125:. However, the figure described by Tacitus is female. Based on this scholars have suggested a Proto-Germanic hermaphroditic deity or a gender aspectual pair (similar to Freyja and Freyr), identified the obscure Old Norse goddess name
361:. Grimm suggested that Freyja was thought of as the daughter of the female Nerthus and Freyr as the son of the male Njörðr. It is possible that the goddess' name survives in the uncharacterized
1623:
78:
The situation is further complicated in that narratives describing the birth of Freyr and Freyja contradictorily cite the birth of the siblings occurring either after or before Njörðr left
2563:
283:
that occurred after he came to live among the Æsir, Snorri states that Freyr and Freyja were born after that; Freyr is also presented as the son of Njörðr and Skaði in the Eddic poem
1613:
357:' life closely parallels Njörðr's, including a relationship with his foster-sister Harthgrepa followed by marriage to a princess who chooses him by his feet, as Skaði does in
2608:
1618:
1593:
129:
as a potential name for the otherwise unnamed goddess, and in some cases identified a potential reflex of a narrative about Njörðr and his sister-wife in
1588:
765:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1583:
1578:
1573:
743:
1568:
192:
While Njorth lived with the Vanir he had his sister as wife, because that was the custom among them. Their children were Frey and Freya.
1563:
2628:
1057:
987:
317:
as more likely to be original and taken Freyr and Freyja as having been therefore born to Njörðr by an unmentioned Vanic wife.
2026:
1463:
706:
456:
1147:
1900:
736:
161:
characterizes Freyr and Freyja as the offspring of Njörðr by his unnamed sister, to whom he was married by Vanic custom:
2800:
2540:
2422:
1721:
1716:
1445:
684:
660:
498:
464:
176:Þá er Njǫrðr var með Vǫnum, þá hafði hann átta systur sína, því at þat váru þar lǫg; váru þeira bǫrn Freyr ok Freyja.
729:
335:(mother earth), but her name is etymologically identical to his, the suggestion is that there was originally a
1970:
71:
also in the 13th century but based on earlier traditional material. The figure receives no further mention in
293:
Freyr, and presumably Freyja, accompanies Njörðr when he comes to live with the Æsir as a hostage after the
2583:
1047:
627:, Grundriß der germanischen Philologie 12/II, 2nd ed. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1957, repr. as 3rd ed., 1970,
2750:
2740:
1848:
1255:
1905:
1748:
1017:
1980:
2831:
1773:
774:
1858:
2685:
2303:
1885:
1853:
1793:
1768:
967:
616:
525:: "okkarn mála mǫg", verse 1, line 3) and Skírnir responds referring to him as "son of you two" (
318:
1555:
592:
1473:
2535:
2508:
2440:
2430:
1997:
1788:
294:
2745:
515:
ch. 13 (24): "Njǫrðr í Nóatúnum gat síðan tvau bǫrn. Hét sonr Freyr en dóttir Freyja." In
8:
2102:
1910:
1503:
997:
879:
567:
1644:
339:
deity, or more likely that they were a married twin pair, parallel to Freyr and Freyja.
2598:
2318:
1340:
752:
1798:
1415:
1400:
1240:
672:
340:
2805:
2795:
2654:
2618:
2445:
2007:
1410:
804:
680:
656:
628:
600:
572:
494:
460:
379:; other divine pairs with similarly differentiated names in the Old Norse corpus are
2368:
2333:
2328:
2268:
849:
428:
2238:
1738:
1498:
1355:
1290:
779:
721:
452:
440:
344:
184:
158:
130:
68:
2525:
2046:
1915:
1783:
1180:
937:
31:, with whom he is described as having had the (likewise incestuous) twin children
2735:
1943:
1691:
756:
625:
Die Götter—Vorstellungen über den Kosmos—der
Untergang des Heidentums
517:
396:
327:
285:
105:
96:
20:
2373:
2223:
1895:
2826:
2659:
2513:
2288:
2066:
2041:
1950:
1533:
1420:
1370:
1360:
1285:
711:
2396:
2391:
1880:
919:
655:, tr. Angela Hall, Cambridge / Rochester, New York: Brewer, 1993, repr. 2000,
2820:
2649:
2644:
2593:
2578:
2520:
2468:
2348:
2343:
2278:
2273:
2193:
2183:
2082:
2056:
1965:
1639:
1395:
1230:
1100:
1052:
482:
423:
349:
336:
245:
153:
135:
59:
2613:
2353:
2313:
2283:
2248:
2218:
2051:
1990:
1890:
1868:
1778:
1726:
1260:
1062:
571:, 4th ed. tr. James Steven Stallybrass, Volume 1 London: George Bell, 1882,
371:
301:
alludes to Freyja having been "surprised" in Vanic incest with her brother.
2435:
1763:
1250:
1195:
834:
648:
511:
269:
86:. In addition, Freyr is referred to as the "son" of Njörðr and the goddess
53:
2338:
2298:
2178:
2163:
1803:
1684:
1518:
1508:
1280:
632:
576:
2603:
2573:
2483:
2323:
2253:
2233:
2213:
2188:
2117:
2107:
1205:
1132:
914:
854:
562:
310:
204:
148:
41:
28:
2664:
2450:
2293:
1649:
1335:
1210:
1200:
1165:
604:
392:
2770:
2490:
2386:
2258:
2203:
2158:
2138:
2012:
1654:
1245:
275:
64:
2378:
2153:
1955:
1295:
1220:
1215:
1170:
388:
2725:
2530:
2498:
2408:
2363:
2263:
2112:
2097:
1875:
1838:
1701:
1390:
1320:
1270:
1265:
1185:
839:
477:
209:
118:
79:
72:
47:
2564:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of
Central and Northern Europe
2403:
2092:
1985:
1493:
1483:
1453:
1430:
1002:
783:
362:
126:
2730:
2710:
2358:
2173:
2002:
1863:
1833:
1733:
1468:
1380:
1305:
1235:
1117:
889:
829:
819:
597:
Myth and
Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia
354:
2775:
2760:
2695:
2588:
2243:
2208:
2087:
1960:
1813:
1405:
1385:
1300:
1037:
1032:
977:
962:
874:
844:
280:
87:
2720:
2308:
2228:
2198:
2143:
2061:
1674:
1488:
1458:
1160:
1112:
824:
366:
322:
114:
110:
2568:
1938:
1818:
1808:
1669:
1155:
972:
929:
909:
864:
796:
83:
2168:
2133:
1843:
1753:
1743:
1696:
1538:
1478:
1190:
1127:
1090:
1042:
957:
36:
1679:
1523:
1325:
1072:
1067:
1007:
899:
599:, History of Religion, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964,
2765:
2755:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2148:
1975:
1920:
1828:
1823:
1758:
1706:
1659:
1543:
1528:
1425:
1375:
1365:
1345:
1315:
1310:
1275:
1225:
1175:
1122:
1105:
1095:
1082:
1027:
1012:
952:
947:
869:
814:
809:
403:
51:, recorded in the 13th century by an unknown source, and the
32:
2623:
1330:
2690:
2669:
2503:
2476:
1933:
1928:
1664:
1513:
1435:
1350:
992:
982:
904:
894:
884:
859:
707:"Goddesses Unknown I: Njǫrun and the Sister-Wife of Njǫrðr"
679:, tr. Derek Coltman, Chicago: University of Chicago, 1973,
399:
384:
380:
321:
suggested a remnant of ancient Indo-European custom. Since
214:
279:, after telling the story of Njörðr's unhappy marriage to
1711:
1022:
942:
529:: "at ykrom syni", verse 2, line 2); Dronke, p. 376.
1614:
people, clan, and place names in
Germanic heroic legend
579:, note 1, p. 219: "Niörðr and Nerthus were
113:
describes rituals surrounding a deity by the name of
751:
459:, 1964, repr. Austin: University of Texas, 1992,
217:also states that Njörðr had Freyr by his sister:
2818:
715:5 (2012) 39–44; note 5, p. 43.
635:, pp. 174–75, note 1, p. 175
493:, Oxford: Oxford/Clarendon, 1997, repr. 2001,
737:
39:. This shadowy goddess is attested to in the
449:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway
2466:
766:Mythological Norse people, items and places
304:
744:
730:
677:From Myth to Fiction: The Saga of Hadingus
27:is the unnamed wife and sister of the god
1564:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
583:, and joint parents of Freyr and Freyja".
607:, p. 162, note 2, p. 306.
2819:
67:account of the Norse gods composed by
725:
142:
556:
457:The American-Scandinavian Foundation
1624:named weapons, armour and treasures
13:
2801:Heathenry (new religious movement)
621:Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte
14:
2843:
467:, pp. 6–50, p. 8.
1464:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
653:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
375:that were later appended to the
313:have regarded the chronology in
699:
690:
666:
642:
1901:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
610:
586:
544:
532:
504:
470:
434:
416:
1:
521:Skaði calls Freyr "our boy" (
409:
325:in Tacitus' late-1st century
365:who appears in some skaldic
16:Norse mythological character
7:
1971:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
10:
2848:
2638:Festivals and holy periods
103:In his first-century work
2788:
2678:
2637:
2556:
2549:
2459:
2421:
2126:
2075:
2034:
2025:
1906:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
1632:
1619:named animals and plants
1554:
1444:
1146:
1081:
928:
795:
772:
763:
553:verse 32, Dronke, p. 340.
1727:Black elves (Svartálfar)
445:The Saga of the Ynglings
305:Scholarly interpretation
2609:Sacred trees and groves
1849:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
1722:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
593:E. O. G. Turville-Petre
151:account of the gods in
121:ancestral to Old Norse
2467:
1717:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
1366:Narfi (father of Nott)
687:, p. 50–61.
481:verse 36, ed. and tr.
265:
201:
1859:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
1138:Sister-wife of Njörðr
331:is an earth goddess,
219:
163:
133:'s 12th-century work
25:sister-wife of Njörðr
2629:Wetlands and islands
1749:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
406:may also be a pair.
343:pointed out that in
267:In contrast, in the
256:you begot such a son
117:, a theonym that is
1911:Narfi (son of Loki)
1058:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
705:Joseph S. Hopkins,
2557:Religious practice
2531:Old Norse language
1998:Váli (son of Loki)
1886:Líf and Lífthrasir
1794:Árvakr and Alsviðr
1789:Horses of the Æsir
1769:Hati Hróðvitnisson
910:Váli (son of Odin)
753:Old Norse religion
581:brother and sister
568:Teutonic Mythology
491:Mythological Poems
248:translation (1997)
187:translation (1992)
143:Textual background
82:to live among the
2814:
2813:
2806:Nordic Bronze Age
2796:Germanic paganism
2784:
2783:
2655:Germanic calendar
2619:Temple at Uppsala
2417:
2416:
2021:
2020:
1981:Þjálfi and Röskva
1925:Personifications
788:and other figures
264:
263:
249:
227:
200:
199:
188:
171:
2839:
2554:
2553:
2472:
2239:Grove of fetters
2032:
2031:
1739:Fjalar (rooster)
1499:Fjalar and Galar
793:
792:
746:
739:
732:
723:
722:
716:
703:
697:
694:
688:
670:
664:
646:
640:
638:
614:
608:
590:
584:
560:
554:
548:
542:
536:
530:
508:
502:
474:
468:
453:Lee M. Hollander
441:Snorri Sturluson
438:
432:
420:
345:Saxo Grammaticus
244:
237:gaztu slíkan mǫg
232:við systor þinni
225:
221:
220:
185:Lee M. Hollander
183:
169:
165:
164:
159:Snorri Sturluson
131:Saxo Grammaticus
69:Snorri Sturluson
2847:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2832:Norse goddesses
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2780:
2736:Norse cosmology
2674:
2633:
2545:
2541:Later influence
2455:
2413:
2127:Other locations
2122:
2071:
2017:
1944:Sumarr and Vetr
1628:
1550:
1440:
1241:Gjálp and Greip
1142:
1077:
924:
789:
787:
778:
768:
759:
750:
720:
719:
704:
700:
695:
691:
673:Georges Dumézil
671:
667:
647:
643:
636:
615:
611:
591:
587:
561:
557:
549:
545:
537:
533:
509:
505:
487:The Poetic Edda
475:
471:
439:
435:
421:
417:
412:
397:Old High German
341:Georges Dumézil
309:Scholars since
307:
273:section of his
145:
21:Norse mythology
17:
12:
11:
5:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2487:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2431:Æsir–Vanir War
2427:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:Hoddmímis holt
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2103:Körmt and Örmt
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1534:Sons of Ivaldi
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
934:
932:
926:
925:
923:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
880:Móði and Magni
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
799:
790:
773:
770:
769:
764:
761:
760:
749:
748:
741:
734:
726:
718:
717:
712:RMN Newsletter
698:
696:Grimm, p. 217.
689:
665:
663:, p. 234.
641:
609:
585:
555:
543:
531:
503:
501:, p. 341.
469:
433:
429:Finnur Jónsson
414:
413:
411:
408:
337:hermaphroditic
306:
303:
295:Æsir–Vanir War
289:. However, in
262:
261:
259:
258:
257:
254:
253:on your sister
241:
240:
239:
234:
198:
197:
195:
194:
193:
180:
179:
178:
144:
141:
119:etymologically
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2844:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:Öndvegissúlur
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2579:Heitstrenging
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Völsung Cycle
2524:
2522:
2521:Tyrfing Cycle
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:Gesta Danorum
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:Fróði's Peace
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Shield-maiden
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Ask and Embla
1638:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:Ingunar-Freyr
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
933:
931:
927:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
798:
794:
791:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
747:
742:
740:
735:
733:
728:
727:
724:
714:
713:
708:
702:
693:
686:
685:9780226169729
682:
678:
674:
669:
662:
661:9780859913690
658:
654:
650:
645:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
559:
552:
547:
540:
539:Ynglinga saga
535:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
513:
507:
500:
499:9780198111818
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:Ursula Dronke
480:
479:
473:
466:
465:9780292730618
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
430:
426:
425:
424:Ynglinga saga
419:
415:
407:
405:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:
350:Gesta Danorum
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
316:
315:Ynglinga saga
312:
302:
300:
296:
292:
291:Ynglinga saga
288:
287:
282:
278:
277:
272:
271:
260:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:Ursula Dronke
242:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
223:
222:
218:
216:
212:
211:
206:
196:
191:
190:
189:
186:
181:
177:
174:
173:
172:
167:
166:
162:
160:
156:
155:
154:Ynglinga saga
150:
140:
138:
137:
136:Gesta Danorum
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:
101:
99:
98:
93:
89:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
61:
60:Ynglinga saga
56:
55:
50:
49:
44:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2446:Hjaðningavíg
2224:Glæsisvellir
1764:Gullinbursti
1411:Útgarða-Loki
1137:
805:Almáttki áss
710:
701:
692:
676:
668:
652:
649:Rudolf Simek
644:
624:
620:
617:Jan de Vries
612:
596:
588:
580:
566:
558:
550:
546:
538:
534:
526:
522:
516:
512:Gylfaginning
510:
506:
490:
486:
476:
472:
448:
444:
436:
422:
418:
376:
370:
359:Gylfaginning
358:
348:
332:
326:
319:Jan de Vries
314:
308:
298:
290:
284:
274:
270:Gylfaginning
268:
266:
243:
236:
231:
224:
208:
202:
182:
175:
168:
152:
146:
134:
122:
104:
102:
95:
91:
77:
58:
54:Heimskringla
52:
46:
40:
24:
18:
2604:Reginnaglar
2536:Orthography
2509:Jómsvíkinga
2484:Poetic Edda
2397:Urðarbrunnr
2392:Mímisbrunnr
2324:Singasteinn
2254:Hindarfjall
2234:Gnipahellir
2214:Ginnungagap
2189:Fyrisvellir
2184:Fornsigtuna
2118:Vimur River
2108:Slidr River
1881:Jörmungandr
1291:Hrímgrímnir
920:Vili and Vé
637:(in German)
563:Jacob Grimm
527:ykkarr sónr
523:okkarr mǫgr
489:Volume II:
427:ch. 4, ed.
369:and in the
353:, the hero
333:terra mater
311:Jacob Grimm
157:chapter 4,
149:euhemerized
92:Poetic Edda
65:euhemerized
42:Poetic Edda
2821:Categories
2771:Viking Age
2746:Philosophy
2614:Sonargöltr
2499:Runestones
2491:Prose Edda
2436:Fimbulvetr
2387:Hvergelmir
2354:Valaskjálf
2314:Sessrúmnir
2284:Jötunheimr
2259:Hlidskjalf
2249:Himinbjörg
2219:Glaðsheimr
2204:Gastropnir
2159:Bilskirnir
2139:Amsvartnir
2052:Gjallarbrú
2035:Underworld
1991:Landvættir
1891:Loddfáfnir
1869:Svaðilfari
1854:Hófvarpnir
1799:Blóðughófi
1779:Hildisvíni
1655:Aurvandill
1416:Vafþrúðnir
1401:Þrúðgelmir
1261:Harðgreipr
623:Volume II
518:Skírnismál
410:References
395:, and the
377:Prose Edda
372:Nafnaþulur
286:Skírnismál
276:Prose Edda
97:Skírnismál
2726:Mead hall
2660:Þorrablót
2514:Legendary
2409:Yggdrasil
2369:Víðbláinn
2364:Vanaheimr
2339:Þrymheimr
2334:Þrúðvangr
2329:Þrúðheimr
2299:Munarvágr
2289:Mímameiðr
2264:Hnitbjorg
2179:Fólkvangr
2164:Brávellir
2113:Vadgelmir
2098:Kerlaugar
2067:Niðafjöll
2027:Locations
2003:Valkyries
1951:Sæhrímnir
1839:Gulltoppr
1804:Falhófnir
1702:Einherjar
1685:Landdísir
1519:Mótsognir
1509:Hreiðmarr
1421:Víðblindi
1371:Sökkmímir
1361:Mögþrasir
1321:Hyrrokkin
1286:Hrímgerðr
1281:Hræsvelgr
1271:Helreginn
1266:Helblindi
1186:Bergelmir
850:Ítreksjóð
757:mythology
633:174729601
577:457311367
551:Lokasenna
478:Lokasenna
299:Lokasenna
226:Old Norse
210:Lokasenna
170:Old Norse
80:Vanaheimr
73:Old Norse
48:Lokasenna
2789:See also
2711:Hamingja
2665:Vetrnætr
2650:Dísablót
2645:Álfablót
2451:Ragnarök
2359:Valhalla
2349:Útgarðar
2294:Myrkviðr
2279:Járnviðr
2274:Iðavöllr
2194:Gálgviðr
2174:Fensalir
2083:Élivágar
2057:Náströnd
2047:Éljúðnir
1916:Níðhöggr
1864:Sleipnir
1834:Gullfaxi
1734:Fimafeng
1650:Auðumbla
1469:Billingr
1396:Þrívaldi
1381:Suttungr
1336:Járnsaxa
1306:Hrungnir
1236:Gillingr
1231:Geirröðr
1211:Fárbauti
1201:Býleistr
1166:Angrboða
1118:Gullveig
830:Heimdall
820:Dellingr
541:, ch. 4.
393:Fjörgynn
367:kennings
355:Hadingus
328:Germania
106:Germania
2741:Numbers
2721:Kenning
2594:Worship
2550:Society
2460:Sources
2379:Vingólf
2374:Vígríðr
2344:Uppsala
2309:Okolnir
2229:Glitnir
2199:Gandvik
2154:Bifröst
2144:Andlang
2062:Niflhel
2008:Völundr
1956:Skírnir
1896:Móðguðr
1692:Dragons
1675:Byggvir
1504:Gandalf
1489:Dvalinn
1459:Andvari
1296:Hrímnir
1251:Gunnlöð
1221:Fornjót
1216:Fjölvar
1196:Bölþorn
1171:Aurboða
1161:Alvaldi
1113:Gersemi
930:Ásynjur
835:Hermóðr
825:Forseti
775:Deities
605:3264532
389:Fjörgyn
323:Nerthus
203:In the
115:Nerthus
111:Tacitus
90:in the
75:texts.
2584:Horses
2423:Events
2404:Ýdalir
2383:Wells
2319:Sindri
2304:Nóatún
2169:Brimir
2134:Asgard
2093:Ífingr
2076:Rivers
1986:Vættir
1844:Gyllir
1754:Fylgja
1744:Fenrir
1697:Draugs
1633:Others
1556:Heroes
1539:Brokkr
1494:Fáfnir
1484:Dúrnir
1479:Durinn
1454:Alvíss
1446:Dwarfs
1431:Vörnir
1341:Laufey
1206:Eggþér
1191:Bestla
1148:Jötnar
1133:Njörðr
1128:Kvasir
1091:Freyja
1043:Snotra
1003:Njörun
958:Gefjon
915:Víðarr
855:Lóðurr
784:jötnar
780:dwarfs
683:
659:
631:
603:
575:
497:
463:
451:, tr.
363:Njörun
297:; and
127:Njörun
123:Njörðr
37:Freyja
29:Njörðr
23:, the
2827:Vanir
2776:Völva
2766:Skald
2761:Seiðr
2756:Runes
2751:Rings
2716:Heiti
2701:Galdr
2696:Félag
2686:Death
2679:Other
2589:Hörgr
2504:Sagas
2244:Heiðr
2209:Gimlé
2149:Barri
2088:Gjöll
2013:Vörðr
1976:Troll
1961:Sköll
1921:Norns
1829:Grani
1824:Glenr
1814:Glaðr
1784:Hjúki
1759:Garmr
1712:Elves
1707:Eldir
1680:Dísir
1660:Beyla
1594:Hi–Hy
1544:Eitri
1529:Regin
1474:Dáinn
1426:Vosud
1406:Þrymr
1386:Þjazi
1376:Surtr
1346:Leikn
1316:Hymir
1311:Hrymr
1301:Hroðr
1276:Hljod
1256:Gymir
1246:Gríðr
1226:Gangr
1176:Baugi
1123:Hnoss
1106:Yngvi
1096:Freyr
1083:Vanir
1063:Þrúðr
1038:Skaði
1033:Sjöfn
1028:Sigyn
1013:Rindr
998:Nanna
978:Iðunn
963:Gerðr
953:Fulla
948:Frigg
875:Mímir
870:Meili
845:Hœnir
815:Bragi
810:Baldr
404:Volla
385:Ullin
281:Skaði
207:poem
205:Eddic
147:In a
94:poem
88:Skaði
57:book
45:poem
33:Freyr
2706:Goði
2691:Ergi
2670:Yule
2569:Blót
2477:Edda
1939:Nótt
1934:Elli
1929:Dagr
1876:Jörð
1819:Glær
1809:Gísl
1670:Búri
1665:Borr
1645:Auðr
1589:H–He
1514:Litr
1436:Ymir
1391:Þökk
1356:Logi
1351:Litr
1181:Beli
1156:Ægir
1018:Sága
993:Lofn
988:Irpa
983:Ilmr
973:Hlín
905:Ullr
895:Thor
885:Odin
865:Máni
860:Loki
840:Höðr
797:Æsir
755:and
681:ISBN
657:ISBN
629:OCLC
601:OCLC
573:OCLC
495:ISBN
461:ISBN
402:and
400:Phol
391:and
387:and
383:and
381:Ullr
215:Loki
84:Æsir
63:, a
35:and
2731:Nīþ
2574:Hof
2042:Hel
1774:Hel
1609:T–Y
1604:P–S
1599:I–O
1584:F–G
1579:D–E
1574:B–C
1524:Ótr
1326:Iði
1073:Vör
1068:Vár
1053:Syn
1048:Sól
1023:Sif
1008:Rán
968:Gná
943:Eir
938:Bil
900:Týr
890:Óðr
447:in
19:In
2823::
2624:Vé
1331:Ím
782:,
777:,
709:,
675:,
651:,
619:,
595:,
565:,
485:,
455:,
443:,
347:'
213:,
139:.
109:,
100:.
1569:A
786:,
745:e
738:t
731:v
639:.
431:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.