24:
444:группы: 1. собственно чжурчжэни, ... зурчэн ...; 2. эвенки-жители бассейна реки Зеи ....; 3. некая этническая группа, которая предположительно могла войти в состав нанайцев." / "The term 'Ducher' may have referred equally likely to three different ethnic groups: 1. the Jurchens proper (zurchen) ...; 2. The
443:
Quotes: "наименование «дючеры» русских документов XVII века не имеет однозначного истолкования" / "the term 'Duchers' from the 17th-century
Russian documents has multiple interpretations". "Под наименованием «дючеры» могут подразумеваться с равной степенью вероятности три разных этноса или этнических
140:(which was originally located on the left - now Russian - bank of the Amur, opposite to its later location) was a Ducher town, currently known to the archaeologists as the Grodekovo site (Гродековское городище), after the nearby village of Grodekovo. It is located south of the city of
231:
The etymology of the word "Duchers" (which, besides дючеры and дучеры, had a number of other spelling variants in the 17th-century
Russian manuscripts: чючар, джучар, жучер, дючан) is controversial as well. Some researches hold it obvious that it is related to Jurchens' self-name,
411:
A.M. Pastukhov, "Regarding the fortification techniques ..." Quote: "Ученые до сих пор не пришли к единому мнению касательно языковой принадлежности этих племен " / "Researchers still don't have a consensus regarding the linguistic affiliation of these tribes
162:
and the
Duchers was the main economic benefit derived by the Russians from their expansion in the region in the early 1650s, and, in order to deny it to them, the Qing government starting in 1654 resettled the Ducher farmers from the Amur valley to the
114:, were agriculturalists. They grew rye, wheat, barley, millet, oats, peas, and hemp, as well as a number of vegetables. The Duchers had horses and cattle; pigs were a particularly important source of meat. They did some hunting and fishing as well.
223:
Another, and probably more common, view, expressed e.g. by the
Russian archaeologist D.P. Bolotin or Tungusologist A.A. Burykin is that the Duchers were part of the Jurchens. This would imply that after being resettled to the Sungari and the
155:
D. Frantsbekov in 1652. According to the archaeologists, this fortress was first built around the end of the first or beginning of the second millennium CE.
675:
285:
634:
110:
According to the
Russian explorers of the time, the Duchers, as well as the related groups, the Goguls, and their north-western neighbors, the
72:, and possibly even somewhat further downstream. Their ethnic identity is not known with certainty, but it is usually assumed that they were a
352:(Regarding the fortification techniques used in the settlements of the Amur Valley tribes in the mid-17th century, and the meaning of the
190:
Archaeologically, the Ducher culture can be identified since the second half of the 13th century (i.e., soon after the destruction of the
744:
187:
The ethnic identification of the
Duchers and even the meaning of their name (and whether it was also a self-name) remain controversial.
552:
216:, and other Tungusic people of the middle and lower Amur valley have incorporated descendants of the Duchers. The Russian scholar
432:
104:
504:
220:
goes even further, identifying the
Duchers (at least, the ones from the Sungari / Ussuri mouth area) with the Nanais.
343:К вопросу о характере укреплений поселков приамурских племен середины XVII века и значении нанайского термина «гасян»
321:
345:
749:
158:
The "tribute" of furs, grain, and livestock, collected (or looted, as the case may be) by the
Cossacks from the
545:
754:
282:
759:
538:
469:
205:
465:
217:
194:
60:
or дучеры) was the
Russian name of the people populating the shores of the middle course of the
391:
42:
382:
may have refer to a variety of housing styles, and not only to the "yurt" in the modern sense.
452:
basin ...; 3. Some ethnic group which hypothetically could have been incorporated into the
378:(юрта), but it appears from the text of other reports from the same era and region that the
8:
399:
679:
317:
23:
561:
429:
225:
176:
168:
145:
122:
73:
53:
17:
436:
349:
311:
289:
241:
141:
95:
The total number of
Duchers (including other related Manchu groups, but not the
87:
The name of this ethnic group is sometimes also written in English as "Jucher".
683:
670:
524:
etymology as well, as one of three possible options, but considers it unlikely.
353:
191:
172:
484:
738:
693:
687:
642:
587:
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148:
reported the existence of this town (which he called Aytyun (Айтюн)) to the
703:
656:
609:
604:
582:
198:
133:
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A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990
179:
visited the lower Sungari in 1656, he found the Ducher villages deserted.
713:
708:
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650:
342:
159:
111:
96:
29:
439:(Remarks about the ethnonym "Jurchens" and the term "Jurchen language")
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in the region ca. 1650 has been estimated by modern scholars at 14,000.
449:
65:
61:
662:
430:Заметки об этнониме «чжурчжэни» и наименовании «чжурчжэньский язык».
236:. Another view, expressed by A.A. Burykin, is that Russian "дючер" (
592:
530:
118:
77:
485:О ПОДЛИННОМ МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИИ КОСОГОРСКОГО ОСТРОГА 50-Х гг. XVII ВЕКА
201:), being a successor of the earlier culture of the Amur Jurchens.
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149:
618:
577:
453:
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572:
213:
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503:Д.П. Болотин (D.P. Bolotin), Б.С. Сапунов (B.S. Sapunov), "
374:
292:(Amur Oblast - the History. The peoples of the Amur Land)
171:
Rivers further south. The Daurs were resettled (to the
250:
244:
121:' reports, the Duchers lived in fortified villages (
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316:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–105.
283:Амурская область: История НАРОДЫ АМУРСКОЙ ЗЕМЛИ
546:
428:Бурыкин А. А. (Alexey Alexeyevich Burykin),
228:they simply merged into the Manchu people.
507:" (The ancient cultures of the Amur region)
487:(About the true location of the Kosogorsky
553:
539:
402:can be found on Google Books. Pages 31-32.
144:and the fall of the Zeya into the Amur.
103:) of the Amur Valley at the time of the
22:
372:The Cossack reports describe houses as
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737:
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64:, approximately from the mouth of the
41:in the mid-17th century, according to
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255:, meaning "guards along the river".
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129:) with 60 and more houses in each.
105:appearance of the Russian explorers
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745:Historical ethnic groups of Russia
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330:
298:
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182:
14:
771:
510:
477:
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341:А.М.Пастухов (A.M. Pastukhov)
117:According to the 17th-century
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258:
483:Б.П. Полевой (B.P. Polevoi)
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245:
7:
10:
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654:(controversial, including
505:Древняя культура Приамурья
15:
722:
568:
470:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
206:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
126:
68:down to the mouth of the
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396:The Russians on the Amur
310:Forsyth, James (1994).
132:The predecessor of the
750:Ethnic groups in China
727:indicate extinct group
288:July 18, 2011, at the
175:Valley) as well. When
45:
43:Ernst Georg Ravenstein
516:Burykin mentions the
240:) may have come from
26:
16:For the surname, see
755:History of Manchuria
91:Life of the Duchers
435:2002-04-20 at the
348:2011-10-01 at the
46:
732:
731:
680:Jianzhou Jurchens
676:Five state tribes
448:residents of the
398:. London, 1861.
204:According to the
76:, related to the
27:The lands of the
767:
760:Tungusic peoples
562:Tungusic peoples
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177:Onufriy Stepanov
146:Yerofey Khabarov
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18:Ducher (surname)
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646:(controversial)
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622:(controversial)
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468:(Duchers) the
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437:Wayback Machine
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392:E.G. Ravenstein
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356:word "гасян" (
350:Wayback Machine
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290:Wayback Machine
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183:Ethnic identity
142:Blagoveshchensk
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74:Tungusic people
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684:Haixi Jurchens
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491:of the 1650s)
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173:Nenjiang River
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688:Wild Jurchens
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657:Heishui Mohe
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493:(in Russian)
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362:(in Russian)
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218:B.P. Polevoy
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674:(including
80:and/or the
739:Categories
450:Zeya River
259:References
208:, today's
195:Jin Empire
62:Amur River
663:Sumo Mohe
400:Full text
136:fortress
671:Jurchens
593:Negidals
433:Archived
346:Archived
286:Archived
119:Cossacks
78:Jurchens
725:Italics
694:Manchus
599:Duchers
588:Oroqens
522:dyucher
518:zurchen
238:Dyucher
199:Mongols
197:by the
192:Jurchen
165:Sungari
153:voivode
150:Yakutsk
127:городок
123:Russian
54:Russian
50:Duchers
35:Ducheri
704:Nanais
643:Shiwei
619:Sushen
610:Orochs
605:Udeges
583:Solons
578:Evenks
489:Ostrog
466:Дючеры
454:Nanais
446:Evenki
358:gasyan
320:
252:zuchen
242:Manchu
101:Evenks
82:Nanais
70:Ussuri
58:дючеры
39:Goguli
37:, and
714:Oroks
709:Ulchs
699:Sibes
666:etc.)
651:Mohes
627:Yilou
573:Evens
520:>
354:Nanai
246:zuche
234:jušen
226:Hurka
210:Nanai
169:Hurka
160:Daurs
138:Aigun
112:Daurs
97:Daurs
30:Dauri
635:Wuji
380:yurt
375:yurt
318:ISBN
214:Ulch
167:and
134:Qing
66:Zeya
48:The
614:Taz
360:))
99:or
741::
686:,
682:,
678:;
660:,
417:^
394:,
332:^
300:^
267:^
249:,
212:,
125::
84:.
56::
33:,
690:)
554:e
547:t
540:v
456:.
412:"
326:.
52:(
20:.
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