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54:
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1320:
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758:
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As early as 1827, the
Chinese had become the largest ethnic group in Singapore. During the earliest years of the settlement, most of the Chinese in Singapore had been Peranakans, the descendants of Chinese who had settled in the archipelago centuries ago, who were usually well-to-do merchants. As the
1026:
Despite
Singapore's growing importance, the administration set up to govern the island was generally understaffed, poorly funded, weak, and ineffectual. Administrators were usually posted from India with little or no knowledge of the region, and were unfamiliar with local languages and customs of the
1017:
trade which flourished under no taxation and little restriction. Many merchant houses were set up in
Singapore mainly by European trading firms, but also by Jewish, Chinese, Arab, Armenian, American and Indian merchants. There were also many Chinese middlemen who handled most of the trade between the
1155:
As
Singapore continued to grow, the deficiencies in the Straits Settlements administration became increasingly apparent. Apart from the indifference of British India's administrators to local conditions, there was immense bureaucracy and red tape which made it difficult to pass new laws. Singapore's
1030:
While
Singapore's population had quadrupled between 1830 and 1867, the size of the civil service in Singapore had remained unchanged. In 1850 there were only twelve police officers to keep order in a city of nearly 60,000. Most people had no access to public health services, and diseases such as
1128:) were extremely powerful; some had tens of thousands of members, and turf wars between rival societies occasionally led to death tolls numbering in the hundreds. Attempts to suppress these secret societies had limited success, and they continued to be a problem well into the 20th century.
1087:
and return home to China, but most were doomed to a life of low-paying unskilled labour. Until the 20th century, few
Chinese ended up settling permanently, primarily because wives were in short supply. The sex ratio in Singapore's Chinese community was around hundred to one, mainly due to
969:
During the subsequent decades, Singapore grew to become one of the most important ports in the world. Several events during this period contributed to its success. British intervention in the Malay peninsula from the 1820s onwards culminated, during the 1870s, in the formation of
857:
in London. The period saw
Singapore establish itself as an important trading port and developed into a major city with a rapid increase in population. The city remained as the capital and seat of government until British rule was suspended in February 1942, when the
898:
were initially worried about the potential liability of this new outpost, but that was soon overshadowed by
Singapore's rapid growth as an important trading post. By 1822, it was made clear to the Dutch that the British had no intention of giving up the island.
1298:
I grew up in a
Singapore of the 1920s and 1930s. The population was less than a million and most of Singapore was covered by mangrove swamps, rubber plantations, and secondary forest because rubber had failed, and forests around Mandai/Bukit Timah took its
989:
In 1834, the
British government ended the East India Company's monopoly on the China trade, allowing other British companies to enter the market and leading to a surge in shipping traffic. The trade with China was opened with the signing of the
1105:, as well as a number of Indian convicts who were sent to Singapore to carry out public works projects, such as clearing jungles and swampy marshes and laying out roads. They also helped construct many buildings, including
1187:
was established in 1877 to address the needs of the Chinese community, including controlling the worst abuses of the coolie trade and protecting Chinese women from forced prostitution. In 1889 Governor Sir
1156:
merchant community began agitating against British Indian rule, in favour of establishing Singapore as a separate colony of Britain. The British government finally agreed to make the Straits Settlements a
1278:, about half of the Indian soldiers mutinied. They killed several of their officers and some civilians before the mutiny was suppressed by British Empire and allied forces plus local troops from
1112:
As a result of the administration's hands-off attitude and the predominantly male, transient, and uneducated nature of the population, the society of Singapore was rather lawless and chaotic.
1196:, driving them underground. Nevertheless, many social problems persisted up through the post-war era, including an acute housing shortage and generally poor health and living standards.
1101:
By 1860, Indians became the second largest ethnic group. They consisted of unskilled labourers like the Chinese coolies, traders, soldiers garrisoned at Singapore by the government in
1013:
By 1880, over 1.5 million tons of goods were passing through Singapore each year, with around 80% of it transported by steamships and trading ships. The main commercial activity was
1274:
from British India who were garrisoned in Singapore. On the day before the regiment was due to depart for Hong Kong, and hearing rumours that they were to be sent to fight the
1240:- previously known as Sun Yat Sen Villa or Wang Qing Yuan (meaning "House of the Heavens above" in Chinese) - in Singapore where the branch operated from. According to
1820:
174:
982:, much of which was shipped out through Singapore. Singapore also served as the administrative centre for Malaya until the 1880s, when the capital was shifted to
1232:. Overseas Chinese like the immigrant Chinese population in Singapore donated generously to groups like the Tongmenghui, which would eventually evolve into the
1795:
1683:
1790:
699:
1039:
caused severe health problems, especially in overcrowded working-class areas. Malnutrition and opium-smoking were major social woes during this period.
1539:
1805:
1098:, or the traditional Malay villages, most worked as wage earners and craftsmen. This was in contrast to most Malays in Malaya, who remained farmers.
894:
soon issued bitter protests to the British government, arguing that their sphere of influence had been violated. The British government and the
1800:
1703:
1168:
786:
1354:, and having enough fuel tanks to support the entire British navy for six months. It was defended by heavy 15-inch naval guns stationed at
1669:
1164:
1601:
1584:
1389:
was stationed in Europe, and the British could not afford to build a second fleet to protect its interests in Asia. The so-called
460:
1171:. Although the councils were not elected, more representatives for the local population were gradually included over the years.
1094:
in Singapore were the second largest ethnic group in Singapore until the 1860s. Although many of the Malays continued to live in
918:
and Singapore, was designated as the British sphere of influence, while the area south of the Straits was assigned to the Dutch.
546:
440:
1456:
1416:, were arrested and deported from Singapore. The British colonial government classified them as "citizens of an enemy country".
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The colonial government embarked on several measures to address the serious social problems facing Singapore. For example, a
679:
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1002:, reduced transportation costs and led to a boom in trade. Singapore also benefited by acting as a coaling station for the
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67:
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people. As long as British trade was not affected, the administration was unconcerned with the welfare of the populace.
1815:
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779:
344:
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to the Dutch. In 1826, Singapore was grouped together with Penang and Malacca into a single administrative unit, the
1660:(printed edition), 25 July 2010, page 9, "Living with Nature" (an email interview with Lee Kuan Yew) by Lim Yann Ling
1621:
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The Governor, Chief Justice, Members of Council and company of the Straits Settlements in Singapore, circa 1860–1900.
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As a Crown Colony, the Straits Settlements was ruled by a governor, based in Singapore, with the assistance of
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1262:(1914–18), as the conflict did not spread to Southeast Asia. The most significant event during the war was a
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When completed in 1939, at the very large cost of $ 500 million, the base boasted what was then the largest
1825:
1543:
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1774:"Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and the British Colonization of Singapore among Penang, Melaka and Bencoonen"
1010:
in 1869 dramatically reduced the travel time from Europe to East Asia, again providing a boost for trade.
961:
470:
903:
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260:
1244:, the Foreign Minister of Singapore, in those days the Kuomintang party flag, which later became the
1132:
1113:
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73:
1393:
called for the Home Fleet to sail quickly to Singapore in the event of an emergency. However, after
1109:, and many Hindu temples. After serving their sentences, many convicts chose to stay in Singapore.
991:
1220:
branch in Singapore, which was to serve as the organisation's headquarters in Southeast Asia. The
1810:
1088:
restrictions that the Chinese government imposed, up until the 1860s, on the migration of women.
576:
906:, which carved up the Malay archipelago between the two colonial powers. The area north of the
1056:
859:
689:
1404:
People in Singapore who held German identify papers, including Jews fleeing the Nazis such as
1080:(mostly from southern China) to escape the political and economic disasters in their country.
1598:
1351:
1319:
1252:
536:
412:
1160:
on 1 April 1867, receiving orders directly from the Colonial Office rather than from India.
1059:
of buildings built in Singapore during the earlier colonial period, with styles such as the
1397:
broke out in 1939, the fleet was fully occupied with defending Britain, and only the small
1332:
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803:
299:
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8:
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20:
1339:. Originally announced in 1923, the construction of the base proceeded slowly until the
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and Singapore correspond to the British area established in the treaty, and modern-day
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1588:(printed edition), July 17, 2010, page A17, 'This is common ancestry' by Rachel Chang
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From 1830 to 1867, the Straits Settlements was a residency, or subdivision, of the
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developed in this period, recognisable elements which remain today in the form of
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of the East" and military discussions often referred to the base as simply "
945:
In 1830, the Straits Settlements became a residency, or subdivision, of the
1756:
Migration, Transmission, Localisation; Visual Art in Singapore (1866-1945),
1706:
National Fund of the Republic of Austria for Victims of National Socialism.
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974:. During this period, Malaya became an increasingly important producer of
890:. The island's status as a British outpost was initially in doubt, as the
1717:
1405:
1355:
1328:
1259:
1221:
1213:
1208:, a revolutionary Chinese organisation dedicated to the overthrow of the
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19:"British Singapore" redirects here. For Singapore from 1946 to 1963, see
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1014:
1540:"Singapore Harbor from Its Founding to the Present: A Brief Chronology"
1413:
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This division had far-reaching consequences for the region: modern-day
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1477:
The Straits Settlements, 1826–1867: Indian Presidency to Crown Colony
1375:
1331:, the British government devoted significant resources to building a
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The status of Singapore as a British possession was cemented by the
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1102:
1036:
922:
84:
1773:
1248:, was sewn in the Sun Yat Sen Villa by Teo Eng Hock and his wife.
1398:
1224:
would eventually be part of several groups that took part in the
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1718:"Australian Musical Charts Family's Escape from Nazis in Europe"
1568:, National Heritage Board, Singapore History Museum, Singapore
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911:
815:
289:
1304:
940:
1684:"Faces from the past return to their rightful home at last"
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1335:
in Singapore, as a deterrent to the increasingly ambitious
1120:(particularly of opium) were widespread. Chinese criminal
979:
877:
1599:
Dr Sun & 1911 Revolution: Teo Eng Hock (1871 - 1957)
1294:, its Prime Minister for 32 years, described Singapore:
1055:
running along a street in Chinatown, which reflects the
1076:
were generally male, poor and uneducated, and had left
1519:. Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts
845:. In 1867, the Straits Settlements became a separate
1303:
In these early decades, the island was riddled with
1139:, such as those found in Little India or Chinatown.
1285:
998:, which were faster and had a larger capacity than
1616:Philip Mason, pages 426–427 "A Matter of Honour",
1323:A busy Victoria Dock, Tanjong Pagar, in the 1890s.
1311:, and came to be widely monikered as "Sin-galore"
830:of the Straits Settlement after it was moved from
1821:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia
1489:
1487:
1485:
1782:
1068:port developed, much larger numbers of Chinese
994:, beginning in 1842. The advent of ocean-going
700:2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
1734:
1482:
1236:. Today, this founding is commemorated in the
1796:States and territories disestablished in 1942
1637:. Oxford University Press. pp. 175–179.
1072:flocked to Singapore looking for work. These
780:
364:
1537:
1715:
1258:Singapore was not directly affected by the
1142:
1791:States and territories established in 1826
941:Residency of Bengal Presidency (1830–1867)
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83:
1699:
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1806:1946 disestablishments in British Malaya
1318:
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1046:
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1174:
1006:and merchant ships. The opening of the
965:View of the harbour of Singapore, 1860.
1783:
1771:
1747:
1728:
1694:
1633:Harper, R.W.E.; Miller, Harry (1984).
1495:"Singapore - A Flourishing Free Ports"
1426:Secret societies in colonial Singapore
1194:secret societies in colonial Singapore
1083:They aspired to make their fortune in
878:Beginning of British rule in Singapore
1801:1826 establishments in British Malaya
1709:
1681:
1675:
1443:Singapore in the Straits Settlements
956:
953:. This status continued until 1867.
806:between 1826 and 1942, during which
800:Singapore in the Straits Settlements
1385:The base did not have a fleet. The
13:
1765:
933:, under the administration of the
180:Founding years of modern Singapore
14:
1837:
1704:"To the other side of the world,"
1238:Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall
1350:in the world, the third-largest
1286:Singapore in the 1920s and 1930s
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337:British colonial era (1819–1942)
249:
197:
193:Japanese occupation of Singapore
172:
66:
52:
1772:Firaci, Biagio (10 June 2014).
1735:Henry Benjamin (4 March 2013).
1663:
1651:
1401:was sent to defend the colony.
882:In 1819, the British official,
509:Singapore Glass Factory strikes
89:An 1888 German map of Singapore
1682:Elder, John (20 August 2011).
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1341:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
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1018:European and Asian merchants.
1:
1716:Phil Mercer (29 April 2022).
1566:Secret societies in Singapore
1431:
1314:
1246:flag of the Republic of China
1131:The colonial division of the
1457:Resources in other libraries
620:1969 race riots of Singapore
7:
1759:National Gallery Singapore.
1479:, Athlone Press, London. P3
1419:
1362:and Labrador, as well as a
849:, directly overseen by the
471:Anti-National Service Riots
16:Period of Singapore History
10:
1842:
1497:. U.S. Library of Congress
1042:
904:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824
872:
802:refers to a period in the
461:Second Legislative Council
18:
1816:British rule in Singapore
1517:"The Straits Settlements"
1452:Resources in your library
1133:architecture of Singapore
1124:(analogous to modern-day
886:, landed in Singapore to
519:Pulau Senang prison riots
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1604:26 November 2009 at the
1143:Crown colony (1867–1942)
888:establish a trading port
489:Internal self-government
1753:Yeo Mang Thong (2019).
577:MacDonald House bombing
567:Race riots in Singapore
1670:IT Figures S4 - Toggle
1324:
1152:
1107:St. Andrew's Cathedral
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1057:Victorian architecture
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860:Imperial Japanese Army
650:Asian financial crisis
547:Singaporean referendum
131:• Disestablished
1322:
1253:1915 Singapore Mutiny
1150:
1050:
964:
660:Embassies attack plot
595:Republic of Singapore
413:Double Tenth incident
1228:and established the
1190:Cecil Clementi Smith
1181:Chinese Protectorate
1175:Chinese protectorate
1169:legislative councils
947:Presidency of Bengal
839:Presidency of Bengal
822:. Singapore was the
804:history of Singapore
763:Singapore portal
537:Merger with Malaysia
300:Kingdom of Singapura
1826:Straits Settlements
1564:Lim, Irene. (1999)
931:Straits Settlements
812:Straits Settlements
680:Bus drivers' strike
557:Operation Coldstore
451:Maria Hertogh riots
383:Japanese Occupation
355:Straits Settlements
121:• Established
21:Colony of Singapore
1672:, 28 December 2015
1538:George P. Landow.
1391:Singapore strategy
1387:British Home Fleet
1374:touted it as the "
1325:
1272:5th Light Infantry
1153:
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935:East India Company
908:Straits of Malacca
896:East India Company
828:seat of government
640:Operation Spectrum
499:Hock Lee bus riots
1737:"Times at Tatura"
1644:978-0-19-582549-7
1586:The Straits Times
1546:on 12 August 2006
1438:Library resources
1372:Winston Churchill
1230:Republic of China
1226:Xinhai Revolution
957:Trade and economy
863:invaded Singapore
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261:Early history
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1658:Sunday Times
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1560:
1548:. Retrieved
1544:the original
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1476:
1468:
1442:
1410:Slawa Duldig
1403:
1395:World War II
1384:
1380:East of Suez
1366:airfield at
1360:Fort Canning
1345:
1326:
1309:prostitution
1302:
1292:Lee Kuan Yew
1290:This is how
1289:
1257:
1210:Qing dynasty
1203:
1178:
1162:
1158:Crown colony
1154:
1130:
1114:Prostitution
1111:
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1090:
1082:
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1029:
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984:Kuala Lumpur
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944:
920:
910:, including
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881:
867:World War II
847:Crown colony
836:
799:
798:
365:Crown colony
354:
162:Succeeded by
161:
156:
25:
1406:Karl Duldig
1356:Fort Siloso
1307:houses and
1266:in 1915 by
1222:Tongmenghui
1214:Sun Yat-Sen
1206:Tongmenghui
1200:Tongmenghui
832:George Town
539:(1963–1965)
491:(1955–1963)
433:(1945–1962)
385:(1942–1945)
285:Long Ya Men
240:History of
157:Preceded by
1785:Categories
1432:References
1414:Eva Duldig
1333:naval base
1327:After the
1315:Naval base
1242:George Yeo
1234:Kuomintang
1137:shophouses
1118:drug abuse
1053:shophouses
1008:Suez Canal
1004:Royal Navy
996:steamships
403:Sook Ching
263:(pre-1819)
1376:Gibraltar
1343:in 1931.
1185:Pickering
1165:executive
1051:Restored
927:Indonesia
855:Whitehall
834:in 1832.
808:Singapore
714:2020–2022
674:2009–2010
465:1951–1955
445:1948–1951
369:1867–1942
359:1826–1867
349:1819–1826
324:1528–1819
314:1400–1511
304:1299–1398
271:Srivijaya
242:Singapore
218:Singapore
44:1826–1942
31:Singapore
1602:Archived
1420:See also
1348:dry dock
1103:Calcutta
1096:kampungs
1037:smallpox
1015:entrepôt
923:Malaysia
826:and the
744:Military
734:Timeline
727:By topic
345:Founding
275:650–1377
231:a series
229:Part of
1688:The Age
1550:18 July
1523:18 July
1501:18 July
1475:(1972)
1399:Force Z
1270:of the
1218:Nanyang
1212:led by
1192:banned
1070:coolies
1043:Society
1033:cholera
916:Malacca
873:History
865:during
824:capital
820:Malacca
281:Temasek
108:History
94:Capital
1741:J-Wire
1641:
1620:
1572:
1440:about
1412:, and
1299:place.
1280:Johore
1268:sepoys
1264:mutiny
1183:under
1126:triads
1092:Malays
912:Penang
816:Penang
290:Ban Zu
233:on the
111:
1305:opium
1078:China
949:, in
841:, in
739:Riots
609:ASEAN
74:Badge
1639:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1552:2006
1525:2006
1503:2006
1167:and
1035:and
978:and
818:and
704:2018
694:2013
684:2012
664:2001
654:1997
644:1987
634:1974
624:1969
614:1967
581:1965
571:1964
561:1963
551:1962
523:1963
513:1960
503:1955
475:1954
455:1950
417:1943
407:1942
397:1942
135:1942
125:1826
60:Flag
980:tin
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23:.
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