4905:
4937:, which he did January 1831. In early July, Poisson declared Galois' work "incomprehensible," but encouraged Galois to "publish the whole of his work in order to form a definitive opinion." While Poisson's report was made before Galois' 14 July arrest, it took until October to reach Galois in prison. It is unsurprising, in the light of his character and situation at the time, that Galois vehemently decided against publishing his papers through the academy and instead publish them privately through his friend Auguste Chevalier. Yet Galois did not ignore Poisson's advice. He began collecting all his mathematical manuscripts while still in prison, and continued polishing his ideas until his release on 29 April 1832, after which he was somehow persuaded to participate in what proved to be a fatal duel.
4977:
1966:
472:
4280:
4963:
588:
1112:
3920:
4889:
42:
1979:
4877:
5116:
5819:
4275:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {du}{dt}}&={\frac {\partial u}{\partial q_{i}}}{\dot {q}}_{i}+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial p_{i}}}{\dot {p}}_{i}+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}\\&={\frac {\partial u}{\partial q_{i}}}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial p_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial u}{\partial p_{i}}}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial q_{i}}}+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}\\&=+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}},\end{aligned}}}
1103:
question in the study of electricity was whether or not electricity was a fluid or fluids distinct from matter, or something that simply acts on matter like gravity. Coulomb, Ampère, and
Poisson thought that electricity was a fluid distinct from matter. In his experimental research, starting with electrolysis, Michael Faraday sought to show this was not the case. Electricity, Faraday believed, was a part of matter.
5807:
551:, which had already been settled by Lagrange to the first degree of approximation for the disturbing forces. Poisson showed that the result could be extended to a second approximation, and thus made an important advance in planetary theory. The memoir is remarkable inasmuch as it roused Lagrange, after an interval of inactivity, to compose in his old age one of the greatest of his memoirs, entitled
4949:
3002:
3805:
2717:
1102:
were quickly deduced. The science of electromagnetism was born. Poisson was also investigating the phenomenon of magnetism at this time, though he insisted on treating electricity and magnetism as separate phenomena. He published two memoirs on magnetism in 1826. By the 1830s, a major research
499:
A list of
Poisson's works, drawn up by himself, is given at the end of Arago's biography. All that is possible is a brief mention of the more important ones. It was in the application of mathematics to physics that his greatest services to science were performed. Perhaps the most original, and
4617:, depending on the context of the problem. It took some time for his ideas to be accepted as his use of mathematics was less than rigorous. Although initially skeptical, Poisson adopted Fourier's method. From around 1815 he studied various problems in heat conduction. He published his
325:
in Paris as first in his year, and immediately began to attract the notice of the professors of the school, who left him free to make his own decisions as to what he would study. In his final year of study, less than two years after his entry, he published two memoirs, one on
3361:
1151:
of light, where the particle-theory of light predicts complete darkness. Poisson argued this was absurd and
Fresnel's model was wrong. (Such a spot is not easily observed in everyday situations, because most everyday sources of light are not good point sources.)
2299:
373:) there, a position which he had occupied as an amateur while still a pupil in the school; for his schoolmates had made a custom of visiting him in his room after an unusually difficult lecture to hear him repeat and explain it. He was made deputy professor (
3479:
2814:
3243:
4530:. Soon he realized that the key idea in Heisenberg's paper was the anti-commutativity of dynamical variables and remembered that the analogous mathematical construction in classical mechanics was Poisson brackets. He found the treatment he needed in
1036:
introduced the concept of a potential function that can be used to compute the gravitational force of an extended body. In 1812, Poisson adopted this idea and obtained the appropriate expression for electricity, which relates the potential function
483:
at the École
Polytechnique. Notwithstanding his many official duties, he found time to publish more than three hundred works, several of them extensive treatises, and many of them memoirs dealing with the most abstruse branches of pure mathematics,
1146:
Poisson studied
Fresnel's theory in detail and looked for a way to prove it wrong. Poisson thought that he had found a flaw when he demonstrated that Fresnel's theory predicts an on-axis bright spot in the shadow of a circular obstacle blocking a
1083:
4630:
of heat, to which younger scientists such as
Poisson were less committed. A success for Laplace was his correction of Newton's formula for the speed of sound in air that gives satisfactory answers when compared with experiments. The
3661:
2493:
5200:(1786–1853) attributed to Poisson the quote: "La vie n'est bonne qu'à deux choses: à faire des mathématiques et à les professer." (Life is good for only two things: to do mathematics and to teach it.) See: J.-A. Barral, ed.,
293:
who worked on statistics, complex analysis, partial differential equations, the calculus of variations, analytical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, elasticity, and fluid mechanics. Moreover, he predicted the
2524:
914:
1159:, performed the experiment. He molded a 2 mm metallic disk to a glass plate with wax. To everyone's surprise he observed the predicted bright spot, which vindicated the wave model. Fresnel won the competition.
4834:
Besides his many memoirs, Poisson published a number of treatises, most of which were intended to form part of a great work on mathematical physics, which he did not live to complete. Among these may be mentioned:
4904:
3554:
4608:
In his work on heat conduction, Joseph
Fourier maintained that the arbitrary function may be represented as an infinite trigonometric series and made explicit the possibility of expanding functions in terms of
3925:
2131:
555:. So highly did he think of Poisson's memoir that he made a copy of it with his own hand, which was found among his papers after his death. Poisson made important contributions to the theory of attraction.
1320:
3254:
4510:
1094:
demonstrated that it was possible to deflect a magnetic needle by closing or opening an electric circuit nearby, resulting in a deluge of published papers attempting to explain the phenomenon.
653:
4824:
4737:
3057:
413:
in 1815, graduation examiner at the École
Polytechnique in 1816, councillor of the university in 1820, and geometer to the Bureau des Longitudes succeeding Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1827.
362:
near Paris, was occupied by the composition and publication of his many works and in fulfilling the duties of the numerous educational positions to which he was successively appointed.
3376:
2210:
2182:
4689:. In 1823 Poisson redid his teacher's work and reached the same results without resorting to complex hypotheses previously employed by Laplace. In addition, by using the gas laws of
2997:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}\right)-{\frac {\partial T}{\partial q_{i}}}+{\frac {\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}}=0,~~~~i=1,2,...,n.}
460:, where he was openly and effusively received by the citizen king, who "remembered" him. After this, of course, his degradation was impossible, and seven years later he was made a
796:
3153:
699:
1344:
416:
In 1817, he married Nancy de Bardi and with her, he had four children. His father, whose early experiences had led him to hate aristocrats, bred him in the stern creed of the
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6347:
6312:
3145:
766:
3912:
5131:
6342:
5882:
4687:
4660:
3089:
1075:
820:
722:
3800:{\displaystyle ={\frac {\partial u}{\partial q_{i}}}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial p_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial u}{\partial p_{i}}}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial q_{i}}}.}
2351:
3861:
960:
4777:
4757:
4445:
4303:
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3629:
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3109:
2806:
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2766:
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2516:
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1055:
980:
937:
338:
equation and this was so impressive that he was allowed to graduate in 1800 without taking the final examination. The latter of the memoirs was examined by
2359:
2712:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}-{\frac {d}{dx}}\left({\frac {\partial f}{\partial y'}}\right)+...+(-1)^{n}{\frac {d^{n}}{dx^{n}}}\left=0.}
6337:
4878:
Recherches sur le
Mouvement des Projectiles dans l'Air, en ayant égard a leur figure et leur rotation, et a l'influence du mouvement diurne de la terre
4990:
354:, whose lectures on the theory of functions he attended at the École Polytechnique, recognized his talent early on, and became his friend. Meanwhile,
4536:
4888:
4592:
were the main contributors to the theory of elasticity in the nineteenth century. The calculus of variations was frequently used to solve problems.
5788:
831:
428:, and the following restoration, Poisson was not interested in politics, concentrating instead on mathematics. He was appointed to the dignity of
5875:
2010:
479:
As a teacher of mathematics
Poisson is said to have been extraordinarily successful, as might have been expected from his early promise as a
6362:
5823:
3490:
6372:
6302:
1599:
164:
5136:
1247:
In 1829, Poisson published a paper on elastic bodies that contained a statement and proof of a special case of what became known as the
4556:
1718:
410:
210:
5151:
6367:
5976:
5868:
1691:
566:
5811:
6357:
5840:
4626:
During the early 1800s, Pierre-Simon de Laplace developed a sophisticated, if speculative, description of gases based on the old
3356:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}\right)-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial q_{i}}}=0.}
2041:
1276:
169:
6307:
6352:
6327:
6317:
5667:
5545:
5483:
5302:
5277:
5252:
437:
5510:
4566:
553:
Sur la théorie des variations des éléments des planètes, et en particulier des variations des grands axes de leurs orbites
1673:
350:
an unprecedented honor for a youth of eighteen. This success at once procured entry for Poisson into scientific circles.
4871:
4457:
6172:
5764:
456:, who, while his "revocation" was being plotted by the council of ministers, procured him an invitation to dine at the
6332:
5642:
5617:
5520:
5458:
5381:
5227:
4632:
2003:
1140:
609:
515:, in which he proved himself a worthy successor to Pierre-Simon Laplace. The most important of these are his memoirs
441:
6184:
4933:
had returned to mathematics after his expulsion from the École Normale, Poisson asked him to submit his work on the
4782:
4704:
4515:
Moreover, Poisson's theorem states the Poisson bracket of any two constants of motion is also a constant of motion.
1162:
After that, the corpuscular theory of light was dead, but was revived in the twentieth century in a different form,
547:(1827), etc. In the first of these memoirs, Poisson discusses the famous question of the stability of the planetary
17:
4976:
3474:{\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}={\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}.}
1965:
558:
As a tribute to Poisson's scientific work, which stretched to more than 300 publications, he was awarded a French
453:
358:, in whose footsteps Poisson followed, regarded him almost as his son. The rest of his career, until his death in
6297:
3010:
2294:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}-{\frac {d}{dx}}\left({\frac {\partial f}{\partial y'}}\right)=0.}
1339:
592:
2728:(2 vols. 8vo, 1811 and 1833) was written in the style of Laplace and Lagrange and was long a standard work. Let
4581:
1594:
1334:
1199:
252:
1127:
and were skeptical of its alternative, the wave theory. In 1818, the Académie set the topic of their prize as
248:
6120:
5855:
1136:
663:
3238:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}={\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}},}
6072:
4995:
1996:
1983:
1744:
1667:
1589:
1432:
1244:
In 1820 Poisson studied integrations along paths in the complex plane, becoming the first person to do so.
1078:
378:
775:
5992:
4857:
4577:
3568:
2139:
1663:
1464:
1025:
433:
1442:
668:
6060:
5920:
1883:
1772:
1698:
1558:
1491:
1120:
1008:
in 1839. Poisson's equation is applicable in not just gravitation, but also electricity and magnetism.
1004:
is valid only outside of a solid. A rigorous proof for masses with variable density was first given by
6148:
1016:
As the eighteenth century came to a close, human understanding of electrostatics approached maturity.
496:
attributed to him the quote, "Life is good for only two things: doing mathematics and teaching it.")
6322:
4560:
4369:
4308:
1637:
1124:
799:
147:
3114:
397:; and when the Faculté des sciences de Paris was instituted in 1809 he was appointed a professor of
6092:
5845:
3564:
1913:
1757:
591:
Poisson's equations for electricity (top) and magnetism (bottom) in SI units on the front cover of
449:
6024:
5715:
5042:"The "Ecole Polytechnique", 1794-1850: Differences over Educational Purpose and Teaching Practice"
1095:
1091:
730:
5960:
5835:
4694:
1863:
1627:
1084:
An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism
432:
in 1825, but he neither took out the diploma nor used the title. In March 1818, he was elected a
6136:
5356:
5173:
3870:
5912:
4305:
is the Hamiltonian. In terms of Poisson brackets, then, Hamilton's equations can be written as
3560:
2029:
1908:
1725:
1222:
1171:
533:
359:
90:
5756:
5205:
587:
471:
322:
200:
105:
6152:
5984:
5015:
4585:
3864:
1918:
1893:
1579:
1397:
1163:
1132:
1033:
1001:
659:
600:
417:
394:
351:
343:
299:
220:
204:
131:
5121:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
405:). He went on to become a member of the Institute in 1812, examiner at the military school (
6292:
6287:
6264:
6160:
5944:
5684:
4665:
4638:
4614:
3062:
1938:
1898:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1784:
1574:
1567:
1323:
1234:
1166:. Arago later noted that the diffraction bright spot (which later became known as both the
1060:
1005:
805:
707:
489:
355:
224:
159:
127:
5449:
Kline, Morris (1972). "Chapter 30: The Calculus of Variations in the Nineteenth Century".
2327:
2028:
Founded mainly by Leonhard Euler and Joseph-Louis Lagrange in the eighteenth century, the
1933:
8:
6208:
6128:
6100:
5831:
4934:
4863:
4573:
1713:
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1267:
1099:
1021:
823:
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398:
327:
3813:
942:
448:
threatened him with the loss of all his honours; but this disgrace to the government of
6256:
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5590:
5418:
5069:
4968:
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4448:
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4288:
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2731:
2501:
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2187:
1843:
1584:
1459:
1427:
1387:
1248:
1238:
1175:
1040:
965:
922:
512:
370:
155:
143:
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6232:
6180:
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5749:
5663:
5638:
5613:
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5582:
5541:
5516:
5506:
5479:
5454:
5377:
5298:
5273:
5248:
5223:
5061:
4962:
4849:
Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matières criminelles et matière civile
4698:
4527:
4523:
2488:{\displaystyle S=\int \limits _{a}^{b}f\left(x,y(x),y'(x),...,y^{(n)}(x)\right)\,dx,}
1853:
1810:
1767:
1762:
1703:
1479:
1469:
1362:
1191:
1017:
421:
365:
Immediately after finishing his studies at the École Polytechnique, he was appointed
339:
335:
66:
6068:
5197:
1156:
493:
6248:
6200:
6044:
5968:
5928:
5727:
5696:
5574:
5414:
5410:
5053:
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4576:
arrived at the basic equations of motion for viscous fluids, now identified as the
1948:
1928:
1873:
1868:
1814:
1789:
1644:
1502:
1447:
1422:
1215:
1203:
1187:
1029:
500:
certainly the most permanent in their influence, were his memoirs on the theory of
238:
119:
6224:
6216:
6164:
6140:
6108:
6016:
5658:
Lewis, Christopher (2007). "Chapter 2: The Rise and Fall of the Caloric Theory".
5339:
5319:
4847:
4839:
4618:
4610:
4600:
Poisson also published a memoir on the theory of waves (Mém. ft. l'acad., 1825).
4531:
3652:
2723:
1943:
1888:
1838:
1833:
1752:
1111:
538:
445:
281:
139:
135:
115:
5860:
6000:
5751:
Math and mathematicians : the history of math discoveries around the world
4982:
4627:
4589:
1970:
1878:
1779:
1496:
1195:
461:
234:
123:
5578:
5358:'Diverses expèriences d'optique' in Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences
318:
district in France, the son of Siméon Poisson, an officer in the French army.
6281:
6240:
6088:
6036:
6032:
5904:
5586:
5127:
5122:
5065:
4924:
1858:
1685:
909:{\displaystyle \phi =-{1 \over 4\pi }\iiint {\frac {\rho (x,y,z)}{r}}\,dV,\;}
286:
270:
94:
5851:
5774:
5562:
1135:
submitted a thesis explaining diffraction derived from analysis of both the
5952:
5936:
5891:
4690:
1923:
1848:
1537:
1417:
1229:
1833), and memoirs on the probability of the mean results of observations (
1148:
521:
Sur la variation des constantes arbitraires dans les questions de mécanique
511:
Next (or in the opinion of some, first) in importance stand the memoirs on
457:
5700:
5218:
Kline, Morris (1972). "28.4: The Potential Equation and Green's Theorem".
41:
6080:
6008:
5608:
Kline, Morris (1972). "28.7: Systems of Partial Differential Equations".
5372:
Kline, Morris (1972). "27.4: The Foundation of Complex Function Theory".
1128:
501:
186:
5140:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 896.
5073:
5041:
5732:
5422:
5398:
4519:
1708:
1382:
1167:
390:
311:
295:
151:
62:
5685:"Les relations d'Évariste Galois avec les mathématiciens de son temps"
2023:
6192:
6052:
5637:. United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 678–9.
5612:. United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 696–7.
5222:. United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 682–4.
5152:"Poisson, Simeon Denis: certificate of election to the Royal Society"
5057:
1730:
702:
505:
290:
5633:
Kline, Morris (1972). "28.2: The Heat Equation and Fourier Series".
5538:
The Strangest Man: the Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom
3549:{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial q_{i}}}.}
4547:
3367:
1649:
1532:
1507:
386:
382:
331:
4868:
Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France
1115:
Photo of the Arago spot in a shadow of a 5.8 mm circular obstacle.
5818:
1622:
1475:
1392:
822:
goes to 0 fast enough, the solution of Poisson's equation is the
559:
465:
190:
5268:
Baigrie, Brian (2007). "Chapter 7: The Current and the Needle".
989:(1813). Poisson's two most important memoirs on the subject are
517:
Sur les inégalités séculaires des moyens mouvements des planètes
508:, which virtually created a new branch of mathematical physics.
5806:
5515:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. 397, 399, 406–7.
4855:
A catalog of all of Poisson's papers and works can be found in
1681:
1527:
1437:
1190:, Poisson's most important works were his series of memoirs on
464:, not for political reasons, but as a representative of French
315:
71:
1020:
had already established the notion of electric charge and the
5243:
Baigrie, Brian (2007). "Chapter 5: From Effluvia to Fluids".
4557:
solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations exist and are smooth
1517:
1512:
1454:
548:
429:
264:
4864:
Mémoire sur l'équilibre et le mouvement des corps élastiques
4635:
makes use of the specific heats of gases at constant volume
4584:
re-derived them in 1845 using continuum mechanics. Poisson,
2032:
saw further development and applications in the nineteenth.
540:
Sur le mouvement de la terre autour de son centre de gravité
2126:{\displaystyle S=\int \limits _{a}^{b}f(x,y(x),y'(x))\,dx,}
1522:
1485:
273:
4580:. In 1829 Poisson independently obtained the same result.
2204:
is extremized if it satisfies the Euler–Lagrange equations
1198:, the latter paving the way for the classic researches of
5297:. United States of America: Greenwood Press. p. 88.
5272:. United States of America: Greenwood Press. p. 72.
5247:. United States of America: Greenwood Press. p. 47.
1315:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
1210:
of the École Polytechnique from 1813 to 1823, and in the
3810:
Evidently, the operation anti-commutes. More precisely,
3007:
Here, the dot notation for the time derivative is used,
1119:
Poisson was a member of the academic "old guard" at the
5293:
Baigrie, Brian (2007). "Chapter 8: Forces and Fields".
4911:
Mémoire sur le calcul numerique des integrales définies
1131:. One of the participants, civil engineer and opticist
5689:
Revue d'Histoire des Sciences et de Leurs Applications
5474:
Kot, Mark (2014). "Chapter 4: Basic Generalizations".
4896:
Recherches sur le Mouvement des Projectiles dans l'Air
5204:, vol. II (Paris, France: Gide et J. Baudry, 1854),
4785:
4765:
4745:
4707:
4697:, Poisson obtained the equation for gases undergoing
4668:
4641:
4543:
4460:
4433:
4372:
4311:
4291:
3923:
3873:
3816:
3664:
3637:
3617:
3597:
3577:
3493:
3379:
3257:
3156:
3117:
3097:
3065:
3013:
2817:
2794:
2774:
2754:
2734:
2527:
2504:
2362:
2330:
2310:
2213:
2190:
2142:
2044:
1279:
1063:
1043:
968:
945:
925:
834:
808:
778:
733:
710:
671:
612:
346:, who recommended that it should be published in the
330:'s method of elimination, the other on the number of
6348:
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
6313:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
5755:. Baker, Lawrence W. Detroit, Mich.: U X L. p.
5333:
5331:
4944:
1121:
Académie royale des sciences de l'Institut de France
5720:
Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure
5295:
Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective
5270:
Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective
5245:
Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective
4918:
2024:
Analytical mechanics and the calculus of variations
1170:and the Poisson spot) had already been observed by
5748:
4818:
4771:
4751:
4731:
4681:
4654:
4505:{\displaystyle ={\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}.}
4504:
4439:
4419:
4358:
4297:
4274:
3906:
3855:
3799:
3643:
3623:
3611:be functions of the canonical variables of motion
3603:
3583:
3548:
3473:
3355:
3237:
3139:
3103:
3083:
3051:
2996:
2800:
2780:
2760:
2740:
2711:
2510:
2487:
2345:
2316:
2293:
2196:
2176:
2125:
1314:
1206:on the same subject; these are to be found in the
1181:
1069:
1049:
974:
954:
931:
908:
814:
790:
760:
716:
693:
647:
377:) in 1802, and, in 1806 full professor succeeding
5890:
5829:
5660:Heat and Thermodynamics: A Historical Perspective
5635:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
5610:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
5451:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
5374:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
5328:
5220:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
4537:Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies
6343:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
6279:
5509:(1980). "Chapter 9: Canonical Transformations".
5039:
4991:List of things named after Siméon Denis Poisson
4572:In 1821, using an analogy with elastic bodies,
2788:the potential energy, both independent of time
648:{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\phi =-4\pi \rho ,\;}
5563:"Whittaker's analytical dynamics: a biography"
5540:. Great Britain: Basic Books. pp. 83–88.
4819:{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {c_{P}}{c_{V}}}}
4732:{\displaystyle PV^{\gamma }={\text{constant}}}
1077:. Poisson's work on potential theory inspired
985:Poisson's equation was first published in the
298:in his attempt to disprove the wave theory of
27:French mathematician and physicist (1781–1840)
5876:
5662:. United States of America: Greenwood Press.
2004:
982:. The integration runs over the whole space.
285:; 21 June 1781 – 25 April 1840) was a French
5787:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5476:A First Course in the Calculus of Variations
1011:
5348:
5311:
4858:Oeuvres complétes de François Arago, Vol. 2
4549:
3052:{\displaystyle {\frac {dq}{dt}}={\dot {q}}}
436:, in 1822 a Foreign Honorary Member of the
5883:
5869:
5554:
5344:, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, p. 369
2011:
1997:
905:
644:
40:
6338:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
5731:
5505:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5103:
3484:Thus, from the equation of motion, he got
2475:
2113:
995:Sur l'attraction d'un ellipsoide homogène
895:
5560:
5376:. Oxford University Press. p. 633.
5126:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
2518:must satisfy the Euler–Poisson equation,
1110:
586:
470:
5841:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
5535:
5354:
5337:
5317:
5292:
5267:
5242:
5202:Oeuvres complétes de François Arago ...
5179:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
5174:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P"
4841:Nouvelle théorie de l'action capillaire
2324:depends on higher-order derivatives of
939:is a distance between a volume element
14:
6280:
4526:on the new branch of physics known as
4522:received proofs of a seminal paper by
3559:Poisson's text influenced the work of
3366:He introduced an explicit formula for
567:72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower
440:, and in 1823 a foreign member of the
5864:
5713:
5707:
5682:
5657:
5632:
5607:
5567:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5371:
5217:
5080:
3571:was published in London in 1842. Let
2808:. Lagrange's equation of motion reads
1693:Newton's law of universal gravitation
582:
438:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
280:
5396:
4852:(4to, 1837), all published at Paris.
1123:, who were staunch believers in the
1030:inverse-square law of electrostatics
791:{\displaystyle r\rightarrow \infty }
5473:
5390:
5361:, Imprimerie impériale, p. 111
5286:
5261:
5166:
4595:
4567:(more unsolved problems in physics)
2177:{\displaystyle y'={\frac {dy}{dx}}}
1674:Mechanics of planar particle motion
1282:
987:Bulletin de la société philomatique
577:
527:of the École Polytechnique (1809);
165:Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution
24:
6373:People associated with electricity
6303:19th-century French mathematicians
5746:
5740:
5651:
5492:
5429:
5236:
5016:"Siméon-Denis Poisson - Biography"
4620:Théorie mathématique de la chaleur
4544:Continuum mechanics and fluid flow
4490:
4482:
4256:
4248:
4208:
4200:
4178:
4170:
4151:
4143:
4121:
4113:
4094:
4086:
4064:
4056:
4015:
4007:
3966:
3958:
3778:
3770:
3751:
3743:
3721:
3713:
3694:
3686:
3527:
3519:
3443:
3435:
3404:
3396:
3331:
3323:
3288:
3280:
3207:
3199:
3168:
3160:
2921:
2913:
2891:
2883:
2848:
2840:
2677:
2669:
2581:
2573:
2539:
2531:
2267:
2259:
2225:
2217:
785:
694:{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\phi =0}
673:
658:is a well-known generalization of
614:
403:professeur de mécanique rationelle
25:
6384:
6363:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
5799:
5478:. American Mathematical Society.
5046:The American Mathematical Monthly
4870:, 1829), digitized copy from the
4603:
993:(Connaiss. ft. temps, 1829), and
442:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
5817:
5805:
5114:
4975:
4961:
4947:
4919:Interaction with Évariste Galois
4903:
4887:
4872:Bibliothèque nationale de France
1978:
1977:
1964:
1297:
572:
6368:Recipients of the Lalande Prize
5676:
5626:
5601:
5529:
5467:
5365:
5040:Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (2005).
4420:{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{i}=}
4359:{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}=}
3867:, the total time derivative of
1182:Pure mathematics and statistics
1057:to the electric charge density
991:Sur l'attraction des sphéroides
475:Poisson in 1804 by E. Marcellot
6358:Recipients of the Copley Medal
6185:Jacques Charles François Sturm
5561:Coutinho, S. C. (1 May 2014).
5415:10.1080/0025570X.1979.11976770
5399:"A History of Stokes' Theorem"
5211:
5191:
5144:
5033:
5008:
4829:
4473:
4461:
4414:
4395:
4353:
4334:
4239:
4227:
3901:
3883:
3865:Hamilton's equations of motion
3850:
3838:
3829:
3817:
3677:
3665:
3140:{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}
2691:
2685:
2624:
2614:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2427:
2421:
2407:
2401:
2340:
2334:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2069:
1221:Poisson wrote an essay on the
1200:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
1141:Young's double slit experiment
886:
868:
782:
755:
737:
348:Recueil des savants étrangers,
282:[si.me.ɔ̃də.nipwa.sɔ̃]
253:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
170:Euler–Poisson–Darboux equation
13:
1:
6121:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana
5856:Mathematics Genealogy Project
5324:, Paris: Imprimerie impériale
5001:
3567:. A translation of Poisson's
1600:Koopman–von Neumann mechanics
1157:Dominique-François-Jean Arago
664:partial differential equation
599:In the theory of potentials,
454:François Jean Dominique Arago
208:Faculté des sciences de Paris
6353:French probability theorists
6328:French mathematical analysts
6318:Fellows of the Royal Society
5747:C., Bruno, Leonard (2003) .
4759:is the pressure of the gas,
1668:Non-inertial reference frame
1254:
761:{\displaystyle \rho (x,y,z)}
492:, and rational mechanics. (
379:Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
305:
7:
5453:. Oxford University Press.
4940:
4550:Unsolved problem in physics
1595:Appell's equation of motion
1465:Inertial frame of reference
1155:The head of the committee,
1026:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
529:Sur la libration de la lune
434:Fellow of the Royal Society
249:Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
245:Other notable students
10:
6389:
6308:École Polytechnique alumni
5716:"La vie d'Évariste Galois"
4922:
3907:{\displaystyle u=u(q,p,t)}
1214:for 1823. He also studied
997:(Mim. ft. l'acad., 1835).
798:(or if a point 'moves' to
340:Sylvestre-François Lacroix
5899:
5579:10.1007/s00407-013-0133-1
5397:Katz, Victor (May 1979).
4929:After political activist
4662:and at constant pressure
4555:Under what conditions do
1137:Huygens–Fresnel principle
1106:
1012:Electricity and magnetism
593:an undergraduate textbook
258:
244:
230:
216:
196:
182:
175:
148:Poisson summation formula
111:
101:
79:
48:
39:
32:
6333:French fluid dynamicists
5846:University of St Andrews
5536:Farmelo, Graham (2009).
4996:Hamilton−Jacobi equation
4561:Millennium Prize Problem
3565:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
1758:Rotating reference frame
1590:Hamilton–Jacobi equation
1125:particle theory of light
1000:Poisson discovered that
523:, both published in the
452:was adroitly averted by
321:In 1798, he entered the
6149:Antoine César Becquerel
5977:Benjamin Collins Brodie
5137:Encyclopædia Britannica
4695:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
4578:Navier–Stokes equations
2768:be the kinetic energy,
1699:Newton's laws of motion
1559:Newton's laws of motion
446:revolution of July 1830
6298:People from Pithiviers
5913:William Hyde Wollaston
5836:"Siméon Denis Poisson"
5822:Quotations related to
5355:Maraldi, G.F. (1723),
5338:Fresnel, A.J. (1868),
5318:Fresnel, A.J. (1868),
4820:
4773:
4753:
4733:
4683:
4656:
4633:Newton–Laplace formula
4513:
4506:
4451:, then it must satisfy
4441:
4421:
4360:
4299:
4283:
4276:
3908:
3857:
3808:
3801:
3645:
3625:
3605:
3585:
3561:William Rowan Hamilton
3557:
3550:
3482:
3475:
3364:
3357:
3246:
3239:
3141:
3105:
3085:
3053:
3005:
2998:
2802:
2782:
2762:
2742:
2720:
2713:
2512:
2496:
2489:
2383:
2347:
2318:
2302:
2295:
2198:
2178:
2134:
2127:
2065:
2030:calculus of variations
1726:Simple harmonic motion
1639:Euler's laws of motion
1433:D'Alembert's principle
1316:
1223:calculus of variations
1194:and his discussion of
1172:Joseph-Nicolas Delisle
1116:
1071:
1051:
1022:conservation of charge
976:
956:
933:
910:
816:
792:
762:
718:
695:
649:
596:
545:Mémoires de l'Académie
534:Connaissance des temps
476:
91:Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine
6153:John Frederic Daniell
6025:Hans Christian Ørsted
5985:William Thomas Brande
5701:10.3406/rhs.1947.2607
5132:Poisson, Siméon Denis
4821:
4774:
4754:
4734:
4684:
4682:{\displaystyle c_{P}}
4657:
4655:{\displaystyle c_{V}}
4586:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
4582:George Gabriel Stokes
4507:
4453:
4442:
4422:
4361:
4300:
4277:
3916:
3909:
3858:
3802:
3657:
3646:
3626:
3606:
3586:
3569:Treatise on Mechanics
3551:
3486:
3476:
3372:
3358:
3250:
3240:
3149:
3142:
3106:
3086:
3084:{\displaystyle L=T-V}
3054:
2999:
2810:
2803:
2783:
2763:
2743:
2714:
2520:
2513:
2490:
2369:
2355:
2348:
2319:
2296:
2206:
2199:
2179:
2128:
2051:
2037:
1580:Hamiltonian mechanics
1398:Statistical mechanics
1317:
1212:Memoirs de l'Académie
1164:wave-particle duality
1133:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
1114:
1092:Hans Christian Ørsted
1072:
1070:{\displaystyle \rho }
1052:
1034:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
977:
957:
934:
911:
817:
815:{\displaystyle \phi }
793:
763:
719:
717:{\displaystyle \phi }
696:
650:
590:
474:
395:Bureau des Longitudes
352:Joseph Louis Lagrange
344:Adrien-Marie Legendre
300:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
221:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
205:Bureau des Longitudes
132:Poisson limit theorem
6265:Peter Andreas Hansen
6161:Carl Friedrich Gauss
6137:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
6113:Siméon Denis Poisson
5945:Thomas Andrew Knight
5852:Siméon Denis Poisson
5832:Robertson, Edmund F.
5824:Siméon Denis Poisson
5814:at Wikimedia Commons
5812:Siméon Denis Poisson
5714:Dupuy, Paul (1896).
5403:Mathematics Magazine
4783:
4763:
4743:
4705:
4666:
4639:
4615:Legendre polynomials
4458:
4431:
4370:
4309:
4289:
3921:
3871:
3814:
3662:
3635:
3615:
3595:
3575:
3491:
3377:
3255:
3154:
3115:
3095:
3091:. He argued that if
3063:
3011:
2815:
2792:
2772:
2752:
2732:
2525:
2502:
2360:
2346:{\displaystyle y(x)}
2328:
2308:
2211:
2188:
2140:
2042:
1803:Angular acceleration
1795:Rotational frequency
1575:Lagrangian mechanics
1568:Analytical mechanics
1324:Second law of motion
1277:
1241:is named after him.
1235:Poisson distribution
1061:
1041:
1006:Carl Friedrich Gauss
966:
943:
923:
832:
806:
776:
731:
708:
669:
662:of the second order
610:
490:mathematical physics
389:. In 1808 he became
375:professeur suppléant
356:Pierre-Simon Laplace
310:Poisson was born in
268:Siméon Denis Poisson
225:Pierre-Simon Laplace
128:Poisson distribution
6209:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
6129:William Snow Harris
6101:George Biddell Airy
5830:O'Connor, John J.;
5512:Classical Mechanics
5341:OEuvres Completes 1
5321:OEuvres Completes 1
5154:. The Royal Society
4935:theory of equations
4574:Claude-Louis Navier
4518:In September 1925,
2725:Traité de mécanique
1655:Harmonic oscillator
1633:Equations of motion
1268:Classical mechanics
1262:Part of a series on
1233:1827, &c). The
1231:Connaiss. d. temps,
1178:a century earlier.
1028:had enunciated his
824:Newtonian potential
770:continuous function
513:celestial mechanics
486:applied mathematics
323:École Polytechnique
201:École Polytechnique
106:École Polytechnique
6257:Roderick Murchison
5733:10.24033/asens.427
5683:Taton, R. (1947).
5507:Goldstein, Herbert
4969:Mathematics portal
4816:
4769:
4749:
4729:
4679:
4652:
4502:
4449:constant of motion
4437:
4417:
4356:
4295:
4272:
4270:
3904:
3856:{\displaystyle =-}
3853:
3797:
3641:
3621:
3601:
3581:
3546:
3471:
3353:
3235:
3137:
3111:is independent of
3101:
3081:
3049:
2994:
2798:
2778:
2758:
2738:
2709:
2508:
2485:
2343:
2314:
2291:
2194:
2174:
2123:
1971:Physics portal
1585:Routhian mechanics
1460:Frame of reference
1312:
1249:divergence theorem
1239:probability theory
1192:definite integrals
1176:Giacomo F. Maraldi
1117:
1067:
1047:
1002:Laplace's equation
972:
955:{\displaystyle dV}
952:
929:
906:
812:
788:
758:
714:
691:
660:Laplace's equation
645:
601:Poisson's equation
597:
583:Poisson's equation
565:His is one of the
537:(1821), etc.; and
477:
399:rational mechanics
371:teaching assistant
211:École de Saint-Cyr
144:Poisson regression
6275:
6274:
6233:Urbain Le Verrier
6181:Justus von Liebig
5892:Copley Medallists
5810:Media related to
5669:978-0-313-33332-3
5547:978-0-465-02210-6
5485:978-1-4704-1495-5
5304:978-0-313-33358-3
5279:978-0-313-33358-3
5254:978-0-313-33358-3
4814:
4772:{\displaystyle V}
4752:{\displaystyle P}
4727:
4699:adiabatic changes
4528:quantum mechanics
4524:Werner Heisenberg
4497:
4440:{\displaystyle u}
4383:
4322:
4298:{\displaystyle H}
4263:
4215:
4192:
4165:
4135:
4108:
4071:
4041:
4029:
3992:
3980:
3946:
3792:
3765:
3735:
3708:
3644:{\displaystyle p}
3624:{\displaystyle q}
3604:{\displaystyle v}
3584:{\displaystyle u}
3541:
3504:
3466:
3456:
3427:
3417:
3345:
3311:
3301:
3271:
3230:
3220:
3191:
3181:
3128:
3104:{\displaystyle V}
3046:
3032:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2935:
2905:
2871:
2861:
2831:
2801:{\displaystyle t}
2781:{\displaystyle V}
2761:{\displaystyle T}
2748:be the position,
2741:{\displaystyle q}
2697:
2660:
2593:
2564:
2546:
2511:{\displaystyle y}
2317:{\displaystyle S}
2279:
2250:
2232:
2197:{\displaystyle S}
2172:
2021:
2020:
1768:Centrifugal force
1763:Centripetal force
1719:Euler's equations
1704:Relative velocity
1480:Moment of inertia
1310:
1284:
1216:Fourier integrals
1050:{\displaystyle V}
1018:Benjamin Franklin
975:{\displaystyle P}
932:{\displaystyle r}
893:
857:
420:. Throughout the
336:finite difference
262:
261:
231:Doctoral students
217:Academic advisors
177:Scientific career
95:Kingdom of France
67:Kingdom of France
16:(Redirected from
6380:
6323:French agnostics
6268:
6260:
6252:
6249:John Couch Adams
6244:
6236:
6228:
6220:
6212:
6204:
6201:James MacCullagh
6196:
6188:
6176:
6168:
6156:
6144:
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6124:
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6104:
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6084:
6076:
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6048:
6045:William Buckland
6040:
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6012:
6004:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5972:
5969:Edward Troughton
5964:
5956:
5948:
5940:
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5929:Smithson Tennant
5924:
5921:Richard Chenevix
5916:
5908:
5885:
5878:
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5058:10.2307/30037440
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5012:
4985:
4980:
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4965:
4957:
4955:Biography portal
4952:
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4907:
4891:
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4817:
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4779:its volume, and
4778:
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4686:
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4680:
4678:
4677:
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4659:
4658:
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4651:
4650:
4611:Bessel functions
4596:Wave propagation
4551:
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4026:
4013:
4005:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3964:
3956:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3929:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3776:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3749:
3741:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3719:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3692:
3684:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3525:
3517:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3497:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3270:
3259:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
3147:, he could write
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2919:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2819:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2644:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2529:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2420:
2382:
2377:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2150:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2100:
2064:
2059:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1874:Johann Bernoulli
1869:Daniel Bernoulli
1790:Tangential speed
1694:
1670:
1645:Fictitious force
1640:
1492:Mechanical power
1482:
1423:Angular momentum
1321:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1259:
1258:
1227:Mem. de l'acad.,
1204:Bernhard Riemann
1188:pure mathematics
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1048:
981:
979:
978:
973:
961:
959:
958:
953:
938:
936:
935:
930:
915:
913:
912:
907:
894:
889:
863:
858:
856:
845:
821:
819:
818:
813:
797:
795:
794:
789:
767:
765:
764:
759:
723:
721:
720:
715:
700:
698:
697:
692:
681:
680:
654:
652:
651:
646:
622:
621:
578:Potential theory
284:
279:
239:Joseph Liouville
167:
120:Poisson equation
86:
58:
56:
44:
30:
29:
21:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6263:
6255:
6247:
6239:
6231:
6225:Theodor Schwann
6223:
6217:Carlo Matteucci
6215:
6207:
6199:
6191:
6179:
6171:
6165:Michael Faraday
6159:
6147:
6141:Francis Kiernan
6135:
6127:
6119:
6109:Michael Faraday
6107:
6099:
6087:
6079:
6067:
6059:
6051:
6043:
6031:
6023:
6017:Robert Seppings
6015:
6007:
5999:
5991:
5983:
5975:
5967:
5959:
5951:
5943:
5935:
5927:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5895:
5889:
5802:
5797:
5796:
5780:
5779:
5767:
5745:
5741:
5712:
5708:
5681:
5677:
5670:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5606:
5602:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5534:
5530:
5523:
5504:
5493:
5486:
5472:
5468:
5461:
5447:
5430:
5395:
5391:
5384:
5370:
5366:
5353:
5349:
5336:
5329:
5316:
5312:
5305:
5291:
5287:
5280:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5241:
5237:
5230:
5216:
5212:
5196:
5192:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5157:
5155:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5130:, ed. (1911). "
5115:
5113:
5112:
5081:
5038:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5004:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4931:Évariste Galois
4927:
4921:
4914:
4908:
4899:
4892:
4832:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4724:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4606:
4598:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4563:in mathematics.
4553:
4546:
4532:E. T. Whittaker
4489:
4481:
4479:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4402:
4398:
4386:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4341:
4337:
4325:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4269:
4268:
4255:
4247:
4245:
4218:
4217:
4207:
4199:
4197:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4142:
4140:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4112:
4110:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4083:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4055:
4053:
4044:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3955:
3948:
3938:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3769:
3767:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3742:
3740:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3712:
3710:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3685:
3683:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3653:Poisson bracket
3636:
3633:
3632:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3459:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3432:
3420:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3393:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3320:
3304:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3196:
3184:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3131:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3038:
3037:
3024:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2910:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2880:
2864:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2551:
2538:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2449:
2445:
2413:
2391:
2387:
2378:
2373:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2093:
2060:
2055:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2026:
2017:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1799:
1753:Circular motion
1747:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1692:
1662:
1659:
1638:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1562:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1501:
1497:Mechanical work
1490:
1474:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1357:
1349:
1326:
1302:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1257:
1184:
1109:
1100:Biot-Savart law
1081:'s 1828 paper,
1062:
1059:
1058:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1014:
967:
964:
963:
944:
941:
940:
924:
921:
920:
864:
862:
849:
844:
833:
830:
829:
807:
804:
803:
777:
774:
773:
732:
729:
728:
709:
706:
705:
676:
672:
670:
667:
666:
617:
613:
611:
608:
607:
585:
580:
575:
407:École Militaire
308:
277:
251:
237:
223:
209:
207:
203:
168:
163:
162:
158:
156:Poisson's ratio
154:
150:
146:
142:
140:Poisson algebra
138:
136:Poisson bracket
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:Poisson process
102:Alma mater
97:
88:
84:
75:
69:
60:
54:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6386:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6261:
6253:
6245:
6237:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6205:
6197:
6189:
6177:
6169:
6157:
6145:
6133:
6125:
6117:
6105:
6097:
6085:
6077:
6069:François Arago
6065:
6057:
6049:
6041:
6029:
6021:
6013:
6005:
6001:David Brewster
5997:
5989:
5981:
5973:
5965:
5957:
5949:
5941:
5933:
5925:
5917:
5909:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5888:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5849:
5827:
5815:
5801:
5800:External links
5798:
5795:
5794:
5766:978-0787638139
5765:
5739:
5706:
5695:(2): 114–130.
5675:
5668:
5650:
5643:
5625:
5618:
5600:
5573:(3): 355–407.
5553:
5546:
5528:
5521:
5491:
5484:
5466:
5459:
5428:
5409:(3): 146–156.
5389:
5382:
5364:
5347:
5327:
5310:
5303:
5285:
5278:
5260:
5253:
5235:
5228:
5210:
5198:François Arago
5190:
5165:
5143:
5128:Chisholm, Hugh
5079:
5052:(3): 233–250.
5032:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4983:Physics portal
4972:
4958:
4942:
4939:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4902:
4900:
4894:Title page to
4893:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4831:
4828:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4768:
4748:
4723:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4676:
4672:
4649:
4645:
4628:caloric theory
4605:
4604:Thermodynamics
4602:
4597:
4594:
4590:Sophie Germain
4565:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4436:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4382:
4379:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4333:
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4321:
4318:
4294:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4253:
4250:
4244:
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4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4219:
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4157:
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4115:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4069:
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4061:
4058:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4003:
3998:
3991:
3988:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3772:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3731:
3727:
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3718:
3715:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3640:
3620:
3600:
3580:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3510:
3503:
3500:
3470:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3445:
3440:
3437:
3431:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3352:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3307:
3300:
3297:
3290:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3234:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3100:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3059:. Poisson set
3045:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3019:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2867:
2860:
2857:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2797:
2777:
2757:
2737:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2507:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2353:, that is, if
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2313:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2193:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1974:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1780:Coriolis force
1777:
1776:
1775:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1196:Fourier series
1183:
1180:
1108:
1105:
1066:
1046:
1013:
1010:
971:
951:
948:
928:
917:
916:
904:
901:
898:
892:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
861:
855:
852:
848:
843:
840:
837:
811:
787:
784:
781:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
713:
690:
687:
684:
679:
675:
656:
655:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
620:
616:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
462:peer of France
450:Louis-Philippe
418:First Republic
328:Étienne Bézout
307:
304:
260:
259:
256:
255:
246:
242:
241:
235:Michel Chasles
232:
228:
227:
218:
214:
213:
198:
194:
193:
184:
180:
179:
173:
172:
152:Poisson's spot
124:Poisson kernel
113:
112:Known for
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
89:
87:(aged 58)
81:
77:
76:
61:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
34:Siméon Poisson
33:
26:
18:Siméon Poisson
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6385:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6241:John Herschel
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6089:William Prout
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6061:John Brinkley
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6037:John Herschel
6034:
6033:Edward Sabine
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5961:William Henry
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5905:Astley Cooper
5902:
5901:
5898:
5893:
5886:
5881:
5879:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5828:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5790:
5784:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5743:
5734:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5671:
5665:
5661:
5654:
5646:
5644:0-19-506136-5
5640:
5636:
5629:
5621:
5619:0-19-506136-5
5615:
5611:
5604:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5557:
5549:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5524:
5522:0-201-02918-9
5518:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5487:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5462:
5460:0-19-506136-5
5456:
5452:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5385:
5383:0-19-506136-5
5379:
5375:
5368:
5360:
5359:
5351:
5343:
5342:
5334:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5314:
5306:
5300:
5296:
5289:
5281:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5231:
5229:0-19-506136-5
5225:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5175:
5169:
5153:
5147:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5123:public domain
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5036:
5021:
5020:Maths History
5017:
5011:
5007:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4973:
4970:
4964:
4959:
4956:
4945:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4926:
4925:Galois theory
4912:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4836:
4827:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4766:
4746:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4674:
4670:
4647:
4643:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4601:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4562:
4558:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4516:
4512:
4499:
4493:
4485:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4452:
4450:
4434:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4326:
4319:
4316:
4292:
4282:
4265:
4259:
4251:
4242:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4222:
4211:
4203:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4173:
4159:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4116:
4102:
4098:
4089:
4080:
4078:
4067:
4059:
4050:
4045:
4038:
4035:
4023:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3931:
3915:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3866:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3807:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3773:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3716:
3702:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3656:
3654:
3651:. Then their
3638:
3618:
3598:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3543:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3508:
3501:
3498:
3485:
3481:
3468:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3438:
3429:
3421:
3414:
3411:
3399:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3350:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3283:
3274:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3249:
3245:
3232:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3202:
3193:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3163:
3148:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3098:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3017:
3004:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2843:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2809:
2795:
2775:
2755:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2534:
2519:
2505:
2495:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2464:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2354:
2337:
2331:
2311:
2301:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2205:
2191:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2133:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1975:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1612:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1306:
1303:
1293:
1287:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1064:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
983:
969:
949:
946:
926:
902:
899:
896:
890:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
865:
859:
853:
850:
846:
841:
838:
835:
828:
827:
826:
825:
809:
802:) a function
801:
779:
771:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
734:
725:
711:
704:
688:
685:
682:
677:
665:
661:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
618:
606:
605:
604:
602:
594:
589:
573:Contributions
570:
568:
563:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:
536:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
482:
473:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
319:
317:
313:
303:
301:
297:
292:
288:
287:mathematician
283:
275:
272:
269:
266:
257:
254:
250:
247:
243:
240:
236:
233:
229:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:
206:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
171:
166:
161:
160:Poisson zeros
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
83:25 April 1840
82:
78:
73:
70:(present-day
68:
64:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
6173:Robert Brown
6112:
6093:Henry Foster
6073:Peter Barlow
5953:Everard Home
5937:Humphry Davy
5839:
5826:at Wikiquote
5750:
5742:
5723:
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5238:
5219:
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5168:
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5146:
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5049:
5045:
5035:
5023:. Retrieved
5019:
5010:
4928:
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4876:
4867:
4856:
4848:
4844:(4to, 1831);
4840:
4833:
4691:Robert Boyle
4625:
4619:
4607:
4599:
4571:
4559:? This is a
4535:
4517:
4514:
4454:
4284:
3917:
3809:
3658:
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3373:
3365:
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3247:
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2724:
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2356:
2303:
2207:
2135:
2038:
2034:
2027:
1903:
1813: /
1809: /
1807:displacement
1805: /
1666: /
1628:Displacement
1566:
1557:
1551:Formulations
1538:Virtual work
1478: /
1418:Acceleration
1411:Fundamentals
1246:
1243:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1185:
1161:
1154:
1149:point source
1145:
1118:
1096:Ampère's law
1089:
1082:
1079:George Green
1015:
999:
994:
990:
986:
984:
962:and a point
918:
726:
657:
598:
564:
557:
552:
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532:
528:
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510:
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478:
458:Palais-Royal
415:
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385:had sent to
374:
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364:
347:
320:
309:
267:
263:
197:Institutions
176:
85:(1840-04-25)
59:21 June 1781
6293:1840 deaths
6288:1781 births
6081:James South
6009:Henry Kater
5993:James Ivory
5894:(1801–1850)
5726:: 197–266.
5183:9 September
4830:Other works
3655:is given by
1949:von Neumann
1616:Core topics
1129:diffraction
1032:. In 1777,
772:and if for
502:electricity
187:Mathematics
6282:Categories
5158:20 October
5002:References
4923:See also:
4520:Paul Dirac
4427:. Suppose
2722:Poisson's
1884:d'Alembert
1864:Maupertuis
1827:Scientists
1709:Rigid body
1383:Kinematics
1168:Arago spot
481:répétiteur
422:Revolution
391:astronomer
367:répétiteur
312:Pithiviers
296:Arago spot
63:Pithiviers
55:1781-06-21
6193:Georg Ohm
6053:John Pond
5783:cite book
5595:122266762
5587:1432-0657
5066:0002-9890
4866:(v. 8 in
4787:γ
4717:γ
4701:, namely
4623:in 1835.
4491:∂
4483:∂
4381:˙
4320:˙
4257:∂
4249:∂
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4065:∂
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3836:−
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3752:∂
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2841:∂
2678:∂
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2540:∂
2532:∂
2371:∫
2268:∂
2260:∂
2235:−
2226:∂
2218:∂
2053:∫
1929:Liouville
1811:frequency
1731:Vibration
1448:potential
1373:Continuum
1368:Celestial
1345:Textbooks
1255:Mechanics
1090:In 1820,
1065:ρ
866:ρ
860:∭
854:π
842:−
836:ϕ
810:ϕ
786:∞
783:→
735:ρ
712:ϕ
703:potential
683:ϕ
674:∇
639:ρ
636:π
630:−
624:ϕ
615:∇
562:in 1837.
506:magnetism
411:Saint-Cyr
332:integrals
306:Biography
291:physicist
5775:41497065
5206:page 662
5074:30037440
4941:See also
4739:, where
4726:constant
2589:′
2418:′
2275:′
2148:′
2098:′
1984:Category
1909:Hamilton
1894:Lagrange
1889:Clairaut
1854:Horrocks
1815:velocity
1785:Pendulum
1773:reactive
1745:Rotation
1714:dynamics
1664:Inertial
1650:Friction
1533:Velocity
1508:Momentum
1388:Kinetics
1378:Dynamics
1356:Branches
1340:Timeline
1098:and the
800:infinity
387:Grenoble
383:Napoleon
5854:at the
5423:2690275
5125::
3368:momenta
3248:giving
2304:But if
2184:. Then
1944:Koopman
1904:Poisson
1899:Laplace
1844:Huygens
1839:Galileo
1684: (
1623:Damping
1476:Inertia
1470:Impulse
1443:kinetic
1393:Statics
1363:Applied
1335:History
1208:Journal
560:peerage
525:Journal
466:science
393:to the
381:, whom
278:French:
191:physics
6267:(1850)
6259:(1849)
6251:(1848)
6243:(1847)
6235:(1846)
6227:(1845)
6219:(1844)
6211:(1843)
6203:(1842)
6195:(1841)
6187:(1840)
6175:(1839)
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6143:(1836)
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6075:(1825)
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6047:(1822)
6039:(1821)
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4913:(1826)
4898:(1839)
4881:(1839)
4588:, and
4285:where
2956:
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2950:
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2136:where
1982:
1934:Appell
1919:Cauchy
1914:Jacobi
1859:Halley
1849:Newton
1834:Kepler
1686:linear
1682:Motion
1528:Torque
1503:Moment
1438:Energy
1428:Couple
1107:Optics
919:where
549:orbits
444:. The
426:Empire
424:, the
360:Sceaux
316:Loiret
183:Fields
72:Loiret
5591:S2CID
5419:JSTOR
5177:(PDF)
5070:JSTOR
4447:is a
3863:. By
2498:then
1939:Gibbs
1924:Routh
1879:Euler
1518:Speed
1513:Space
1455:Force
768:is a
543:, in
531:, in
494:Arago
430:baron
409:) at
334:of a
265:Baron
5789:link
5771:OCLC
5761:ISBN
5664:ISBN
5639:ISBN
5614:ISBN
5583:ISSN
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5480:ISBN
5455:ISBN
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5185:2016
5160:2020
5062:ISSN
5027:2022
4693:and
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4366:and
3631:and
3591:and
3563:and
1523:Time
1486:Mass
1202:and
1174:and
1139:and
701:for
504:and
342:and
289:and
274:FRSE
189:and
80:Died
49:Born
5757:173
5728:doi
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