4894:
4926:, which he did January 1831. In early July, Poisson declared Galois' work "incomprehensible," but encouraged Galois to "publish the whole of his work in order to form a definitive opinion." While Poisson's report was made before Galois' 14 July arrest, it took until October to reach Galois in prison. It is unsurprising, in the light of his character and situation at the time, that Galois vehemently decided against publishing his papers through the academy and instead publish them privately through his friend Auguste Chevalier. Yet Galois did not ignore Poisson's advice. He began collecting all his mathematical manuscripts while still in prison, and continued polishing his ideas until his release on 29 April 1832, after which he was somehow persuaded to participate in what proved to be a fatal duel.
4966:
1955:
461:
4269:
4952:
577:
1101:
3909:
4878:
31:
1968:
4866:
5105:
5808:
4264:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {du}{dt}}&={\frac {\partial u}{\partial q_{i}}}{\dot {q}}_{i}+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial p_{i}}}{\dot {p}}_{i}+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}\\&={\frac {\partial u}{\partial q_{i}}}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial p_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial u}{\partial p_{i}}}{\frac {\partial H}{\partial q_{i}}}+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}\\&=+{\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}},\end{aligned}}}
1092:
question in the study of electricity was whether or not electricity was a fluid or fluids distinct from matter, or something that simply acts on matter like gravity. Coulomb, Ampère, and
Poisson thought that electricity was a fluid distinct from matter. In his experimental research, starting with electrolysis, Michael Faraday sought to show this was not the case. Electricity, Faraday believed, was a part of matter.
5796:
540:, which had already been settled by Lagrange to the first degree of approximation for the disturbing forces. Poisson showed that the result could be extended to a second approximation, and thus made an important advance in planetary theory. The memoir is remarkable inasmuch as it roused Lagrange, after an interval of inactivity, to compose in his old age one of the greatest of his memoirs, entitled
4938:
2991:
3794:
2706:
1091:
were quickly deduced. The science of electromagnetism was born. Poisson was also investigating the phenomenon of magnetism at this time, though he insisted on treating electricity and magnetism as separate phenomena. He published two memoirs on magnetism in 1826. By the 1830s, a major research
488:
A list of
Poisson's works, drawn up by himself, is given at the end of Arago's biography. All that is possible is a brief mention of the more important ones. It was in the application of mathematics to physics that his greatest services to science were performed. Perhaps the most original, and
4606:, depending on the context of the problem. It took some time for his ideas to be accepted as his use of mathematics was less than rigorous. Although initially skeptical, Poisson adopted Fourier's method. From around 1815 he studied various problems in heat conduction. He published his
314:
in Paris as first in his year, and immediately began to attract the notice of the professors of the school, who left him free to make his own decisions as to what he would study. In his final year of study, less than two years after his entry, he published two memoirs, one on
3350:
1140:
of light, where the particle-theory of light predicts complete darkness. Poisson argued this was absurd and
Fresnel's model was wrong. (Such a spot is not easily observed in everyday situations, because most everyday sources of light are not good point sources.)
2288:
362:) there, a position which he had occupied as an amateur while still a pupil in the school; for his schoolmates had made a custom of visiting him in his room after an unusually difficult lecture to hear him repeat and explain it. He was made deputy professor (
3468:
2803:
3232:
4519:. Soon he realized that the key idea in Heisenberg's paper was the anti-commutativity of dynamical variables and remembered that the analogous mathematical construction in classical mechanics was Poisson brackets. He found the treatment he needed in
1025:
introduced the concept of a potential function that can be used to compute the gravitational force of an extended body. In 1812, Poisson adopted this idea and obtained the appropriate expression for electricity, which relates the potential function
472:
at the École
Polytechnique. Notwithstanding his many official duties, he found time to publish more than three hundred works, several of them extensive treatises, and many of them memoirs dealing with the most abstruse branches of pure mathematics,
1135:
Poisson studied
Fresnel's theory in detail and looked for a way to prove it wrong. Poisson thought that he had found a flaw when he demonstrated that Fresnel's theory predicts an on-axis bright spot in the shadow of a circular obstacle blocking a
1072:
4619:
of heat, to which younger scientists such as
Poisson were less committed. A success for Laplace was his correction of Newton's formula for the speed of sound in air that gives satisfactory answers when compared with experiments. The
3650:
2482:
5189:(1786–1853) attributed to Poisson the quote: "La vie n'est bonne qu'à deux choses: à faire des mathématiques et à les professer." (Life is good for only two things: to do mathematics and to teach it.) See: J.-A. Barral, ed.,
282:
who worked on statistics, complex analysis, partial differential equations, the calculus of variations, analytical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, elasticity, and fluid mechanics. Moreover, he predicted the
2513:
903:
1148:, performed the experiment. He molded a 2 mm metallic disk to a glass plate with wax. To everyone's surprise he observed the predicted bright spot, which vindicated the wave model. Fresnel won the competition.
4823:
Besides his many memoirs, Poisson published a number of treatises, most of which were intended to form part of a great work on mathematical physics, which he did not live to complete. Among these may be mentioned:
4893:
3543:
4597:
In his work on heat conduction, Joseph
Fourier maintained that the arbitrary function may be represented as an infinite trigonometric series and made explicit the possibility of expanding functions in terms of
3914:
2120:
544:. So highly did he think of Poisson's memoir that he made a copy of it with his own hand, which was found among his papers after his death. Poisson made important contributions to the theory of attraction.
1309:
3243:
4499:
1083:
demonstrated that it was possible to deflect a magnetic needle by closing or opening an electric circuit nearby, resulting in a deluge of published papers attempting to explain the phenomenon.
642:
4813:
4726:
3046:
402:
in 1815, graduation examiner at the École
Polytechnique in 1816, councillor of the university in 1820, and geometer to the Bureau des Longitudes succeeding Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1827.
351:
near Paris, was occupied by the composition and publication of his many works and in fulfilling the duties of the numerous educational positions to which he was successively appointed.
3365:
2199:
2171:
4678:. In 1823 Poisson redid his teacher's work and reached the same results without resorting to complex hypotheses previously employed by Laplace. In addition, by using the gas laws of
2986:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}\right)-{\frac {\partial T}{\partial q_{i}}}+{\frac {\partial V}{\partial q_{i}}}=0,~~~~i=1,2,...,n.}
449:, where he was openly and effusively received by the citizen king, who "remembered" him. After this, of course, his degradation was impossible, and seven years later he was made a
785:
3142:
688:
1333:
405:
In 1817, he married Nancy de Bardi and with her, he had four children. His father, whose early experiences had led him to hate aristocrats, bred him in the stern creed of the
4414:
4353:
6336:
6301:
3134:
755:
3901:
5120:
6331:
5871:
4676:
4649:
3078:
1064:
809:
711:
3789:{\displaystyle ={\frac {\partial u}{\partial q_{i}}}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial p_{i}}}-{\frac {\partial u}{\partial p_{i}}}{\frac {\partial v}{\partial q_{i}}}.}
2340:
3850:
949:
4766:
4746:
4434:
4292:
3638:
3618:
3598:
3578:
3098:
2795:
2775:
2755:
2735:
2505:
2311:
2191:
1044:
969:
926:
327:
equation and this was so impressive that he was allowed to graduate in 1800 without taking the final examination. The latter of the memoirs was examined by
2348:
2701:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}-{\frac {d}{dx}}\left({\frac {\partial f}{\partial y'}}\right)+...+(-1)^{n}{\frac {d^{n}}{dx^{n}}}\left=0.}
6326:
4867:
Recherches sur le
Mouvement des Projectiles dans l'Air, en ayant égard a leur figure et leur rotation, et a l'influence du mouvement diurne de la terre
4979:
343:, whose lectures on the theory of functions he attended at the École Polytechnique, recognized his talent early on, and became his friend. Meanwhile,
4525:
4877:
4581:
were the main contributors to the theory of elasticity in the nineteenth century. The calculus of variations was frequently used to solve problems.
5777:
820:
417:, and the following restoration, Poisson was not interested in politics, concentrating instead on mathematics. He was appointed to the dignity of
5864:
1999:
468:
As a teacher of mathematics
Poisson is said to have been extraordinarily successful, as might have been expected from his early promise as a
6351:
5812:
3479:
6361:
6291:
1588:
153:
5125:
1236:
In 1829, Poisson published a paper on elastic bodies that contained a statement and proof of a special case of what became known as the
4545:
1707:
399:
199:
5140:
6356:
5965:
5857:
1680:
555:
5800:
6346:
5829:
4615:
During the early 1800s, Pierre-Simon de Laplace developed a sophisticated, if speculative, description of gases based on the old
3345:{\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}\right)-{\frac {\partial L}{\partial q_{i}}}=0.}
2030:
1265:
158:
6296:
6341:
6316:
6306:
5656:
5534:
5472:
5291:
5266:
5241:
426:
5499:
4555:
542:
Sur la théorie des variations des éléments des planètes, et en particulier des variations des grands axes de leurs orbites
1662:
339:
an unprecedented honor for a youth of eighteen. This success at once procured entry for Poisson into scientific circles.
4860:
4446:
6161:
5753:
445:, who, while his "revocation" was being plotted by the council of ministers, procured him an invitation to dine at the
6321:
5631:
5606:
5509:
5447:
5370:
5216:
4621:
1992:
1129:
598:
504:, in which he proved himself a worthy successor to Pierre-Simon Laplace. The most important of these are his memoirs
430:
6173:
4922:
had returned to mathematics after his expulsion from the École Normale, Poisson asked him to submit his work on the
4771:
4693:
4504:
Moreover, Poisson's theorem states the Poisson bracket of any two constants of motion is also a constant of motion.
1151:
After that, the corpuscular theory of light was dead, but was revived in the twentieth century in a different form,
536:(1827), etc. In the first of these memoirs, Poisson discusses the famous question of the stability of the planetary
4965:
3463:{\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}={\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}.}
1954:
547:
As a tribute to Poisson's scientific work, which stretched to more than 300 publications, he was awarded a French
442:
347:, in whose footsteps Poisson followed, regarded him almost as his son. The rest of his career, until his death in
6286:
2999:
2283:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial y}}-{\frac {d}{dx}}\left({\frac {\partial f}{\partial y'}}\right)=0.}
1328:
581:
2717:(2 vols. 8vo, 1811 and 1833) was written in the style of Laplace and Lagrange and was long a standard work. Let
4570:
1583:
1323:
1188:
241:
1116:
and were skeptical of its alternative, the wave theory. In 1818, the Académie set the topic of their prize as
237:
6109:
5844:
1125:
652:
3227:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}}={\frac {\partial T}{\partial {\dot {q}}_{i}}},}
6061:
4984:
1985:
1972:
1733:
1656:
1578:
1421:
1233:
In 1820 Poisson studied integrations along paths in the complex plane, becoming the first person to do so.
1067:
367:
764:
5981:
4846:
4566:
3557:
2128:
1652:
1453:
1014:
422:
1431:
657:
6049:
5909:
1872:
1761:
1687:
1547:
1480:
1109:
997:
in 1839. Poisson's equation is applicable in not just gravitation, but also electricity and magnetism.
993:
is valid only outside of a solid. A rigorous proof for masses with variable density was first given by
6137:
1005:
As the eighteenth century came to a close, human understanding of electrostatics approached maturity.
485:
attributed to him the quote, "Life is good for only two things: doing mathematics and teaching it.")
6311:
4549:
4358:
4297:
1626:
1113:
788:
136:
3103:
386:; and when the Faculté des sciences de Paris was instituted in 1809 he was appointed a professor of
6081:
5834:
3553:
1902:
1746:
580:
Poisson's equations for electricity (top) and magnetism (bottom) in SI units on the front cover of
438:
6013:
5704:
5031:"The "Ecole Polytechnique", 1794-1850: Differences over Educational Purpose and Teaching Practice"
1084:
1080:
719:
5949:
5824:
4683:
1852:
1616:
1073:
An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism
421:
in 1825, but he neither took out the diploma nor used the title. In March 1818, he was elected a
6125:
5345:
5162:
3859:
5901:
4294:
is the Hamiltonian. In terms of Poisson brackets, then, Hamilton's equations can be written as
3549:
2018:
1897:
1714:
1211:
1160:
522:
348:
79:
5745:
5194:
576:
460:
311:
189:
94:
6141:
5973:
5004:
4574:
3853:
1907:
1882:
1568:
1386:
1152:
1121:
1022:
990:
648:
589:
406:
383:
340:
332:
288:
209:
193:
120:
5110:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
394:). He went on to become a member of the Institute in 1812, examiner at the military school (
6281:
6276:
6253:
6149:
5933:
5673:
4654:
4627:
4603:
3051:
1927:
1887:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1773:
1563:
1556:
1312:
1223:
1155:. Arago later noted that the diffraction bright spot (which later became known as both the
1049:
994:
794:
696:
478:
344:
213:
148:
116:
5438:
Kline, Morris (1972). "Chapter 30: The Calculus of Variations in the Nineteenth Century".
2316:
2017:
Founded mainly by Leonhard Euler and Joseph-Louis Lagrange in the eighteenth century, the
1922:
8:
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6117:
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5820:
4923:
4852:
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1702:
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1356:
1256:
1088:
1010:
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474:
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387:
316:
3802:
931:
437:
threatened him with the loss of all his honours; but this disgrace to the government of
6245:
5771:
5579:
5407:
5058:
4957:
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4731:
4437:
4419:
4277:
3623:
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2720:
2490:
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2176:
1832:
1573:
1448:
1416:
1376:
1237:
1227:
1164:
1029:
954:
911:
501:
359:
144:
132:
4919:
6221:
6169:
5759:
5749:
5738:
5652:
5627:
5602:
5583:
5571:
5530:
5505:
5495:
5468:
5443:
5366:
5287:
5262:
5237:
5212:
5050:
4951:
4838:
Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matières criminelles et matière civile
4687:
4516:
4512:
2477:{\displaystyle S=\int \limits _{a}^{b}f\left(x,y(x),y'(x),...,y^{(n)}(x)\right)\,dx,}
1842:
1799:
1756:
1751:
1692:
1468:
1458:
1351:
1180:
1006:
410:
354:
Immediately after finishing his studies at the École Polytechnique, he was appointed
328:
324:
55:
6057:
5186:
1145:
482:
6237:
6189:
6033:
5957:
5917:
5716:
5685:
5563:
5403:
5399:
5042:
4943:
4565:
arrived at the basic equations of motion for viscous fluids, now identified as the
1937:
1917:
1862:
1857:
1803:
1778:
1633:
1491:
1436:
1411:
1204:
1192:
1176:
1018:
489:
certainly the most permanent in their influence, were his memoirs on the theory of
227:
108:
6213:
6205:
6153:
6129:
6097:
6005:
5647:
Lewis, Christopher (2007). "Chapter 2: The Rise and Fall of the Caloric Theory".
5328:
5308:
4836:
4828:
4607:
4599:
4589:
Poisson also published a memoir on the theory of waves (Mém. ft. l'acad., 1825).
4520:
3641:
2712:
1932:
1877:
1827:
1822:
1741:
1100:
527:
434:
270:
128:
124:
104:
5849:
5989:
5740:
Math and mathematicians : the history of math discoveries around the world
4971:
4616:
4578:
1959:
1867:
1768:
1485:
1184:
450:
223:
112:
5567:
5347:'Diverses expèriences d'optique' in Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences
307:
district in France, the son of Siméon Poisson, an officer in the French army.
6270:
6229:
6077:
6025:
6021:
5893:
5575:
5116:
5111:
5054:
4913:
1847:
1674:
898:{\displaystyle \phi =-{1 \over 4\pi }\iiint {\frac {\rho (x,y,z)}{r}}\,dV,\;}
275:
259:
83:
5840:
5763:
5551:
1124:
submitted a thesis explaining diffraction derived from analysis of both the
5941:
5925:
5880:
4679:
1912:
1837:
1526:
1406:
1218:
1833), and memoirs on the probability of the mean results of observations (
1137:
510:
Sur la variation des constantes arbitraires dans les questions de mécanique
500:
Next (or in the opinion of some, first) in importance stand the memoirs on
446:
5689:
5207:
Kline, Morris (1972). "28.4: The Potential Equation and Green's Theorem".
30:
6069:
5997:
5597:
Kline, Morris (1972). "28.7: Systems of Partial Differential Equations".
5361:
Kline, Morris (1972). "27.4: The Foundation of Complex Function Theory".
1117:
490:
175:
5129:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 896.
5062:
5030:
5721:
5411:
5387:
4508:
1697:
1371:
1156:
379:
300:
284:
140:
51:
5674:"Les relations d'Évariste Galois avec les mathématiciens de son temps"
2012:
6181:
6041:
5626:. United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 678–9.
5601:. United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 696–7.
5211:. United States of America: Oxford University Press. pp. 682–4.
5141:"Poisson, Simeon Denis: certificate of election to the Royal Society"
5046:
1719:
691:
494:
279:
5622:
Kline, Morris (1972). "28.2: The Heat Equation and Fourier Series".
5527:
The Strangest Man: the Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom
3538:{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{i}={\frac {\partial L}{\partial q_{i}}}.}
4536:
3356:
1638:
1521:
1496:
375:
371:
320:
4857:
Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de l'Institut de France
1104:
Photo of the Arago spot in a shadow of a 5.8 mm circular obstacle.
5807:
1611:
1464:
1381:
811:
goes to 0 fast enough, the solution of Poisson's equation is the
548:
454:
179:
5257:
Baigrie, Brian (2007). "Chapter 7: The Current and the Needle".
978:(1813). Poisson's two most important memoirs on the subject are
506:
Sur les inégalités séculaires des moyens mouvements des planètes
497:, which virtually created a new branch of mathematical physics.
5795:
5504:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. 397, 399, 406–7.
4844:
A catalog of all of Poisson's papers and works can be found in
1670:
1516:
1426:
1179:, Poisson's most important works were his series of memoirs on
453:, not for political reasons, but as a representative of French
304:
60:
1009:
had already established the notion of electric charge and the
5232:
Baigrie, Brian (2007). "Chapter 5: From Effluvia to Fluids".
4546:
solutions to the Navier–Stokes equations exist and are smooth
1506:
1501:
1443:
537:
418:
253:
4853:
Mémoire sur l'équilibre et le mouvement des corps élastiques
4624:
makes use of the specific heats of gases at constant volume
4573:
re-derived them in 1845 using continuum mechanics. Poisson,
2021:
saw further development and applications in the nineteenth.
529:
Sur le mouvement de la terre autour de son centre de gravité
2115:{\displaystyle S=\int \limits _{a}^{b}f(x,y(x),y'(x))\,dx,}
1511:
1474:
262:
4569:. In 1829 Poisson independently obtained the same result.
2193:
is extremized if it satisfies the Euler–Lagrange equations
1187:, the latter paving the way for the classic researches of
5286:. United States of America: Greenwood Press. p. 88.
5261:. United States of America: Greenwood Press. p. 72.
5236:. United States of America: Greenwood Press. p. 47.
1304:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
1199:
of the École Polytechnique from 1813 to 1823, and in the
3799:
Evidently, the operation anti-commutes. More precisely,
2996:
Here, the dot notation for the time derivative is used,
1108:
Poisson was a member of the academic "old guard" at the
5282:
Baigrie, Brian (2007). "Chapter 8: Forces and Fields".
4900:
Mémoire sur le calcul numerique des integrales définies
1120:. One of the participants, civil engineer and opticist
5678:
Revue d'Histoire des Sciences et de Leurs Applications
5463:
Kot, Mark (2014). "Chapter 4: Basic Generalizations".
4885:
Recherches sur le Mouvement des Projectiles dans l'Air
5193:, vol. II (Paris, France: Gide et J. Baudry, 1854),
4774:
4754:
4734:
4696:
4686:, Poisson obtained the equation for gases undergoing
4657:
4630:
4532:
4449:
4422:
4361:
4300:
4280:
3912:
3862:
3805:
3653:
3626:
3606:
3586:
3566:
3482:
3368:
3246:
3145:
3106:
3086:
3054:
3002:
2806:
2783:
2763:
2743:
2723:
2516:
2493:
2351:
2319:
2299:
2202:
2179:
2131:
2033:
1268:
1052:
1032:
957:
934:
914:
823:
797:
767:
722:
699:
660:
601:
335:, who recommended that it should be published in the
319:'s method of elimination, the other on the number of
6337:
Members of the Chamber of Peers of the July Monarchy
6302:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
5744:. Baker, Lawrence W. Detroit, Mich.: U X L. p.
5322:
5320:
4933:
1110:
Académie royale des sciences de l'Institut de France
5709:
Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure
5284:
Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective
5259:
Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective
5234:
Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective
4907:
2013:
Analytical mechanics and the calculus of variations
1159:and the Poisson spot) had already been observed by
5737:
4807:
4760:
4740:
4720:
4670:
4643:
4494:{\displaystyle ={\frac {\partial u}{\partial t}}.}
4493:
4428:
4408:
4347:
4286:
4263:
3895:
3844:
3788:
3632:
3612:
3600:be functions of the canonical variables of motion
3592:
3572:
3537:
3462:
3344:
3226:
3128:
3092:
3072:
3040:
2985:
2789:
2769:
2749:
2729:
2700:
2499:
2476:
2334:
2305:
2282:
2185:
2165:
2114:
1303:
1195:on the same subject; these are to be found in the
1170:
1058:
1038:
963:
943:
920:
897:
803:
779:
749:
705:
682:
636:
366:) in 1802, and, in 1806 full professor succeeding
5879:
5818:
5649:Heat and Thermodynamics: A Historical Perspective
5624:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
5599:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
5440:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
5363:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
5317:
5209:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
4526:Analytical Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies
6332:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
6268:
5498:(1980). "Chapter 9: Canonical Transformations".
5028:
4980:List of things named after Siméon Denis Poisson
4561:In 1821, using an analogy with elastic bodies,
2777:the potential energy, both independent of time
637:{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\phi =-4\pi \rho ,\;}
5552:"Whittaker's analytical dynamics: a biography"
5529:. Great Britain: Basic Books. pp. 83–88.
4808:{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {c_{P}}{c_{V}}}}
4721:{\displaystyle PV^{\gamma }={\text{constant}}}
1066:. Poisson's work on potential theory inspired
974:Poisson's equation was first published in the
287:in his attempt to disprove the wave theory of
16:French mathematician and physicist (1781–1840)
5865:
5651:. United States of America: Greenwood Press.
1993:
971:. The integration runs over the whole space.
274:; 21 June 1781 – 25 April 1840) was a French
5776:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5465:A First Course in the Calculus of Variations
1000:
5337:
5300:
4847:Oeuvres complétes de François Arago, Vol. 2
4538:
3041:{\displaystyle {\frac {dq}{dt}}={\dot {q}}}
425:, in 1822 a Foreign Honorary Member of the
5872:
5858:
5543:
5333:, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, p. 369
2000:
1986:
894:
633:
29:
6327:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
5720:
5494:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
3473:Thus, from the equation of motion, he got
2464:
2102:
984:Sur l'attraction d'un ellipsoide homogène
884:
5549:
5365:. Oxford University Press. p. 633.
5115:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
2507:must satisfy the Euler–Poisson equation,
1099:
575:
459:
5830:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
5524:
5343:
5326:
5306:
5281:
5256:
5231:
5191:Oeuvres complétes de François Arago ...
5168:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
5163:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter P"
4830:Nouvelle théorie de l'action capillaire
2313:depends on higher-order derivatives of
928:is a distance between a volume element
6269:
4515:on the new branch of physics known as
4511:received proofs of a seminal paper by
3548:Poisson's text influenced the work of
3355:He introduced an explicit formula for
556:72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower
429:, and in 1823 a foreign member of the
5853:
5702:
5696:
5671:
5646:
5621:
5596:
5556:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5360:
5206:
5069:
3560:was published in London in 1842. Let
2797:. Lagrange's equation of motion reads
1682:Newton's law of universal gravitation
571:
427:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
269:
5385:
4841:(4to, 1837), all published at Paris.
1112:, who were staunch believers in the
1019:inverse-square law of electrostatics
780:{\displaystyle r\rightarrow \infty }
5462:
5379:
5350:, Imprimerie impériale, p. 111
5275:
5250:
5155:
4584:
4556:(more unsolved problems in physics)
2166:{\displaystyle y'={\frac {dy}{dx}}}
1663:Mechanics of planar particle motion
1271:
976:Bulletin de la société philomatique
566:
516:of the École Polytechnique (1809);
154:Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution
13:
6362:People associated with electricity
6292:19th-century French mathematicians
5735:
5729:
5640:
5481:
5418:
5225:
5005:"Siméon-Denis Poisson - Biography"
4609:Théorie mathématique de la chaleur
4533:Continuum mechanics and fluid flow
4479:
4471:
4245:
4237:
4197:
4189:
4167:
4159:
4140:
4132:
4110:
4102:
4083:
4075:
4053:
4045:
4004:
3996:
3955:
3947:
3767:
3759:
3740:
3732:
3710:
3702:
3683:
3675:
3516:
3508:
3432:
3424:
3393:
3385:
3320:
3312:
3277:
3269:
3196:
3188:
3157:
3149:
2910:
2902:
2880:
2872:
2837:
2829:
2666:
2658:
2570:
2562:
2528:
2520:
2256:
2248:
2214:
2206:
774:
683:{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\phi =0}
662:
647:is a well-known generalization of
603:
392:professeur de mécanique rationelle
14:
6373:
6352:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
5788:
5467:. American Mathematical Society.
5035:The American Mathematical Monthly
4859:, 1829), digitized copy from the
4592:
982:(Connaiss. ft. temps, 1829), and
431:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
5806:
5794:
5103:
4964:
4950:
4936:
4908:Interaction with Évariste Galois
4892:
4876:
4861:Bibliothèque nationale de France
1967:
1966:
1953:
1286:
561:
6357:Recipients of the Lalande Prize
5665:
5615:
5590:
5518:
5456:
5354:
5029:Grattan-Guinness, Ivor (2005).
4409:{\displaystyle {\dot {p}}_{i}=}
4348:{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}=}
3856:, the total time derivative of
1171:Pure mathematics and statistics
1046:to the electric charge density
980:Sur l'attraction des sphéroides
464:Poisson in 1804 by E. Marcellot
6347:Recipients of the Copley Medal
6174:Jacques Charles François Sturm
5550:Coutinho, S. C. (1 May 2014).
5404:10.1080/0025570X.1979.11976770
5388:"A History of Stokes' Theorem"
5200:
5180:
5133:
5022:
4997:
4818:
4462:
4450:
4403:
4384:
4342:
4323:
4228:
4216:
3890:
3872:
3854:Hamilton's equations of motion
3839:
3827:
3818:
3806:
3666:
3654:
3129:{\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}}
2680:
2674:
2613:
2603:
2456:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2416:
2410:
2396:
2390:
2329:
2323:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2076:
2070:
2058:
1210:Poisson wrote an essay on the
1189:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
1130:Young's double slit experiment
875:
857:
771:
744:
726:
337:Recueil des savants étrangers,
271:[si.me.ɔ̃də.nipwa.sɔ̃]
242:Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet
159:Euler–Poisson–Darboux equation
1:
6110:Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana
5845:Mathematics Genealogy Project
5313:, Paris: Imprimerie impériale
4990:
3556:. A translation of Poisson's
1589:Koopman–von Neumann mechanics
1146:Dominique-François-Jean Arago
653:partial differential equation
588:In the theory of potentials,
443:François Jean Dominique Arago
197:Faculté des sciences de Paris
6342:French probability theorists
6317:French mathematical analysts
6307:Fellows of the Royal Society
5736:C., Bruno, Leonard (2003) .
4748:is the pressure of the gas,
1657:Non-inertial reference frame
1243:
750:{\displaystyle \rho (x,y,z)}
481:, and rational mechanics. (
368:Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
294:
7:
5442:. Oxford University Press.
4929:
4539:Unsolved problem in physics
1584:Appell's equation of motion
1454:Inertial frame of reference
1144:The head of the committee,
1015:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
518:Sur la libration de la lune
423:Fellow of the Royal Society
238:Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
234:Other notable students
10:
6378:
6297:École Polytechnique alumni
5705:"La vie d'Évariste Galois"
4911:
3896:{\displaystyle u=u(q,p,t)}
1203:for 1823. He also studied
986:(Mim. ft. l'acad., 1835).
787:(or if a point 'moves' to
329:Sylvestre-François Lacroix
5888:
5568:10.1007/s00407-013-0133-1
5386:Katz, Victor (May 1979).
4918:After political activist
4651:and at constant pressure
4544:Under what conditions do
1126:Huygens–Fresnel principle
1095:
1001:Electricity and magnetism
582:an undergraduate textbook
247:
233:
219:
205:
185:
171:
164:
137:Poisson summation formula
100:
90:
68:
37:
28:
21:
6322:French fluid dynamicists
5835:University of St Andrews
5525:Farmelo, Graham (2009).
4985:Hamilton−Jacobi equation
4550:Millennium Prize Problem
3554:Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi
1747:Rotating reference frame
1579:Hamilton–Jacobi equation
1114:particle theory of light
989:Poisson discovered that
512:, both published in the
441:was adroitly averted by
310:In 1798, he entered the
6138:Antoine César Becquerel
5966:Benjamin Collins Brodie
5126:Encyclopædia Britannica
4684:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
4567:Navier–Stokes equations
2757:be the kinetic energy,
1688:Newton's laws of motion
1548:Newton's laws of motion
435:revolution of July 1830
6287:People from Pithiviers
5902:William Hyde Wollaston
5825:"Siméon Denis Poisson"
5811:Quotations related to
5344:Maraldi, G.F. (1723),
5327:Fresnel, A.J. (1868),
5307:Fresnel, A.J. (1868),
4809:
4762:
4742:
4722:
4672:
4645:
4622:Newton–Laplace formula
4502:
4495:
4440:, then it must satisfy
4430:
4410:
4349:
4288:
4272:
4265:
3897:
3846:
3797:
3790:
3634:
3614:
3594:
3574:
3550:William Rowan Hamilton
3546:
3539:
3471:
3464:
3353:
3346:
3235:
3228:
3130:
3094:
3074:
3042:
2994:
2987:
2791:
2771:
2751:
2731:
2709:
2702:
2501:
2485:
2478:
2372:
2336:
2307:
2291:
2284:
2187:
2167:
2123:
2116:
2054:
2019:calculus of variations
1715:Simple harmonic motion
1628:Euler's laws of motion
1422:D'Alembert's principle
1305:
1212:calculus of variations
1183:and his discussion of
1161:Joseph-Nicolas Delisle
1105:
1060:
1040:
1011:conservation of charge
965:
945:
922:
899:
805:
781:
751:
707:
684:
638:
585:
534:Mémoires de l'Académie
523:Connaissance des temps
465:
80:Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine
6142:John Frederic Daniell
6014:Hans Christian Ørsted
5974:William Thomas Brande
5690:10.3406/rhs.1947.2607
5121:Poisson, Siméon Denis
4810:
4763:
4743:
4723:
4673:
4671:{\displaystyle c_{P}}
4646:
4644:{\displaystyle c_{V}}
4575:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
4571:George Gabriel Stokes
4496:
4442:
4431:
4411:
4350:
4289:
4266:
3905:
3898:
3847:
3791:
3646:
3635:
3615:
3595:
3575:
3558:Treatise on Mechanics
3540:
3475:
3465:
3361:
3347:
3239:
3229:
3138:
3131:
3095:
3075:
3073:{\displaystyle L=T-V}
3043:
2988:
2799:
2792:
2772:
2752:
2732:
2703:
2509:
2502:
2479:
2358:
2344:
2337:
2308:
2285:
2195:
2188:
2168:
2117:
2040:
2026:
1569:Hamiltonian mechanics
1387:Statistical mechanics
1306:
1201:Memoirs de l'Académie
1153:wave-particle duality
1122:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
1103:
1081:Hans Christian Ørsted
1061:
1059:{\displaystyle \rho }
1041:
1023:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
966:
946:
923:
900:
806:
804:{\displaystyle \phi }
782:
752:
708:
706:{\displaystyle \phi }
685:
639:
579:
463:
384:Bureau des Longitudes
341:Joseph Louis Lagrange
333:Adrien-Marie Legendre
289:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
210:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
194:Bureau des Longitudes
121:Poisson limit theorem
6254:Peter Andreas Hansen
6150:Carl Friedrich Gauss
6126:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
6102:Siméon Denis Poisson
5934:Thomas Andrew Knight
5841:Siméon Denis Poisson
5821:Robertson, Edmund F.
5813:Siméon Denis Poisson
5803:at Wikimedia Commons
5801:Siméon Denis Poisson
5703:Dupuy, Paul (1896).
5392:Mathematics Magazine
4772:
4752:
4732:
4694:
4655:
4628:
4604:Legendre polynomials
4447:
4420:
4359:
4298:
4278:
3910:
3860:
3803:
3651:
3624:
3604:
3584:
3564:
3480:
3366:
3244:
3143:
3104:
3084:
3080:. He argued that if
3052:
3000:
2804:
2781:
2761:
2741:
2721:
2514:
2491:
2349:
2335:{\displaystyle y(x)}
2317:
2297:
2200:
2177:
2129:
2031:
1792:Angular acceleration
1784:Rotational frequency
1564:Lagrangian mechanics
1557:Analytical mechanics
1313:Second law of motion
1266:
1230:is named after him.
1224:Poisson distribution
1050:
1030:
995:Carl Friedrich Gauss
955:
932:
912:
821:
795:
765:
720:
697:
658:
651:of the second order
599:
479:mathematical physics
378:. In 1808 he became
364:professeur suppléant
345:Pierre-Simon Laplace
299:Poisson was born in
257:Siméon Denis Poisson
214:Pierre-Simon Laplace
117:Poisson distribution
6198:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
6118:William Snow Harris
6090:George Biddell Airy
5819:O'Connor, John J.;
5501:Classical Mechanics
5330:OEuvres Completes 1
5310:OEuvres Completes 1
5143:. The Royal Society
4924:theory of equations
4563:Claude-Louis Navier
4507:In September 1925,
2714:Traité de mécanique
1644:Harmonic oscillator
1622:Equations of motion
1257:Classical mechanics
1251:Part of a series on
1222:1827, &c). The
1220:Connaiss. d. temps,
1167:a century earlier.
1017:had enunciated his
813:Newtonian potential
759:continuous function
502:celestial mechanics
475:applied mathematics
312:École Polytechnique
190:École Polytechnique
95:École Polytechnique
6246:Roderick Murchison
5722:10.24033/asens.427
5672:Taton, R. (1947).
5496:Goldstein, Herbert
4958:Mathematics portal
4805:
4758:
4738:
4718:
4668:
4641:
4491:
4438:constant of motion
4426:
4406:
4345:
4284:
4261:
4259:
3893:
3845:{\displaystyle =-}
3842:
3786:
3630:
3610:
3590:
3570:
3535:
3460:
3342:
3224:
3126:
3100:is independent of
3090:
3070:
3038:
2983:
2787:
2767:
2747:
2727:
2698:
2497:
2474:
2332:
2303:
2280:
2183:
2163:
2112:
1960:Physics portal
1574:Routhian mechanics
1449:Frame of reference
1301:
1238:divergence theorem
1228:probability theory
1181:definite integrals
1165:Giacomo F. Maraldi
1106:
1056:
1036:
991:Laplace's equation
961:
944:{\displaystyle dV}
941:
918:
895:
801:
777:
747:
703:
680:
649:Laplace's equation
634:
590:Poisson's equation
586:
572:Poisson's equation
554:His is one of the
526:(1821), etc.; and
466:
388:rational mechanics
360:teaching assistant
200:École de Saint-Cyr
133:Poisson regression
6264:
6263:
6222:Urbain Le Verrier
6170:Justus von Liebig
5881:Copley Medallists
5799:Media related to
5658:978-0-313-33332-3
5536:978-0-465-02210-6
5474:978-1-4704-1495-5
5293:978-0-313-33358-3
5268:978-0-313-33358-3
5243:978-0-313-33358-3
4803:
4761:{\displaystyle V}
4741:{\displaystyle P}
4716:
4688:adiabatic changes
4517:quantum mechanics
4513:Werner Heisenberg
4486:
4429:{\displaystyle u}
4372:
4311:
4287:{\displaystyle H}
4252:
4204:
4181:
4154:
4124:
4097:
4060:
4030:
4018:
3981:
3969:
3935:
3781:
3754:
3724:
3697:
3633:{\displaystyle p}
3613:{\displaystyle q}
3593:{\displaystyle v}
3573:{\displaystyle u}
3530:
3493:
3455:
3445:
3416:
3406:
3334:
3300:
3290:
3260:
3219:
3209:
3180:
3170:
3117:
3093:{\displaystyle V}
3035:
3021:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2924:
2894:
2860:
2850:
2820:
2790:{\displaystyle t}
2770:{\displaystyle V}
2750:{\displaystyle T}
2737:be the position,
2730:{\displaystyle q}
2686:
2649:
2582:
2553:
2535:
2500:{\displaystyle y}
2306:{\displaystyle S}
2268:
2239:
2221:
2186:{\displaystyle S}
2161:
2010:
2009:
1757:Centrifugal force
1752:Centripetal force
1708:Euler's equations
1693:Relative velocity
1469:Moment of inertia
1299:
1273:
1205:Fourier integrals
1039:{\displaystyle V}
1007:Benjamin Franklin
964:{\displaystyle P}
921:{\displaystyle r}
882:
846:
409:. Throughout the
325:finite difference
251:
250:
220:Doctoral students
206:Academic advisors
166:Scientific career
84:Kingdom of France
56:Kingdom of France
6369:
6312:French agnostics
6257:
6249:
6241:
6238:John Couch Adams
6233:
6225:
6217:
6209:
6201:
6193:
6190:James MacCullagh
6185:
6177:
6165:
6157:
6145:
6133:
6121:
6113:
6105:
6093:
6085:
6073:
6065:
6053:
6045:
6037:
6034:William Buckland
6029:
6017:
6009:
6001:
5993:
5985:
5977:
5969:
5961:
5958:Edward Troughton
5953:
5945:
5937:
5929:
5921:
5918:Smithson Tennant
5913:
5910:Richard Chenevix
5905:
5897:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5851:
5850:
5837:
5810:
5798:
5782:
5781:
5775:
5767:
5743:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5522:
5516:
5515:
5492:
5479:
5478:
5460:
5454:
5453:
5435:
5416:
5415:
5383:
5377:
5376:
5358:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5204:
5198:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5109:
5107:
5106:
5100:
5067:
5066:
5047:10.2307/30037440
5026:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5001:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4960:
4955:
4954:
4946:
4944:Biography portal
4941:
4940:
4939:
4896:
4880:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4792:
4791:
4782:
4768:its volume, and
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4709:
4708:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4600:Bessel functions
4585:Wave propagation
4540:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4477:
4469:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4396:
4395:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4373:
4365:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4335:
4334:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4304:
4293:
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4019:
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4002:
3994:
3989:
3988:
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3974:
3970:
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3900:
3899:
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3843:
3795:
3793:
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3782:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3765:
3757:
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3723:
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3708:
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3698:
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3639:
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3599:
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3544:
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3536:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3248:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3202:
3194:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3136:, he could write
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3110:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3004:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2908:
2900:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2835:
2827:
2821:
2819:
2808:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2664:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2483:
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2480:
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2459:
2449:
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2409:
2371:
2366:
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2309:
2304:
2289:
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2286:
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2273:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2139:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2089:
2053:
2048:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1863:Johann Bernoulli
1858:Daniel Bernoulli
1779:Tangential speed
1683:
1659:
1634:Fictitious force
1629:
1481:Mechanical power
1471:
1412:Angular momentum
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1248:
1247:
1216:Mem. de l'acad.,
1193:Bernhard Riemann
1177:pure mathematics
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
970:
968:
967:
962:
950:
948:
947:
942:
927:
925:
924:
919:
904:
902:
901:
896:
883:
878:
852:
847:
845:
834:
810:
808:
807:
802:
786:
784:
783:
778:
756:
754:
753:
748:
712:
710:
709:
704:
689:
687:
686:
681:
670:
669:
643:
641:
640:
635:
611:
610:
567:Potential theory
273:
268:
228:Joseph Liouville
156:
109:Poisson equation
75:
47:
45:
33:
19:
18:
6377:
6376:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6267:
6266:
6265:
6260:
6252:
6244:
6236:
6228:
6220:
6214:Theodor Schwann
6212:
6206:Carlo Matteucci
6204:
6196:
6188:
6180:
6168:
6160:
6154:Michael Faraday
6148:
6136:
6130:Francis Kiernan
6124:
6116:
6108:
6098:Michael Faraday
6096:
6088:
6076:
6068:
6056:
6048:
6040:
6032:
6020:
6012:
6006:Robert Seppings
6004:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5972:
5964:
5956:
5948:
5940:
5932:
5924:
5916:
5908:
5900:
5892:
5884:
5878:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5769:
5768:
5756:
5734:
5730:
5701:
5697:
5670:
5666:
5659:
5645:
5641:
5634:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5595:
5591:
5548:
5544:
5537:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5493:
5482:
5475:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5436:
5419:
5384:
5380:
5373:
5359:
5355:
5342:
5338:
5325:
5318:
5305:
5301:
5294:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5205:
5201:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5119:, ed. (1911). "
5104:
5102:
5101:
5070:
5027:
5023:
5013:
5011:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4993:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4920:Évariste Galois
4916:
4910:
4903:
4897:
4888:
4881:
4821:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4783:
4781:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4713:
4704:
4700:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4635:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4595:
4587:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4552:in mathematics.
4542:
4535:
4521:E. T. Whittaker
4478:
4470:
4468:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4391:
4387:
4375:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4330:
4326:
4314:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4258:
4257:
4244:
4236:
4234:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4188:
4186:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4156:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4129:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4099:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4074:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4033:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3946:
3944:
3937:
3927:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3756:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3731:
3729:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3672:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3642:Poisson bracket
3625:
3622:
3621:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3448:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3421:
3409:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3382:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3311:
3309:
3293:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3212:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3187:
3185:
3173:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3027:
3026:
3013:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2899:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2853:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2438:
2434:
2402:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2362:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2226:
2213:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2082:
2049:
2044:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2015:
2006:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1788:
1742:Circular motion
1736:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1681:
1651:
1648:
1627:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1551:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1490:
1486:Mechanical work
1479:
1463:
1401:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1346:
1338:
1315:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1246:
1173:
1098:
1089:Biot-Savart law
1070:'s 1828 paper,
1051:
1048:
1047:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1003:
956:
953:
952:
933:
930:
929:
913:
910:
909:
853:
851:
838:
833:
822:
819:
818:
796:
793:
792:
766:
763:
762:
721:
718:
717:
698:
695:
694:
665:
661:
659:
656:
655:
606:
602:
600:
597:
596:
574:
569:
564:
396:École Militaire
297:
266:
240:
226:
212:
198:
196:
192:
157:
152:
151:
147:
145:Poisson's ratio
143:
139:
135:
131:
129:Poisson algebra
127:
125:Poisson bracket
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:Poisson process
91:Alma mater
86:
77:
73:
64:
58:
49:
43:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6375:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6250:
6242:
6234:
6226:
6218:
6210:
6202:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6166:
6158:
6146:
6134:
6122:
6114:
6106:
6094:
6086:
6074:
6066:
6058:François Arago
6054:
6046:
6038:
6030:
6018:
6010:
6002:
5994:
5990:David Brewster
5986:
5978:
5970:
5962:
5954:
5946:
5938:
5930:
5922:
5914:
5906:
5898:
5889:
5886:
5885:
5877:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5838:
5816:
5804:
5790:
5789:External links
5787:
5784:
5783:
5755:978-0787638139
5754:
5728:
5695:
5684:(2): 114–130.
5664:
5657:
5639:
5632:
5614:
5607:
5589:
5562:(3): 355–407.
5542:
5535:
5517:
5510:
5480:
5473:
5455:
5448:
5417:
5398:(3): 146–156.
5378:
5371:
5353:
5336:
5316:
5299:
5292:
5274:
5267:
5249:
5242:
5224:
5217:
5199:
5187:François Arago
5179:
5154:
5132:
5117:Chisholm, Hugh
5068:
5041:(3): 233–250.
5021:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4972:Physics portal
4961:
4947:
4931:
4928:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4898:
4891:
4889:
4883:Title page to
4882:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4863:
4850:
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4820:
4817:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4757:
4737:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4665:
4661:
4638:
4634:
4617:caloric theory
4594:
4593:Thermodynamics
4591:
4586:
4583:
4579:Sophie Germain
4554:
4543:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4476:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4425:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4390:
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4383:
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4371:
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4344:
4341:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4322:
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4239:
4233:
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4208:
4202:
4199:
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4134:
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4080:
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4047:
4041:
4036:
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4026:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3992:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
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3886:
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3871:
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3865:
3841:
3838:
3835:
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3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3785:
3777:
3773:
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3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
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3685:
3680:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3629:
3609:
3589:
3569:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3489:
3459:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3412:
3405:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3341:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3223:
3215:
3208:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3184:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3089:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3048:. Poisson set
3034:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3008:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2849:
2846:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2786:
2766:
2746:
2726:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2496:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2342:, that is, if
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2302:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2182:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2135:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1963:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:Coriolis force
1766:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1242:
1185:Fourier series
1172:
1169:
1097:
1094:
1055:
1035:
1002:
999:
960:
940:
937:
917:
906:
905:
893:
890:
887:
881:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
850:
844:
841:
837:
832:
829:
826:
800:
776:
773:
770:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
702:
679:
676:
673:
668:
664:
645:
644:
632:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
609:
605:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
451:peer of France
439:Louis-Philippe
407:First Republic
317:Étienne Bézout
296:
293:
249:
248:
245:
244:
235:
231:
230:
224:Michel Chasles
221:
217:
216:
207:
203:
202:
187:
183:
182:
173:
169:
168:
162:
161:
141:Poisson's spot
113:Poisson kernel
102:
101:Known for
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
78:
76:(aged 58)
70:
66:
65:
50:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
23:Siméon Poisson
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6374:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6230:John Herschel
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6078:William Prout
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6050:John Brinkley
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6026:John Herschel
6023:
6022:Edward Sabine
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5950:William Henry
5947:
5943:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5894:Astley Cooper
5891:
5890:
5887:
5882:
5875:
5870:
5868:
5863:
5861:
5856:
5855:
5852:
5846:
5842:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5779:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5732:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5633:0-19-506136-5
5629:
5625:
5618:
5610:
5608:0-19-506136-5
5604:
5600:
5593:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5546:
5538:
5532:
5528:
5521:
5513:
5511:0-201-02918-9
5507:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5476:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5451:
5449:0-19-506136-5
5445:
5441:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5374:
5372:0-19-506136-5
5368:
5364:
5357:
5349:
5348:
5340:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5321:
5312:
5311:
5303:
5295:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5245:
5239:
5235:
5228:
5220:
5218:0-19-506136-5
5214:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5183:
5164:
5158:
5142:
5136:
5128:
5127:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5112:public domain
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5010:
5009:Maths History
5006:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4934:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4914:Galois theory
4901:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4816:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4755:
4735:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4663:
4659:
4636:
4632:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4590:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4505:
4501:
4488:
4482:
4474:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4441:
4439:
4423:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4376:
4369:
4366:
4339:
4336:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4281:
4271:
4254:
4248:
4240:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4213:
4211:
4200:
4192:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4162:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4105:
4091:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4067:
4056:
4048:
4039:
4034:
4027:
4024:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3963:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3939:
3931:
3928:
3923:
3920:
3904:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3855:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3796:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3748:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3718:
3714:
3705:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3645:
3643:
3640:. Then their
3627:
3607:
3587:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3474:
3470:
3457:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3427:
3418:
3410:
3403:
3400:
3388:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3339:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3287:
3284:
3272:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3238:
3234:
3221:
3213:
3206:
3203:
3191:
3182:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3152:
3137:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3087:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3006:
2993:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2832:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2798:
2784:
2764:
2744:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2708:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2652:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2565:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2523:
2508:
2494:
2484:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2343:
2326:
2320:
2300:
2290:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2194:
2180:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2122:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1295:
1292:
1282:
1276:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1053:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
987:
985:
981:
977:
972:
958:
938:
935:
915:
891:
888:
885:
879:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
854:
848:
842:
839:
835:
830:
827:
824:
817:
816:
815:
814:
798:
791:) a function
790:
768:
760:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
723:
714:
700:
693:
677:
674:
671:
666:
654:
650:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
607:
595:
594:
593:
591:
583:
578:
562:Contributions
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
486:
484:
480:
476:
471:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
308:
306:
302:
292:
290:
286:
281:
277:
276:mathematician
272:
264:
261:
258:
255:
246:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208:
204:
201:
195:
191:
188:
184:
181:
177:
174:
170:
167:
163:
160:
155:
150:
149:Poisson zeros
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
81:
72:25 April 1840
71:
67:
62:
59:(present-day
57:
53:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
6162:Robert Brown
6101:
6082:Henry Foster
6062:Peter Barlow
5942:Everard Home
5926:Humphry Davy
5828:
5815:at Wikiquote
5739:
5731:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5648:
5642:
5623:
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5227:
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5157:
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5135:
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5008:
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4865:
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4837:
4833:(4to, 1831);
4829:
4822:
4680:Robert Boyle
4614:
4608:
4596:
4588:
4560:
4548:? This is a
4524:
4506:
4503:
4443:
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3906:
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3647:
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3240:
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2713:
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2345:
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2196:
2124:
2027:
2023:
2016:
1892:
1802: /
1798: /
1796:displacement
1794: /
1655: /
1617:Displacement
1555:
1546:
1540:Formulations
1527:Virtual work
1467: /
1407:Acceleration
1400:Fundamentals
1235:
1232:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1174:
1150:
1143:
1138:point source
1134:
1107:
1085:Ampère's law
1078:
1071:
1068:George Green
1004:
988:
983:
979:
975:
973:
951:and a point
907:
715:
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587:
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546:
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521:
517:
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447:Palais-Royal
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363:
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336:
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298:
256:
252:
186:Institutions
165:
74:(1840-04-25)
48:21 June 1781
6282:1840 deaths
6277:1781 births
6070:James South
5998:Henry Kater
5982:James Ivory
5883:(1801–1850)
5715:: 197–266.
5172:9 September
4819:Other works
3644:is given by
1938:von Neumann
1605:Core topics
1118:diffraction
1021:. In 1777,
761:and if for
491:electricity
176:Mathematics
6271:Categories
5147:20 October
4991:References
4912:See also:
4509:Paul Dirac
4416:. Suppose
2711:Poisson's
1873:d'Alembert
1853:Maupertuis
1816:Scientists
1698:Rigid body
1372:Kinematics
1157:Arago spot
470:répétiteur
411:Revolution
380:astronomer
356:répétiteur
301:Pithiviers
285:Arago spot
52:Pithiviers
44:1781-06-21
6182:Georg Ohm
6042:John Pond
5772:cite book
5584:122266762
5576:1432-0657
5055:0002-9890
4855:(v. 8 in
4776:γ
4706:γ
4690:, namely
4612:in 1835.
4480:∂
4472:∂
4370:˙
4309:˙
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4238:∂
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2360:∫
2257:∂
2249:∂
2224:−
2215:∂
2207:∂
2042:∫
1918:Liouville
1800:frequency
1720:Vibration
1437:potential
1362:Continuum
1357:Celestial
1334:Textbooks
1244:Mechanics
1079:In 1820,
1054:ρ
855:ρ
849:∭
843:π
831:−
825:ϕ
799:ϕ
775:∞
772:→
724:ρ
701:ϕ
692:potential
672:ϕ
663:∇
628:ρ
625:π
619:−
613:ϕ
604:∇
551:in 1837.
495:magnetism
400:Saint-Cyr
321:integrals
295:Biography
280:physicist
5764:41497065
5195:page 662
5063:30037440
4930:See also
4728:, where
4715:constant
2578:′
2407:′
2264:′
2137:′
2087:′
1973:Category
1898:Hamilton
1883:Lagrange
1878:Clairaut
1843:Horrocks
1804:velocity
1774:Pendulum
1762:reactive
1734:Rotation
1703:dynamics
1653:Inertial
1639:Friction
1522:Velocity
1497:Momentum
1377:Kinetics
1367:Dynamics
1345:Branches
1329:Timeline
1087:and the
789:infinity
376:Grenoble
372:Napoleon
5843:at the
5412:2690275
5114::
3357:momenta
3237:giving
2293:But if
2173:. Then
1933:Koopman
1893:Poisson
1888:Laplace
1833:Huygens
1828:Galileo
1673: (
1612:Damping
1465:Inertia
1459:Impulse
1432:kinetic
1382:Statics
1352:Applied
1324:History
1197:Journal
549:peerage
514:Journal
455:science
382:to the
370:, whom
267:French:
180:physics
6256:(1850)
6248:(1849)
6240:(1848)
6232:(1847)
6224:(1846)
6216:(1845)
6208:(1844)
6200:(1843)
6192:(1842)
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6000:(1817)
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4887:(1839)
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2945:
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2125:where
1971:
1923:Appell
1908:Cauchy
1903:Jacobi
1848:Halley
1838:Newton
1823:Kepler
1675:linear
1671:Motion
1517:Torque
1492:Moment
1427:Energy
1417:Couple
1096:Optics
908:where
538:orbits
433:. The
415:Empire
413:, the
349:Sceaux
305:Loiret
172:Fields
61:Loiret
5580:S2CID
5408:JSTOR
5166:(PDF)
5059:JSTOR
4436:is a
3852:. By
2487:then
1928:Gibbs
1913:Routh
1868:Euler
1507:Speed
1502:Space
1444:Force
757:is a
532:, in
520:, in
483:Arago
419:baron
398:) at
323:of a
254:Baron
5778:link
5760:OCLC
5750:ISBN
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5572:ISSN
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5174:2016
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5051:ISSN
5016:2022
4682:and
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3620:and
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1512:Time
1475:Mass
1191:and
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1128:and
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493:and
331:and
278:and
263:FRSE
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