215:
199:
163:
189:
180:
153:
222:
448:
defeated the
Umayyad Muslim army and achieved a decisive and significant victory. The surviving Umayyad forces drove away from Aquitaine with immense losses, in which al-Samh was so seriously wounded that he soon died at Narbonne.
1060:, but clearly did not retain it, and advanced to besiege Narbonne, the centre of Arab control in the March. The Frankish chronicles record his victory over a relieving force sent by the governor
270:
235:
537:
695:, raised a revolt against him from the rear. The Frankish king may have considered accomplished his primary goals by destroying the Arab Muslim armies in
263:
640:
and besieged
Narbonne in 737, but his forces were unable to take the city. However, when the Arabs sent reinforcements from Muslim-ruled Iberia, the
675:
had he been willing to commit his army and full resources for an indefinite siege, but he was not willing or able to do so. Probably he found that
214:
1306:
256:
530:
415:
1232:
1276:
485:
1042:
would or those whose primary interests lay in the south would welcome the extension into their region of the authority of the
63:
1028:
971:
702:
A second
Frankish expedition was led later in 739 to expel the inconvenient count Maurontius, who couldn't expect this time
1301:
523:
452:
Arab and Berber Muslim forces, soundly based in
Narbonne and easily resupplied by sea, struck in the 720s, conquering
1296:
1170:
1149:
845:
775:
351:
183:
1052:. For that matter it was not with any sense of obligation to free formerly Christian lands from Islamic rule that
1286:
644:
633:
437:
370:
329:
102:
1122:
397:
716:(787–796), the Arab Muslims retreated when they learned that Charles Martel had formed an alliance with the
1291:
720:, leaving the Umayyad forces stationed in the area and Maurontius himself too weak to meet in open battle.
1184:
955:
402:
299:
496:
besieged
Narbonne but his forces were unable to take the city, after which the Frankish army marched on
410:, in 719, and subsequently occupied by the Arab and Berber Muslim forces in 720. The region was renamed
877:
648:
600:
319:
126:
896:
caused him to make an expedition to hold onto that land. Charles Martel had subjected the whole of
575:
430:
393:
294:
280:
30:
1311:
1271:
1016:
1064:, but their uniform silence makes it clear that despite this he failed to take the city itself.
1057:
901:
712:
590:
489:
309:
751:
1008:
931:
813:
477:
699:, and leaving the remaining Arab and Berber garrison confined within the city of Narbonne.
565:
8:
829:
825:
618:
585:
374:
1206:
1100:
1061:
1039:
951:
434:
192:
429:
to him on the same terms as
Septimania. But his plans were thwarted in the disastrous
1166:
1145:
1114:
1092:
1024:
967:
939:
841:
771:
747:
680:
560:
481:
465:
456:
on the north-western fringes of
Septimania (725) and penetrating eastwards as far as
445:
355:
156:
106:
881:
656:
605:
497:
324:
1043:
959:
865:
833:
817:
641:
367:
99:
1020:
707:
580:
570:
304:
1046:, or that a sense of Christian solidarity should mean more than the dictates of
963:
632:
stock had concluded different military and political arrangements to oppose the
1053:
853:
668:
621:
548:
493:
377:
202:
515:
1265:
1247:
1234:
1110:
1096:
1004:
927:
763:
473:
441:
125:
Relieving Arab-Berber Muslim forces destroyed by the
Christian Franks at the
78:
65:
1281:
248:
198:
162:
1048:
837:
683:, was threatening his line of communication with the north. Furthermore,
629:
453:
1104:
905:
893:
861:
703:
696:
684:
637:
407:
389:
363:
359:
132:
1212:
The
Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
1210:
889:
505:
1126:
767:
692:
426:
706:
relief, from
Marseille and regain control of Provence. According to
188:
179:
152:
1036:
873:
869:
857:
717:
688:
676:
672:
461:
422:
346:
119:
53:
947:
758:. Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World (1st ed.).
166:
943:
897:
759:
655:) and achieved a decisive and significant victory, after which
350:
was fought in 737 between the Arab and Berber Muslim forces of
115:
57:
1118:
625:
457:
414:
and turned into a military base for future operations by the
1161:
Holt, P. M., Lambton, Ann K. S. and Lewis, Bernard (1977).
1083:
Baker, Patrick S. (2013). "The Battle of the River Berre".
885:
876:
came to relieve Narbonne. Charles marched against them and
652:
501:
636:. Charles Martel attempted to conquer the whole region of
425:, a possession that would open up the bordering region of
421:
By 721, al-Samh was reinforced and ready to lay siege to
904:
and Narbonne there. He did not have the time to conquer
624:
went on to attack Narbonne, but the local nobility of
822:
The Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume III
472:
by the Franks, was an ally of the Duke of Aquitaine
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
1263:
756:A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911
649:intercepted them at the mouth of the River Berre
460:(725). In 731, the Berber lord of the region of
1215:. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 23
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
545:
1117:, lifted the siege. Eudo's army decimated the
1056:launched a raid into western Provence in 737.
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
922:
920:
918:
916:
784:
135:garrison confined within the city of Narbonne.
814:"The Role of the Cavalry in Medieval Warfare"
531:
264:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
729:
480:, but the rebel lord was killed by the Arab
278:
980:
913:
880:. Charles still devastated the area around
651:(located in the present-day Département of
16:Frankish expedition and siege in Septimania
878:defeated them along the banks of the Berre
811:
538:
524:
271:
257:
1165:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1069:
1035:It would be quite anachronistic that the
221:
746:
1182:
1003:
926:
900:, again by battles, and had to besiege
1307:Sieges involving the Umayyad Caliphate
1264:
486:Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi
1205:
1082:
1044:eastern Frankish Mayors of the Palace
519:
252:
1142:Christians in Al-Andalus (711-1000)
1013:The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797
13:
657:the Frankish army marched on Nîmes
14:
1323:
1183:Meadows, Ian (March–April 1993).
872:and besieged it. Then an army of
868:. Charles marched afterwards to
667:The Frankish Mayor of the Palace
352:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
220:
213:
197:
187:
178:
161:
151:
856:advanced against the nobles in
691:, from his unconquered city of
488:. Following his success at the
1199:
1176:
1163:The Cambridge History of Islam
1155:
1134:
476:after he revolted against the
416:Andalusian military commanders
1:
1277:730s in the Umayyad Caliphate
1125:and drove the survivors from
723:
398:al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani
383:
105:military success against the
1091:(2). Karwansaray BV: 44–48.
7:
1302:Sieges involving Al-Andalus
964:10.1007/978-1-349-26924-2_4
956:University of Toronto Press
671:may have been able to take
10:
1328:
932:"Italy and Spain, 773–801"
816:. In Rogers, Clifford J.;
812:Verbruggen, J. F. (2005).
662:
860:and placed the region of
556:
511:
431:battle of Toulouse in 721
290:
208:
172:
145:
127:battle of the River Berre
110:Politically inconclusive
36:
28:
23:
1297:Sieges involving Francia
1185:"The Arabs in Occitania"
752:"The Later Merovingians"
634:expanding Frankish realm
282:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
122:, without conquering it.
31:Islamic invasion of Gaul
1017:Chichester, West Sussex
864:under the authority of
710:'s historical treatise
1287:8th century in Francia
1248:43.184277°N 3.003078°E
1140:Christys, Ann (2002).
713:Historia Langobardorum
406:(governor-general) of
239:Location within France
173:Commanders and leaders
1144:. London: Routledge,
892:, but an uprising in
118:besieged the city of
1109:After three months,
1009:"Conquerors Divided"
838:10.7722/j.ctt81qwd.6
818:Bachrach, Bernard S.
770:. pp. 244–245.
236:class=notpageimage|
79:43.18417°N 3.00306°E
1292:History of Narbonne
1253:43.184277; 3.003078
1244: /
1207:Lewis, Archibald R.
826:Woodbridge, Suffolk
300:River Garonne (732)
75: /
1189:Saudi Aramco World
958:. pp. 65–66.
952:Palgrave Macmillan
832:. pp. 55–56.
748:Deanesly, Margaret
478:Emirate of Córdoba
330:Narbonne (752–759)
193:Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj
167:Kingdom of Francia
1115:Duke of Aquitaine
1030:978-0-631-19405-7
973:978-1-349-26924-2
681:Duke of Aquitaine
614:
613:
466:Uthman ibn Naissa
446:Duke of Aquitaine
338:
337:
320:River Berre (737)
247:
246:
228:Siege of Narbonne
157:Umayyad Caliphate
141:
140:
107:Umayyad Caliphate
84:43.18417; 3.00306
24:Siege of Narbonne
1319:
1259:
1258:
1256:
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1254:
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1242:
1241:
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1085:Medieval Warfare
1080:
1067:
1066:
1001:
978:
977:
924:
911:
910:
809:
782:
781:
744:
619:Carolingian duke
551:
540:
533:
526:
517:
516:
490:siege of Avignon
375:Carolingian duke
373:army led by the
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1139:
1135:
1081:
1070:
1058:He took Avignon
1031:
1021:Wiley-Blackwell
1002:
981:
974:
925:
914:
848:
810:
785:
778:
745:
730:
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708:Paul the Deacon
687:, patrician of
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615:
610:
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341:
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69:
66:
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62:
61:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1325:
1315:
1314:
1312:Charles Martel
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:730s conflicts
1227:
1226:
1198:
1175:
1154:
1133:
1111:Eudo the Great
1068:
1054:Charles Martel
1029:
1023:. p. 92.
1005:Collins, Roger
979:
972:
928:Collins, Roger
912:
854:Charles Martel
846:
783:
776:
727:
725:
722:
669:Charles Martel
664:
661:
622:Charles Martel
612:
611:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
557:
554:
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549:Charles Martel
543:
542:
535:
528:
520:
513:
510:
494:Charles Martel
388:The region of
385:
382:
378:Charles Martel
356:Umayyad Muslim
336:
335:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
315:Narbonne (737)
312:
307:
302:
297:
295:Toulouse (721)
291:
288:
287:
276:
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268:
261:
253:
245:
244:
234:
233:
227:
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219:
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212:
211:
210:
209:
206:
205:
203:Charles Martel
195:
184:Yusuf al-Fihri
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52:
50:
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45:
42:
34:
33:
26:
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19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1171:0-521-29135-6
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1150:0-7007-1564-9
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849:
847:9781846154058
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:Boydell Press
827:
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777:9780367184582
773:
769:
765:
764:New York City
761:
757:
753:
749:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
728:
721:
719:
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584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
558:
555:
550:
547:Campaigns of
541:
536:
534:
529:
527:
522:
521:
518:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:Odo the Great
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
450:
447:
443:
442:Odo the Great
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:on behalf of
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:Avignon (737)
308:
306:
303:
301:
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269:
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88:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:
43:
40:
39:
35:
32:
27:
22:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1211:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1162:
1157:
1141:
1136:
1108:
1088:
1084:
1047:
1034:
1012:
935:
851:
821:
755:
711:
701:
666:
617:In 737, the
616:
595:
469:
451:
440:army led by
420:
411:
401:
387:
358:governor of
344:
342:
314:
146:Belligerents
98:
29:Part of the
1251: /
1049:realpolitik
1040:aristocracy
936:Charlemagne
630:Gallo-Roman
601:River Berre
454:Carcassonne
325:Nîmes (737)
305:Tours (732)
82: /
1266:Categories
1236:43°11′03″N
906:Septimania
866:his counts
862:Marseilles
852:After 734
724:References
704:Andalusian
697:Septimania
685:Maurontius
638:Septimania
484:commander
435:Aquitanian
408:al-Andalus
390:Septimania
384:Background
366:, and the
364:al-Andalus
360:Septimania
133:Andalusian
67:43°11′03″N
1239:3°00′11″E
1127:Aquitaine
1121:, killed
1097:2211-5129
1037:Provençal
768:Routledge
693:Marseille
645:Christian
468:, called
438:Christian
427:Aquitaine
371:Christian
345:siege of
103:Christian
1219:June 15,
1209:(1965).
1195:: 24–29.
1173:, p. 95.
1152:, p. 28.
1105:48578218
1007:(1995).
930:(1998).
874:Saracens
870:Narbonne
858:Burgundy
820:(eds.).
750:(2019).
718:Lombards
689:Provence
677:Hunald I
673:Narbonne
642:Frankish
596:Narbonne
576:Soissons
492:in 737,
462:Cerdagne
423:Toulouse
368:Frankish
347:Narbonne
120:Narbonne
100:Frankish
70:3°0′11″E
54:Narbonne
49:Location
1123:As-Sahm
948:Toronto
940:Buffalo
902:Avignon
890:Béziers
663:Retreat
591:Avignon
566:Amblève
561:Cologne
506:Béziers
482:Umayyad
412:Arbūnah
394:invaded
354:, Arab
1169:
1148:
1103:
1095:
1027:
970:
946:, and
944:London
898:Gallia
894:Saxony
888:, and
844:
774:
760:London
626:Gothic
512:Battle
504:, and
470:Munuza
433:; the
116:Franks
95:Result
58:France
1119:Moors
1101:JSTOR
1062:ʿUqba
882:Nîmes
647:army
606:Nîmes
586:Boarn
581:Tours
571:Vincy
498:Nîmes
458:Autun
1221:2012
1167:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1093:ISSN
1025:ISBN
968:ISBN
886:Agde
842:ISBN
772:ISBN
762:and
653:Aude
628:and
502:Agde
403:wāli
392:was
343:The
114:The
41:Date
1282:737
960:doi
834:doi
396:by
44:737
1268::
1193:44
1191:.
1187:.
1113:,
1107:.
1099:.
1087:.
1071:^
1033:.
1019::
1015:.
1011:.
982:^
966:.
950::
942:,
938:.
934:.
915:^
884:,
850:.
840:.
828::
824:.
786:^
766::
754:.
731:^
679:,
659:.
508:.
500:,
464:,
444:,
418:.
400:,
380:.
56:,
1223:.
1129:.
1089:3
976:.
962::
954:/
908:.
836::
780:.
539:e
532:t
525:v
272:e
265:t
258:v
129:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
