: 7374: 7364: 7246: 7199: 6933: 6908: 6719: 6714: 6400: 4957: 4816: 4781: 4746: 4715: 4681: 4663:

Climate Change Science: A Modern Synthesis: Volume 1 – The Physical Climate

4646: 4604: 4545: 4079:

the five interlaced rings, which represent the union of the five continents

3580: 3524: 3489: 3442: 3250: 3147: 2582: 2503: 2345: 2292: 2284: 2227: 2034: 1908: 1867: 1711: 1692: 1631: 1108:

for each continent in accordance with the seven-continent model, including

630: 524:, greater areas of the continental shelf were exposed as dry land, forming 511: 495: 475: 463:, which are both narrow and shallow, as well as human-made). Both of these 460: 225: 137:

correspond to seven large areas of continental crust that are found on the

105: 6278: 6092: 5163:. The English noun was introduced in the mid-16th century, shortened from 4939:

Africa and the Middle East: a continental overview of environmental issues

4303: 4175: 9374: 9333: 9264: 8969: 8858: 8801: 8729: 8679: 8566: 8542: 8431: 8269: 8187: 8165: 8141: 7987: 7977: 7616: 7422: 7359: 7100: 7068: 7058: 6362: 6338: 5881: 5850: 5520: 5304: 3203: 3191: 3179: 3167: 3048: 2948: 2923: 2374: 2223: 2177: 2108: 1992: 1984: 1952: 1916: 1875: 1871: 1828: 1764: 1685: 1619: 1403: 1141: 1109: 1001: 525: 518: 280: 193: 184:. The noun was used to mean "a connected or continuous tract of land" or 6410:

Die Religion des Rgveda: Kompositionsanalyse der Soma-Hymnen des R̥gveda

4992: 4143: 3284: 3078:"What constitutes the United States, what are the official definitions?" 1850:

Ancient Greek thinkers subsequently debated whether Africa (then called

8904: 8873: 8699: 8694: 8358: 8319: 8281: 8199: 8072: 7957: 7952: 7706: 7673: 7648: 7530: 7450: 7369: 7138: 7048: 7028: 6878: 6606: 6601: 5799:"RigVeda Book I XXI 'Aśvins and Others' (Sanskrit and Transliteration)" 2460: 2427:

Principal tectonic plates of the continents and the floor of the oceans

2260: 2219: 2205: 1844: 1824: 1649: 1544:

In many of these cases, the "subcontinents" concerned are on different

1319: 1117: 981: 667: 569: 561: 456: 411: 326: 146: 85: 6528: 6226:"A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth and breakup" 4628:

Nares Strait and the drift of Greenland: a conflict in plate tectonics

2275:

in 1838, the last continent identified, although a great "Antarctic" (

2068: 1725:

in 2017, Earth currently has seven recognized geological continents:

1148:) as a part of Europe, all of Panama and the United States (including 9351: 8984: 8914: 8892: 8885: 8669: 8446: 8380: 8276: 8082: 7967: 7962: 7936: 7638: 7583: 7568: 7540: 7510: 7379: 7209: 7073: 7023: 6943: 6938: 6883: 6816: 5445: 5341: 4701: 4482: 3412: 2625: 2484: 2276: 2015: 1891: 1886:. The boundary between Asia and Africa was generally taken to be the 1840: 1722: 1673: 1668: 1615: 1599: 1549: 1472: 1455:

Apart from the current continents, the scope and meaning of the term

1399: 1121: 1113: 1078: 993: 965: 656: 634: 565: 269: 245: 241: 180:, meaning continuous or connected land and translated from the Latin 5105:"Ancient Continent Of Zealandia Raises New Questions For Geologists" 2910:, 11th edition revised. (Ed.) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. 2788:(2016). "Changing Rural Worlds – A Global View". In Daniels, Peter; 2369:. Cratons have largely been unaffected by mountain-building events ( 1919:, and the border between Asia and Africa at the isthmus between the 1077:

An eighth continent has been identified with various places such as

596:

Similar shades exhibit areas that may be consolidated or subdivided.

8878: 8483: 8419: 8390: 8300: 8259: 8067: 8047: 7927: 7133: 7018: 6898: 6888: 6851: 6836: 6821: 6811: 6734: 6729: 6518: 6224:

Zhao, Guochun; Sun, M.; Wilde, Simon A.; Li, S.Z. (November 2004).

5872:. "the great island of Australia is sometimes reckoned as another " 4943: 3113: 3058: 2520: 2496: 2436: 2194: 2104: 2019: 1836: 1813: 1681: 1484: 1468: 1005: 997: 684: 652: 557: 541: 529: 471: 467:

are very narrow compared to the bulk of the landmasses they unite.

390: 330: 185: 97: 60: 3154:. London: Routledge, p. 30. "Ocean waters extend onto continental 3152:

Companion Encyclopedia of Geography: The Environment and Humankind

2423: 1053:

In the English-speaking countries, geographers often use the term

8850: 8588: 8478: 8436: 8324: 8136: 8131: 8060: 7731: 7608: 7578: 7394: 7384: 7153: 7148: 6913: 6893: 6873: 6841: 6831: 6764: 6759: 6749: 6744: 6524:

Lost continent revealed in new reconstruction of geologic history

6419:"Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state" 5638:

Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci's Discovery of America

5593:

Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci's Discovery of America

5051:"Chunk of an ancient supercontinent discovered under New Zealand" 4399: 3900: 3459:

The New World History: A Field Guide for Teachers and Researchers

3067:. Retrieved 14 January 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2516: 2511: 2370: 2349: 2314: 2190: 1964: 1920: 1912: 1740: 1488: 1480: 1448: 1363: 1145: 1054: 714: 553: 521: 482: 464: 419: 377: 310: 306: 279:

Earth's major landmasses all have coasts on a single, continuous

205: 197: 161: 126: 119: 101: 6493: 6133:. The University of Texas at Austin. 28 May 1999. Archived from 5392: 1443: 240:"The world is ordinarily divided into two grand continents: the 9356: 8460: 8414: 8121: 8108: 7598: 7465: 7445: 7184: 6953: 6651: 6646: 6591: 6586: 5515: 3947:"National curriculum in England: geography programmes of study" 2824:

Neuendorf, K.K.E.; Mehl, J.P. Jr.; Jackson, J.A., eds. (2005).

2616:

List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent

2488: 2365: 2180:

by Ralph T.H. Griffith (1896) of Book 1, Hymn 22, Verses 16–18

2143: 2065:

connected to Asia and showed South America as a separate land.

2042: 1883: 1809: 1788: 1756: 1691:

Geology – The landmass should contain different types of rock:

1538: 1464: 1341: 1253: 1149: 1031: 1020: 1013: 1009: 969: 849: 700: 549: 394: 344: 340: 89: 73: 59:

rather than any strict criteria. A continent could be a single

5774:

The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective

5560:

Goddard, Farley Brewer (1884). "Researches in the Cyrenaica".

3003: 9207: 9102: 8646: 7944: 7928: 7786: 7563: 7545: 7315: 6958: 6563: 4829:

In Ibero-America, North America usually designates a region (

4062:. International Olympic Committee. 17 July 2020. p. 10. 3973:"Какое количество материков и частей света на планете Земля?" 2665:: "the hymns of the Rig-Veda are said to date from 1500 B.C." 2595: 1895: 1855: 1803: 1778: 1209: 989: 985: 573: 540:. Likewise, Afro-Eurasia and the Americas were joined by the 537: 503: 499: 314: 201: 3786:, Kentro Lexikologias (Legicology Center) LTD Publications, 3268:

Chopping, Richard; Blewett, Richard; Kennett, Brian (2018).

2363:

to portions of the crust built around stable regions called

1899:

believed Europe to be larger than the other two continents:

1866:. Later it was viewed as running from the Black Sea through 485:

is classified as two separate continents (Asia and Europe).

447:

discrete masses of land". Africa and Asia are joined by the

253:

persisted with these being regarded as separate continents.

8241: 7835: 7455: 6621: 6616: 6046:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. pp. 173–174. 4973: 2611:

List of continents and continental subregions by population

1960: 1956: 1887: 1231: 1097:

List of continents and continental subregions by population

1057:

to denote a geographical region which includes most of the

1019:

The six-continent combined-Eurasia model is mostly used in

838: 69: 4935: 3116:. "a large segment of the earth's outer shell including a 2018:

in 1492, sparking a period of European exploration of the

5503:"Herodotus, the Histories, Book 4, chapter 42, section 1" 1783: 1152:) as parts of North America, and all of Chile (including 584:

There are several ways of distinguishing the continents:

7284: 5749: 5737: 5155:

Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones,

4433:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

4404:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

3109:

Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged

3054:

Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged

2142:

The Gods be gracious unto us even from the place whence

5725: 5233:

The Idea of Europe From Antiquity to the European Union

5131:"Earth's Hidden Continent Zealandia Finally Recognized" 3456:

Dunn, Ross E.; Mitchell, Laura J.; Ward, Kerry (2016).

2655:

and probably that of the relevant Mitanni documents of

2644:

It is certain that the hymns of the Rig Veda post-date

1955:

showing the three continents as domains of the sons of

1706:

Crustal structure – The landmass should consist of the

1610:

are largely covered by the ocean and may be considered

1541:

in North America might be considered further examples.

474:. This viewpoint was common in the United States until 4969: 4967: 3733:, Siola-Alexiou, 6 continents combined-America model; 3267: 1808:, meaning "landmass, terra firma", the proper name of 1030:

The six-continent combined-America model is taught in

6091:

Grotzinger, John P.; Jordan, Thomas H. (2014). "10".

6072: 5190:. London: Oxford University Press, v. 8, pp. 711–712. 3709:

Older/previous official Greek Paedagogical Institute

2937:

A Complete Atlas, or Distinct View of the Known World

1819:

The first distinction between continents was made by

347:) located on the continent of North America, and the 153:. Continental crust is only known to exist on Earth. 6060: 5981:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 5713: 5701: 5661:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, pp. 80–82. 5619:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, pp. 77–79. 4936:

Hillstrom, Kevin; Collier Hillstrom, Laurie (2003).

3441:. William Blackwood. 1870. pp. 18– – via 2823: 2530: 47:, some continents may be consolidated or subdivided. 6412:, Wien: Institut für Indologie der Universität Wien 6370:

The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography

5977:

The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography

5896:

The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography

4964: 4763:

Exploring the New South American Regionalism (NSAR)

3051:. Oxford University Press; "continent 4 a" (1996) 2389:. The shield is a region where ancient crystalline 2002: 1999:farther west, had even then scarcely passed away". 498:: "In physical, cultural and historical diversity, 370:), as they are structurally part of the continent. 6342: 6186: 3832:2006. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. 27:Large geographical region identified by convention 5921:"The Concept of Asia: From Geography to Ideology" 5685:. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p. 202. 3506:The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution 2792:; Shaw, Denis; Sidaway, James; Hall, Tim (eds.). 164:) that formed hundreds of millions of years ago. 9453: 6276: 6090: 5882:Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents (1997) 5851:Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents (1997) 5305:Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents (1997) 4431:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 3729:, p. 30, 5+1 combined-America continents model; 3455: 3449: 3227:. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Inc. p. 215. 3204:Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents (1997) 3192:Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents (1997) 3180:Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents (1997) 3168:Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents (1997) 2949:Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents (1997) 2924:Lewis & Wigen, The Myth of Continents (1997) 1894:in the 5th century BCE objected to the whole of 6277:Grotzinger, John P.; Jordan, Thomas H. (2014). 5371:"Herodotus, Histories, Book IV, Chapters 40-41" 1802:The term "continent" translates the Greek word 1676:use four key attributes to define a continent: 594:Color-coded map showing the various continents. 6223: 5659:Terra Cognita: The Mental Discovery of America 5617:Terra Cognita: The Mental Discovery of America 5611: 5609: 4722: 4653: 3669:. 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3496: 3331:"Geography Facts about the World's Continents" 3129: 2819: 2817: 2400:The margins of geologic continents are either 256: 7913: 7300: 6544: 6158:"Sci/Tech | 'Lost continent' discovered" 5581:. Indiana University Press. pp. 106–112. 5518:. Translated by Horace Leonard Jones (1917). 5219: 5217: 4830: 3625: 3614: 3120:continent and the adjacent continental shelf" 2304: 2124:idaṃ viṣṇurvi cakrame tredhā ni dadhe padam | 1602:, the largest submerged landmass or continent 1144:) as parts of Asia, all of Russia (including 1132:, which includes all of Egypt (including the 451:, and North America and South America by the 418:with other islands in the Pacific Ocean into 263:Island § Differentiation from continents 5898:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 5777:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4, 153. 5573: 5429:"Herodotus, Histories, Book IV, Chapter 197" 4456:"Reconstructing pre-Pangean supercontinents" 3918:. New York: Oxford University Press; p. 260. 3916:The Oxford Companion to the English Language 3364: 3353: 3322: 3150:(1996). Planet Earth. In Ian Douglas (Ed.), 2992:Distribution of land and water on the planet 1102:The following table provides areas given by 960:The seven-continent model is taught in most 5968: 5966: 5846: 5844: 5651: 5630: 5606: 5585: 5451:The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus 5411:"Herodotus, Histories, Book II, Chapter 17" 5353:Ames, Iowa: Omphaloskepsis, book 2, p. 18. 5347:The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus 4788: 4753: 4418: 3587: 3552: 3398: 2814: 2230:, this image shows a French edition of 1663 1755:Due to lacking the presence of Precambrian 333:, and other nearby islands. Similarly, the 7920: 7906: 7307: 7293: 6551: 6537: 6155: 5973:Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären E. (1997). 5972: 5894:Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären E. (1997). 5893: 5393:"Herodotus, Histories, Book II, Chapter 8" 5214: 5179: 5177: 4729:Innes, John L.; Haron, Abu Hassan (2000). 4728: 4687: 4659: 4586:Plate Tectonics: A Very Short Introduction 4576: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4447: 4084: 3757:online dictionary, Greek Language Center ( 3717:), 5+1 continents combined-America model; 3531: 3502: 1779:Early concepts of the Old World continents 1467:or continental cores. These have included 1394:Not usually considered a continent in the 817: 134: 5875: 5770: 5448:. Translated by George Rawlinson (2000). 5344:. Translated by George Rawlinson (2000). 4991: 4902: 4534:, Infobase Publishing, pp. 214–216, 3731:Neos Eikonographemenos Geographikos Atlas 3283: 3214: 3212: 3134:. London: Edward Arnold. pp. 67–68. 2523:(which became the remaining continents). 2119:ato devā avantu no yato viṣṇurvicakrame | 2098: 1812:and later especially used for Asia (i.e. 1773: 6407: 5963: 5841: 5824:"RigVeda Book I XXI 'Aśvins and Others'" 5755: 5743: 5567: 5527:Harvard University Press, book 1, ch. 4. 4557: 3878:2001. New York: Oxford University Press. 3805: 3778:), 6 continents combined-America model; 3694:on 2 February 2007 – via Bartleby. 3672: 2698: 2463:. Other islands, such as several in the 2422: 2210: 2185: 2067: 1946: 1782: 1662: 1594: 1508: 1442: 376: 38: 6558: 6328: 6097:(7t ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. 5731: 5206:. Cambridge: University Press. p. 5174: 5102: 4794: 4759: 4525: 4512: 4116: 3908: 3881: 3866: 3558: 3404: 3328: 3132:A Dictionary of the Natural Environment 2747: 2638: 2148:Through the seven regions of the earth! 1618:, emerging from the ocean primarily in 1578: 172:From the 16th century the English noun 14: 9454: 6443: 6416: 6283:(7 ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. 6217: 6180: 5918: 5766: 5764: 5719: 5678: 5486:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5223: 4693: 4660:Farmer, G. Thomas; Cook, John (2013), 4582: 4392: 4380:from the original on 13 September 2023 4009:from the original on 7 November 2023. 3914:"Continent". McArthur, Tom, ed. 1992. 3802:), 6 continents combined-America model 3703: 3701: 3537: 3218: 3209: 3141: 3130:Monkhouse, F. J.; Small, John (1978). 2784: 2712: 2704: 2439:or other ancient cratonic continents: 1626:, and the almost completely submerged 1088: 517:When sea levels were lower during the 443:as absolutely distinct bodies but as " 7901: 7288: 6532: 6337: 6078: 6066: 6039: 5951:from the original on 21 November 2021 5707: 5316: 5279: 5199: 5000:from the original on 17 February 2017 4976:"Zealandia: Earth's Hidden Continent" 4453: 4316:from the original on 12 December 2014 4156:from the original on 18 November 2008 4069:from the original on 19 November 2021 4030:from the original on 21 December 2016 3648: 3646: 3605: 3562:The Evolution of Mammalian Characters 3480:from the original on 21 February 2023 3310:from the original on 14 February 2022 3241:from the original on 21 February 2023 3088:from the original on 16 November 2017 2984: 2880: 2878: 2876: 1556:on the northeastern periphery of the 1447:Reconstruction of the supercontinent 1170: 1167: 1164: 393:state (Taiwan) (tw). Those with land 7859:Geology of solar terrestrial planets 6462:from the original on 8 December 2023 6391:from the original on 8 December 2023 6305:from the original on 8 December 2023 5071: 5031:from the original on 25 October 2019 5018: 4903:Cassimaly, Khalil a (5 March 2013). 4874:"A Tale of Two Submerged Continents" 4871: 4798:Encyclopedia of the Developing World 4188:from the original on 25 January 2021 4119:"New maps of Earth's lost continent" 4117:Gorvett, Zaria (29 September 2023). 4110: 4098:from the original on 24 January 2022 3979:from the original on 7 November 2023 3901:MSN Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006 3874:The New Oxford Dictionary of English 3835: 3329:Dempsey, Caitlin (15 October 2013). 2848: 2153:Was gathered in his footstep's dust. 2113: 1160:Land areas and population estimates 339:refers to "the 49 States (including 104:, and Africa, Asia, and Europe into 5761: 5167:(15th century), adapted from Latin 5084:from the original on 2 October 2023 3698: 3341:from the original on 26 August 2022 3014:(2004). Retrieved 20 February 2007. 2851:"Did Ancient Mars Have Continents?" 2676:, p. 306) gives 1500–1000 BCE. 2431:There are many microcontinents, or 2377:. A craton typically consists of a 2303:, who saw their region spanning an 1981:culture that developed in its place 1710:, which is thicker and has a lower 1451:approximately 200 million years ago 1072: 354:From the perspective of geology or 24: 7178: 6168:from the original on 10 March 2012 5595:. New York: Marsilio, pp. xx–xxi. 5261:from the original on 23 March 2022 5103:Barsted, George (17 August 2021). 4500:from the original on 26 March 2023 4045: 3953:from the original on 30 March 2023 3780:Lexico tes Neas Hellenikes Glossas 3643: 3544:. W. Blackwood and Sons. pp. 2873: 2794:An Introduction To Human Geography 2755:"Continents: What is a Continent?" 2621:List of transcontinental countries 2606:List of continent name etymologies 2359:Some geologists restrict the term 2273:United States Exploring Expedition 2265:First Russian Antarctic Expedition 2129:trīṇi padā vi cakrame viṣṇurghopā 1637: 1426: 1421: 1126:United Nations Statistics Division 586: 438:List of transcontinental countries 149:that are generally referred to as 25: 9473: 6475: 6258:from the original on 9 April 2019 6156:Whitehouse, David (27 May 1999). 5636:Formisano, Luciano (Ed.) (1992). 5591:Formisano, Luciano (Ed.) (1992). 5562:The American Journal of Philology 4560:The Geopolitics of Regional Power 4400:"World Population Prospects 2022" 4284:from the original on 19 June 2015 4092:"The Four Sub-regions Of Oceania" 3975:. Природа Мира. 10 January 2018. 3408:The Global Atlantic: 1400 to 1900 3114:ProQuest Information and Learning 3059:ProQuest Information and Learning 3037:Concise Oxford English Dictionary 2907:Concise Oxford English Dictionary 2849:Choi, Charles Q. (16 July 2015). 2765:from the original on 16 July 2019 2711:1500–1200 BCE. According to 2591:Boundaries between the continents 2173:of Book 1, Hymn 22, Verses 16-18 2045:, they sailed along the coast of 432:Boundaries between the continents 9428: 9427: 8760:West South Central United States 7882: 7881: 7263: 7262: 7240: 6758: 6743: 6728: 6713: 6675: 6660: 6645: 6630: 6615: 6600: 6585: 6270: 6149: 6119: 6084: 6033: 5999: 5912: 5887: 5856: 5816: 5791: 5689:from the original on 7 July 2023 5672: 5554: 5137:from the original on 2 June 2023 5111:from the original on 10 May 2023 4917:from the original on 7 June 2023 4884:from the original on 7 June 2023 4094:. WorldAtlas. 26 December 2017. 3382:from the original on 29 May 2023 3372:"How many continents are there?" 2861:from the original on 9 June 2023 2575: 2561: 2547: 2533: 2267:and described as a continent by 2003:European arrival in the Americas 1494: 1059:island countries and territories 366:) and the islands on the shelf ( 8975:Latin America and the Caribbean 8841:Latin America and the Caribbean 7589:Human impact on the environment 7086:Possible future supercontinents 6321: 6252:10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.02.003 5771:Glucklich, Ariel (9 May 2008). 5532: 5509: 5495: 5439: 5421: 5403: 5385: 5363: 5335: 5310: 5273: 5229:"Some Europes in Their History" 5193: 5149: 5123: 5096: 5065: 5043: 5019:Hunt, Elle (17 February 2017). 5012: 4929: 4896: 4865: 4823: 4668:Springer Science+Business Media 4619: 4551: 4532:Encyclopedia of World Geography 4360: 4348:from the original on 2 May 2015 4328: 4296: 4264: 4252:from the original on 7 May 2020 4232: 4220:from the original on 3 May 2015 4200: 4168: 4136: 4016: 3991: 3965: 3949:. UK Department for Education. 3939: 3921: 3719:Pankosmios Enyklopaidikos Atlas 3567:Springer Science+Business Media 3429: 3261: 3225:Encyclopedia of World Geography 3185: 3161: 3123: 3100: 3082:United States Geological Survey 3070: 3017: 2954: 2726: 2263:was sighted in 1820 during the 2162:Establishing his high decrees. 2160:, made three steps; thenceforth 1459:includes past geological ones. 1388: 416:Australian continental landmass 291:The most restricted meaning of 7418:Climate variability and change 6375:University of California Press 6349:, Cambridge University Press, 5320:A History of Ancient Geography 5283:A History of Ancient Geography 5203:A History of Ancient Geography 5057:. 21 July 2021. Archived from 4838:Norteamérica (Mexican version) 3511:Johns Hopkins University Press 3464:University of California Press 3276:Australian National University 3044:New Oxford American Dictionary 2929: 2897: 2842: 2778: 2679:Flood and Witzel both mention 2156:Vishnu, the Guardian, he whom 2041:. After reaching the coast of 1156:) as a part of South America. 951: 13: 1: 7854:Evolution of the Solar System 6211:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00073-9 5919:Mitani, Hiroshi (Fall 2006). 5640:. New York: Marsilio, p. 45. 3735:Lexico tes Hellenikes Glossas 3438:Manual of Modern Geography: 2 2740: 2708: 2687: 2680: 2656: 2649: 1787:The Ancient Greek geographer 425: 8442:Middle East and North Africa 8147:Middle East and North Africa 7594:Evolutionary history of life 6864:Other prehistoric continents 6454:, in Witzel, Michael (ed.), 6333:, Princeton University Press 5862:"continent n. 5. a." (1989) 5682:India: What Can It Teach Us? 5245:10.1017/CBO9780511496813.003 5231:. In Pagden, Anthony (ed.). 3711:6th grade Geography textbook 3023:"continent n. 5. a." (1989) 257:Definitions and application 167: 7: 6345:An Introduction to Hinduism 6011:National Geographic Society 5657:Zerubavel, Eviatar (2003). 5615:Zerubavel, Eviatar (2003). 4860:Encarta Online Encyclopedia 4795:Leonard, Thomas M. (2005). 3721:, CIL Hellas Publications, 3503:Chatterjee, Sankar (2015). 3405:Strobel, Christoph (2015). 2526: 2495:were on the margins of the 2121:pṛthivyāḥ saptadhāmabhiḥ || 1552:, generally considered the 1439:Geological history of Earth 940: 932: 924: 916: 908: 900: 892: 10: 9478: 8735:Northeastern United States 6329:Anthony, David W. (2007), 5925:New Perspectives on Turkey 5325:Cambridge University Press 5288:Cambridge University Press 5237:Cambridge University Press 4526:Baldwin, James A. (2014), 3929:"F-10 Curriculum Geograph" 3538:Mackay, Alexander (1861). 3219:McColl, R.W., ed. (2005). 2325: 2321: 1975:Following the fall of the 1804: 1666: 1647: 1641: 1588: 1582: 1498: 1436: 1430: 1094: 1036:Romance-speaking countries 962:English-speaking countries 435: 429: 260: 248:." And in his 1752 atlas, 176:was derived from the term 66:English-speaking countries 32:Continent (disambiguation) 29: 9423: 9365: 9342: 9309: 9273: 9206: 9100: 9008: 8999: 8928: 8849: 8655: 8459: 8240: 8198: 8107: 8098: 8046: 8003: 7943: 7877: 7844: 7828: 7785: 7730: 7672: 7607: 7554: 7484: 7436: 7393: 7340: 7322: 7314: 7232: 6990: 6986: 6785: 6781: 6702: 6698: 6574: 6570: 6408:Oberlies, Thomas (1998), 6040:Levin, Harold L. (2010). 5937:10.1017/S0896634600004465 5865:Oxford English Dictionary 4760:Vivares, Ernesto (2014). 4562:. Routledge. p. 16. 3759:Kentro Hellenikes Glossas 3688:Columbia University Press 3684:The Columbia Encyclopedia 3026:Oxford English Dictionary 3009:15 September 2008 at the 2887:Oxford English Dictionary 2254:Oxford English Dictionary 2135:ato dharmāṇi dhārayan || 2092:Cosmographiae Introductio 1987:, a few writers took the 1878:River (known then as the 1858:River (known then as the 1398:. Its land area includes 1362: 1340: 1318: 1296: 1274: 1252: 1230: 1208: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1180: 1175: 853: 765: 754: 718: 704: 643: 618: 604: 579: 544:. Other islands, such as 336:continental United States 286: 9216:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 8220:Transantarctic Mountains 7864:Location in the Universe 7795:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 7494:List of sovereign states 7273:Chronology of continents 6417:Witzel, Michael (1995), 6131:Office of Public Affairs 5579:The Invention of America 4558:Scholvin, Sören (2016). 4530:, in R.W. McColl (ed.), 3860:21 February 2006 at the 3847:21 February 2006 at the 3817:24 November 2023 at the 3737:, Papyros Publications, 3271:The Australian Continent 3033:; "continent n." (2006) 2935:Bowen, Emanuel. (1752). 2631: 2336:Geologists use the term 2117: 2086:Universalis Cosmographia 2073:Universalis Cosmographia 1791:holding a globe showing 1130:United Nations geoscheme 884:UNSD continental regions 8965:Caribbean South America 6501:Encyclopædia Britannica 6487:Encyclopædia Britannica 5870:Oxford University Press 5679:Müller, F. Max (1883). 5157:A Greek-English Lexicon 4878:Encyclopedia Britannica 4854:29 January 2009 at the 4843:30 January 2009 at the 4633:Museum Tusculanum Press 4591:Oxford University Press 4373:Encyclopædia Britannica 4341:Encyclopædia Britannica 4309:Encyclopædia Britannica 4277:Encyclopædia Britannica 4245:Encyclopædia Britannica 4213:Encyclopædia Britannica 4181:Encyclopædia Britannica 4149:Encyclopædia Britannica 3894:28 October 2009 at the 3753:), 5 continents model; 3666:Encyclopædia Britannica 3559:Kermack, D. M. (2013). 3064:Encyclopædia Britannica 3031:Oxford University Press 2912:Oxford University Press 2892:Oxford University Press 2695:Die Religion des Rgveda 2247:wrote of Australia as " 2218:, 1659 map prepared by 2126:samūḷhamasya pāṃsure || 2083:published a world map, 1967:), and Africa to Cham ( 1714:than the oceanic crust. 1614:. Notable examples are 1105:Encyclopædia Britannica 100:, Asia and Europe into 8745:Southern United States 8548:Scandinavian Peninsula 7034:Great Australian Bight 6510:"What Are Continents?" 6504:(11th ed.). 1911. 6043:The earth through time 5357:19 August 2006 at the 5171:"continuous landmass". 4831: 4735:. CABI. pp. 36–. 4635:. 1982. pp. 32–. 4583:Molnar, Peter (2015). 4454:Evans, D.A.D. (2013). 3842:The World – Continents 3755:Lexico Triantaphyllide 3690:. 2001. Archived from 3106:"continent 6" (1996) 3004:UN Atlas of the Oceans 2968:. 2006. Archived from 2903:"continent n." (2006) 2884:"continent n." (1989) 2674:Indo-Iranian languages 2428: 2305: 2231: 2197: 2140: 2099:Beyond four continents 2076: 1972: 1945: 1906: 1799: 1774:History of the concept 1603: 1554:world's largest island 1537:of South America, and 1517: 1452: 1396:English-speaking world 1067:continent of Australia 591: 399: 319:continent of Australia 192:(or mainlands) of the 48: 9221:Antarctic Convergence 8765:Western United States 7574:Biogeochemical cycles 7499:dependent territories 6231:Earth-Science Reviews 6190:Earth-Science Reviews 5433:penelope.uchicago.edu 5415:penelope.uchicago.edu 5375:penelope.uchicago.edu 5317:Tozer, H. F. (1897). 5280:Tozer, H. F. (1897). 5200:Tozer, H. F. (1897). 4942:. Santa Barbara, CA: 4770:, Ltd. pp. 40–. 4694:Gallay, Alan (2015). 4435:, Population Division 4406:, Population Division 3598:26 March 2023 at the 3061:; "continent" (2007) 3047:, 2nd edition. (Ed.) 2761:. 20 September 2011. 2707:, p. 4 mentions 2506:. The supercontinent 2459:, which includes the 2433:continental fragments 2426: 2326:Further information: 2238:Europeans discovered 2214: 2189: 2071: 1963:), Europe to Iafeth ( 1950: 1940: 1901: 1786: 1721:With the addition of 1663:Geological continents 1642:Further information: 1598: 1589:Further information: 1512: 1499:Further information: 1446: 1437:Further information: 818:Geological continents 749:Physiographic regions 685:Continuous landmasses 590: 380: 323:mainland of Australia 261:Further information: 143:continental fragments 135:geological continents 42: 8287:Greater Central Asia 7622:Computer cartography 7355:Prebiotic atmosphere 7258:Continental fragment 7253:Regions of the world 5828:www.sacred-texts.com 5803:www.sacred-texts.com 3773:3 April 2019 at the 3659:19 June 2019 at the 2653: 2000 BCE 2386:continental platform 2279:) landmass had been 2222:based on voyages by 2081:Martin Waldseemüller 2008:Christopher Columbus 1977:Western Roman Empire 1644:Continental fragment 1612:submerged continents 1579:Submerged continents 1558:North American Plate 952:"Parts" of the world 930: South America 922: North America 349:District of Columbia 141:, but exclude small 45:convention and model 30:For other uses, see 9433:Continents of Earth 8960:Brazilian Highlands 8369:Indian subcontinent 8230:Antarctic Peninsula 8028:Southern Hemisphere 8023:Northern Hemisphere 7765:Geologic time scale 7486:Culture and society 7350:Atmosphere of Earth 7215:Indian Subcontinent 7005:Submerged continent 6439:on 20 February 2012 6432:(4), archived from 6280:Understanding Earth 6244:2004ESRv...67...91Z 6203:2002ESRv...59..125Z 6094:Understanding Earth 5542:The Natural History 4993:10.1130/GSATG321A.1 4475:2013GSAB..125.1735E 3824:National Geographic 3636:16 May 2023 at the 3285:10.22459/ac.08.2018 3206:, pp. 104–123. 2997:31 May 2008 at the 2826:Glossary of Geology 2759:National Geographic 2690:1500–1300 BCE. 2683:1500–1200 BCE. 2601:Forgotten continent 2039:Fernando de Noronha 1761:submerged continent 1585:Submerged continent 1523:Indian subcontinent 1515:Indian subcontinent 1501:Indian subcontinent 1161: 1089:Area and population 1083:submerged continent 534:Australian mainland 491:Indian subcontinent 368:continental islands 131:continental shelves 9248:Great Barrier Reef 8869:Mainland Australia 8577:Apennine Peninsula 8038:Western Hemisphere 8013:Eastern Hemisphere 7760:Geological history 7634:Geodetic astronomy 6996: 6791: 6708: 6580: 6363:Lewis, Martin W.; 6137:on 3 November 2007 5540:"Pliny the Elder, 5239:. pp. 57–61. 5188:A Study of History 5184:Toynbee, Arnold J. 5133:. 4 October 2017. 4872:Rafferty, John P. 4849:(Spaniard version) 4805:. pp. 1637–. 4768:Ashgate Publishing 3905:. 31 October 2009. 3278:Press. p. 4. 2786:Murray, Warwick E. 2569:Environment portal 2429: 2380:continental shield 2232: 2198: 2103:The Sanskrit text 2077: 2037:, passing through 2010:sailed across the 1973: 1800: 1604: 1591:List of lost lands 1518: 1453: 1408:Western New Guinea 1159: 1023:and some parts of 592: 542:Bering Land Bridge 404:cultural construct 400: 356:physical geography 298:continental Europe 49: 9449: 9448: 9329:Mediterranean Rim 9202: 9201: 9141:Mediterranean Sea 8995: 8994: 8948:Amazon Rainforest 8775:Canadian Prairies 8740:Pacific Northwest 8601:Iberian Peninsula 8386:Arabian Peninsula 8213:Antarctic Plateau 7973:Three/Four Worlds 7895: 7894: 7846:Planetary science 7829:Natural satellite 7750:Extremes on Earth 7717:Signal processing 7282: 7281: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7044:Kerguelen Plateau 6982: 6981: 6977: 6976: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6495:"Continent" 6384:978-0-520-20743-1 6356:978-0-521-43878-0 6290:978-1-4641-3874-4 6104:978-1-4641-3874-4 5992:978-0-520-20742-4 5905:978-0-520-20743-1 5784:978-0-19-971825-2 5575:O'Gorman, Edmundo 5548:perseus.tufts.edu 5544:(Plin. Nat. 3.1)" 5468:on 19 August 2006 5307:, pp. 21–22. 5072:Woodward, Aylin. 4953:978-1-57607-688-0 4812:978-1-57958-388-0 4777:978-1-4094-6961-2 4742:978-0-85199-932-6 4711:978-1-317-48719-7 4704:. pp. 204–. 4677:978-94-007-5757-8 4670:, pp. 281–, 4642:978-87-635-1150-6 4600:978-0-19-104396-3 4541:978-0-8160-7229-3 3935:on 24 March 2014. 3743:978-960-6715-47-1 3576:978-1-4684-7817-4 3569:. pp. 141–. 3520:978-1-4214-1614-4 3513:. pp. 204–. 3473:978-0-520-28989-5 3466:. pp. 232–. 3422:978-1-317-52552-3 3295:978-1-76046-247-5 3234:978-0-8160-7229-3 2807:978-1-292-12939-6 2790:Bradshaw, Michael 2693:Thomas Oberlies ( 2686:Anthony mentions 2469:Kerguelen Plateau 2457:Mascarene Plateau 2443:, which includes 2418:continental shelf 2328:Continental crust 2184: 2183: 1997:Great Catabathmus 1934:The Roman author 1929:Mediterranean Sea 1923:and the mouth of 1708:continental crust 1628:Kerguelen Plateau 1608:continental crust 1527:Arabian Peninsula 1505:Arabian Peninsula 1384: 1383: 1065:, as well as the 957: 956: 938: Antarctica 870: Antarctica 804: Antarctica 735: Antarctica 489:, Europe and the 487:Physiographically 453:Isthmus of Panama 364:continental shelf 321:may refer to the 317:, while the term 158:continental drift 16:(Redirected from 9469: 9431: 9430: 9410:Global Southwest 9405:Global Southeast 9395:Global Northwest 9390:Global Northeast 9380:Global Heartland 9324:Indian Ocean Rim 9006: 9005: 8898:Island Melanesia 8589:Balkan Peninsula 8364:Himalayan states 8311:Russian Far East 8105: 8104: 8033:Water Hemisphere 7922: 7915: 7908: 7899: 7898: 7885: 7884: 7777:History of Earth 7428:Paleoclimatology 7309: 7302: 7295: 7286: 7285: 7266: 7265: 7247:World portal 7245: 7244: 7182: 7131: 7088: 7016: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6866: 6804: 6788: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6762: 6747: 6732: 6717: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6699: 6679: 6664: 6649: 6634: 6619: 6604: 6589: 6577: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6553: 6546: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6511: 6505: 6497: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6453: 6440: 6438: 6423: 6413: 6404: 6398: 6396: 6359: 6348: 6334: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6123: 6117: 6116: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6024: 6022: 6013:. Archived from 6003: 5997: 5996: 5980: 5970: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5768: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5723: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5676: 5670: 5655: 5649: 5634: 5628: 5613: 5604: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5536: 5530: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5485: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5461:. Archived from 5460: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5367: 5361: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5225:Pocock, J. G. A. 5221: 5212: 5211: 5197: 5191: 5181: 5172: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5078:Business Insider 5069: 5063: 5062: 5061:on 21 July 2021. 5047: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5005: 4995: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4869: 4863: 4834: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4803:Psychology Press 4792: 4786: 4785: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4623: 4617: 4608: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4523: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4483:10.1130/B30950.1 4460: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4430: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4068: 4057: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4003:encyklopedia pwn 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3925: 3919: 3912: 3906: 3885: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3839: 3833: 3828:Xpeditions Atlas 3809: 3803: 3705: 3696: 3695: 3676: 3670: 3650: 3641: 3629: 3623: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3453: 3447: 3446: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3415:. pp. 13–. 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393:five continents. 3389: 3387: 3368: 3362: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3287: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3216: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3148:Ollier, Cliff D. 3145: 3139: 3138: 3127: 3121: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3074: 3068: 3021: 3015: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2901: 2895: 2882: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2821: 2812: 2811: 2796:(5th ed.). 2782: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2751: 2734: 2730: 2718: 2710: 2689: 2682: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2642: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2557: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2543: 2541:Geography portal 2538: 2537: 2536: 2395:sedimentary rock 2383:surrounded by a 2308: 2114: 2027:Amerigo Vespucci 1807: 1806: 1712:seismic velocity 1680:Elevation – The 1630:in the southern 1415: 1392: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1178: 1162: 1158: 1073:Eighth continent 946: Australia 945: 944: 937: 936: 929: 928: 921: 920: 913: 912: 905: 904: 897: 896: 878: Australia 877: 876: 869: 868: 861: 860: 857: 847: 846: 836: 835: 828: 827: 812: Australia 811: 810: 803: 802: 792: 791: 781: 780: 773: 772: 769: 762: 761: 743: Australia 742: 741: 734: 733: 726: 725: 722: 712: 711: 708: 698: 697: 676: 675: 666: 665: 651: 650: 647: 629: 628: 625: 622: 599: 598: 387:sovereign states 268:classification: 234:Ephraim Chambers 21: 9477: 9476: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9445: 9419: 9361: 9338: 9305: 9269: 9198: 9187:South China Sea 9096: 9039:Central America 8991: 8924: 8845: 8797:Northern Mexico 8785:Northern Canada 8770:Atlantic Canada 8725:Mountain states 8651: 8506:European Russia 8499:Southern Russia 8455: 8408:Iranian Plateau 8236: 8225:West Antarctica 8208:East Antarctica 8194: 8094: 8042: 8018:Land Hemisphere 7999: 7939: 7926: 7896: 7891: 7873: 7840: 7824: 7781: 7772:Geologic record 7726: 7712:Plate tectonics 7702:Mineral physics 7682:Earth structure 7668: 7603: 7550: 7480: 7432: 7389: 7336: 7318: 7313: 7283: 7278: 7277: 7239: 7224: 7219: 7205:Eastern Siberia 7195:Central America 7183: 7176: 7170: 7165:Terra Australis 7132: 7116: 7110: 7106:Pangaea Proxima 7089: 7084: 7078: 7017: 7013:microcontinents 7002: 6978: 6973: 6919:East Antarctica 6867: 6862: 6856: 6805: 6801:supercontinents 6797: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6753: 6748: 6738: 6733: 6723: 6718: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6670: 6665: 6655: 6650: 6640: 6635: 6625: 6620: 6610: 6605: 6595: 6590: 6566: 6557: 6509: 6492: 6478: 6473: 6465: 6463: 6451: 6445:Witzel, Michael 6436: 6421: 6394: 6392: 6385: 6365:Wigen, Kären E. 6357: 6324: 6319: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6261: 6259: 6222: 6218: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6125: 6124: 6120: 6105: 6089: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6020: 6018: 6017:on 6 March 2008 6005: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5971: 5964: 5954: 5952: 5917: 5913: 5906: 5892: 5888: 5880: 5876: 5868:, 2nd edition. 5861: 5857: 5849: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5805: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5677: 5673: 5656: 5652: 5635: 5631: 5614: 5607: 5590: 5586: 5572: 5568: 5559: 5555: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5514: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5456:"Archived copy" 5454: 5444: 5440: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5359:Wayback Machine 5340: 5336: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5255: 5222: 5215: 5198: 5194: 5182: 5175: 5169:terra continens 5154: 5150: 5140: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5070: 5066: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5032: 5017: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4972: 4965: 4954: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4901: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4870: 4866: 4856:Wayback Machine 4845:Wayback Machine 4828: 4824: 4813: 4793: 4789: 4778: 4758: 4754: 4743: 4727: 4723: 4712: 4692: 4688: 4678: 4658: 4654: 4643: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4601: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4524: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4469:(11–12): 1736. 4458: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4351: 4349: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4287: 4285: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4255: 4253: 4240:"South America" 4238: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4208:"North America" 4206: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4060:Olympic Charter 4055: 4051: 4050: 4046: 4033: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4011:7 November 2023 3997: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3913: 3909: 3896:Wayback Machine 3886: 3882: 3871: 3867: 3862:Wayback Machine 3854:Atlas of Canada 3849:Wayback Machine 3840: 3836: 3819:Wayback Machine 3810: 3806: 3775:Wayback Machine 3715:Wayback Machine 3706: 3699: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3661:Wayback Machine 3651: 3644: 3638:Wayback Machine 3630: 3626: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3600:Wayback Machine 3592: 3588: 3577: 3557: 3553: 3536: 3532: 3521: 3501: 3497: 3483: 3481: 3474: 3454: 3450: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3403: 3399: 3385: 3383: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3358: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3335:Geography Realm 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3296: 3266: 3262: 3244: 3242: 3235: 3217: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3146: 3142: 3128: 3124: 3105: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3076: 3075: 3071: 3029:, 2nd edition. 3022: 3018: 3011:Wayback Machine 2999:Wayback Machine 2989: 2985: 2975: 2973: 2972:on 3 March 2007 2960: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2943: 2939:. London, p. 3. 2934: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2902: 2898: 2890:, 2nd edition. 2883: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2822: 2815: 2808: 2800:. p. 231. 2783: 2779: 2768: 2766: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2652: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2581: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2455:; the northern 2334: 2332:Plate tectonics 2324: 2301:Latin Americans 2171:transliteration 2164: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2101: 2005: 1989:Isthmus of Suez 1936:Pliny the Elder 1839:strait and the 1781: 1776: 1671: 1665: 1657:microcontinents 1652: 1646: 1640: 1638:Microcontinents 1593: 1587: 1581: 1573:Central America 1546:tectonic plates 1531:Southern Africa 1507: 1497: 1461:Supercontinents 1441: 1435: 1429: 1427:Supercontinents 1424: 1422:Other divisions 1419: 1418: 1393: 1389: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1193: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1138:Sinai Peninsula 1134:Isthmus of Suez 1100: 1091: 1075: 942: 941: 934: 933: 926: 925: 918: 917: 910: 909: 902: 901: 894: 893: 874: 873: 866: 865: 858: 855: 854: 844: 843: 833: 832: 825: 824: 808: 807: 800: 799: 789: 788: 778: 777: 770: 767: 766: 759: 758: 739: 738: 731: 730: 723: 720: 719: 709: 706: 705: 695: 694: 673: 672: 663: 662: 648: 645: 644: 626: 623: 620: 619: 597: 595: 582: 449:Isthmus of Suez 440: 434: 428: 408:oceanic islands 289: 265: 259: 204:and in 1745 to 182:terra continens 170: 151:microcontinents 139:tectonic plates 112:Oceanic islands 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9475: 9465: 9464: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9443: 9441:Physical Earth 9424: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9371: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9348: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9280: 9278: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9253:Mariana Trench 9250: 9240: 9235: 9233:Atlantic Ocean 9230: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9212: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9196: 9194:Southern Ocean 9191: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9182:East China Sea 9174: 9173: 9172: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9116:Atlantic Ocean 9113: 9107: 9105: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9077: 9076: 9075: 9070: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9036: 9021: 9015: 9013: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8987: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8945: 8934: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8920:Remote Oceania 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8855: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8843: 8838: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8829: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8790:Western Canada 8787: 8782: 8780:Eastern Canada 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8661: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8650: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8607: 8606: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8569: 8564: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8515: 8514: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8496: 8494:South Caucasus 8491: 8489:North Caucasus 8481: 8471: 8465: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8396:South Caucasus 8388: 8378: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8349: 8339: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8290: 8289: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8267: 8265:Aralkum Desert 8262: 8252: 8246: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8222: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8204: 8202: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8163: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8119: 8113: 8111: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8056:Africa-Eurasia 8052: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8009: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7949: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7925: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7902: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7850: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7838: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7805:Atlantic Ocean 7802: 7797: 7791: 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7687:Fluid dynamics 7684: 7678: 7676: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7659:Geopositioning 7656: 7654:Remote Sensing 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7624: 7613: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7560: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7502: 7501: 7490: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7413:Climate change 7410: 7408:Energy balance 7405: 7403:Climate system 7399: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7346: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7312: 7311: 7304: 7297: 7289: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7200:Eastern Africa 7197: 7192: 7187: 7173: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6794: 6792: 6786: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6769: 6756: 6754: 6741: 6739: 6726: 6724: 6711: 6709: 6703: 6696: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6673: 6671: 6658: 6656: 6643: 6641: 6628: 6626: 6613: 6611: 6598: 6596: 6583: 6581: 6575: 6568: 6567: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6506: 6490: 6477: 6476:External links 6474: 6472: 6471: 6441: 6414: 6405: 6383: 6360: 6355: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6289: 6269: 6216: 6197:(1): 125–162. 6179: 6148: 6118: 6103: 6083: 6081:, p. 194. 6071: 6059: 6053:978-0470387740 6052: 6032: 5998: 5991: 5962: 5911: 5904: 5886: 5874: 5855: 5840: 5815: 5790: 5783: 5760: 5758:, p. 155. 5748: 5746:, p. 158. 5736: 5734:, p. 454. 5724: 5712: 5700: 5671: 5650: 5629: 5605: 5584: 5566: 5564:, 5 (1) p. 38. 5553: 5531: 5508: 5494: 5438: 5420: 5402: 5384: 5362: 5334: 5309: 5297: 5272: 5254:978-0511496813 5253: 5213: 5192: 5173: 5165:continent land 5148: 5122: 5095: 5064: 5042: 5011: 4963: 4952: 4946:. p. 50. 4928: 4895: 4864: 4822: 4811: 4787: 4776: 4752: 4741: 4721: 4710: 4686: 4676: 4652: 4641: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4612: 4599: 4575: 4568: 4550: 4540: 4511: 4446: 4417: 4391: 4359: 4327: 4295: 4263: 4231: 4199: 4167: 4135: 4109: 4083: 4044: 4015: 3990: 3964: 3938: 3920: 3907: 3880: 3865: 3834: 3804: 3697: 3671: 3642: 3624: 3613: 3604: 3586: 3575: 3551: 3530: 3519: 3495: 3472: 3448: 3428: 3421: 3397: 3363: 3352: 3321: 3294: 3260: 3233: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3172: 3160: 3140: 3122: 3099: 3069: 3016: 2983: 2953: 2941: 2928: 2916: 2896: 2872: 2841: 2835:978-0922152896 2834: 2813: 2806: 2777: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2716: 2702: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2666: 2648:separation of 2636: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2572: 2558: 2555:Ecology portal 2544: 2528: 2525: 2323: 2320: 2269:Charles Wilkes 2216:Hollandia Nova 2182: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2165: 2158:none deceiveth 2138: 2100: 2097: 2031:Gonçalo Coelho 2012:Atlantic Ocean 2004: 2001: 1959:—Asia to Sem ( 1874:and along the 1833:Sea of Marmara 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1704: 1689: 1664: 1661: 1639: 1636: 1606:Some areas of 1583:Main article: 1580: 1577: 1496: 1493: 1433:Supercontinent 1431:Main article: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1191: 1184: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1090: 1087: 1074: 1071: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1028: 1025:Eastern Europe 1017: 980:, and also in 974:United Kingdom 955: 954: 949: 947: 939: 931: 923: 915: 907: 899: 891: 887: 886: 881: 879: 871: 863: 862: America 852: 841: 830: 821: 820: 815: 813: 805: 797: 786: 775: 774: Eurasia 764: 756: 752: 751: 746: 744: 736: 728: 727: America 717: 703: 692: 688: 687: 682: 680: 670: 660: 642: 617: 613: 612: 609: 606: 603: 593: 581: 578: 430:Main article: 427: 424: 383:island nations 343:but excluding 288: 285: 258: 255: 178:continent land 169: 166: 26: 18:Six continents 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9474: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9457: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9426: 9425: 9422: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9364: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9272: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9245: 9244: 9243:Pacific Ocean 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9209: 9205: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9177:Pacific Ocean 9175: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9163: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9131:Caribbean Sea 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9099: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9073:by population 9071: 9069: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9047: 9046:South America 9044: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9029:North America 9027: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9012: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8981: 8980:Southern Cone 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8955:Andean States 8953: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8933: 8931: 8930:South America 8927: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8842: 8839: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8657:North America 8654: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8620:Low Countries 8618: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8602: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8596:South-western 8594: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8584:South-eastern 8582: 8578: 8575: 8574: 8573: 8572:South-central 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8562:Mediterranean 8560: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8549: 8546: 8545: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8528:British Isles 8526: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8425:Levantine Sea 8423: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8357: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8239: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8154: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8117:Mediterranean 8115: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8086: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8045: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7916: 7911: 7909: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7888: 7880: 7879: 7876: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7815:Pacific Ocean 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7788: 7784: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7745:Earth science 7743: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7697:Magnetosphere 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7664:Virtual globe 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7629:Earth's orbit 7627: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7606: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7536:World history 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7526:World economy 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7477: 7476:South America 7474: 7472: 7471:North America 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7392: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7305: 7303: 7298: 7296: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7181: 7180: 7179:Subcontinents 7175: 7174: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7144:Kumari Kandam 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7015: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7001: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6767: 6766: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6697: 6684: 6683: 6682:South America 6678: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667:North America 6663: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6542: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6496: 6491: 6489: 6488: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6402: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6358: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6273: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6238:(1): 91–123. 6237: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6183: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6087: 6080: 6075: 6069:, p. 83. 6068: 6063: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6036: 6029: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6002: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5969: 5967: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5907: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5878: 5871: 5867: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5786: 5780: 5776: 5775: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5756:Oberlies 1998 5752: 5745: 5744:Oberlies 1998 5740: 5733: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5710:, p. 37. 5709: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5675: 5668: 5667:0-7658-0987-7 5664: 5660: 5654: 5647: 5646:0-941419-62-2 5643: 5639: 5633: 5626: 5625:0-7658-0987-7 5622: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5602: 5601:0-941419-62-2 5598: 5594: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5563: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5535: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5504: 5498: 5489: 5483: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5406: 5398: 5397:topostext.org 5394: 5388: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5323:. Cambridge: 5322: 5321: 5313: 5306: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5286:. Cambridge: 5285: 5284: 5276: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5196: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5159:(1940), s.v. 5158: 5152: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5015: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4832:subcontinente 4826: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4756: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4690: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4629: 4622: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4579: 4571: 4569:9781317030461 4565: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4434: 4427: 4421: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4379: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4331: 4315: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4235: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4139: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4080: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4048: 4041: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4012: 4008: 4005:. WN PWN SA. 4004: 4000: 3994: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3904: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3825: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792:960-86190-1-7 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3727:84-407-0470-4 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3649: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3608: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3491: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3439: 3432: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3401: 3394: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3356: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3213: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3182:, p. 35. 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3103: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3012: 3008: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2957: 2951:, p. 21. 2950: 2945: 2938: 2932: 2926:, p. 29. 2925: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2837: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2729: 2725: 2714: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2699:Oberlies 1998 2696: 2692: 2685: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2545: 2542: 2531: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2481:British Isles 2479:are not. The 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2465:Caribbean Sea 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449:New Caledonia 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2425: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2391:basement rock 2388: 2387: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2348:, largely of 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2245:Samuel Butler 2241: 2236: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2202:Matsya Purana 2196: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2063:North America 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047:South America 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1925:Lake Bardawil 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821:ancient Greek 1817: 1815: 1811: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1750: 1748:South America 1747: 1745:North America 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624:New Caledonia 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1569:South America 1566: 1565:North America 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1535:Southern Cone 1532: 1528: 1524: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1495:Subcontinents 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1413: 1409: 1406:but excludes 1405: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1298:South America 1295: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1276:North America 1273: 1269: 1267:1,393,676,444 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1245:4,694,576,167 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1223:7,909,295,151 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1174: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1154:Easter Island 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128:based on the 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1098: 1093: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1063:Pacific Ocean 1060: 1056: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1040:Latin America 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 978:United States 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 958: 953: 950: 948: 914: Europe 898: Africa 889: 888: 885: 882: 880: 872: 864: 851: 842: 840: 831: 829: Africa 823: 822: 819: 816: 814: 806: 798: 796: 795:South America 787: 785: 784:North America 776: 763: Africa 757: 753: 750: 747: 745: 737: 729: 716: 702: 693: 690: 689: 686: 683: 681: 679: 671: 669: 661: 658: 654: 640: 636: 632: 615: 614: 610: 607: 601: 600: 589: 585: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 546:Great Britain 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 520: 515: 513: 508: 505: 501: 497: 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 439: 433: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 396: 392: 388: 384: 379: 375: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 337: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 303:Great Britain 300: 299: 294: 284: 282: 277: 275: 271: 264: 254: 251: 250:Emanuel Bowen 247: 243: 239: 236:wrote in his 235: 231: 228:wrote in his 227: 222: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 165: 163: 159: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 123: 121: 117: 116:Pacific Ocean 113: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 82:South America 79: 78:North America 75: 71: 67: 62: 58: 54: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9439: / 9437:List of seas 9435: / 9400:Global South 9385:Global North 9319:Atlantic Rim 9258:Ring of Fire 9238:Indian Ocean 9228:Arctic Ocean 9170:Persian Gulf 9165:Indian Ocean 9146:Adriatic Sea 9111:Arctic Ocean 9010: 8943:Amazon Basin 8938:Amazon Plain 8910:Near Oceania 8715:Mid-Atlantic 8665:Aridoamerica 8625:Northwestern 8538:Northwestern 8511:Southeastern 8403:Greater Iran 8342:Southeastern 8337:Pacific Asia 8306:Pacific Asia 8294:Northeastern 8250:Asia–Pacific 8099: 7993:Fourth World 7983:Second World 7869:Solar System 7820:Oceanography 7810:Indian Ocean 7800:Arctic Ocean 7740:Age of Earth 7692:Geomagnetism 7437: 7375:Thermosphere 7365:Stratosphere 7238: 7177: 7163: 7127:hypothesised 7117: 7085: 7003: 6934:Kazakhstania 6909:Congo Craton 6863: 6799:Prehistoric 6798: 6757: 6742: 6727: 6720:Afro-Eurasia 6712: 6674: 6659: 6644: 6629: 6614: 6599: 6584: 6559: 6499: 6485: 6464:, retrieved 6455: 6434:the original 6429: 6425: 6409: 6401:Google Books 6399:– via 6393:. Retrieved 6373:. Berkeley: 6369: 6344: 6339:Flood, Gavin 6330: 6322:Bibliography 6307:. Retrieved 6279: 6272: 6260:. Retrieved 6235: 6229: 6219: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6170:. Retrieved 6161: 6151: 6139:. Retrieved 6135:the original 6130: 6121: 6093: 6086: 6074: 6062: 6042: 6035: 6026: 6021:26 September 6019:. Retrieved 6015:the original 6001: 5976: 5953:. Retrieved 5928: 5924: 5914: 5895: 5889: 5877: 5863: 5858: 5853:, p. 30 5831:. Retrieved 5827: 5818: 5806:. Retrieved 5802: 5793: 5773: 5751: 5739: 5732:Anthony 2007 5727: 5722:, p. 4. 5715: 5703: 5691:. Retrieved 5681: 5674: 5658: 5653: 5637: 5632: 5616: 5592: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5561: 5556: 5547: 5541: 5534: 5519: 5511: 5497: 5470:. Retrieved 5463:the original 5449: 5441: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5396: 5387: 5378: 5374: 5365: 5345: 5337: 5319: 5312: 5300: 5282: 5275: 5263:. Retrieved 5232: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5151: 5139:. Retrieved 5125: 5113:. Retrieved 5098: 5086:. Retrieved 5077: 5067: 5059:the original 5054: 5045: 5033:. Retrieved 5025:The Guardian 5024: 5014: 5002:. Retrieved 4986:(3): 27–35. 4983: 4979: 4958:Google Books 4956:– via 4938: 4931: 4919:. Retrieved 4908: 4898: 4886:. Retrieved 4877: 4867: 4859: 4825: 4817:Google Books 4815:– via 4797: 4790: 4782:Google Books 4780:– via 4762: 4755: 4747:Google Books 4745:– via 4731: 4724: 4716:Google Books 4714:– via 4696: 4689: 4682:Google Books 4680:– via 4662: 4655: 4647:Google Books 4645:– via 4627: 4621: 4605:Google Books 4603:– via 4585: 4578: 4559: 4553: 4546:Google Books 4544:– via 4531: 4528:"Continents" 4502:. Retrieved 4466: 4463:GSA Bulletin 4462: 4449: 4437:. Retrieved 4420: 4408:. Retrieved 4394: 4382:. Retrieved 4371: 4362: 4350:. Retrieved 4339: 4330: 4318:. Retrieved 4307: 4298: 4286:. Retrieved 4275: 4272:"Antarctica" 4266: 4254:. Retrieved 4243: 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4211: 4202: 4190:. Retrieved 4179: 4170: 4158:. Retrieved 4147: 4138: 4126:. Retrieved 4122: 4112: 4100:. Retrieved 4086: 4078: 4071:. Retrieved 4059: 4047: 4039: 4032:. Retrieved 4024:"Continents" 4018: 4010: 4002: 3993: 3981:. Retrieved 3967: 3955:. Retrieved 3941: 3933:the original 3923: 3915: 3910: 3899: 3883: 3872: 3868: 3853: 3837: 3822: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3784:G.Babiniotes 3779: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3734: 3730: 3718: 3710: 3692:the original 3686:. New York: 3683: 3674: 3664: 3627: 3616: 3607: 3589: 3581:Google Books 3579:– via 3561: 3554: 3540: 3533: 3525:Google Books 3523:– via 3505: 3498: 3490:Google Books 3488:– via 3482:. Retrieved 3458: 3451: 3443:Google Books 3437: 3431: 3407: 3400: 3391: 3384:. Retrieved 3376:Wonderopolis 3375: 3366: 3355: 3343:. Retrieved 3334: 3324: 3312:. Retrieved 3274:. Canberra: 3270: 3263: 3254: 3251:Google Books 3249:– via 3243:. Retrieved 3224: 3221:"continents" 3199: 3187: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3107: 3102: 3090:. Retrieved 3081: 3072: 3062: 3052: 3041: 3034: 3024: 3019: 3002: 2986: 2974:. Retrieved 2970:the original 2965: 2956: 2944: 2936: 2931: 2919: 2904: 2899: 2885: 2863:. Retrieved 2854: 2844: 2825: 2793: 2780: 2767:. 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