1918:
77:
261:
33:
287:
52:
1312:
1298:
256:
or pinnatisect, up to 18 cm long, with one to five pairs of lateral lobes and a round or ternate terminal lobe. The petioles are up to 6 cm long, channelled and slightly decurrent down the stem, without stipules. They are finely hairy on both surfaces, uniformly green except for a pale midrib, and
277:
which stays green when ripe and is slightly torulose (i.e. with lumps where the seeds occur, like a string of beads), and they are held at a divergent angle to the stem on the long, thin, hairy pedicels. When dried the fruit contains one row of small (ca. 1 mm) red oblong seeds in each of the two
361:
London rocket was introduced to
Britain by the 1650s and has maintained a scattered distribution since then. It does not tend to persist in any site for long, and is even believed to have disappeared from London by the late 19th century, only to be reintroduced again in the 20th. It comes in via
272:
flowers are about 5 mm in diameter and are arranged in racemes of 50-100 or more at the tips of the main stem and the branches. Each flower has 4 yellow petals, 4 green, finely hairy sepals which are nearly as long as the petals, and 6 stamens. The flower stalks (pedicels) are short at flowering
354:
London rocket is thought to be native in the Middle East and as far eastward as NW India or
Mongolia, and westward throughout North Africa and southern Europe. It has been introduced to North America, where it is considered something of a pest species in the southern US and Mexico, and to South
231:
which is native to the Middle East, north Africa and southern Europe, and which has spread widely around the world as an invasive plant of dry, disturbed land in towns, deserts and farmland. It has traditionally been used as a medicinal herb for a variety of ailments. Its
English common name
346:(2n = 14), but there are triploid, tetraploid, hexaploid and octoploid "races" with 21, 28, 42 and 56 chromosomes, respectively. These races have different phenotypes and ecological adaptations, and they vary in their fertility, with the triploid being almost entirely sterile.
366:. Overall, the population has remained more or less stable for centuries, although its transient nature means there are many more places where it used to occur than there are at any one time, leading to the mistaken impression that it is perpetually declining.
851:
451:
in 1940, "failed to find a single specimen, nor has any other reliable observer reported it." This is consistent with its apparent appearance, disappearance, and reappearance described above at "Distribution and Status."
417:" (almost everywhere in the suburbs of London on walls and near ditches). It had, however, been noticed at least a decade earlier: William How (1620-1656) had annotated his own copy of his book
273:
time, creating a rather flat-topped and crowded inflorescence, but they elongate as the fruits develop, soon causing them to overtop the flowers. The fruit is a long (3-8 cm) narrow cylindrical
300:. Characters to look for include the compact flower head, the way the developing seedpods extend above the flowers, and the long, thin pedicels which are narrower than the fruits.
504:
desert reportedly used the leaf of London rocket as a tobacco substitute, and a recent study of the alkaloid content of desert-grown plants in Iraq found a high concentration of
444:
when he observed that “these hot bitter plants with four petals and pods were produced spontaneously without seed by the ashes of the fire mixed with salt and lime.”
244:
which is very variable in size. It can grow to be a large, leafy plant as much as 130 cm tall in
Britain, but only a small, rosette-forming one about 10 cm tall in
358:
Its status internationally has not been evaluated, but it is not considered to be at risk in most countries in which it occurs, as is classified as Least
Concern.
455:
The term "Rocket" in the common name appears to be derived from the old Latin term "eruca" applied to several loosely-related plants in the cabbage family.
511:
The cured pods can be placed in a basket with live coals and shaken until the pods are parched, then ground into meal and made into soup or stew.
232:
originated when it flourished after the Great Fire of London in 1666, although it is not native to
Britain and it does not tend to persist there.
1652:
278:
valves of the silique, amounting to about 100 seeds in each pod. A single plant can therefore produce many tens of thousands of seeds in total.
608:
1851:
1727:
1978:
1481:
1959:
1825:
1745:
373:, from where it spread 1.5 km along a roadside over a 10 year period. It is currently considered to be established but not invasive.
328:(by Augustin Léveillé in 1913), but the original name is still accepted as the correct one. A full list of synonyms is given in the
1590:
1678:
1603:
369:
One country where it has recently arrived is Korea, where it has been studied very closely. The point of arrival was the port of
1776:
765:
1137:
656:
631:
592:
542:
1804:
1993:
1683:
1515:
1476:
977:
1988:
1280:
1242:
1010:
917:
567:
1882:
1302:
1044:
1732:
1639:
1198:"Investigation of the Main Alkaloid of London Rocket (Sisymbrium irio L) as a Wild Medicinal Plant Grown in Iraq"
474:
In desert regions of Arabia and Egypt, London rocket is considered an important source of fodder for livestock.
1952:
1877:
1781:
1843:
1714:
335:
Several subspecies and varieties have also been named over the years, but again none is currently accepted.
1572:
1546:
1445:
1425:
1665:
1407:
2003:
1838:
1608:
463:
76:
743:
248:, where it is native. It has an erect, usually branched stem which is green, terete, solid and almost
1945:
1768:
1368:
1316:
421:(1650) with the comment "near White Chappel east from Aldgate, London"; a discovery he attributed to
1218:
Warnock, Barton H. (1977) "Wildflowers of the Davis
Mountains and the Marathon Basin, Texas", p. 111
329:
1706:
1455:
1998:
1567:
1559:
362:
docks and other transport hubs, and it used to turn up in fields that had been treated with wool
1830:
1657:
1541:
1330:
477:
The leaves, seeds, and flowers are edible to humans, with a spicy flavor similar to cultivated
441:
1272:
1002:
1026:
355:
America, Australasia and southern Africa. It has also spread as far east as Korea and Japan.
193:
1794:
934:
1917:
1631:
1489:
433:
8:
1983:
1933:
389:
Germar is a weevil which lives in the soil and creates stem galls for it larvae, whereas
41:
1817:
1379:
816:
1890:
1554:
1533:
1178:
1170:
906:
602:
402:
71:
1856:
382:
252:, except for a smattering of short (0.5 mm), soft hairs. The leaves are alternate and
1789:
1463:
1276:
1265:
1238:
1197:
1133:
1049:
1006:
995:
973:
913:
652:
627:
588:
563:
538:
317:
245:
1182:
1895:
1468:
1162:
1100:
1071:
694:
241:
677:
Kim, Hye-Won; Choi, Tae-Young; Son, Dong Chan; Jo, Hyeryun; Lee, Soo-Rang (2021).
1412:
1399:
873:
497:
393:
moth larvae eat the leaves of this and many other species in the cabbage family.
269:
114:
1719:
1693:
1929:
1812:
1389:
437:
390:
101:
1972:
1520:
1353:
961:
791:
699:
678:
489:, to detoxify the liver and spleen, and to reduce swelling and clean wounds.
447:
In contrast, Dr E J Salisbury, in his study of the bombsites of London after
363:
313:
260:
209:
61:
56:
1758:
1670:
1045:"Naturalists scour border to draw attention to habitat, not migrant crisis"
1031:
478:
459:
422:
249:
228:
160:
1869:
1925:
1701:
1616:
1435:
1362:
482:
429:
320:(vol. 2, p. 659). Since then it has accumulated many synonyms, including
150:
32:
1582:
1595:
1174:
1166:
1150:
969:
718:
486:
343:
296:
286:
170:
1621:
1528:
1502:
1130:
Medicinal substances in
Jerusalem from early times to the present day
939:
448:
253:
1324:
716:
1864:
1740:
1347:
1311:
505:
440:, the physician to King Charles II, attributed their appearance to
127:
1644:
1507:
903:
1753:
1251:(2005) "Moisture and Temperature Requirements for London Rocket (
493:
338:
The chromosome number of London rocket is a complex subject. The
274:
766:"Biosystematics of Sisymbrium irio complex, IX: Genome analysis"
1494:
1420:
1297:
339:
140:
789:
501:
432:"London rocket" allegedly comes from its abundance after the
401:
The first published record of this species in
Britain was in
370:
88:
294:
London rocket can easily be confused with other species of
415:
ubique fere in suburbiis Lond. supra muros et juxta fossas
290:
The fruiting pedicel is long and narrower than the silique
385:
lists just two species that make use of London rocket:
741:
849:
821:
L. (London-rocket): its status in
Britain and Ireland
1231:
1195:
834:
560:
An Illustrated Guide to the Flowers of Saudi Arabia
1264:
1232:Everitt, J.H.; Lonard, R.L.; Little, C.R. (2007).
1151:"Bedouin Plant Utilization in Sinai and the Negev"
994:
905:
835:Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.A.; Dines, T.D. (2002).
1196:Alsaffar, A.F; Abbas, I.S.; Dawood, A.H. (2016).
966:Weeds: In Defence of Nature's Most Unloved Plants
824:. University of Birmingham: Masters dissertation.
485:to treat coughs and chest congestion, to relieve
1970:
508:in extracts of the aerial parts of this plant.
466:and other regions where it has been introduced.
904:A.R. Clapham; E.F. Warburg; T.G. Tutin (1968).
1042:
683:L. (Brassicaceae): a new alien plant in Korea"
1953:
964:(June 28, 2011). "Chapter 10 French Willow".
646:
810:
808:
676:
330:Update on the Brassicaceae Species Checklist
1148:
532:
1960:
1946:
717:Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
607:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
557:
535:Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 2
349:
50:
31:
891:First Records of British Flowering Plants
814:
805:
698:
551:
537:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
383:Database of Insects and their Food Plants
1234:Weeds in South Texas and Northern Mexico
837:New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora
285:
259:
1236:. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press.
1069:
871:
763:
649:The Vegetative Key to the British Flora
528:
526:
524:
1971:
1262:
992:
888:
737:
735:
712:
710:
376:
1329:
1328:
960:
852:"Ceutorhynchus hirtulus Germar, 1824"
828:
672:
670:
668:
640:
582:
1912:
1883:4468311a-ae7c-41b2-bcf0-ce155feda9ae
1769:c3a2abae-a3d0-4bfd-b771-a9d72e59b280
1101:"edible weeds | Savor the Southwest"
1043:Hennessy-Fiske, Molly (2019-03-11).
932:
875:Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum
790:European Nature Information System.
647:Poland, John; Clement, Eric (2009).
621:
576:
521:
407:Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum
1979:IUCN Red List least concern species
935:"Plant of the Month: London Rocket"
732:
707:
615:
13:
839:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
665:
14:
2015:
1290:
1132:Archaeopress, Oxford, UK, p. 62,
1072:"Ecology and nutritive status of
281:
264:London rocket in flower and fruit
240:London rocket is a winter annual
1916:
1844:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:237940-2
1310:
1296:
893:. London: West, Newman & Co.
533:Sell, P.D.; Murrell, G. (2014).
75:
1212:
1189:
1142:
1118:
1093:
1063:
1036:
1019:
986:
954:
926:
897:
882:
865:
843:
783:
562:. London: Scorpion Publishing.
481:. London rocket is used in the
324:(by Pietro Bubani in 1901) and
1149:Bailey, C.; Danin, A. (1981).
912:. Cambridge University Press.
757:
585:New Flora of the British Isles
235:
227:, is a flowering plant in the
1:
1225:
1027:The Ecology of Transportation
933:Kidd, Beth (March 30, 2023).
458:This species is considered a
1932:. You can help Knowledge by
1202:Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res
1076:L. in the Nile Delta, Egypt"
872:Merrett, Cristopher (1666).
742:Plants of the World Online.
651:. Southampton: John Poland.
409:in 1666, where he described
7:
1994:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1271:. London: Collins. p.
1083:Egypt. J. Exp. Biol. (Bot.)
1001:. London: Collins. p.
850:Plant Parasites of Europe.
626:. London: Frederick Warne.
558:Collenette, Sheila (1985).
303:
10:
2020:
1911:
908:Flora of the British Isles
464:Southwestern United States
396:
16:Species of flowering plant
1337:
1263:Fitter, R. S. R. (1945).
993:Fitter, R. S. R. (1945).
428:The term "London" in the
199:
192:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1989:Plants described in 1753
1267:London's Natural History
1070:Shehata, H.F.S. (2014).
997:London's Natural History
815:Swindells, John (2006).
700:10.3391/bir.2021.10.2.23
514:
257:have a peppery flavour.
1259:53(2): pp. 187–192
469:
350:Distribution and status
1105:savorthesouthwest.blog
764:Khoshoo, T.N. (1960).
622:Rose, Francis (2006).
442:spontaneous generation
387:Ceutorhynchus hirtulus
291:
265:
1124:Lev, Efraima (2003) "
889:Clarke, W.A. (1900).
878:. London. p. 66.
419:Phytologia Britannica
316:in 1753, in his book
289:
263:
1307:at Wikimedia Commons
792:"Sisymbrium irio L."
744:"Sisymbrium irio L."
719:"Sisymbrium irio L."
687:BioInvasions Records
583:Stace, C.A. (2019).
434:Great Fire of London
624:The Wild Flower Key
377:Habitat and ecology
326:Arabis charbonnelii
42:Conservation status
1167:10.1007/BF02858682
1107:. 14 February 2014
773:J. Indian Bot. Soc
403:Christopher Merret
292:
266:
2004:Brassicales stubs
1941:
1940:
1906:
1905:
1790:Open Tree of Life
1331:Taxon identifiers
1301:Media related to
1138:978-1-84171-490-5
1050:Los Angeles Times
658:978-0-9560144-0-5
633:978-0-7232-5175-0
594:978-1-5272-2630-2
544:978-0-521-55336-0
318:Species Plantarum
216:
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1720:NBNSYS0000002907
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1315:Data related to
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205:
80:
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59:
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53:
35:
21:
20:
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2014:
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1969:
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1811:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1746:Sisymbrium~irio
1744:
1739:
1731:
1726:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1700:
1692:
1691:MichiganFlora:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1589:
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1579:
1571:
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1560:Sisymbrium irio
1558:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1482:Sisymbrium_irio
1480:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1456:sisymbrium-irio
1454:
1452:
1444:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1426:sisymbrium-irio
1424:
1419:
1411:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1388:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1369:Sisymbrium irio
1367:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1339:Sisymbrium irio
1333:
1318:Sisymbrium irio
1304:Sisymbrium irio
1303:
1293:
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1253:Sisymbrium irio
1228:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1194:
1190:
1155:Economic Botany
1147:
1143:
1126:Sisymbrium irio
1123:
1119:
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1074:Sisymbrium irio
1068:
1064:
1055:
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829:
819:Sisymbrium irio
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748:
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681:Sisymbrium irio
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531:
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498:Sinai Peninsula
472:
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310:Sisymbrium irio
306:
284:
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220:Sisymbrium irio
212:
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203:Sisymbrium irio
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74:
66:
55:
51:
44:
25:Sisymbrium irio
17:
12:
11:
5:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:Flora of Malta
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1965:
1964:
1957:
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1904:
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1901:
1900:
1896:wfo-0000431928
1887:
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1341:
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1321:at Wikispecies
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1291:External links
1289:
1288:
1287:
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1260:
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1188:
1161:(2): 145–162.
1141:
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985:
979:978-0062065452
978:
962:Mabey, Richard
953:
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693:(2): 453–466.
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391:Cabbage looper
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312:was coined by
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282:Identification
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322:Phryne laxata
319:
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270:actinomorphic
262:
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254:imparipinnate
251:
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225:London rocket
222:
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194:Binomial name
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1030:, p. 11, at
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418:
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184:
183:
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161:Brassicaceae
134:
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1926:Brassicales
1818:kew-2474776
1702:NatureServe
1617:iNaturalist
1363:Wikispecies
940:JSTOR Daily
587:. Suffolk.
483:Middle East
430:common name
411:Irio laevis
344:chromosomes
236:Description
151:Brassicales
115:Angiosperms
1984:Sisymbrium
1973:Categories
1813:Plant List
1443:Calflora:
1226:References
1111:2018-11-18
1056:2019-03-12
970:Ecco Press
795:Retrieved
779:: 217–226.
747:Retrieved
722:Retrieved
487:rheumatism
413:as being "
297:Sisymbrium
172:Sisymbrium
1573:200009679
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1529:FloraBase
1453:Cal-IPC:
603:cite book
449:the Blitz
436:in 1666.
308:The name
179:Species:
85:Kingdom:
1878:VicFlora
1865:Tropicos
1741:NSWFlora
1707:2.139006
1658:11375414
1645:237940-2
1477:eFloraSA
1433:BioLib:
1348:Wikidata
1183:27839209
946:April 7,
857:23 April
797:20 April
749:20 April
724:20 April
506:nicotine
500:and the
314:Linnaeus
304:Taxonomy
250:glabrous
157:Family:
128:Eudicots
62:IUCN 3.1
1870:4100257
1754:NTFlora
1596:3046851
1354:Q163223
1175:4254272
496:of the
494:Bedouin
462:in the
397:History
342:has 14
340:diploid
275:silique
167:Genus:
147:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
1857:2881-9
1826:PLANTS
1795:883797
1766:NZOR:
1583:SISIRI
1580:FoIO:
1521:164646
1495:583770
1421:ARKive
1397:APDB:
1377:AoFP:
1279:
1249:et al.
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246:Arabia
141:Rosids
1924:This
1852:SANBI
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1777:NZPCN
1684:23314
1671:50196
1653:IRMNG
1629:IPA:
1622:58085
1609:34456
1555:FoAO2
1516:EUNIS
1508:SSYIR
1469:4XRZ8
1436:39005
1413:78148
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1387:APA:
1179:S2CID
1171:JSTOR
1079:(PDF)
769:(PDF)
515:Notes
502:Negev
371:Busan
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
1930:stub
1839:POWO
1831:SIIR
1805:1317
1782:4838
1733:3730
1728:NCBI
1679:ITIS
1640:IPNI
1632:6418
1604:GRIN
1591:GBIF
1534:3070
1503:EPPO
1446:7628
1408:APNI
1390:5490
1380:1965
1277:ISBN
1239:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1007:ISBN
974:ISBN
948:2023
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859:2023
799:2023
751:2023
726:2023
653:ISBN
628:ISBN
609:link
589:ISBN
564:ISBN
539:ISBN
492:The
470:Uses
460:weed
381:The
268:The
242:herb
1891:WFO
1759:895
1715:NBN
1694:680
1666:ISC
1568:FoC
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1273:231
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