619:
320:
510:
149:
764:
719:
700:
480:
306:
738:
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38:
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645:
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745:
460:, under the overall direction of English Heritage, began a major programme of stabilisation, filling the tunnels and shafts from previous investigations with hundreds of tonnes of chalk. At the same time a new archaeological survey was conducted using modern equipment and techniques. The work finished in early 2008; a "significant" new understanding of the monument's construction and history had been obtained.
472:
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388:. This excavation revealed most of the environmental evidence about the site, including the remains of winged ants which indicate that Silbury was begun in an August. Atkinson dug numerous trenches at the site and reopened the 1849 tunnel, where he found material suggesting a Neolithic date, although none of his
264:
reveals that the centre of the flat top and the centre of the cone that describes the hill lie within a metre of one another. There are indications that the top originally had a rounded profile, but this was flattened in the medieval period to provide a base for a building, perhaps with a defensive purpose.
422:
of the hill to identify the damage caused by earlier excavations and determine the hill's stability. Repairs were undertaken, but the site remained closed to the public. As part of this remedial work, English
Heritage, with help from AC Archaeology, excavated two further small trenches at the summit.
368:
excavated the east side of the hill to see if traces of the Roman road were underneath it. No traces were found, and later excavations south of the hill located the road in fields to the south, making a pronounced swerve to avoid the base of the hill. This was conclusive proof that the hill was there
831:
Jim Leary and David Field (2010) conclude that the mound's purpose cannot be known, and the multiple and overlapping construction phases – almost continuous remodelling – suggest there was no blueprint and that the process of building was probably the most important thing of all: perhaps the process
809:
John C. Barret asserts that any ritual at
Silbury Hill would have involved physically raising a few individuals far above the level of everyone else, where they would have been visible for miles around and from several other monuments in the area. This would possibly indicate an elite group, perhaps
463:
In 2010, letters written by Edward Drax concerning the 1776 excavation were found in the
British Library. He describes a "perpendicular cavity" 40 feet (12 m) deep and 6 inches (15 cm) wide. As wood fragments—thought to be oak—have been found, it has been suggested that this may have held
827:
observes that
Silbury and its surrounding monuments appear to have been designed with a system of inter-related sightlines, focusing on the step several metres below the summit. From various surrounding barrows and from Avebury, the step aligns with hills on the horizon behind Silbury, or with the
263:
The base of the hill is circular and 167 metres (548 ft) in diameter. The summit is flat-topped and 30 metres (98 ft) in diameter. A smaller mound was constructed first, and in a later phase much enlarged. The initial structures at the base of the hill were perfectly circular: surveying
285:
boulders. Alternate layers of chalk rubble and earth were placed on top of this: the second phase involved heaping further chalk on top of the core, using material excavated from a series of surrounding ditches which were progressively refilled then recut several metres further out. The step
254:
and displays immense technical skill and prolonged control over labour and resources. Archaeologists calculate that it took 18 million man-hours, equivalent to 500 men working for 15 years to deposit and shape 248,000 cubic metres (324,000 cu yd) of earth and fill.
567:
The Round Mound
Project to investigate other likely mounds began in 2015, and from 154 potential sites across England, 20 were selected for core sampling and detailed surveying. By late 2017, 14 had produced results confirming that they were built immediately after the
828:
hills in front of
Silbury, leaving only the topmost part visible. In the latter case, Devereux hypothesises that ripe cereal crops grown on the intervening hill would perfectly cover the upper portion of Silbury, with the top of the corn and the top of Silbury coinciding.
517:
Following the 2007–2008 works, archaeologists investigated whether
Silbury Hill was the only such mound built by the people of the time, or if there might be other comparable mounds that have not been recognised as prehistoric. A strong candidate was felt to be the
491:
490:
495:
494:
489:
286:
surrounding the summit dates from this phase of construction, either as a precaution against slippage, or as the remnants of a spiral path ascending from the base, used to raise materials during construction, and later as a processional route.
496:
259:
asserts that no simple late
Neolithic tribal structure as usually imagined could have sustained this and similar projects, and envisages an authoritarian theocratic power elite with broad-ranging control across southern Britain.
192:. At 39.3 metres (129 ft) high, the hill is the tallest prehistoric man-made mound in Europe and one of the largest in the world; it is similar in volume to contemporary Egyptian pyramids. The site is in the care of
590:. On the basis of this survey, it would appear that Neolithic mound-building was restricted to the upper Kennet and Avon valleys, and that nothing extant elsewhere in Britain comes close as a comparison to Silbury Hill.
493:
530:. The mound is 18 metres (59 ft) high, less than half the height of Silbury. There are archaeological and documentary indications that the Marlborough Mound had been used for medieval fortifications known as
392:
are considered reliable by modern standards. He argued that the hill was constructed in steps, each tier being filled in with packed chalk and then smoothed off or weathered into a slope. Atkinson reported the
238:
Composed mainly of chalk and clay excavated from the surrounding area, the mound stands 39.3 metres (129 ft) high and covers about 2 hectares (5 acres). The hill was constructed in several stages between
1669:
770:
813:
Michael Dames has put forward a composite theory of seasonal rituals, in an attempt to explain the purpose of
Silbury Hill and its associated sites (West Kennet Long Barrow, the Avebury henge,
797:, but he was stopped by the priests of nearby Avebury. In 1861 it was reported that hundreds of people from Kennet, Avebury, Overton, and the neighbouring villages thronged Silbury Hill every
789:
According to legend, Silbury is the last resting place of a King Sil, represented in a life-size gold statue and sitting on a golden horse. A local legend noted in 1913 states that the
289:
Silbury Hill was originally entirely white since it had a chalk (limestone) exterior, and the surrounding ditch may have been regularly filled with water from underground springs.
555:, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south of Silbury. Known as Hatfield Barrow, a surviving fragment of what may have been a 15 m high mound also gave construction dates to the
2031:
492:
2026:
538:. A team of archaeologists, led by Jim Leary, analysed core samples from two 10 cm diameter boreholes. Charcoal from immediately below the mound was from around
875:
The measurement is taken from the present ground level at the top of silt that has accumulated in the trench surrounding the tumulus, to a depth of nine metres.
1131:
1104:
365:
602:
have been found on
Silbury Hill: at its core there is only clay, flints, turf, moss, topsoil, gravel, freshwater shells, mistletoe, oak, hazel,
364:, the monstrous snake that lived in the Caves of Parnassus. In 1849, a tunnel was dug horizontally from the edge into the centre. In 1867, the
111:
2016:
278:
2046:
2051:
360:' poetry set in Batheaston—were interested in Silbury Hill, because they thought it paralleled the Greek legends of Apollo killing
183:
65:
1275:
Edwards, Brian (Winter–Spring 2013). "Imagining 'Silbury and Parnassus the same', Edward Drax and the Batheaston vase adventure".
1482:
1247:
956:
348:
wrote that a skeleton and bridle had been discovered during tree planting on the summit in 1723. In October 1776, a team of
1997:
353:
2036:
1956:
1857:
1057:
1881:
414:
After heavy rains in May 2002, a collapse of the 1776 excavation shaft caused a hole to form in the top of the hill.
356:
and Colonel Edward Drax sank a vertical shaft from the top. Brian Edwards argues that Drax and his friends—all members of
1673:
856:
148:
397:
for the base layer of turf and decayed material indicated a corrected date for the commencement of Silbury was close to
961:
763:
211:. Its original purpose is still debated. Several other important Neolithic monuments in Wiltshire, including the large
1968:
Vatcher, Faith de M.; Vatcher, Lance (1976). The Avebury Monuments (Report). UK: Department of the Environment / HMSO.
1920:
1178:
572:. Three were shown to be later medieval mounds and one was from Saxon times, so may be a burial mound. Only one,
45:
1638:
1114:
1328:
72:
349:
104:
2021:
903:
637:
453:
village had been found at the foot of Silbury Hill. It contained regularly laid out streets and houses.
630:
27:
618:
2041:
1228:
1409:
1358:
96:
1139:
848:, but with many species characteristic of this habitat, including a strong population of the rare
1981:
1049:
1007:
913:
884:
It is probable that the skeleton and bridle unearthed in 1723 was from a later, secondary burial.
756:
569:
535:
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208:
200:
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1752:
1724:
1704:
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428:
381:
1170:
1043:
319:
845:
419:
1481:
1162:
1819:
1792:
8:
1757:
1729:
1709:
1488:
1446:
898:
855:. In 1965 and 1986 the entire hill – in all 2.3 hectares (5.7 acres) – was notified as a
523:
189:
1823:
1796:
551:
Another contender, but which had been all but levelled in the 19th century, was at
1555:
1520:
1252:
531:
389:
361:
781:
The purpose of the hill is unknown, though various suggestions have been put forward.
509:
1952:
1916:
1889:
1853:
1849:
1493:
1455:
1391:
1210:
1174:
1163:
1053:
908:
519:
357:
179:
50:
1986:
1937:
1912:
1800:
1766:
1738:
1624:
1564:
1442:"The giants of Wessex: The chronology of the three largest mounds in Wiltshire, UK"
1184:
1135:
1109:
1012:
952:
587:
415:
394:
345:
193:
1871:
Earth Memory: Practical examples introduce a new system to unravel ancient secrets
1568:
1678:
1646:
919:
377:
1897:
1441:
1202:
1045:
Prehistoric Materialities: Becoming material in prehistoric Britain and Ireland
573:
385:
1770:
1742:
2010:
1893:
1497:
1459:
1395:
1214:
841:
824:
814:
718:
450:
380:
investigated the hill after the First World War. From 1968 to 1970 professor
126:
113:
369:
before the road—but the hill provided an alignment sight-line for the road.
1804:
737:
610:
items have been found on and around the site since the nineteenth century.
552:
527:
479:
216:
931:
924:
798:
607:
337:
256:
85:
446:
dates the second phase of the mound convincingly to the Late Neolithic.
305:
220:
37:
1390:. No. 101. York, UK: Council for British Archaeology. p. 8.
526:, 8.3 kilometres (5.2 mi) east of Silbury Hill, further down the
852:
54:
1550:
840:
The hill's vegetation is species-rich chalk grassland, dominated by
576:
mound in East Yorkshire, was found to be prehistoric, but dating to
223:, may be culturally or functionally related to Avebury and Silbury.
1586:
Fragments from Antiquity: An archaeology of social life in Britain
1414:
1363:
849:
1483:"Normal for Normans? Exploring the large round mounds of England"
1336:
457:
423:
Neil Adam from AC Archaeology made the important discovery of an
204:
340:, the 17th-century antiquarian, whose notes, in the form of his
1296:
603:
471:
424:
282:
186:
790:
465:
309:
Silbury Hill, modern artistic recreation of its construction
212:
297:
1480:
Leary, Jim; Jamieson, Elaine; Stastney, Phil (March 2018).
1300:
1209:. No. 70. York, UK: Council for British Archaeology.
776:
Map of Silbury Hill, Wiltshire, and nearby Neolithic sites
267:
The first clear evidence of construction, dated to around
1785:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
1299:
programme dealing with the new 1968–1969 excavations for
1020:
835:
793:
was carrying a bag of soil to drop on the citizens of
449:
In March 2007, English Heritage announced that a
323:
Silbury Hill, as viewed from the nearby hill on which
182:
in the English county of Wiltshire. It is part of the
2032:
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1965
1787:. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.
1479:
821:), from which the summit of Silbury Hill is visible.
810:
a priesthood, powerfully displaying their authority.
1518:
Heanley, Robert M. (December 1913). "Silbury Hill".
366:
Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society
1071:
1069:
988:
976:
951:
2027:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Wiltshire
1600:
384:undertook work at Silbury which was broadcast on
331:
2008:
1066:
1248:"Long-lost theory on Silbury Hill is uncovered"
1967:
1386:Pitts, Mike (6 June 2008). "Silbury is safe".
1105:"Silbury Hill Conservation Project, Wiltshire"
1440:Leary, Jim; Marshall, Peter (December 2012).
1439:
1169:(2 ed.). London, UK: Routledge. p.
1041:
203:monuments around Avebury, which includes the
178:is a prehistoric artificial chalk mound near
1783:(1974). "Neolithic science and technology".
277:consisted of a gravel core with a revetting
622:Aerial view of Silbury Hill and the A4 road
548:making it a close contemporary of Silbury.
344:, were published between 1680–1682. Later,
1931:
1618:
1089:Science and Society in Prehistoric Britain
36:
1548:
1435:
1433:
534:, and it had been identified as a Norman
1868:
1779:
1751:
1723:
1703:
1596:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. pp. 29–31.
1075:
1026:
982:
617:
606:, ox bones, and antler tines. Roman and
508:
486:
478:
470:
318:
304:
296:
184:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
66:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
2002:(video). BBC Wiltshire. 4 January 2008.
1517:
1329:"Silbury Hill reveals Roman settlement"
1274:
1196:
1194:
1160:
1037:
1035:
199:Silbury Hill is part of the complex of
2009:
1946:
1906:
1583:
1473:
1430:
1245:
1126:
1124:
994:
1879:
1843:
1832:
1813:
1606:
1385:
1317:. Yale University Press. p. 129.
1200:
1099:
1097:
301:Silbury Hill seen from the south east
16:Neolithic mound in Wiltshire, England
1312:
1295:— Refers to the excavations for the
1191:
1134:(Report). National Monument Record.
1091:(New York: St. Martin's Press) 1977.
1032:
804:
155:
2017:English Heritage sites in Wiltshire
1818:. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.
1696:
1674:Site of Special Scientific Interest
1359:"Tunnel open again at Silbury hill"
1121:
857:Site of Special Scientific Interest
836:Site of Special Scientific Interest
504:
431:at the site. A radiocarbon date of
164:Location of Silbury Hill in England
13:
1837:. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.
1410:"Silbury Hill 'built around pole'"
1094:
962:National Heritage List for England
832:was more important than the hill.
427:fragment, the first from a secure
336:The site was first illustrated by
14:
2063:
2047:Archaeological sites in Wiltshire
1974:
1932:Leary, Jim; Field, David (2010).
1619:Leary, Jim; Field, David (2010).
292:
1911:. London, UK: B.T. Batsford and
1886:British Archaeology (e‑magazine)
1253:The Wiltshire Gazette and Herald
1246:Hinman, Niki (2 February 2010).
762:
755:
743:
736:
724:
717:
705:
698:
686:
657:
643:
636:
629:
154:
147:
2052:World Heritage Sites in England
1662:
1631:
1612:
1577:
1532:
1511:
1402:
1379:
1351:
1321:
1306:
1283:
1268:
1239:
1221:
1154:
878:
409:
372:
233:Interactive map of Silbury Hill
1081:
1042:Meirion Jones, Andrew (2012).
1000:
945:
869:
332:17th, 18th, and 19th centuries
1:
1846:Silbury: Resolving the enigma
1639:"Citation sheet for the site"
1569:10.1080/0015587X.1915.9718879
1549:Partridge, J.B. (June 1915).
1543:. December 1861. p. 181.
1541:Wilts Archaeological Magazine
939:
513:Silbury Hill after heavy rain
432:
310:
240:
2037:Stone Age sites in Wiltshire
1949:A History of Ancient Britain
1388:British Archaeology magazine
1303:TV programmes about the hill
1207:British Archaeology magazine
862:
593:
226:
7:
1882:"Great sites: Silbury Hill"
1203:"Great sites: Silbury Hill"
904:European Megalithic Culture
891:
784:
500:Silbury Hill 3D model video
10:
2068:
613:
354:the Duke of Northumberland
29:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1999:Going inside Silbury Hill
1934:The Story Of Silbury Hill
1907:Malone, Caroline (1989).
1880:Field, David (May 2003).
1771:10.1017/S0003598X00104582
1743:10.1017/S0003598X00107586
1621:The Story of Silbury Hill
1293:. BBC Publications. 1969.
1201:Field, David (May 2003).
1161:Darvill, Timothy (1996).
456:In May 2007, contractors
142:
103:
91:
81:
71:
61:
44:
35:
26:
957:"Silbury Hill (1008445)"
1869:Devereux, Paul (1999).
1844:Dames, Michael (2010).
1833:Dames, Michael (1976).
1814:Dames, Michael (1977).
1050:Oxford University Press
1008:"Silbury Hill, Avebury"
914:Neolithic British Isles
751:West Kennet Long Barrow
677:P E W S E Y D O W N S
570:Norman invasion of 1066
325:West Kennet Long Barrow
209:West Kennet Long Barrow
1805:10.1098/rsta.1974.0014
1277:The Regional Historian
1138:. 2007. Archived from
1113:. 2008. Archived from
623:
514:
501:
484:
476:
429:archaeological context
382:Richard J. C. Atkinson
328:
316:
302:
1947:Oliver, Neil (2012).
1584:Barret, John (1994).
1313:Burl, Aubrey (1979).
621:
512:
499:
483:Silbury Hill 3D model
482:
475:Silbury Hill 3D model
474:
322:
308:
300:
1835:The Silbury Treasure
1551:"Wiltshire folklore"
1142:on 10 September 2010
522:, in the grounds of
342:Monumenta Britannica
77:Cultural: i, ii, iii
1824:1977avcy.book.....D
1797:1974RSPTA.276..123A
1489:Current Archaeology
1315:Prehistoric Avebury
1233:Bradshaw Foundation
1165:Prehistoric Britain
1117:on 20 January 2013.
899:Bell Beaker culture
557:mid-3rd millennium
524:Marlborough College
190:World Heritage Site
123: /
23:
2022:Hills of Wiltshire
624:
532:Marlborough Castle
515:
502:
485:
477:
464:an oak tree or a "
329:
317:
303:
127:51.4157°N 1.8574°W
21:
1958:978-0-7538-2886-1
1859:978-0-7524-5450-4
1850:The History Press
1816:The Avebury Cycle
1418:. 3 February 2010
1059:978-0-1995-5642-7
909:Marlborough Mound
805:Other suggestions
520:Marlborough Mound
497:
390:radiocarbon dates
173:
172:
2059:
2042:Artificial hills
2003:
1991:
1987:English Heritage
1969:
1962:
1941:
1938:English Heritage
1926:
1913:English Heritage
1901:
1900:on 22 June 2012.
1896:. Archived from
1874:
1863:
1838:
1827:
1808:
1781:Atkinson, R.J.C.
1774:
1753:Atkinson, R.J.C.
1746:
1725:Atkinson, R.J.C.
1718:
1705:Atkinson, R.J.C.
1697:Other references
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1643:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1625:English Heritage
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1198:
1189:
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1185:Internet Archive
1168:
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1151:
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1136:English Heritage
1128:
1119:
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1110:English Heritage
1101:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1013:English Heritage
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
973:
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953:Historic England
949:
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882:
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747:
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733:
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695:
690:
689:
683:
678:
673:
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661:
660:
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647:
646:
640:
633:
598:Few prehistoric
588:British Iron Age
585:
583:
582:
564:
562:
561:
547:
545:
544:
505:Comparable sites
498:
445:
444:
443:
442:
434:
416:English Heritage
406:
404:
403:
315:
312:
276:
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273:
253:
252:
251:
250:
242:
194:English Heritage
158:
157:
151:
138:
137:
135:
134:
133:
132:51.4157; -1.8574
128:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
40:
30:
24:
20:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1959:
1936:. Swindon, UK:
1923:
1888:. No. 70.
1860:
1699:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1679:Natural England
1668:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1647:Natural England
1641:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1623:. Swindon, UK:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1516:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1438:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1339:. 10 March 2007
1327:
1326:
1322:
1311:
1307:
1289:
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1284:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
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1159:
1155:
1145:
1143:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1076:Atkinson (1974)
1074:
1067:
1060:
1052:. p. 181.
1040:
1033:
1027:Atkinson (1974)
1025:
1021:
1006:
1005:
1001:
993:
989:
983:Atkinson (1967)
981:
977:
967:
965:
950:
946:
942:
937:
920:On Silbury Hill
894:
889:
888:
883:
879:
874:
870:
865:
846:false oat-grass
838:
807:
787:
779:
778:
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773:
769:
767:
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748:
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741:
734:
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1734:
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1683:. Retrieved
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1652:. Retrieved
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1607:Dames (1976)
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1369:. Retrieved
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1341:. Retrieved
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1291:Silbury Hill
1290:
1285:
1279:(26): 21–16.
1276:
1270:
1258:. Retrieved
1251:
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1140:the original
1132:Silbury Hill
1115:the original
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682:River Kennet
665:Silbury Hill
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528:River Kennet
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418:undertook a
413:
410:21st century
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373:20th century
358:Mrs. Millers
352:overseen by
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205:Avebury Ring
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176:Silbury Hill
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22:Silbury Hill
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1951:. Phoenix.
1873:. Foulsham.
1765:: 313–314.
1333:reuters.com
932:Silbury Air
925:Adam Thorpe
799:Palm Sunday
795:Marlborough
586:during the
257:Euan MacKie
130: /
105:Coordinates
95:1986 (10th
92:Inscription
2011:Categories
1588:2900–1200
1563:(2): 212.
1235:. Avebury.
940:References
923:— book by
438:2490–2340
327:is located
246:2400~2300
221:Stonehenge
115:51°24′57″N
1894:1357-4442
1758:Antiquity
1730:Antiquity
1710:Antiquity
1528:(4): 524.
1498:0011-3212
1465:12 August
1460:0003-598X
1447:Antiquity
1396:1357-4442
1215:1357-4442
863:Footnotes
853:broomrape
600:artifacts
594:Artifacts
395:C-14 date
227:Structure
201:Neolithic
118:1°51′27″W
82:Reference
57:, England
55:Wiltshire
1556:Folklore
1521:Folklore
1415:BBC News
1364:BBC News
1087:Mackie,
892:See also
850:knapweed
785:Folklore
653:1.2miles
608:medieval
578:800–400
346:Stukeley
73:Criteria
46:Location
1909:Avebury
1820:Bibcode
1793:Bibcode
1737:: 216.
1685:24 June
1654:24 June
1503:4 March
1454:(334).
1422:13 July
1371:13 July
1343:13 July
1337:Reuters
1260:13 July
1146:24 June
968:13 July
672:D O W N
614:Purpose
468:pole".
458:Skanska
436:
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180:Avebury
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86:373-002
62:Part of
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1650:. 1965
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1394:
1297:BBC TV
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927:(2014)
425:antler
362:Python
338:Aubrey
283:sarsen
217:Marden
213:henges
187:UNESCO
1642:(PDF)
791:Devil
540:2500
536:motte
466:totem
451:Roman
399:2750
269:2400
1953:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1890:ISSN
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1656:2022
1539:"".
1505:2018
1494:ISSN
1467:2016
1456:ISSN
1424:2021
1392:ISSN
1373:2021
1345:2021
1301:BBC2
1262:2021
1211:ISSN
1175:ISBN
1148:2009
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970:2021
844:and
817:and
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219:and
207:and
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