1152:
1686, the Qing sent another force of 3,000 troops (chiefly cavalry and including 30-40 "newly cast" cannons), supported by 150 supply boats manned by 3,000 to 6,000 more men, to retake the fort from the garrison of 736 Russian soldiers and militia (who had 11 cannons). The
Russians rejected a Qing demand for surrender, and another battle ensued on July 18. Over the next few weeks, the Qing made various attempts to take the fort, but were always driven back with heavy losses, while Russian combat losses were negligible. The Russians even began sallying out for counterattacks to destroy Qing siege engines, one sally killing 150 Chinese troops for the loss of only 21 Russians. The Qing were befuddled by the design of the fort which, like contemporary European artillery forts, often left the Chinese soldiers caught in crossfires when they attempted to place their siege lines and artillery according to traditional tactics. The Qing general, Langtan, abandoned assaults in August and instead decided to starve the fort out by blocking Russian access to the nearby river. Eventually, the Qing investment in Albazin became so large that the fortifications of the siege camps dwarfed those of Albazin itself. Moscow sent elite musketeers to relieve the fort but the Qing controlled all approaches and no sled or sleigh could slip in. Both armies suffered from disease and starvation: Russian combatants and civilians alike died en masse from scurvy, typhus, and cholera, while the Chinese starved and froze outside the walls and were sometimes driven to
1232:" Thereupon he ordered all our marines to take off their clothes and jump into the water. Each wore a rattan shield on his head and held a huge sword in his hand. Thus they swam forward. The Russians were so frightened that they all shouted: 'Behold, the big-capped Tartars!' Since our marines were in the water, they could not use their firearms. Our sailors wore rattan shields to protect their heads so that enemy bullets and arrows could not pierce them. Our marines used long swords to cut the enemy's ankles. The Russians fell into the river, most of them either killed or wounded. The rest fled and escaped. Lin Hsing-chu had not lost a single marine when he returned to take part in besieging the city." written by Yang Hai-Chai who was related to Marquis Lin, a participant in the war
1148:) were used. Three thousand Qing soldiers initially assailed the fort. A detachment made a feint on the south of the fort, while other soldiers secretly moved Hongyipao to the north of the fort and to its sides, to carry out a pincer attack. In total, the Qing force included 100-150 light artillery, 40-50 large siege guns, and 100 musketeers, with the rest of the men using traditional weapons. On the first day, 100 Russians were killed or wounded by the massive artillery barrage. After the wooden walls were set ablaze, the Russians surrendered and acknowledged Qing suzerainty.
422:
377:
320:
308:
296:
283:
266:
253:
241:
144:
1258:
1250:
511:
410:
365:
224:
214:
204:
186:
176:
110:
432:
391:
344:
332:
155:
131:
121:
1112:
1156:. By November, 600 Russian men and more than 1,500 Qing soldiers had died. In October 1686, Russian envoys arrived in Beijing from Moscow requesting peace. In December, a messenger from the Qing emperor arrived at the siege lines announcing a pause to the siege, and that his men, as a show of good faith, were to offer food and medicine to the remaining Russians, of which there were only 24.
38:
1894:
1006:
was left in charge with about 400-500 men. They had little difficulty plundering the natives and defeating the local Qing troops. The Qing responded with two policies. First they ordered the local population to withdraw, thereby ending the grain production that had attracted the
Russians in the first
1240:
at Peking. The
Chinese withdrew from the area, but the Russians, hearing of this, returned with 800 men under Aleksei Tolbuzin and reoccupied the fort. Their original purpose was merely to harvest the local grain, a rare commodity in this part of Siberia. From June 1686, the fort was again besieged.
1151:
After this, the
Russian garrison was ordered to build more powerful walls. With the help of Prussian soldier Afanasii Ivanovich Beiton (who was second in command of the fort), the walls were eventually built up to a height of five and a half meters and a thickness of seven and a half meters. In July
1143:
After extensive reconnaissance, the Qing made their first attempt to conquer
Albazin in 1685. At the time Albazin was a wooden fort with only 300 muskets, 3 cannons, and low stocks of gunpowder; regardless, the Chinese concluded that it could not be taken from its tiny garrison unless "red barbarian
920:
was accompanied by massacres due to indigenous resistance to colonization by the
Russian Cossacks, who violently suppressed the natives. The Russian Cossacks were named luocha (羅剎), after Demons found in Buddhist mythology, by the Amur natives because of their cruelty towards the Amur tribes people,
1103:
and the deserted land became a haven for outlaws and renegade
Cossacks. In 1660 a large band of Russians was destroyed. They had some difficulty pursuing the Cossacks since their own policy had removed most of the local food. In the 1670s the Chinese attempted to drive the Russians away from the
1241:
Either the siege was raised in
December when the armies learned that the two empires were engaged in peace negotiations, or the fort was captured after an 18-month siege and Tolbuzin was killed. At that time less than 100 defenders were left alive.
957:
and about 1500 Daurs and
Duchers led by the Manchu general known as Haise (海色), or Izenei (Изеней or Исиней). Haise was later executed for his poor performance. As soon as the ice broke up Khabarov withdrew upriver and built winter quarters at
1205:), former Koxinga followers, and these rattan shield troops did not suffer a single casualty when they defeated and cut down Russian forces traveling by rafts on the river, only using the rattan shields and swords while fighting naked.
1015:. In 1657 he built more than 40 ships at the village of Ula (modern Jilin).. In 1658 a large Qing fleet under Sarhuda caught up with Stepanov and killed him and about 220 Cossacks. A few escaped and became freebooters.
1217:
in the siege of
Albazin. The Russians were fought against by the Taiwan based former soldiers of Koxinga. The nautical military understanding of the former Taiwan sailors were the reason for their participation in the
2805:
1095:. In a naval battle in the Amur a few miles downstream from the mouth of the Sungari (July 10, 1658). The 11-ship Russian flotilla is destroyed (the survivors flee on just one ship), and Stepanov himself dies.
1115:
The Amur Basin with modern national borders. Nerchinsk is on the lower Shilka, Albazin on the northern loop of the Amur, Kumarsk somewhat downstream, Aigun at the mouth of the Zeya and Achansk at Khabarovsk.
4501:
1136:. In 1670 it was unsuccessfully attacked. In 1672 Albazin received the Czar's pardon and was officially recognized. From 1673 to 1683 the Qing dynasty were tied up suppressing a rebellion in the south, the
930:
953:. Again there was fighting and the natives called for the assistance of the Qing. On 24 March 1652, Achansk was unsuccessfully attacked by a large Qing force consisting of 600 Manchu soldiers from
897:
found a better route to the upper Amur and quickly returned to Yakutsk where he recommended that a larger force be sent to conquer the region. He returned the same year and built winter quarters at
2869:
466:
3425:
2703:
652:
was twice contested between Russia and China. Hydrologically, the Stanovoy Range separates the rivers that flow north into the Arctic from those that flow south into the
3464:
4496:
1189:
to reinforce Albazin against the Russians. Kangxi was impressed by a demonstration of their techniques and ordered 500 of them to defend Albazin, under Lin Xingzhu (
1159:
Albazin was eventually ceded to the Qing in the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk, in exchange for trading privileges in Beijing and the right to keep the city of Nerchinsk.
925:
2162:
3858:
459:
257:
4550:
2798:
4599:
3469:
3305:
962:. In the spring of 1653 reinforcements arrived under Dmitry Zinoviev. The two quarreled, Khabarov was arrested and escorted to Moscow for investigation.
1955:
452:
939:
217:
207:
1986:
4888:
4565:
3895:
3144:
227:
717:
In 1643, Russian adventurers spilled over the Stanovoy Range, but by 1689 they were driven back by the Qing. The land was populated by some 9,000
4684:
2884:
312:
514:
The region of the conflict depicted on a British map about a century after the events, when most of it became parts of the Chinese provinces of
4762:
4429:
4121:
4873:
4538:
3289:
3260:
2879:
2335:
1402:
L. Carrington Godrich, Chaoying Fang (editors), "Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644". Volume I (A-L). Columbia University Press, 1976.
4893:
4779:
2961:
1061:
336:
287:
1597:(Regarding the fortification techniques used in the settlements of the Amur Valley tribes in the mid-17th century, and the meaning of the
4903:
4491:
4486:
3746:
2500:
2268:
1. Page 133 -152 China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia By Peter C. Perdue Published by Harvard University Press, 2005
4883:
4407:
3807:
1696:
2842:
2949:
2934:
2161:
Kang, Hyeokhweon (2012). "Big Heads and Buddhist Demons: The Korean Military Revolution and Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658".
1734:
4863:
4033:
2636:
3724:
3888:
3873:
1691:
324:
4868:
4848:
4639:
4570:
3863:
3797:
3672:
3011:
270:
4167:
3703:
2944:
2301:
2282:
2258:
2175:
2096:
2077:
2050:
1938:
1904:
1641:
1545:
1503:
1461:
1425:
Description géographique, historique, chronologique, politique et physique de l'empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise
4908:
4518:
4508:
3802:
3173:
2924:
2837:
2561:
274:
1660:
4543:
2746:
2576:
972:
girls and women were raped by Russian Cossacks under Yerofey Khabarov when he invaded the Amur river basin in the 1650s.
668:
2181:
4757:
4589:
4476:
3955:
3389:
2758:
2631:
2455:
1744:
1381:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia By Peter C. Perdue Published by Harvard University Press, 2005
1075:
1658 : Big warships capable of fighting Russian ships were built by Han Chinese shipbuilders for the Qing forces.
664:. Various Chinese dynasties would claim sovereignty, build forts and collect tribute when they were strong enough. The
2201:
Marginal constituencies: Qing borderland policies and vernacular histories of five tribes on the Sino-Russian frontier
4699:
4318:
4264:
4259:
4207:
4202:
4192:
4157:
4152:
4142:
4132:
4110:
4105:
4082:
4077:
4052:
4028:
4023:
4008:
3868:
3678:
3519:
3394:
2751:
2328:
1996:
1877:
1786:(三手) in the 17th century, and the issues related to the Korean troops' participation in the Manchus' Amur campaigns)
1773:Корейская пехотная тактика самсу в XVII веке и проблема участия корейских войск в Амурских походах маньчжурской армии
1588:К вопросу о характере укреплений поселков приамурских племен середины XVII века и значении нанайского термина «гасян»
1407:
660:
with some areas good for agriculture. Socially and politically, from about 600 AD, it was the northern fringe of the
1716:
1658:Август 1652 г. Из отписки приказного человека Е.П. Хабарова якутскому воеводе Д.А. Францбекову о походе по р. Амуру.
1590:
4301:
4237:
4062:
3975:
3489:
762:
December 1639-May 1640 : 1st battle - the native siberians and the Qing participated in the Battle of Gualar (
4858:
4843:
4694:
4454:
4439:
4380:
3739:
3606:
2849:
2536:
2422:
1137:
4594:
4878:
4162:
4126:
3190:
3056:
2824:
2571:
2510:
2480:
2470:
2144:
1850:
1775:
4577:
4328:
3883:
3833:
3624:
3399:
3255:
2939:
2929:
2914:
2909:
2741:
2691:
2671:
2611:
1342:
1963:
4654:
4624:
4619:
4560:
4449:
4444:
4412:
4353:
4274:
4232:
4115:
3383:
3161:
3028:
2894:
2788:
2398:
2388:
2321:
1322:
4853:
4789:
4772:
4644:
4513:
4481:
4417:
4306:
4197:
4182:
4018:
3300:
3283:
2793:
2768:
2731:
2641:
2601:
2353:
1925:
1833:
1332:
1327:
1185:
and who specialized at fighting with rattan shields and swords (Tengpaiying) 藤牌营 were recommended to the
1133:
917:
20:
1423:
1030:
628:
with disputes over the Amur region. The hostilities culminated in the Qing siege of the Cossack fort of
4689:
4227:
4217:
4187:
4177:
3792:
3732:
3683:
3129:
1269:, the Russians abandoned the whole Amur country including Albazin. The frontier was established as the
1057:
1867:
1685:
1288:, Russia annexed the land between the Stanovoy Range and the Amur (commonly referred to in Russian as
4528:
4422:
4222:
3693:
3412:
3341:
3134:
2666:
2591:
2460:
2378:
1317:
566:) was the Manchus' forward base for the attacks on Albazin (which itself is not shown on this map);
4669:
4375:
3950:
3754:
3614:
3434:
3168:
3139:
2889:
812:
September 1640 : 2nd battle - the native Siberians and the Qing participated in the Battle of
1991:. Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press. p. 80.
4582:
4311:
3930:
3210:
2676:
2661:
2495:
2393:
1024:
1011:(who himself was from the Nierbo village from the mouth of Sungari) as the garrison commander at
984:
491:
486:
4898:
4784:
4459:
3980:
3915:
3591:
3479:
3360:
3185:
2403:
1419:
787:
4172:
2294:
Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Maps
4714:
4674:
4434:
4363:
3812:
3665:
3524:
3484:
3151:
3113:
3001:
2981:
2899:
2698:
2681:
2546:
2515:
2450:
2212:
2119:
1930:
1293:
1033:
were included into Manchu-led troops. The campaigns became known in Korean historiography as
687:
2133:
880:
to its mouth and then north along the Okhotsk coast, returning to Yakutsk three years later.
4247:
3920:
3817:
3787:
3596:
3563:
3529:
3474:
3354:
3336:
3046:
2976:
2783:
2566:
1680:
1125:
748:
In 1859/60 the area was annexed by Russia and quickly filled up with a Russian population.
1304:, an area that had not been in contention in the 17th century. Those treaties allowed the
1045:
January 1654 : the first time a Korean contingent arrived to join a Manchu army near
8:
4822:
4752:
4609:
4137:
4072:
3843:
3649:
3499:
3439:
3371:
3051:
2904:
2859:
2606:
2485:
2465:
2373:
1266:
1214:
856:
Winter 1643 - Spring 1644 : a detachment of a Russian expedition led by the Cossack
633:
89:
1667:
An excerpt from Khabarov's report to the Yakutsk Voivode D.A.Frantsbekov, August 1652.)
1452:
Li, Gertraude Roth (2002). "State Building before 1644". In Peterson, Willard J. (ed.).
4812:
4794:
4747:
4729:
4709:
4348:
4100:
3998:
3970:
3853:
3838:
3534:
3245:
3240:
3066:
3006:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2810:
2656:
2475:
2056:
1920:
1442:. There seem to be few, if any, mentions of this project in other available literature.
1270:
680:
591:
1257:
4719:
4659:
4466:
4392:
4370:
4269:
4147:
3960:
3940:
3935:
3925:
3760:
3544:
3539:
3514:
3459:
3454:
3377:
3325:
3230:
3061:
2966:
2864:
2763:
2726:
2651:
2581:
2551:
2505:
2297:
2278:
2254:
2237:
2229:
2204:
2171:
2140:
2111:
2092:
2073:
2046:
1992:
1934:
1900:
1873:
1740:
1637:
1541:
1499:
1457:
1403:
1278:
1249:
1153:
996:
1655 : Russian Tsardom has established a "military governor of the Amur region".
944:
661:
617:
113:
1577:
G. Patrick March, Eastern Destiny: the Russians in Asia and the North Pacific, 1996.
1236:
Most of the Russians withdrew to Nerchinsk, but a few joined the Qing, becoming the
120:
4704:
4649:
4555:
4296:
4067:
4037:
4003:
3848:
3698:
3581:
3504:
3444:
3250:
2971:
2832:
2778:
2621:
2586:
2490:
2415:
2383:
2038:
1456:. Cambridge History of China. Vol. 9. Cambridge University Press. p. 14.
1237:
1198:
1190:
1172:
1088:
1003:
977:
969:
906:
894:
886:
865:
817:
799:
791:
763:
691:
496:
193:
189:
179:
1018:
510:
4724:
4471:
4323:
4291:
3965:
3945:
3713:
3659:
3509:
3494:
3318:
2773:
2736:
2686:
2646:
2596:
2541:
2410:
1720:
1664:
1631:
1594:
1431:
1337:
1305:
1285:
1226:
1182:
857:
849:
2216:
2123:
444:
4807:
4634:
4397:
4387:
3764:
3576:
3449:
3215:
3178:
2626:
2616:
2556:
1657:
1598:
1297:
1274:
1209:
May–July 1685 : The siege of Albazin - The Qing used former Ming loyalist
1186:
1128:
murdered the voyvoda of Ilimsk and fled to the Amur and reoccupied the fort at
738:
707:
649:
245:
2060:
2042:
1988:
A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western Relations, 1644-1820: Translated texts
4837:
4767:
4604:
4242:
3688:
3654:
3619:
3235:
3225:
3041:
2432:
2241:
2208:
2115:
1779:
833:
699:
575:
538:) was the main early base of Qing river fleets, which was later relocated to
409:
382:
364:
223:
213:
203:
185:
175:
109:
843:
May 1643 : 3rd battle - the native tribes submitted to the Qing Empire.
4523:
4047:
4013:
3768:
3708:
3405:
3347:
3036:
3018:
2874:
2344:
2292:
Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T., eds. (1996).
1347:
1178:
825:
779:
771:
737:
toward the river mouth. The first Russians to hear of Dauria were probably
734:
665:
609:
583:
515:
421:
376:
319:
307:
295:
282:
265:
252:
240:
148:
143:
124:
69:
42:
4284:
1736:
Black Dragon River: A Journey Down the Amur River Between Russia and China
1684:
1496:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990
756:
130:
4629:
4358:
4279:
4212:
4042:
3644:
3365:
3086:
3081:
1772:
1713:
1587:
1301:
1210:
991:
966:
959:
829:
775:
770:) : between 2 regiments of Manchu bannermen and a detachment of 500
742:
718:
703:
676:
4664:
4614:
4533:
4402:
3312:
3156:
3106:
3076:
2919:
2233:
1281:
confirmed and clarified this border and regulated Russo-Chinese trade.
1105:
950:
877:
873:
861:
722:
711:
653:
543:
2313:
4252:
3101:
3091:
1145:
1100:
596:
73:
19:
For the 1969 border conflict between the Soviet Union and China, see
2108:
The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan
1835:
The Heritage of Han: The Gelaohui and the 1911 Revolution in Sichuan
1019:
1654-1658 : The Sino-Korean allied expeditions against Russians
901:
at the northernmost point on the river. He occupied the Daur's fort
4817:
4679:
3586:
3331:
3278:
3220:
3096:
3071:
1648:(Although this particular book seems to misspell 海色 as 海包 (Haibao))
1084:
629:
624:
in which the latter tried and failed to gain the land north of the
621:
348:
134:
1384:
656:. Ecologically, the area is the southeastern edge of the Siberian
3571:
1164:
1129:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1053:
1046:
1012:
1008:
954:
938:
Next summer he sailed down the Amur and built a fort near modern
902:
898:
869:
837:
813:
726:
695:
645:
608:(1652–1689) were a series of intermittent skirmishes between the
535:
300:
46:
1284:
In 1858, almost two centuries after the fall of Albazin, by the
586:) were the two other main Manchu centers in northern Manchuria.
3756:
2170:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. pp. 26–47.
1111:
1065:
795:
783:
730:
613:
159:
3295:
2854:
1798:
Ravenstein, The Russians on the Amur, 1860(sic), Google Books
1435:
1434:. Du Halde refers to the Yongle-era fort, the predecessor of
1430:
Numerous later editions are available as well, including one
1069:
965:
Cattle and horses in the hundreds were looted and 243 ethnic
672:
657:
563:
523:
2164:
Emory Endeavors in History: Transnational Encounters in Asia
1261:
Changes in the Russo-Chinese border in the 17-19th centuries
1132:, which became the center of a petty kingdom which he named
1029:
In the following operations significant Korean forces under
757:
1639-1643 : Qing Campaign against the indigenous rulers
3465:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
2954:
1052:
July 1654 : Battle of Hutong (on lower reaches of the
625:
1813:
1801:
1162:
675:, and established an administrative seat at Telin, modern
570:, was Aigun's original site on the left bank of the Amur.
37:
1060:) between a joint Korean-Manchu army of 1500 men led by
1739:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Penguin. p. 187.
860:
explored the stream of the Jingkiri river, present-day
2135:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
1896:
Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat
1428:. Vol. IV. Paris: P.G. Lemercier. pp. 15–16.
1292:, i.e. the "Lands along the Amur"). In 1860, with the
1007:
place. Second they appointed the experienced general
4551:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1538:
The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians
1140:. In 1682 or 1684 a voyvoda was appointed by Moscow.
1099:
By 1658 the Chinese had wiped out the Russians below
798::Bomboguoer) while the second native leader Bardači (
2291:
2251:
Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728
2089:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
2070:
White Terror: Cossack Warlords of the Trans-Siberian
1869:
Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728
1390:
3470:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2033:Andrade, Tonio (2017). "The Renaissance Fortress".
2020:
John J. Stephen, The Russian Far East, 1994,page 31
2132:
1753:
1611:
1221:July–October 1686 : The siege of New Albazin.
702:there was little land fit for agriculture, except
2226:The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor
1852:The Unsullied Dynasty & the Kʻang-hsi Emperor
1831:
1181:loyalist Han Chinese troops who had served under
714:which was nominally subject to the Qing dynasty.
671:built a fort on the Northern bank of the Amur at
474:
4835:
4566:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
3896:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
2037:. Princeton University Press. pp. 211–234.
1087:sails down the Sungari into the Amur, and meets
4685:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
4600:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
975:
884:
2870:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
847:
4539:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
3740:
3290:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
3261:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
2329:
1083:, including a large Korean contingent led by
694:in 1582. By 1643 they reached the Pacific at
460:
436:32 (7 killed, 24 injured, 1 died from wounds)
1865:
1104:Okhotsk coast, reaching as far north as the
16:Series of conflicts between China and Russia
4492:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
4487:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
1892:
1859:
1825:
1213:naval specialists who had served under the
3808:Military history of the Russian Federation
3747:
3733:
2336:
2322:
1913:
1848:
1712:Оксана ГАЙНУТДИНОВА (Oksana Gainutdinova)
1364:
1362:
949:(Wuzhala (乌扎拉)) probably near present-day
467:
453:
4058:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
2950:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1984:
1886:
1872:. Harvard University Press. p. 338.
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
395:200 gunners; 60 officers and interpreters
2799:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1697:United States Government Printing Office
1418:
1256:
1248:
1110:
905:after subduing the Daurs led by Arbaši (
509:
4889:17th-century military history of Russia
4019:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
3889:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
3406:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
2343:
2272:
2248:
2105:
2032:
1842:
1819:
1807:
1732:
1629:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1535:
1493:
1359:
600:is the site of the treaty negotiations.
4836:
4640:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
4571:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
4430:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
4408:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
4122:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
3798:Military history of the Russian Empire
2086:
2067:
1978:
1919:
1679:
1580:
1512:
1470:
1412:
1370:Late Imperial Chinese Armies 1520-1840
636:in 1689 which gave the land to China.
4790:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
4168:Russian colonization of North America
3728:
3704:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2945:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
2317:
2130:
1954:Jenne, Jeremiah (September 6, 2016).
1953:
1300:(i.e. the "Maritime Region") down to
1119:
448:
4874:Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia
3803:Military history of the Soviet Union
2925:Ministry of Posts and Communications
2160:
1759:
1701:Haise was executed for this disgrace
1692:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
1617:
1554:
4544:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
3673:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2223:
2198:
1956:"Settling Siberia: Nerchinsk, 1689"
1765:
1706:
1673:
1651:
1396:
999:1657 : 2nd Battle of Sharhody.
669:Nurgan Regional Military Commission
612:of China, with assistance from the
13:
4590:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
3956:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
3390:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
2759:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
2752:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
2632:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
2456:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
1451:
1391:Wurm, Mühlhäusler & Tryon 1996
14:
4920:
4884:History of the Cossacks in Russia
4455:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
3679:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
3520:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
3395:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
2547:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1855:. Mark One Printing. p. 270.
1838:. University of Iowa. p. 18.
1630:Gong, Shuduo; Liu, Delin (2007).
4509:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
4302:Russian conquest of Central Asia
4238:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
4034:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
3976:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
3490:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
2806:Articles of Favourable Treatment
2562:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
2139:(illustrated ed.). Dk Pub.
729:downstream and several thousand
430:
420:
408:
389:
375:
363:
342:
330:
318:
306:
294:
281:
264:
251:
239:
222:
212:
202:
184:
174:
153:
142:
129:
119:
108:
36:
4894:China–Russia military relations
4864:Wars involving the Qing dynasty
4795:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
4440:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
4381:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
2537:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
2423:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2275:The Russian Far East: A History
2014:
2005:
1947:
1792:
1726:
1623:
1138:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1072:: 邊岌) against 400-500 Russians.
690:began with the conquest of the
4904:China–Russian Empire relations
4477:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
4127:War of the Austrian Succession
3191:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
2481:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
1586:А.М.Пастухов (A.M. Pastukhov)
1498:. Cambridge University Press.
1445:
1375:
921:who were subjects of the Qing.
1:
4869:Wars involving Imperial China
4849:Military history of Manchuria
4700:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
4578:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
4329:Russian invasion of Manchuria
4319:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
4265:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
4260:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
4203:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
4193:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
4158:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
4153:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
4143:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
4133:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
4111:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
4106:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
4083:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
4078:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
4053:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
4029:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
4024:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
4009:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
3884:List of wars involving Russia
3879:Sino-Russian border conflicts
3625:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
3400:Islam during the Qing dynasty
3256:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2940:Provincial military commander
2930:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2915:Imperial Household Department
2742:Preparative Constitutionalism
2446:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2277:. Stanford University Press.
1723:(The mystery of Fort Achansk)
1353:
1343:Russian invasion of Manchuria
639:
606:Sino-Russian border conflicts
476:Russian-Qing border conflicts
31:Sino-Russian border conflicts
4655:Eritrean War of Independence
4625:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4620:East German uprising of 1953
4561:Eastern Front (World War II)
4450:Red Army invasion of Georgia
4445:Red Army invasion of Armenia
4413:Estonian War of Independence
4354:Russian occupation of Tabriz
4275:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
4233:War of the Seventh Coalition
4116:War of the Polish Succession
4063:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
3384:Researches on Manchu Origins
2789:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
2399:Transition from Ming to Qing
2389:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2253:. Harvard University Press.
1540:. Cornell University Press.
1323:Transition from Ming to Qing
632:in 1686 and resulted in the
45:forces storming the fort of
7:
4909:Imperial Russian war crimes
4695:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
4645:Sino-Soviet border conflict
4514:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
4482:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
4418:Latvian War of Independence
4307:Russian conquest of Bukhara
4198:War of the Fourth Coalition
4183:War of the Second Coalition
3284:Changzhou School of Thought
2794:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
2769:Railway Protection Movement
2747:1909 Parliamentary election
2732:British expedition to Tibet
2642:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
2602:Self-Strengthening Movement
2577:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
2199:Kim, Loretta Eumie (2009).
2106:Felsing, Robert H. (1979).
1926:The Search for Modern China
1333:Sino-Soviet border conflict
1328:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
1311:
1244:
918:Russian conquest of Siberia
751:
554:are the Amur and the Zeya.
21:Sino-Soviet border conflict
10:
4925:
4690:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
4228:War of the Sixth Coalition
4218:War of the Fifth Coalition
4188:War of the Third Coalition
3793:Military history of Russia
3755:Armed conflicts involving
3684:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
2572:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
2511:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
2501:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
2471:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
1832:Robert H. Felsing (1979).
1782:" (Korean infantry tactic
1536:Lincoln, W. Bruce (2007).
1170:
1022:
982:
876:. He then sailed down the
431:
426:several hundreds (debated)
390:
343:
331:
154:
18:
4803:
4738:
4529:Soviet invasion of Poland
4339:
4223:French invasion of Russia
4091:
3989:
3908:
3834:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
3826:
3783:
3776:
3694:Names of the Qing dynasty
3637:
3605:
3562:
3555:
3424:
3342:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
3269:
3201:
3122:
3027:
2823:
2714:
2672:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
2667:Gongche Shangshu movement
2612:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
2524:
2461:Chinese Rites controversy
2431:
2361:
2352:
2273:Stephan, John J. (1994).
2043:10.1515/9781400874446-016
1733:Ziegler, Dominic (2016).
1714:Загадка Ачанского городка
1454:The Ch'ing Empire to 1800
1318:Manchuria under Qing rule
1202:
1194:
910:
893:1650-1651 : In 1649
821:
803:
767:
482:
402:
381:3,000 men including both
357:
165:
101:
52:
35:
30:
4670:South African Border War
4595:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
4497:Chechen uprising of 1932
4178:Russo-Persian War (1796)
3615:Great Qing Treasure Note
3435:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
3145:Administrative divisions
2962:Administrative divisions
2890:Flag of the Qing dynasty
990:March–April 1655 :
824:): between the natives (
644:The southeast corner of
385:and Han Chinese soldiers
4312:Khivan campaign of 1873
4163:Russo-Polish War (1792)
3211:Chengde Mountain Resort
3012:Three Eastern Provinces
2662:First Sino-Japanese War
2637:Northern Chinese Famine
2496:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
2394:Qing invasion of Joseon
1899:. DK Pub. p. 179.
1636:. 知書房出版集團. p. 66.
1494:Forsyth, James (1994).
1420:Du Halde, Jean-Baptiste
1025:Battle of Hutong (1658)
985:Battle of Hutong (1654)
926:Battle of Achansky fort
864:, and the Amur rivers.
706:, the land between the
4859:History of Amur Oblast
4844:17th-century conflicts
4785:Western Libya campaign
4460:East Karelian uprising
3981:Wagner Group rebellion
3916:Uprising of Bolotnikov
3592:Great Qing Copper Coin
3480:Convention of Tientsin
3413:Annotated Bibliography
3361:Qing official headwear
2404:Battle of Shanhai Pass
2249:Mancall, Mark (1971).
2087:Bisher, Jamie (2006).
2068:Bisher, Jamie (2006).
1262:
1254:
1253:The Amur Basin in 1860
1234:
1215:Zheng family in Taiwan
1116:
1091:'s smaller fleet from
924:March 24, 1652 :
688:expansion into Siberia
601:
594:" of Russian records.
166:Commanders and leaders
4879:Wars involving Joseon
4780:Intervention in Syria
4715:Tajikistani Civil War
4423:Lithuanian–Soviet War
4364:Battle of Robat Karim
3813:Post-Soviet conflicts
3666:Draft History of Qing
3525:Treaty of Shimonoseki
3306:performance criticism
2910:Imperial Commissioner
2900:Great Qing Legal Code
2699:Eight-Nation Alliance
2682:Third plague pandemic
2592:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
2516:White Lotus Rebellion
2296:. Mouton de Gruyter.
2228:. Mark One Printing.
2131:Grant, R. G. (2005).
1866:Mark Mancall (1971).
1681:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
1296:, Russia annexed the
1294:Convention of Beijing
1260:
1252:
1230:
1163:1685-1687 : The
1114:
513:
403:Casualties and losses
4763:Annexation of Crimea
4467:Central Asian Revolt
4376:Ukrainian–Soviet War
4248:Russo-Circassian War
3931:Pugachev's Rebellion
3874:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
3818:Russian Armed Forces
3788:Early modern warfare
3597:Great Qing Gold Coin
3530:Treaty of Tarbagatai
3475:Convention of Peking
3355:Pentaglot Dictionary
3337:Literary inquisition
3047:Ever Victorious Army
2880:Deliberative Council
2784:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
2737:1905 Batang uprising
2677:Hundred Days' Reform
2567:Small Swords Society
2224:Lux, Louise (1998).
1960:The World of Chinese
1893:R. G. Grant (2005).
1126:Nikifor Chernigovsky
662:Chinese-Manchu world
4823:Sphere of influence
4753:Russo-Ukrainian War
4610:First Indochina War
4583:Soviet–Japanese War
4519:Xinjiang War (1937)
4388:Kazakhstan Campaign
4173:Kościuszko Uprising
4073:Second Northern War
3951:Coup attempt (1991)
3844:Soviet-Finnish wars
3650:Anti-Qing sentiment
3500:Treaty of the Bogue
3440:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3372:Complete Tang Poems
3052:Green Standard Army
2935:Provincial governor
2905:Imperial Clan Court
2885:Diplomatic missions
2860:Consultative Bureau
2607:Tongzhi Restoration
2486:Afaqi Khoja revolts
2466:Ten Great Campaigns
2374:Jurchen unification
1929:. Norton. pp.
1921:Spence, Jonathan D.
1849:Louise Lux (1998).
1822:, pp. 225–230.
1810:, pp. 221–222.
1267:Treaty of Nerchinsk
1079:'s Qing fleet from
1056:at the present-day
634:Treaty of Nerchinsk
90:Treaty of Nerchinsk
4854:History of Siberia
4813:Russian Revolution
4748:Russo-Georgian War
4730:Second Chechen War
4710:Georgian Civil War
4349:Russo-Japanese War
4101:Great Northern War
3999:Russo-Crimean Wars
3971:Second Chechen War
3869:Russo-Turkish wars
3864:Russo-Swedish wars
3854:Russo-Persian Wars
3839:Russo-Crimean Wars
3535:Treaty of Tientsin
3246:Western Qing tombs
3241:Eastern Qing tombs
3067:Peking Field Force
2811:Manchu Restoration
2704:Declaration of war
2657:Jindandao incident
2476:Lhasa riot of 1750
1985:Lo-shu Fu (1966).
1966:on August 20, 2020
1719:2007-08-13 at the
1663:2011-10-04 at the
1593:2011-10-01 at the
1263:
1255:
1120:1665-1689: Albazin
1117:
681:Nikolaevsk-on-Amur
616:of Korea, and the
602:
4831:
4830:
4720:First Chechen War
4675:Soviet–Afghan War
4660:Angolan Civil War
4435:Polish–Soviet War
4393:Finnish Civil War
4371:Russian Civil War
4270:November Uprising
4208:Anglo-Russian War
4148:Bar Confederation
3961:First Chechen War
3941:Russian Civil War
3936:Decembrist revolt
3926:Bulavin Rebellion
3921:Razin's Rebellion
3904:
3903:
3859:Russo-Polish Wars
3827:Lists by opponent
3722:
3721:
3633:
3632:
3545:Treaty of Whampoa
3540:Treaty of Wanghia
3515:Treaty of Nanking
3485:Li–Lobanov Treaty
3460:Chefoo Convention
3455:Burlingame Treaty
3326:Kangxi Dictionary
3231:Old Summer Palace
3062:Firearm Battalion
2865:Cup of Solid Gold
2819:
2818:
2764:Manchurian plague
2727:Late Qing reforms
2718:(1901–1912)
2652:Sikkim expedition
2582:Panthay Rebellion
2552:Taiping Rebellion
2528:(1801–1900)
2506:Sino-Nepalese War
2451:Dzungar–Qing Wars
2437:(1683–1799)
2365:(1616–1683)
2303:978-3-11-013417-9
2284:978-0-8047-2701-3
2260:978-0-674-78115-3
2177:978-1-4751-3879-5
2098:978-1-135-76596-5
2079:978-1-135-76595-8
2052:978-1-4008-7444-6
2035:The Gunpowder Age
1940:978-0-393-30780-1
1906:978-0-7566-1360-0
1771:A.M. Pastukhov, "
1643:978-986-7151-64-3
1547:978-0-8014-8922-8
1505:978-0-521-47771-0
1463:978-0-521-24334-6
1279:Treaty of Kyakhta
1037:(나선정벌, literally
976:1654-1658 :
885:1649-1653 :
848:1643-1644 :
794:: 博木博果爾 or 博穆博果爾
618:Tsardom of Russia
505:
504:
443:
442:
114:Tsardom of Russia
97:
96:
4916:
4705:Transnistria War
4650:War of Attrition
4556:Continuation War
4505:
4297:January Uprising
4138:Seven Years' War
4038:Time of Troubles
4004:Russo-Kazan Wars
3849:Russo-Kazan Wars
3781:
3780:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3699:New Qing History
3582:Qianlong Tongbao
3560:
3559:
3505:Treaty of Canton
3445:Unequal treaties
3251:Fuling Mausoleum
2850:Advisory Council
2779:Wuchang Uprising
2719:
2622:Tianjin Massacre
2587:Second Opium War
2529:
2491:Sino-Burmese War
2438:
2416:Battle of Penghu
2384:Seven Grievances
2366:
2359:
2358:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2288:
2264:
2245:
2220:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2180:. Archived from
2169:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2138:
2127:
2102:
2083:
2064:
2021:
2018:
2012:
2011:March, chapter 5
2009:
2003:
2002:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1962:. Archived from
1951:
1945:
1944:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1730:
1724:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1688:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1552:
1551:
1533:
1510:
1509:
1491:
1468:
1467:
1449:
1443:
1429:
1416:
1410:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1366:
1265:In 1689, by the
1238:Albazin Cossacks
1204:
1196:
1173:Siege of Albazin
1089:Onufriy Stepanov
1039:Russian campaign
1035:Naseon Jeongbeol
1004:Onufriy Stepanov
978:Onufriy Stepanov
948:
934:
912:
895:Yerofei Khabarov
887:Yerofey Khabarov
866:Vassili Poyarkov
823:
805:
769:
692:Khanate of Sibir
477:
469:
462:
455:
446:
445:
435:
434:
433:
425:
424:
412:
394:
393:
392:
383:Manchu Bannermen
380:
379:
367:
347:
346:
345:
335:
334:
333:
323:
322:
311:
310:
299:
298:
286:
285:
269:
268:
256:
255:
244:
243:
226:
216:
206:
198:
190:Onufriy Stepanov
188:
180:Yerofey Khabarov
178:
158:
157:
156:
147:
146:
133:
123:
112:
54:
53:
40:
28:
27:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4799:
4740:
4734:
4725:War of Dagestan
4499:
4472:August Uprising
4341:
4335:
4324:Boxer Rebellion
4292:Amur Annexation
4093:
4087:
3991:
3985:
3966:War of Dagestan
3946:August Uprising
3900:
3822:
3772:
3753:
3723:
3718:
3714:Willow Palisade
3660:Chuang Guandong
3629:
3601:
3551:
3510:Treaty of Kulja
3495:Treaty of Aigun
3428:
3420:
3319:History of Ming
3271:
3265:
3203:
3197:
3123:Special regions
3118:
3057:Imperial Guards
3023:
2815:
2774:1911 Revolution
2720:
2717:
2710:
2687:Boxer Rebellion
2647:Sino-French War
2597:Amur Annexation
2542:First Opium War
2530:
2527:
2520:
2439:
2436:
2427:
2411:Great Clearance
2367:
2364:
2348:
2342:
2311:
2304:
2285:
2261:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2167:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2099:
2080:
2053:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1864:
1860:
1847:
1843:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1731:
1727:
1721:Wayback Machine
1711:
1707:
1699:. p. 632.
1686:"Šarhûda"
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:Wayback Machine
1656:
1652:
1644:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1601:word "гасян" (
1595:Wayback Machine
1585:
1581:
1576:
1555:
1548:
1534:
1513:
1506:
1492:
1471:
1464:
1450:
1446:
1432:on Google Books
1417:
1413:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1338:Amur Annexation
1314:
1306:Amur Annexation
1286:Treaty of Aigun
1247:
1227:Outer Manchuria
1183:Zheng Chenggong
1175:
1169:
1122:
1027:
1021:
987:
981:
942:
928:
890:
858:Vasili Poyarkov
853:
850:Vasili Poyarkov
809:) kept neutral.
759:
754:
642:
508:
507:
506:
501:
478:
475:
473:
439:
429:
419:
398:
388:
374:
353:
341:
329:
317:
305:
293:
280:
263:
250:
238:
232:
218:Alexei Tolbuzin
208:Afanasy Pashkov
194:
152:
151:
141:
76:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4922:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4808:Russian Winter
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4635:Vlora incident
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4536:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4405:
4400:
4398:Sochi conflict
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3752:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3577:Kangxi Tongbao
3574:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3450:Boxer Protocol
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3293:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Forbidden City
3213:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3179:General of Ili
3176:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3162:List of ambans
3159:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2627:Margary Affair
2624:
2619:
2617:Mudan incident
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2557:Nian Rebellion
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2309:
2308:
2302:
2289:
2283:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2246:
2221:
2196:
2176:
2158:
2145:
2128:
2103:
2097:
2084:
2078:
2065:
2061:j.ctvc77j74.18
2051:
2023:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1997:
1977:
1946:
1939:
1912:
1905:
1885:
1878:
1858:
1841:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1791:
1778:2012-07-08 at
1764:
1752:
1746:978-0143109891
1745:
1725:
1705:
1683:, ed. (1943).
1672:
1650:
1642:
1622:
1610:
1579:
1553:
1546:
1511:
1504:
1469:
1462:
1444:
1411:
1395:
1393:, p. 828.
1383:
1374:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1277:. In 1727 the
1275:Stanovoy Range
1246:
1243:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1197:) and He You (
1187:Kangxi Emperor
1171:Main article:
1168:
1165:Albazin/Yakesa
1161:
1121:
1118:
1097:
1096:
1073:
1050:
1023:Main article:
1020:
1017:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
992:Siege of Komar
983:Main article:
980:
974:
936:
935:
922:
889:
883:
882:
881:
868:traveled from
852:
846:
845:
844:
841:
810:
768:селение Гуалар
758:
755:
753:
750:
743:Maxim Perfilev
739:Ivan Moskvitin
708:Stanovoy Range
698:. East of the
650:Stanovoy Range
641:
638:
614:Joseon dynasty
568:Aihom ruin(e)d
503:
502:
500:
499:
494:
489:
483:
480:
479:
472:
471:
464:
457:
449:
441:
440:
438:
437:
427:
416:
414:
405:
404:
400:
399:
397:
396:
386:
371:
369:
360:
359:
355:
354:
352:
351:
339:
327:
315:
303:
291:
278:
261:
248:
246:Kangxi Emperor
235:
233:
231:
230:
228:Afanasy Beiton
220:
210:
200:
182:
171:
168:
167:
163:
162:
139:
138:
137:
127:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
82:
78:
77:
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4921:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4899:Eight Banners
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4773:2022 invasion
4771:
4769:
4768:War in Donbas
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4605:Ili Rebellion
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:Caucasian War
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3988:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3894:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3689:Manchu people
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Canton System
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Hubu Guanpiao
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:Society &
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Summer Palace
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Mukden Palace
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3202:Palaces &
3200:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Eight Banners
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Grand Council
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2715:20th century
2713:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2525:19th century
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2187:on 2020-12-07
2183:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2148:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:. Routledge.
2090:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:. Routledge.
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2017:
2008:
2000:
1998:9780816501519
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1879:9780674781153
1875:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1785:
1781:
1780:archive.today
1777:
1774:
1768:
1762:, p. 31.
1761:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1620:, p. 26.
1619:
1614:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1408:0-231-03801-1
1405:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
998:
995:
993:
989:
988:
986:
979:
973:
971:
968:
963:
961:
956:
952:
946:
941:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:
888:
879:
875:
872:south to the
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:
851:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
819:
815:
811:
808:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
761:
760:
749:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:Yenisei River
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
667:
663:
659:
658:boreal forest
655:
651:
648:south of the
647:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
598:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
481:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
450:
447:
428:
423:
418:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:
401:
387:
384:
378:
373:
372:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
350:
340:
338:
328:
326:
321:
316:
314:
313:Lin Hsing-chu
309:
304:
302:
297:
292:
289:
284:
279:
276:
272:
267:
262:
259:
254:
249:
247:
242:
237:
236:
234:
229:
225:
221:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
199:
197:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
172:
170:
169:
164:
161:
150:
145:
140:
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
117:
116:
115:
111:
106:
105:
100:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:Qing victory
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
44:
39:
34:
29:
22:
4524:World War II
4057:
4048:Smolensk War
4014:Livonian War
3878:
3709:Treaty ports
3671:
3664:
3638:Other topics
3411:
3404:
3382:
3370:
3353:
3348:Peiwen Yunfu
3346:
3324:
3317:
3288:
3037:Beiyang Army
3019:Zongli Yamen
2875:Da-Qing Bank
2692:Red Lanterns
2445:
2345:Qing dynasty
2310:
2293:
2274:
2267:
2250:
2225:
2200:
2189:. Retrieved
2182:the original
2163:
2150:. Retrieved
2134:
2107:
2088:
2069:
2034:
2026:
2025:
2016:
2007:
1987:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1959:
1949:
1924:
1915:
1895:
1888:
1868:
1861:
1851:
1844:
1834:
1827:
1820:Andrade 2017
1815:
1808:Andrade 2017
1803:
1794:
1788:(in Russian)
1783:
1767:
1755:
1735:
1728:
1708:
1700:
1690:
1675:
1669:(in Russian)
1653:
1632:
1625:
1613:
1607:(in Russian)
1602:
1582:
1537:
1495:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1424:
1414:
1398:
1386:
1377:
1369:
1348:Jaxa (state)
1289:
1283:
1264:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1179:Ming dynasty
1176:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1123:
1098:
1038:
1034:
1031:King Hyojong
1028:
1002:
964:
937:
913:
806:
804:巴爾達齊 or 巴爾達奇
747:
745:about 1640.
716:
685:
666:Ming dynasty
643:
610:Qing dynasty
605:
603:
595:
588:Houmar River
587:
579:
572:Mergenkhotun
571:
567:
559:
555:
551:
548:Saghalien R.
547:
539:
531:
527:
519:
195:
149:Qing dynasty
107:
102:Belligerents
84:
70:Heilongjiang
4630:Vietnam War
4500: [
4359:World War I
4280:Crimean War
4213:Finnish War
4129:(1740–1748)
4118:(1733–1738)
4043:Ingrian War
3759:(including
3645:Aisin Gioro
3607:Paper money
3366:Qing poetry
3087:Wuwei Corps
3082:Shuishiying
2843:Family tree
2027:Works cited
1970:October 22,
1368:CJ. Peers,
1302:Vladivostok
1271:Argun River
1211:Han Chinese
1154:cannibalism
943: [
929: [
778:led by the
677:Tyr, Russia
552:Tchikiri R.
43:Qing Empire
4838:Categories
4665:Ogaden War
4615:Korean War
4534:Winter War
4403:Heimosodat
3990:Tsardom of
3313:Four Wangs
3204:mausoleums
3157:Golden Urn
3130:Inner Asia
3107:Xiang Army
3077:Hushenying
3002:Liangguang
2982:Liangjiang
2920:Lifan Yuan
2825:Government
2234:B0029LDCSA
2203:(Thesis).
2191:2023-04-17
2146:0756613604
2110:(Thesis).
1354:References
1144:cannons" (
1106:Maya River
1062:Byeon Geup
951:Khabarovsk
878:Amur River
874:Zeya River
836:) and the
723:Zeya River
712:Amur River
654:Amur River
640:Background
626:Amur River
544:Jilin City
540:Kiring Ula
492:2nd Hutong
413:c. 800 men
337:Byeon Geup
288:Minggadari
4285:Åland War
4253:Murid War
4092:18th–19th
3135:Manchuria
3102:Huai Army
3092:Yong Ying
2977:Shaan-Gan
2433:High Qing
2379:Later Jin
2242:606335604
2217:304891316
2209:426251942
2124:302906101
2116:192098907
1760:Kang 2012
1618:Kang 2012
1290:Priamurye
1225:see also
1146:Hongyipao
1101:Nerchinsk
807:Bā'ěrdáqí
725:, 14,000
597:Nerczinsk
584:Qiqiha'er
580:Tcitcisar
560:Ula Hotum
556:Saghalien
520:Tcitcisar
516:Qiqiha'er
368:2,000 men
74:Priamurye
60:1652–1689
4818:Cold War
4680:Gulf War
4036:and the
3909:Internal
3765:Imperial
3587:Hongqian
3556:Currency
3426:Treaties
3332:Kaozheng
3279:Booi Aha
3221:Hetu Ala
3174:Timeline
3169:Xinjiang
3140:Mongolia
3097:Chu Army
3072:New Army
3029:Military
2967:Viceroys
2213:ProQuest
2120:ProQuest
1923:(1991).
1776:Archived
1717:Archived
1661:Archived
1591:Archived
1422:(1735).
1312:See also
1298:Primorye
1273:and the
1245:Treaties
1218:battles.
1167:Campaign
1124:In 1665
1085:Shin Ryu
970:Mongolic
914:Ā'ěrbāxī
788:Bombogor
752:Timeline
710:and the
686:Russian
622:Cossacks
590:is the "
576:Nenjiang
358:Strength
349:Shin Ryu
135:Cossacks
65:Location
4758:Outline
4741:century
4342:century
4094:century
3777:Related
3761:Tsarist
3572:Zhiqian
3564:Coinage
3301:Economy
3272:culture
3007:Yun-Gui
2997:Min-Zhe
2992:Sichuan
2987:Huguang
2833:Emperor
2354:History
1199:Chinese
1191:Chinese
1177:Former
1130:Albazin
1093:Albazin
1081:Ninguta
1077:Sarhuda
1054:Sungari
1047:Ninguta
1013:Ninguta
1009:Sarhuda
960:Kumarsk
955:Ninguta
916:). The
907:Chinese
903:Albazin
899:Albazin
870:Yakutsk
838:Manchus
818:Russian
800:Chinese
792:Chinese
786:leader
764:Russian
727:Duchers
721:on the
696:Okhotsk
646:Siberia
630:Albazin
620:by the
536:Ninguta
532:Nimguta
497:Albazin
301:Sarhuda
196:†
47:Albazin
4068:Deluge
3992:Russia
3771:times)
3769:Soviet
3757:Russia
3186:Taiwan
2362:Early
2347:topics
2300:
2281:
2257:
2240:
2232:
2215:
2207:
2174:
2152:23 May
2143:
2122:
2114:
2095:
2076:
2059:
2049:
1995:
1937:
1903:
1876:
1743:
1640:
1603:gasyan
1544:
1502:
1460:
1406:
1201::
1193::
1066:Hangul
909::
834:Oroqen
802::
796:pinyin
735:Nivkhs
731:Tungus
704:Dauria
679:above
578:) and
522:) and
487:Hutong
290:(明安达理)
192:
160:Joseon
81:Result
4504:]
3378:Queue
3296:Dibao
3152:Tibet
2972:Zhili
2855:Amban
2185:(PDF)
2168:(PDF)
2057:JSTOR
1784:samsu
1599:Nanai
1440:Aykom
1438:, as
1436:Aigun
1070:Hanja
1068:: 변급
1058:Yilan
947:]
940:Achan
933:]
826:Solon
814:Yaksa
784:Evenk
780:Solon
776:Daurs
772:Solon
719:Daurs
673:Aigun
592:Komar
564:Aigun
558:, or
528:Kirin
524:Jilin
325:Ho Yu
258:Haise
4739:21st
4340:20th
3767:and
3114:Navy
2955:Ejen
2838:List
2298:ISBN
2279:ISBN
2255:ISBN
2238:OCLC
2230:ASIN
2205:OCLC
2172:ISBN
2154:2014
2141:ISBN
2112:OCLC
2093:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1972:2016
1935:ISBN
1901:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1372:, 33
1134:Jaxa
967:Daur
911:阿尔巴西
862:Zeya
830:Daur
822:Якса
741:and
733:and
604:The
550:and
271:Hife
260:(海色)
125:Jaxa
72:and
57:Date
2039:doi
1933:–.
1633:图说清
1605:))
1195:林兴珠
1041:).
546:).
530:).
4840::
4502:ru
3763:,
2236:.
2211:.
2118:.
2055:.
2045:.
1958:.
1931:56
1695:.
1689:.
1556:^
1514:^
1472:^
1361:^
1308:.
1203:何佑
1108:.
945:ru
931:ru
832:,
828:,
820::
766::
683:.
275:希福
3748:e
3741:t
3734:v
2337:e
2330:t
2323:v
2306:.
2287:.
2263:.
2244:.
2219:.
2194:.
2156:.
2126:.
2101:.
2082:.
2063:.
2041::
2001:.
1974:.
1943:.
1909:.
1882:.
1749:.
1646:.
1550:.
1508:.
1466:.
1064:(
1049:.
840:.
816:(
790:(
782:-
774:-
582:(
574:(
562:(
542:(
534:(
526:(
518:(
468:e
461:t
454:v
277:)
273:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg){kind=small}
