178:, sacked and burnt down by robbers. The Cossacks found themselves in a critical situation, especially considering the fact that they lacked manpower to fight their way to more fertile lands. To avoid death from starvation, Stepanov's men had to plough and scatter the fields with seeds themselves. It was pointless to remain in this region any longer, so Onufriy Stepanov waited for an opportunity to leave. On July 22, 1656, he dispatched a group of fifty Cossacks to Moscow to deliver a new yasak, providing them with a letter asking the
106:). A river battle ensued, and Stepanov and his men came off victorious, but the remaining Manchu forces went ashore and entrenched themselves. The Cossacks made an attempt to besiege the trenches, but sustained losses and had to retreat downriver where they were joined by 30 men under sotnik Beketov. He retreated up the Amur, past the Zeya to the mouth of the
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thanked
Stepanov and his subordinates for their great service and instructed them to "conduct themselves bravely". Soon enough, the Cossacks grew completely desperate and began to run away from their leader. Negotiations between Moscow and the Manchus stalled, help was nowhere in sight, and natives’
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fur. Meanwhile, the living conditions along the Amur River grew worse from year to year because most of the native population had been impoverished by the
Cossacks’ exactions and had left the area. Also, Stepanov found out that the Daurs and Duchers had been resettled by the order of their
210:. Exhausted and demoralized, Onufriy Stepanov and his Cossacks could not offer any serious resistance and were defeated. Stepanov was either killed during the fight or drowned while trying to cross the Amur River. The Manchus captured the Russian's yasak and released over a hundred
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Such a tragic finale of the
Stepanov party discouraged the Russian leaders from collecting yasak from the natives of the Amur region and made them abandon its official conquest for the next 15 or so years. A number of cossacks continued to live and raid in the area unofficially.
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Stepanov began preparations for an advance towards a region with a more favorable and friendly environment. On June 30, 1658, below the mouth of the
Sungari, Stepanov's 11-boat fleet with 500 Cossacks aboard was surrounded by 40 (or 45, or 45–47) boats of the
174:. Thus, the Amur region became almost completely deserted, the shores of the Sungari River in particular. An increasing number of outlaws in the area would prey on both the natives and the legal Cossacks. Stepanov and his men would often encounter
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women kept by the
Cossacks on their boats. 270 Russians were lost and 222 escaped, of whom 180 formed themselves into outlaw bands that lived by raiding the natives in the Zeya area until they were largely wiped out by the Manchus in 1660.
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of the
Transbaikalia and Amur Lands in the second half of the 17th and the 18th centuries). This page also contains links to the texts of Onufriy Stepanov's reports, which serve as the main source for all later literature about him.
149:) joined Onufriy Stepanov. Once again, Stepanov headed towards the grain-rich region of the Sungari River. After having refreshed his supplies, Stepanov and his men made their way to the
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on March 13, 1655. The outnumbered defenders repulsed several assaults, but the
Manchus ran short of food and lifted the siege the on April 3, 1655, after destroying the Russian boats.
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In the summer of 1654, Stepanov sailed back to the
Sungari River to find grain and was joined by another band of 50 cossacks. After sailing up the Sungari for three days he met a
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After this incident
Stepanov ordered a few of his men to travel to Moscow, Arica and deliver the yasak, collected during his stay in the Amur region. Meanwhile, fifty
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Fearing attack, Stepanov began rebuilding the desolate settlement and its fortifications. These precautions paid off, when a
Manchurian army of 10,000 soldiers led by
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country in order to procure food and building materials. Stepanov succeeded in his mission, but not without skirmishes with the Duchers, exacting a considerable
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country on the lower Amur. There, the Cossacks built a fort and collected a yasak consisting of
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not to send his men back to him due to the lack of food in the Amur region. In his reply,
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animosity towards the Cossacks grew stronger every day.
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