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the region has led to widespread bedrock outcroppings (mostly sedimentary rocks) which give the overall shape and elevation of the area, also characterized by faulting and folding of the
Cretaceous rocks. Additionally, fluvial and hillslope processes are considerable influences on the landscape as well. Because of this, preservation of glacial landforms is inversely related to their age and, in turn, directly related to their altitude. For example, the steep walls of the glacial U-shaped valleys are made up mostly of quartzitic sandstones and shales, which leads to fragile slope failure and rock falls. These processes lead to the formation of big and widespread colluviums which cover up, or mix with, preexisting moraines or fluvial deposits. Also, as a tropical glacier system, freezing and thawing cycles in the Cocuy glaciers occur on a day-to-night basis, making seasonality of ice advance and retreat non-existent and geomorphological phenomena less straight-forward, which has been hypothesized to be an explanation for the compact aspect of the moraines. Nevertheless, glacial geomorphological features are pervasive such as terminal and lateral moraines, cirques, U-shaped valleys, proglacial, marginal and supraglacial lakes and ice caps. A geological map from Ingeominas shows the distribution of quaternary (glacial) deposits, colluvium and alluvial deposits, as well as bedrock outcroppings.
317:
first inhabited the region, to the colonial and present-day growing extent of agricultural lands, this landscape has been altered in ways that hinder its ability to store large amounts water and that fundamentally change the delicate biological communities by introducing invasive species or altering land use. Since the colonial period, however, increased social and economic changes have led to the replacement of indigenous agricultural practices in the region with new productive land systems, that further introduced invasive species (~32% of plant species in the Sierra), cattle and sheep, and monocultures. As the climate continues to warm, it is likely that these negative impacts on the páramo soils and hydrological characteristics will continue to progress. It has been demonstrated that unsustainable land use, combined with the effects of climate change affect the natural populations of useful endemic plants (mostly medicinal), especially in the western slope of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy.
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estimated 35-45% of its glacial area in only 15 years (measured in 2006). The entirety of the ice mass from the region has been projected to be completely gone by 2040, although some studies project the disappearance to happen as early as 2025. As climate models become more accurate, it has become clear that these are particularly vulnerable areas to global warming, as the rate of warming of the lower troposphere has been projected to increase with altitude, and be as much as double the temperature increase in areas at or around sea level.
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páramo ecosystems are located. The park has an area of 3000 km, of which 47% is covered by Páramo ecosystems. The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy is also the largest glacial mass in
Colombia, and meltwater from this glacier system feed the rivers Arauca, Casanare and Chicamocha, which in turn drain into the Magdalena and Orinoco basins. Considerable portions of the Colombian and Venezuelan populations utilize the hydrologic resources from these basins for agriculture and sustenance.
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accumulated sediments for millions of years before its closure in the
Paleogene. The inversion and resulting shortening and compression values have been estimated to be in the order of 60 ± 20 km. Additionally, it has been proposed that the relatively high topography of the Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes around these areas is due to flat slab subduction of the Nazca plate under the South American plate for ~7.5 Million years .
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variability in the
Eastern Colombian Andes region for at least the last 50000 years. It has also been suggested that glacial advances in the Cocuy region preceded maximum global ice volume during the Last Glacial Maximum (~20ka). Furthermore, less prominent ice advances have been recorded for marine Isotope Stages 1, 2 and 3. The glacier reached its maximum extent during the Antarctic cold reversal (~14.5 – 12.9 ka).
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satellite or aerial photograph analysis (), historical records and modern-day measurements. Additionally, the equilibrium line elevation (which is an approximation of the mean elevation of the glacier) has been estimated to have decreased from about 4100masl during the last glacial maximum to 4900 masl in present day.
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The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy region corresponds to the highest elevations of the
Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes. The geologic origins of this mountain range are complex, but have been hypothesized to be the inversion of a Mesozoic extensional basin which gave way to a sedimentary basin that
291:
Most of the area surrounding the glaciated peaks of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, and 55% of the entire area of the Parque
Nacional Natural el Cocuy is dominated by páramo ecosystems. These are high mountain (3000 – 4800 masl) tundra ecosystems characteristic of the tropical South American Andes and
274:
In general, the geology of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy consists on sedimentary rocks from the
Cretaceous, broadly made up of sequences of quartzites, sandstones and fine-grained mudstones of Aptian and Cenomanian ages. All of these rocks were deposited in marine or coastal environments and have been
235:
The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy lies within the
Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes, between the governmental jurisdictions of Boyacá and Arauca. The Parque Nacional Natural el Cocuy (PNN El Cocuy) is the official national park in which the entirety of the glaciated peaks and a portion of regional
334:
The landscapes in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy are characterized by glacial landforms that were carved and deposited by the advancing and retreating glaciers throughout the
Pleistocene Epoch, such as moraines, cirques and glacial valleys. However, the high tectonic activity and continuous uplift in
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With the onset of accelerated warming due to anthropogenic climate change, tropical glaciers such as the ones on the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy are bound to disappear in the next few decades. The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy glaciers, which used to be a single ice body only a few decades ago, had lost an
355:
A view of glacial, U-shaped valley with several small recessional moraines and a moraine-dammed lake. The lake's shape is parallel to that of the moraines, indicating its glacial origin. The recessional moraines indicate several events of glacial retreat hiatuses. The rock face in the background
316:
In spite of their ecological uniqueness, their importance for human sustenance and their inhospitable climatic and geographic conditions, the páramo systems in the Cocuy region have suffered environmental impacts, caused by many different parties. From the pre-hispanic U’wa indigenous groups who
347:
More recently, the lowest altitude to have been observed historically occurred around 1850, during the Little Ice Age. Ever since that time, the glacier has been retreating rapidly, at about 1 km per year. The accelerated retreat has been documented by multiple lines of evidence, including
343:
The Sierra Nevada del Cocuy has likely been glaciated for the past ~3 Million Years, however, geological studies have only given light to its most recent history. Palynological records from the region, as well as analyses of glacial moraines have indicated high frequency and amplitude climatic
329:
The side of Pan de Azúcar peak (left) and can be seen through a broad valley with sparse páramo vegetation. Glacially deposited boulders can be seen on the foreground and small moraines cab be observed as gray, rocky ridges in the middleground, trending in the same direction as that of the
227:, extraordinary bio-diversity and endemism, and its function as a corridor for migratory species under conditions of climate change. Among the Sierra’s natural attractions are the remaining 18 ice-covered peaks (there were as many as 25 in the recent past), glacial lakes and waterfalls.
223:, at its easternmost point. It also corresponds to the highest range of the Eastern Cordillera and holds the biggest glacial mass in South America, north of the Equator. Since 1977, this region is protected within a National Natural Park (NNP-Cocuy) because of its fragile
380:
From 1969 to 1977 in the area of the park and the surrounding area, the
Colombian government promoted colonisation from elsewhere in Colombia. This resulted in loss of U'wa lands as well as other settlement enclaves within the park.
308:
which dominates the landscapes below the ice line, although many others, belonging to the Compositae, Lamiceae, Poceae and Rosaceae families can be found. Animals, such as tapirs, brown bears, Andean condors, eagles, and
393:(ET) with moderate to little rainfall and occasional snowfall year-round. The following climate data is for Alto la Cueva, other places can have higher or lower temperatures with some places covered in snow year-round.
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systems. Because of the “island” effect of páramo distribution on separate mountain ranges, they present a unique flora and fauna derived from evolutionary processes, especially within the last 3 – 5 Ma.
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uplifted ~5 km since their deposition 100-120 Million Years Ago (Ma). Most of this uplift is hypothesized to have taken place relatively recently at the end of the Cenozoic, starting around ~7Ma.
3449:
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1728:
Bayona, German; Cardona, Agustin; Jaramillo, Carlos; Mora, Andres; Montes, Camilo; Caballero, Victor; Mahecha, Hernando; Lamus, Felipe; Montenegro, Omar; Jimenez, Giovanny; Mesa, Andres (2013).
247:
Pan de Azúcar (5120m), Diamante (4800 m), el Púlpito del Diablo (5100 m), Toti (4800 m), Portales (4800 m), Cóncavo (5200 m), Concavito (5100 m), San Pablines South (5180 m) and North (5200 m),
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only occur in Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Perú. Páramos are foci of endemic diversity , widely diverse amongst themselves, and are crucial natural water regulation,
3093:
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1390:
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1824:"An integrated analysis of an orogen-sedimentary basin pair: Latest Cretaceous-Cenozoic evolution of the linked Eastern Cordillera orogen and the Llanos foreland basin of Colombia"
3472:
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69:
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1730:"Onset of fault reactivation in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia and proximal Llanos Basin; response to Caribbean–South American convergence in early Palaeogene time"
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1651:"Diagnóstico de los impactos ambientales causados por diferentes actores sociales sobre los páramos del Parque Nacional Natural El Cocuy, Colombia"
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One of the most characteristic plants of the páramo ecosystem, widely spread within the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, is the yellow-flowered Frailejón (
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A hiker reaches the glacier atop Ritak U'wa Blanco in Sierra Nevada de Cocuy National Park, part of the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes.
3299:
3053:
1919:
Siravo, Gaia; Faccenna, Claudio; Gérault, Mélanie; Becker, Thorsten W.; Fellin, Maria Giuditta; Herman, Frédéric; Molin, Paola (2019-04-15).
251:(5330 m), Picacho (5030 m), Puntiagudo (5200 m), Ritacuba Negro (5300 m), el Castillo (5100 m), peak without name (5000 m), Sirara (5200 m).
179:
128:
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Ceballos, Jorge Luis; Euscátegui, Christian; Ramírez, Jair; Cañon, Marcela; Huggel, Christian; Haeberli, Wilfried; Machguth, Horst (2006).
2184:
2027:"De la biología y la pedagogía para el reconocimiento del páramo del Parque Nacional Natural el Cocuy como patrimonio natural y cultural"
3135:
5083:
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2366:"Last Glacial Maximum equilibrium line altitudes in the circum-Caribbean (Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, and Venezuela)"
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overlaps the area of the park and thus part of the park is dedicated to their farming, grazing, hunting and fishing activities.
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2004:
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1589:"Ethnobotany of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy-Güicán: climate change and conservation strategies in the Colombian Andes"
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4806:
4268:
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4997:
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1785:"Mesozoic transtensional basin history of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombian Andes: Inferences from tectonic models"
4641:
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1869:
Mora, A.; Parra, M.; Strecker, M. R.; Sobel, E. R.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Torres, V.; Jaramillo, J. V. (2008-07-01).
374:
4608:
4377:
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2224:"Glacier fluctuations in the Eastern Andes of Colombia (south America) during the last 45,000 radiocarbon years"
4674:
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2107:"Successional dynamics of soil characteristics in a long fallow agricultural system of the high tropical Andes"
1823:
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33:
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3010:
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2138:"Molecular phylogenetics of Oreobolus (Cyperaceae) and the origin and diversification of the American species"
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shows the Cretaceous - age sedimentary rocks that make up the landscape in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy area.
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Bayona, G.; Cortes, M.; Jaramillo, C.; Ojeda, G.; Aristizabal, J. J.; Reyes-Harker, A. (2008-09-01).
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photograph. Colluvium (rock fall) deposits can be observed by the steep rocky faces to the left.
3322:
2530:"Comunicado del pueblo Uwa denuncia la incapacidad de Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia"
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1991:, World Geomorphological Landscapes, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 85–98,
4509:
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Jomelli, V.; Martin, L.; Blard, P. H.; Favier, V.; Vuillé, M.; Ceballos, J. L. (2017-09-15).
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Rodríguez, Mireia Alcántara; Angueyra, Andrea; Cleef, Antoine M.; Van Andel, Tinde (2018).
1497:
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1705:"View of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Chita, or Güicán, from Moreno, Province of Casanare"
1363:
98:
8:
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4532:
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1871:"Climatic forcing of asymmetric orogenic evolution in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia"
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2105:
Abadı́n, J.; González-Prieto, S.J.; Sarmiento, L.; Villar, M.C.; Carballas, T. (2002).
2056:
1956:
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1227:
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2259:"Glacial sequence and environmental history in the Sierra Nevada del cocuy (Colombia)"
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259:
94:
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3030:
2769:
2489:
2298:"Revisiting the andean tropical glacier behavior during the Antarctic cold reversal"
2076:"Angiosperm flora and biogeography of the páramo region of Colombia, Northern Andes"
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Perspectiva Geográfica: Revista del Programa de Estudios de Posgrado en Geografía
1808:
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1996:
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2339:"Retroceso glaciar en la Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Boyacá - Colombia, 1986-2007"
1944:
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Chacón, Juliana; Madriñán, Santiago; Chase, Mark W.; Bruhl, Jeremy J. (2006).
1984:
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deer, and the iconic Spectacled Bear (or Andean Bear) can still be observed.
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The Park contains several high peaks, many with permanent snow cover:
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2257:
Van Der Hammen, T.; Barelds, J.; De Jong, H.; De Veer, A.A. (1980).
1753:
224:
4756:
4548:
4327:
2256:
1178:
980:
220:
116:
4985:
1921:"Slab flattening and the rise of the Eastern Cordillera, Colombia"
1704:
4891:
4712:
4702:
4256:
4167:
4007:
3788:
3498:
3098:
2450:"CLIMATE CHANGE: Threats to Water Supplies in the Tropical Andes"
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and a series of highlands and glaciated peaks located within the
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3622:
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1782:
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1270:
2398:
2080:
Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants
3477:
1783:
Sarmiento-Rojas, L.F.; Van Wess, J.D.; Cloetingh, S. (2006).
987:
189:
Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Chita or Guican National Natural Park
27:
Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Chita o Guican National Natural Park
2074:
Londoño, Camilo; Cleef, Antoine; Madriñán, Santiago (2014).
1918:
1821:
1727:
4074:
2295:
2135:
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is an early depiction of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy in
2512:
UNESCO Centre de Catalunya (UNESCO Center of Catalonia)
1868:
338:
22:
Parque Natural Sierra Nevada del Cocuy, Chita o Guican
2364:
Lachniet, Matthew S.; Vazquez-Selem, Lorenzo (2005).
2363:
205:
Parque Natural Sierra Nevada del Cocuy Chita o Guican
3726:
Architectural, artistic and archaeological treasures
2073:
1983:
Mendivelso, Domingo (2016), Hermelin, Michel (ed.),
2221:
2401:"Fast shrinkage of tropical glaciers in Colombia"
2263:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2185:"GEOLOGIA REGIONAL DE LA SIERRA NEVADA DEL COCUY"
5050:
1734:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2860:
2619:
2337:Salamanca, Germán Herrera; Ruiz, Jorge (2008).
2222:Helmens, K.F.; Rutter, N.W.; Kuhry, P. (1997).
76:
1648:
16:National park in the Andes Mountains, Colombia
3293:
2846:
2605:
2336:
5020:Nuestro patrimonio – 100 tesoros de Colombia
3361:
2505:
5104:Tourist attractions in Casanare Department
3300:
3286:
2853:
2839:
2612:
2598:
1982:
1678:
1649:Ordóñez-Pachón, María Paula (2016-05-24).
389:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy has a cold alpine
3307:
2501:
2499:
2424:
2313:
2042:
1622:
1604:
1593:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
369:Indigenous natives of the region are the
5099:Tourist attractions in Boyacá Department
5094:Tourist attractions in Arauca Department
5024:Our heritage – 100 treasures of Colombia
3351:
1789:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
350:
324:
277:
2447:
2183:Fabre, A.; A, Fabre; M, Osorio (1981).
2182:
1566:
928:Cretaceous stratigraphy of the central
5051:
3450:Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana
2496:
2025:Varón, Yennifer Herrera (2018-02-16).
1875:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1828:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1216:
286:
5018:Wills, Fernando; et al. (2001).
5017:
4609:Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago
4368:Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago
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3724:
3402:
3401:
3350:
3281:
3011:Serranía de Los Churumbelos Auka-Wasi
2834:
2593:
2302:Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica
2217:
2215:
2044:10.17227/bio-grafia.vol.11.num20-8599
2024:
1978:
1976:
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1970:
1470:
1396:
1362:
1296:
1170:
1144:
1083:
1062:
1040:
1030:
163:3,062 km (1,182 sq mi)
4075:National natural parks and treasures
2916:Doña Juana-Cascabel Volcanic Complex
1989:Landscapes and Landforms of Colombia
1914:
1912:
1644:
1642:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
5109:Protected areas established in 1977
3511:Palacio de la Gobernación de Caldas
3131:Plantas Medicinales Orito Ingi-Ande
1925:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
922:
339:Glacial History and Glacial Retreat
13:
3070:
2903:Corales del Rosario y San Bernardo
2212:
1967:
14:
5120:
2572:
1909:
1639:
1573:
364:
5089:Geography of Casanare Department
4984:
4951:
4923:
4890:
4862:
4839:
4816:
4788:
4755:
4732:
4684:
4656:
4628:
4585:
4547:
4504:
4476:
4443:
4410:
4387:
4349:
4326:
4278:
4255:
4212:
4189:
4166:
4138:
4085:
4029:
4006:
3978:
3955:
3932:
3909:
3886:
3853:
3815:
3787:
3764:
3736:
3690:
3667:
3644:
3621:
3553:
3525:
3497:
3459:
3436:
3413:
3362:
2768:
2578:
2540:from the original on 5 May 2016.
1509:
1409:
1275:
1183:
1019:
320:
75:
68:
46:
3877:Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino
2544:
2522:
2441:
2392:
2357:
2330:
2289:
2250:
2176:
2129:
2098:
2067:
2018:
1699:
400:Climate data for Alto la Cueva
5084:Geography of Boyacá Department
5079:Geography of Arauca Department
3094:El Corchal "El mono Hernández"
1862:
1815:
1776:
1721:
1693:
1690:(Retrieved on January 6, 2008)
1:
4642:Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta
3602:Santa Clara Church and Museum
3089:Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta
2536:(in Spanish). 19 March 2016.
2448:Bradley, R. S. (2006-06-23).
2244:10.1016/S1040-6182(96)00021-3
2123:10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00161-X
2111:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
659:Average rainfall mm (inches)
4647:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
4538:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
4401:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
3234:Morichales de Paz de Ariporo
3021:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
2974:Old Providence McBean Lagoon
2800:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta
2586:travel guide from Wikivoyage
2386:10.1016/j.quaint.2005.02.010
2283:10.1016/0031-0182(80)90043-7
1809:10.1016/j.jsames.2006.07.003
230:
7:
5069:Mountain ranges of Colombia
3844:Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá
3082:Flora and Fauna Sanctuaries
2862:Protected areas of Colombia
2684:Serranía de los Churumbelos
2620:Mountain ranges of Colombia
2092:10.1016/j.flora.2013.11.006
1997:10.1007/978-3-319-11800-0_7
589:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
449:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
10:
5125:
5074:National parks of Colombia
3572:Casa de Moneda de Colombia
2907:Cordillera de los Picachos
2426:10.3189/172756406781812429
1985:"The el Cocuy Snowy Range"
1945:10.1016/j.epsl.2019.02.002
1554:
914:
399:
384:
265:
5014:
4983:
4950:
4922:
4889:
4861:
4838:
4815:
4787:
4754:
4731:
4683:
4655:
4627:
4584:
4546:
4503:
4475:
4442:
4409:
4386:
4348:
4325:
4277:
4254:
4211:
4188:
4165:
4137:
4084:
4080:
4069:
4028:
4005:
3977:
3954:
3931:
3908:
3885:
3852:
3814:
3786:
3763:
3735:
3731:
3720:
3689:
3666:
3643:
3620:
3552:
3524:
3496:
3458:
3435:
3412:
3408:
3397:
3357:
3346:
3313:
3252:
3221:
3195:
3179:
3163:
3145:National Natural Reserves
3144:
3081:
3068:
3016:Serranía de los Yariguíes
2868:
2777:
2766:
2745:
2722:Serranía de los Yariguíes
2697:
2674:
2634:
2625:
2345:(13 (Diciembre)): 27–36.
1606:10.1186/s13002-018-0227-6
1542:
1530:
1520:
1508:
1503:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1465:
1455:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1357:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1308:
1303:
1291:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1243:
1226:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1182:
1165:
1151:
1139:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1097:
1076:
1071:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1018:
1013:
997:
966:
959:
948:
867:
820:
772:
728:
658:
588:
518:
448:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
298:climate change mitigation
175:
167:
159:
122:
108:
89:
63:
45:
31:
26:
21:
4845:San Andrés y Providencia
4713:Laguna Verde del Azufral
3473:Estación de Chiquinquirá
3196:Regional Nature Reserves
3001:Serranía de Chiribiquete
2790:Serranía de Chiribiquete
2727:Serranía de las Quinchas
2707:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
2664:Serranía de San Jerónimo
2653:Serranía de los Paraguas
2370:Quaternary International
2228:Quaternary International
1000:Altiplano Cundiboyacense
930:Colombian Eastern Ranges
239:
4528:Los Flamencos Sanctuary
4340:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
4236:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
4180:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
3103:Guanentá Alto Río Fonce
3026:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
3006:Serranía de la Macarena
2795:Serranía de la Macarena
2732:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
2506:Cabrero, Ferran (ed.).
2466:10.1126/science.1128087
1937:2019E&PSL.512..100S
197:Sierra Nevada de Güicán
57:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
4604:Estrecho del Magdalena
4576:Inírida River Raudales
3323:Colombia magia salvaje
3075:
2911:Cueva de los Guácharos
2899:Corales de Profundidad
2869:National Natural Parks
2200:Cite journal requires
1666:Cite journal requires
357:
331:
283:
254:An 1856 watercolor by
215:mountain range in the
204:
193:Sierra Nevada de Chita
4965:Apaporis River Tunnel
4292:Angostura del Caquetá
4109:Angostura del Caquetá
3577:Estación de la Sabana
3308:Treasures of Colombia
3244:Serranía de San Lucas
3229:Bosque Seco del Patía
3074:
2875:Alto Fragua Indi-Wasi
2820:Serranía de San Lucas
2689:Serranía de las Minas
2518:on 27 September 2007.
1709:World Digital Library
354:
328:
281:
5026:] (in Spanish).
4970:Raudal de Jirijirimo
4129:Raudal de Jirijirimo
3834:Monserrate Sanctuary
3704:San Francisco Church
3597:San Francisco Palace
3592:San Francisco Church
3483:Vargas Swamp Lancers
3352:Heritage of humanity
3338:World Heritage sites
3318:Archaeological sites
2405:Annals of Glaciology
2372:. 138–139: 129–144.
1567:Notes and references
373:(Tunebos) and their
294:carbon sequestration
144:6.43333°N 72.28333°W
4053:Haciendas cafeteras
4048:Hacienda El Paraíso
4020:Haciendas cafeteras
3997:Haciendas cafeteras
3969:Haciendas cafeteras
3946:Haciendas cafeteras
3923:Haciendas cafeteras
3872:Haciendas cafeteras
3829:Haciendas cafeteras
3806:Manizales Cathedral
3801:Haciendas cafeteras
3755:Haciendas cafeteras
3607:Santamaría Bullring
3427:Puente de Occidente
3164:Unique Natural Area
3054:Uramba Bahía Málaga
2805:Serranía del Darién
2785:Serranía de Macuira
2737:Serranía del Perijá
2584:Cocuy National Park
2460:(5781): 1755–1756.
2417:2006AnGla..43..194C
2378:2005QuInt.138..129L
2275:1980PPP....32..247V
2236:1997QuInt..38...39H
1887:2008GSAB..120..930M
1840:2008GSAB..120.1171B
1834:(9–10): 1171–1197.
1801:2006JSAES..21..383S
1746:2013GSLSP.377..285B
932:
729:Average rainy days
519:Daily mean °C (°F)
306:Espeletia lopezii),
287:Biology and Ecology
213:Cordillera Oriental
176:Governing body
140: /
5030:. pp. 1–311.
4975:Raudal de Yuruparí
4937:Farallones de Cali
4853:Providencia Island
4738:Norte de Santander
4708:Laguna de la Cocha
4571:Ciudades de Piedra
4533:Salinas de Manaure
4495:Cerros de Mavecure
3915:Norte de Santander
3328:National monuments
3239:Serranía de Pinche
3076:
2997:Selva de Florencia
2926:Farallones de Cali
2810:Serranía del Baudó
2667:Serranía de Ayapel
2649:Farallones de Cali
2644:Serranía de Pinche
969:Villeta anticlinal
927:
358:
332:
284:
149:6.43333; -72.28333
5046:
5045:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
4876:Chicamocha Canyon
4769:Cascada del Indio
4429:Ensenada de Utría
4297:Araracuara Canyon
4114:Araracuara Canyon
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
3839:Quinta de Bolívar
3750:Botero Collection
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3681:San Juan de Girón
3403:National heritage
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3275:
3274:
3111:Isla de La Corota
2828:
2827:
2764:
2763:
2661:Serranía de Abibe
2315:10.18172/cig.3201
2117:(11): 1739–1748.
2006:978-3-319-11800-0
1701:Paz, Manuel María
1685:"El Cocuy Boyacá"
1561:
1560:
919:
918:
775:relative humidity
260:Casanare Province
185:
184:
109:Nearest city
5116:
5059:IUCN Category II
5041:
4988:
4955:
4927:
4909:Nevado del Huila
4894:
4866:
4843:
4820:
4792:
4759:
4736:
4688:
4660:
4632:
4614:Nevado del Huila
4589:
4551:
4508:
4480:
4447:
4414:
4391:
4373:Nevado del Huila
4353:
4330:
4282:
4259:
4216:
4193:
4170:
4157:Piedra del Peñol
4142:
4089:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4070:
4043:La Ermita Church
4033:
4010:
3982:
3959:
3936:
3913:
3900:Las Lajas Shrine
3890:
3857:
3819:
3791:
3768:
3740:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3694:
3671:
3648:
3625:
3557:
3529:
3501:
3463:
3440:
3417:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3398:
3366:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3203:Cerulean Warbler
3187:Salamanca Island
3063:Yaigojé Apaporis
2969:Nevado del Huila
2855:
2848:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2772:
2753:Colombian Massif
2657:Paramillo Massif
2632:
2631:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2556:www.ideam.gov.co
2548:
2542:
2541:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2514:. Archived from
2503:
2494:
2493:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2230:. 38–39: 39–48.
2219:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2154:10.2307/25065583
2133:
2127:
2126:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2046:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1895:10.1130/B26186.1
1881:(7–8): 930–949.
1866:
1860:
1859:
1848:10.1130/B26187.1
1819:
1813:
1812:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1608:
1584:
1513:
1434:
1413:
1279:
1187:
1158:
1137:
1023:
1009:
1002:
995:
983:
971:
964:
957:
946:
933:
926:
923:Regional geology
397:
396:
256:Manuel María Paz
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
145:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
79:
78:
72:
55:(5120 m) in the
50:
19:
18:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5002:
4979:
4946:
4929:Valle del Cauca
4918:
4885:
4857:
4834:
4811:
4783:
4750:
4727:
4703:Galeras Volcano
4679:
4651:
4623:
4580:
4542:
4523:Cabo de la Vela
4499:
4471:
4467:Rocas de Suesca
4438:
4405:
4382:
4344:
4321:
4273:
4250:
4231:Páramo de Ocetá
4207:
4203:Rosario Islands
4184:
4161:
4133:
4076:
4057:
4035:Valle del Cauca
4024:
4001:
3973:
3950:
3927:
3904:
3881:
3848:
3810:
3782:
3759:
3727:
3708:
3696:Valle del Cauca
3685:
3662:
3658:Parque del Café
3639:
3616:
3548:
3520:
3492:
3454:
3431:
3404:
3385:
3353:
3342:
3309:
3306:
3276:
3271:
3267:Natural regions
3262:Natural hazards
3248:
3217:
3213:Laguna de Sonso
3208:Colibri del Sol
3191:
3175:
3159:
3140:
3077:
3066:
2864:
2859:
2829:
2824:
2815:Montes de María
2778:Isolated ranges
2773:
2760:
2741:
2693:
2670:
2627:Colombian Andes
2621:
2618:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2504:
2497:
2446:
2442:
2397:
2393:
2362:
2358:
2335:
2331:
2294:
2290:
2255:
2251:
2220:
2213:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2134:
2130:
2103:
2099:
2072:
2068:
2037:(20): 127–140.
2023:
2019:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1981:
1968:
1917:
1910:
1867:
1863:
1820:
1816:
1781:
1777:
1754:10.1144/SP377.5
1726:
1722:
1713:
1711:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1640:
1585:
1574:
1569:
1563:
1433:
1428:
1157:
1152:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1088:
1067:
1052:Colón-Mito Juan
1005:
998:
991:
986:
979:
974:
967:
960:
949:
942:
925:
920:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
387:
367:
341:
323:
289:
268:
249:Ritacuba Blanco
242:
233:
217:Andes Mountains
148:
146:
142:
139:
134:
131:
129:
127:
126:
93:Departments of
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
59:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5044:
5043:
5036:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4942:Malpelo Island
4939:
4933:
4931:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4872:
4870:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4779:Putumayo River
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4746:Los Estoraques
4742:
4740:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4720:
4718:Putumayo River
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4698:Cumbal Volcano
4694:
4692:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4670:Caño Cristales
4666:
4664:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4619:Tatacoa Desert
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4555:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4514:
4512:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4462:Lake Guatavita
4459:
4453:
4451:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4420:
4418:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4378:Puracé Volcano
4375:
4370:
4365:
4363:Gorgona Island
4359:
4357:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4241:Siscuinsí Lake
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4197:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4124:Putumayo River
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
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4095:
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4078:
4077:
4067:
4066:
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3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3883:
3882:
3880:
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3874:
3869:
3867:Ciudad Perdida
3863:
3861:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3812:
3811:
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3808:
3803:
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3631:
3629:
3618:
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3589:
3587:Museo Nacional
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3550:
3549:
3547:
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3541:
3535:
3533:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3488:Villa de Leyva
3485:
3480:
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3469:
3467:
3456:
3455:
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3384:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3355:
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3344:
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3340:
3335:
3333:National parks
3330:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3272:
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3264:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3222:Proposed Areas
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3171:Los Estoraques
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3136:Playona Acandí
3133:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
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3018:
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3008:
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2936:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
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2900:
2897:
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2891:Catatumbo Barí
2889:
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2876:
2872:
2870:
2866:
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2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2703:
2701:
2699:Eastern Ranges
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2676:Central Ranges
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2636:Western Ranges
2629:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2574:
2573:External links
2571:
2568:
2567:
2543:
2521:
2508:"U'wa Dossier"
2495:
2440:
2411:(1): 194–201.
2391:
2356:
2329:
2288:
2249:
2211:
2202:|journal=
2175:
2148:(2): 359–366.
2128:
2097:
2066:
2033:(in Spanish).
2017:
2005:
1966:
1908:
1861:
1814:
1795:(4): 383–411.
1775:
1740:(1): 285–314.
1720:
1692:
1677:
1668:|journal=
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1024:
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996:
984:
972:
965:
962:W Emerald Belt
958:
947:
940:
937:
924:
921:
917:
916:
915:Source: IDEAM
912:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
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884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
870:sunshine hours
865:
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849:
846:
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834:
831:
828:
825:
823:sunshine hours
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415:
412:
409:
406:
402:
401:
395:
391:tundra climate
386:
383:
366:
365:Native peoples
363:
340:
337:
322:
319:
288:
285:
267:
264:
241:
238:
232:
229:
183:
182:
177:
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4:
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5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5039:
5037:958-8089-16-6
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5013:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4987:
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4882:
4881:El Gallineral
4879:
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4851:
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4848:
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4837:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Cocora Valley
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4777:
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4561:Cerro Pintado
4559:
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4490:Atabapo River
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3598:
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3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Museo del Oro
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Plaza Bolívar
3565:
3564:
3562:
3560:
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3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:Otún Quimbaya
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Los Flamencos
3116:
3114:Los Colorados
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3100:
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2947:
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2944:Las Orquídeas
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2914:
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2884:Bahía Portete
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2744:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2712:Eastern Hills
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
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2687:
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2596:
2595:
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2547:
2539:
2535:
2534:Radio Macondo
2531:
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2502:
2500:
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2402:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:Tibú-Mercedes
1329:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1015:Maastrichtian
1012:
1008:
1004:
1001:
994:
989:
985:
982:
977:
973:
970:
963:
956:
952:
945:
941:
938:
935:
934:
931:
913:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
871:
866:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
824:
821:Mean monthly
819:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
771:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
727:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
657:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
587:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
517:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
447:
403:
398:
394:
392:
382:
378:
376:
372:
362:
353:
349:
345:
336:
327:
321:Geomorphology
318:
314:
312:
307:
302:
299:
295:
280:
276:
272:
263:
261:
257:
252:
250:
245:
237:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:national park
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
71:
62:
58:
54:
53:Pan de Azúcar
49:
44:
39:
38:national park
35:
34:IUCN category
30:
25:
20:
5023:
5019:
4566:Chiribiquete
4518:Alta Guajira
4449:Cundinamarca
4339:
4317:Mirití River
4307:Chiribiquete
4235:
4226:Lake Iguaque
4179:
4104:Amazon River
3821:Cundinamarca
3612:Teatro Colón
3559:Cundinamarca
3544:Tierradentro
3257:Biodiversity
3025:
2939:Las Hermosas
2931:Isla Gorgona
2757:Pasto Massif
2731:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:
2546:
2533:
2524:
2516:the original
2511:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2369:
2359:
2342:
2332:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2227:
2193:cite journal
2178:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2086:(2): 81–87.
2083:
2079:
2069:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2010:, retrieved
1988:
1928:
1924:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1708:
1695:
1688:(in Spanish)
1680:
1659:cite journal
1596:
1592:
1562:
1485:
1288:Chiquinquirá
1217:
1166:
1041:
1006:
976:Chiquinquirá
388:
379:
368:
359:
346:
342:
333:
315:
310:
305:
303:
290:
273:
269:
253:
246:
243:
234:
196:
192:
188:
186:
113:Tame, Arauca
56:
52:
4914:Los Nevados
4904:Cerro Bravo
4830:Los Nevados
4807:Los Nevados
4599:Claro River
4312:Claro River
4302:Caño Paujil
4269:Los Nevados
4119:La Chorrera
3635:San Agustín
2954:Los Nevados
2269:: 247–340.
1931:: 100–110.
1457:Valanginian
1419:Hauterivian
1264:Aguardiente
1196:La Frontera
1172:La Frontera
868:Mean daily
375:reservation
168:Established
147: /
123:Coordinates
5053:Categories
4998:El Tuparro
4723:Sanquianga
4510:La Guajira
4434:Los Katíos
4424:Cabo Marzo
4152:Los Katíos
3180:Road parks
2994:Sanquianga
2949:Los Katíos
2921:El Tuparro
2746:Main Andes
2716:Suba Hills
2561:2020-08-23
2308:(2): 629.
2031:Bio-grafía
2012:2020-11-26
1714:2014-05-21
1527:Los Medios
1505:Berriasian
1498:Rosablanca
1481:Rosablanca
1445:Rosablanca
1438:Las Juntas
1386:Trincheras
1208:Cenomanian
1162:Loma Gorda
135:72°17′00″W
132:06°26′00″N
5028:El Tiempo
4868:Santander
4822:Risaralda
4634:Magdalena
4246:Lake Tota
4144:Antioquia
4099:Amacayacu
3992:Barichara
3984:Santander
3961:Risaralda
3859:Magdalena
3742:Antioquia
3673:Santander
3442:Atlántico
3419:Antioquia
3376:Cartagena
2979:Paramillo
2964:Munchique
2888:Cahuinarí
2879:Amacayacu
2474:0036-8075
2435:0260-3055
2351:0123-3769
2324:1697-9540
2162:1996-8175
2061:217003140
2053:2619-3531
1961:135372340
1953:0012-821X
1903:0016-7606
1856:0016-7606
1770:129927934
1762:0305-8719
1615:1746-4269
1599:(1): 34.
1405:Barremian
1398:La Naveta
1391:Río Negro
1254:Churuvita
1240:Pacho Fm.
1223:La Corona
1167:undefined
1155:Güagüaquí
1120:Coniacian
1104:Cimarrona
1094:Santonian
1073:Campanian
1065:Guadalupe
231:Geography
5016:Source:
4761:Putumayo
4675:Chingaza
4553:Guaviare
4457:Chingaza
4332:Casanare
4091:Amazonas
3516:Salamina
3155:Puinawai
2991:Río Puré
2895:Chingaza
2538:Archived
2490:28054357
2482:16794068
2170:25065583
1633:29728134
1544:Arcabuco
1467:Furatena
1381:El Peñón
1354:El Peñón
1319:La Palma
1293:Tibasosa
1228:Simijaca
1179:Turonian
1146:Chipaque
1108:La Tabla
1007:El Cocuy
981:Arcabuco
939:Paleomap
863:1,705.6
773:Average
724:(40.99)
221:Colombia
117:Colombia
103:Casanare
90:Location
5064:Páramos
4990:Vichada
4794:Quindío
4774:La Paya
4482:Guainía
4284:Caquetá
4195:Bolívar
3938:Quindío
3778:Ráquira
3650:Quindío
3539:Popayán
3368:Bolívar
3123:Malpelo
3107:Iguaque
3099:Galeras
3050:Tinigua
3046:Tayrona
3031:Sumapaz
2959:Macuira
2935:La Paya
2454:Science
2413:Bibcode
2374:Bibcode
2271:Bibcode
2232:Bibcode
1933:Bibcode
1883:Bibcode
1836:Bibcode
1797:Bibcode
1742:Bibcode
1624:5935911
1556:Sources
1491:Macanal
1462:Ritoque
1450:Ritoque
1431:Cáqueza
1364:Fómeque
1345:Capotes
1315:Capotes
1310:Tablazo
1305:Tablazo
1233:Capacho
1201:Otanche
1191:Hondita
1134:Villeta
1113:La Luna
1099:La Luna
1078:Córdoba
1047:Guaduas
1032:Córdoba
993:Duitama
951:Guaduas
722:1,041.6
719:(2.11)
714:(3.92)
709:(5.04)
704:(4.09)
699:(3.54)
694:(3.25)
689:(3.87)
684:(5.45)
679:(4.75)
674:(2.54)
669:(1.51)
664:(0.92)
654:(33.9)
649:(33.1)
644:(34.3)
639:(34.5)
634:(34.5)
629:(34.5)
624:(34.5)
619:(35.1)
614:(35.1)
609:(34.3)
604:(33.4)
599:(31.8)
594:(31.1)
584:(44.2)
579:(44.4)
574:(43.9)
569:(43.7)
564:(43.9)
559:(43.9)
554:(43.9)
549:(44.1)
544:(44.1)
539:(44.2)
534:(44.6)
529:(44.4)
524:(45.0)
514:(53.0)
509:(53.6)
504:(52.5)
499:(52.2)
494:(52.3)
489:(52.3)
484:(52.2)
479:(52.2)
474:(52.0)
469:(52.5)
464:(54.0)
459:(54.3)
454:(55.8)
385:Climate
266:Geology
225:páramos
201:Spanish
5034:
4957:Vaupés
4896:Tolima
4690:Nariño
4261:Caldas
4218:Boyacá
4172:Arauca
4012:Tolima
3892:Nariño
3793:Caldas
3770:Boyacá
3503:Caldas
3465:Boyacá
3381:Mompox
3041:Tatamá
2987:Puracé
2552:"Data"
2488:
2480:
2472:
2433:
2349:
2322:
2168:
2160:
2059:
2051:
2003:
1959:
1951:
1901:
1854:
1768:
1760:
1631:
1621:
1613:
1549:Cumbre
1539:Tambor
1532:Guavio
1522:Cumbre
1517:Cumbre
1486:hiatus
1350:Socotá
1340:Aptian
1328:Simití
1323:Simití
1271:Albian
1218:hiatus
1213:Simití
1141:Conejo
1042:eroded
860:186.0
857:129.0
854:105.4
851:111.0
848:139.5
845:145.7
842:117.0
836:108.0
833:164.3
830:183.5
827:220.1
405:Month
311:páramo
99:Boyacá
95:Arauca
5022:[
4591:Huila
4416:Chocó
4393:Cesar
4355:Cauca
3627:Huila
3531:Cauca
3478:Tunja
3151:Nukak
3059:Utría
2983:Pisba
2486:S2CID
2166:JSTOR
2142:Taxon
2057:S2CID
1957:S2CID
1766:S2CID
1476:Murca
1472:Útica
1249:Pacho
1126:Oliní
1086:Oliní
988:Tunja
955:Vélez
839:96.1
707:128.1
702:103.8
682:138.4
677:120.7
444:Year
240:Peaks
207:is a
180:SINAP
5032:ISBN
4662:Meta
3036:Tamá
2478:PMID
2470:ISSN
2431:ISSN
2347:ISSN
2320:ISSN
2206:help
2158:ISSN
2049:ISSN
2001:ISBN
1949:ISSN
1899:ISSN
1852:ISSN
1758:ISSN
1672:help
1629:PMID
1611:ISSN
1424:Muzo
1376:Paja
1371:Paja
1359:Paja
1283:Hiló
1245:Hiló
1059:Umir
1037:Seca
1027:Umir
910:4.7
907:6.0
904:4.3
901:3.4
898:3.7
895:4.5
892:4.7
889:3.9
886:3.1
883:3.6
880:5.3
877:6.5
874:7.1
777:(%)
768:200
717:53.7
712:99.6
697:90.0
692:82.5
687:98.4
672:64.6
667:38.4
662:23.4
597:−0.1
592:−0.5
512:11.7
507:12.0
502:11.4
497:11.2
492:11.3
487:11.3
482:11.2
477:11.2
472:11.1
467:11.4
462:12.2
457:12.4
452:13.2
441:Dec
438:Nov
435:Oct
432:Sep
429:Aug
426:Jul
423:Jun
420:May
417:Apr
414:Mar
411:Feb
408:Jan
371:U'wa
296:and
191:(or
187:The
171:1977
160:Area
101:and
36:II (
2462:doi
2458:312
2421:doi
2382:doi
2310:doi
2279:doi
2240:doi
2150:doi
2119:doi
2088:doi
2084:209
2039:doi
1993:doi
1941:doi
1929:512
1891:doi
1879:120
1844:doi
1832:120
1805:doi
1750:doi
1738:377
1619:PMC
1601:doi
1298:Une
1259:Une
944:VMM
936:Age
816:85
813:85
810:86
807:86
804:86
801:86
798:86
795:85
792:85
789:85
786:84
783:84
780:84
765:13
762:18
759:21
756:20
753:20
750:20
747:21
744:23
741:18
738:11
652:1.0
647:0.6
642:1.3
637:1.4
632:1.4
627:1.4
622:1.4
617:1.7
612:1.7
607:1.3
602:0.8
582:6.8
577:6.9
572:6.6
567:6.5
562:6.6
557:6.6
552:6.6
547:6.7
542:6.7
537:6.8
532:7.0
527:6.9
522:7.2
219:of
195:or
5055::
2554:.
2532:.
2510:.
2498:^
2484:.
2476:.
2468:.
2456:.
2452:.
2429:.
2419:.
2409:43
2407:.
2403:.
2380:.
2368:.
2341:.
2318:.
2306:43
2304:.
2300:.
2277:.
2267:32
2265:.
2261:.
2238:.
2226:.
2214:^
2197::
2195:}}
2191:{{
2164:.
2156:.
2146:55
2144:.
2140:.
2115:34
2113:.
2109:.
2082:.
2078:.
2055:.
2047:.
2035:11
2029:.
1999:,
1987:,
1969:^
1955:.
1947:.
1939:.
1927:.
1923:.
1911:^
1897:.
1889:.
1877:.
1873:.
1850:.
1842:.
1830:.
1826:.
1803:.
1793:21
1791:.
1787:.
1764:.
1756:.
1748:.
1736:.
1732:.
1707:.
1703:.
1663::
1661:}}
1657:{{
1641:^
1627:.
1617:.
1609:.
1597:14
1595:.
1591:.
1575:^
1474:-
1352:-
1321:-
1317:-
1247:-
1106:-
735:9
732:6
262:.
203::
199:,
115:,
97:,
5040:.
3301:e
3294:t
3287:v
2854:e
2847:t
2840:v
2613:e
2606:t
2599:v
2564:.
2492:.
2464::
2437:.
2423::
2415::
2388:.
2384::
2376::
2353:.
2326:.
2312::
2285:.
2281::
2273::
2246:.
2242::
2234::
2208:)
2204:(
2187:.
2172:.
2152::
2125:.
2121::
2094:.
2090::
2063:.
2041::
1995::
1963:.
1943::
1935::
1905:.
1893::
1885::
1858:.
1846::
1838::
1811:.
1807::
1799::
1772:.
1752::
1744::
1717:.
1674:)
1670:(
1653:.
1635:.
1603::
990:-
978:-
953:-
40:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
