957:
result, a fresh
Ottoman assault began. Meanwhile, Murad sent an envoy trying to convince Skanderbeg to capitulate by offering 10,000 crowns annually. Skanderbeg also refused replying: "Nay if Murad did divide with me and make me co-partner with all his empire, I would never suffer the name of Albania to be stained and blemished with this blot of disgrace and infamy." The assault continued, and the Albanian positions seemed desperate. On October 14, Skanderbeg offered Krujë to the Venetians, threatening to capitulate the fortress to the Turks if they did not accept it. After Murad lifted the siege on October 26, because of the arriving winter, the Venetians replied to Skanderbeg's offer rejecting it and offered to help Skanderbeg to harmonize his relationship with Ottomans.
903:
scouting patrol towards the surrounding mountains to watch for an attack. Skanderbeg still managed to lead, at dusk, a raid on the
Turkish encampment, killing several hundred men, capturing and destroying Turkish supplies, and almost losing his own life. When Skanderbeg returned to his men, his "shield was so battered that its shape was scarce to be discerned." The raid cost Skanderbeg ten dead and even more wounded. The assault continued, however, with the guns sounding from time to time. The defenders were not facing great difficulty, however. Sixty of them sallied forth to do whatever damage they could, and those at the walls repelled all attempts to enter. The main weight of the attack had come from the Tirana side, where the Turkish losses had been heavy.
886:
139:
912:
857:
2721:
786:, and other Europeans held the fortress while Scanderbeg attacked the Ottoman camp from outside. After the Ottomans poisoned the wells, a group of defenders decided to open the gates and let the Turks in, thus giving control of the fortress to the Ottomans. The Sultan retired from Albania, and Skanderbeg laid siege to Svetigrad on September 23, 1448. After several failed assaults, Skanderbeg lifted the siege and retreated. In early 1450,
966:
873:
400 pounds and another 200 pounds. Despite the firepower, the
Turkish firing positions were at a disadvantage, since Krujë "was almost part of the mountain which it had been built." The cannons could fire two or three times a day and were not accurate. Two large and four smaller guns were placed on the
926:
feigned an attack with about 500 horsemen: the alarm was given, and the Turks prepared for his attack. Meanwhile, Skanderbeg and his forces moved around the camp and broke in where least expected. Before an organized counterattack could be made, Skanderbeg retreated from the camp. The attacks made by
1027:
According to legend, one night during the siege, Skanderbeg sent out a herd of goats with a candle on each of the goats' horns. The encamped Turks believed it to be an
Albanian attack and made a movement against the herd. When the Turks advanced far enough, Skanderbeg launched an attack against the
947:
raised a couple thousand more, and the force was split between the three, making attacks on the
Turkish camp easier. Skanderbeg began to move towards the camp as the Turks had assembled 8,000 men, which began to move towards him. Skanderbeg slowly retired while Moisi and Tanush broke into the camp.
956:
After Vrana had returned to the castle, a pasha was chosen to have a conference with Vrana, bringing him many rich presents. The pasha tried to convince the count that Murad would be a more suitable master than
Skanderbeg was and that the siege was almost over, but Vrana refused to surrender. As a
872:
Murad reached Krujë on May 14 with approximately 100,000 of his best soldiers (60,000 of which was cavalry). Murad proposed to Vrana that he should hand over the fortress, but Vrana refused. After receiving the refusal, Murad set his army to cast ten cannons, one of which could fire rocks weighing
921:
When the second assault began, the Turks tried to break through the gate with their lances. After heavy casualties, the attackers retreated, and Murad held for the next two days a council of all his generals. An immediate precaution was to guard the camp against another surprise attack, which was
59:
between 1448 and 1450. Nevertheless, Skanderbeg's exhortations and the support of the clergy, who claimed to have had visions of angels and victory, motivated the
Albanians to defend the capital of the League, Krujë, at all costs. After leaving a protective garrison of 4,000 men under his trusted
902:
Murad fired on Krujë for four days until a breach was finally made. The Sultan believed that he had the advantage and ordered his troops through the walls. The garrison managed to push the assault back, thus gaining time to repair the walls. Murad, fearing a counterattack from
Skanderbeg, sent a
832:
Before the siege began, Skanderbeg exited Krujë with 8,000 men—among whom were many Slavs, Italians, Frenchmen, and
Germans. 2,000 of these were infantry and 6,000 were cavalry. Skanderbeg found Mount Tumenishta (now known as Mount Skënderbeu) to be a suitable position from which to attack the
987:
in 1451. Murad began to retire from
Albania out of fear of losing even more men from the Albanian winter, However, the retreat itself caused the loss of thousands of Ottoman troops due to attacks from local Albanian militias. Skanderbeg was at the end of his resources. He traveled to
811:
The morale of the Albanians sank after the losses in the previous years. When the Turks began marching towards Krujë on April 5, 1450, the people claimed to have seen cherubims and angels flying over Albania. Skanderbeg himself claimed that he had received a vision of
948:
The Turkish force sent against Skanderbeg was lured towards the foothills, and the next morning (July 25), they were surrounded and completely destroyed. The next day, Skanderbeg was seen above the rocks of Krujë, in conference with Vrana Konti, surprising Murad.
938:
from the Turks forced them to call off the assault. The Ottomans then attempted to mine the fortress but could not succeed since the fortress had been built on rock. Since the food supplies were beginning to run out, the Turks received provisions from
75:'s army. By September, the Ottoman camp was in disarray as morale sank and disease ran rampant. The Ottoman army acknowledged that the castle of Krujë would not fall by strength of arms, lifted the siege, and made its way to
927:
Skanderbeg caused the Turks to aim some of their cannons towards the expected guerrilla forces instead of the fortress. A large force of Turkish cavalry was sent out, which Skanderbeg followed up to the mouth of the
849:, to whom he emphasized the importance of the siege and also ordered them to their positions. Krujë had enough supplies for a sixteen-month siege. The women and children of Krujë were sent for protection to
1028:
force, destroying it. After the siege was lifted, Skanderbeg commemorated his victory by designing a helmet with the head of a goat on it, as a reference to his "ingenious tactics" used that night.
315:
996:. Through financial assistance, Skanderbeg managed to hold Krujë and regain much of his territory. Skanderbeg's success brought praise from all over Europe and ambassadors were sent to him from
1169:
Significatis domino comitis comune quisto anno passato lo Imperatore Turchio con quartocento milia turchi si anno tenuto obisdiati una Tera la quale se clama Croya delle petrinecie de Albania
1164:
943:, as did the Albanians. The Turkish attacks had made no headway, and the Ottoman army had lost many dead or wounded, whereas Skanderbeg's force had lost 1,000 men thus far. Moisi Golemi and
778:) on May 14, 1448, with a force of 80,000 men. Svetigrad was an important strategic point since it controlled the routes from Macedonia into Albania. The small garrison, composed of
1611:
1039:, a prominent Albanian poet, wrote of how the siege of Krujë had saved Europe from Ottoman invasion. Today, Albanians take pride in the actions performed during the siege. The
1837:
308:
301:
2595:
2557:
1830:
512:
519:
2770:
587:
1823:
594:
580:
1165:"AKTI DIPLOMATIK I VITIT 1451 I DALUR NGA KANCELARIA E SKENDERBUT- JO AUTOGRAF – SI BURIM I RËNDËSISHËM PËR DIPLOMACINË E SKENDERBEUT"
91:
2254:
130:
1893:
2303:
638:
631:
1955:
508:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
1805:
1781:
1743:
1715:
1694:
1673:
1649:
1240:
138:
2261:
2745:
2621:
1886:
576:
2755:
2600:
1881:
691:
17:
1625:
2181:
647:
2216:
1898:
1854:
922:
responded to by placing a force of men under the command of Prince Mehmed, where the first attack had taken place.
452:
52:
824:)." This speech, along with many other visions of the clergy, raised Albanians' morale, motivating them to fight.
2293:
885:
934:
While Skanderbeg had been away, a large Ottoman assault was made on Krujë from the Tirana side, but inadvertent
432:
400:
2775:
2298:
2249:
1945:
748:
683:
627:
560:
416:
1960:
1950:
2011:
2750:
1044:
1686:
Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century
2668:
2239:
2137:
2026:
568:
2760:
2542:
1965:
2117:
1940:
424:
2328:
2323:
2223:
1935:
1876:
1635:
817:
765:
675:
484:
442:
2016:
619:
2765:
2724:
2605:
1903:
775:
408:
368:
2191:
2186:
725:
655:
2525:
2520:
2206:
2076:
2051:
2046:
1928:
1918:
1913:
1908:
853:, whereas the others were ordered to burn their crops and move into the mountains and fortresses.
717:
544:
492:
384:
79:. Soon thereafter, in the winter of 1450–51, Murad died in Edirne and was succeeded by his son,
2333:
2107:
2036:
2021:
795:
468:
2680:
2626:
2198:
536:
376:
2122:
2702:
2687:
2631:
2310:
2288:
2132:
983:
claims that Murad died of disease under the fortress of Krujë, but Murad, in fact, died in
923:
2097:
2056:
476:
68:), Skanderbeg harassed the Ottoman camps around Krujë and attacked the supply caravans of
8:
2697:
2648:
2405:
2152:
2112:
2102:
1049:
1013:
2445:
1757:
2692:
2675:
2643:
2455:
2450:
2410:
2395:
2345:
2071:
1981:
1923:
989:
969:
940:
552:
460:
2127:
1991:
190:
44:
2465:
2440:
2430:
2420:
2400:
2283:
2157:
2142:
1815:
1801:
1777:
1739:
1711:
1690:
1669:
1645:
1621:
1040:
1009:
1005:
1001:
335:
2006:
2490:
2475:
2425:
2211:
2081:
2031:
2001:
1996:
1986:
861:
733:
611:
360:
1581:
1036:
392:
2636:
2547:
2537:
2495:
2460:
2435:
2383:
2360:
2315:
2066:
2061:
2041:
1795:
1771:
1729:
1705:
1684:
1663:
1639:
1021:
1017:
993:
603:
528:
352:
293:
69:
2658:
2530:
2485:
2480:
2388:
2147:
1767:
1725:
1659:
850:
195:
28:
928:
791:
2739:
1791:
1753:
1735:
1526:
1054:
980:
979:
The siege cost 20,000 Ottoman casualties and over 1,000 Albanian casualties.
944:
935:
911:
846:
106:
93:
709:
2271:
915:
833:
Ottomans. Krujë was left with a garrison of 4,000 men under the command of
821:
856:
890:
834:
344:
217:
61:
1620:] (in Albanian). Translated by Aliaj, Tasim. Tirana: Naim Frashëri.
774:
laid siege to the fortress of Svetigrad (which is thought to be today's
2340:
813:
783:
211:
65:
48:
16:
This article is about the first siege of Krujë. For other events, see
2663:
2653:
2355:
2276:
2266:
2244:
779:
235:
80:
36:
965:
1043:, in Krujë, has many commemorations to the siege and the 1953 film
842:
771:
255:
1,500 to 4,000 garrisoned in Krujë under the command of Vrana Konti
229:
72:
32:
164:
40:
838:
2350:
984:
973:
874:
770:
After several failed invasions of Albania by Ottoman captains,
76:
1668:. Vol. II. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
787:
56:
1523:
Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi Epirotarum principis
997:
827:
877:
side, and the remainder were aimed at the main gateway.
867:
1845:
1738:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1800:. Translated by Bellos, David. New York: Canongate.
1773:
The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar
1707:
The Great Cauldron: A History of Southeastern Europe
1759:
History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
992:, urging for assistance, and the Ragusans informed
806:
759:
1762:. Vol. VI. New York: P. F. Collier & Son.
323:
286:Many more casualties as Murad escaped from Albania
1776:. Vol. VI. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1641:Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero
1047:stages the siege. It is the setting of the novel
2737:
1610:Francione, Gennaro (2006). Aliaj, Donika (ed.).
1482:
1480:
1440:
1438:
1020:, gaining much needed men and supplies from the
1613:Skënderbeu, një hero modern: (Hero multimedial)
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1467:
1465:
1831:
1477:
1435:
1239:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJacques2006 (
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
309:
143:The first siege of Krujë by Jost Amman (1578)
1537:
1535:
1401:
1399:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1195:
1110:
1618:Skanderbeg, a modern hero (Hero multimedia)
1462:
860:Mount Tumenishta (Skënderbeu) as seen from
252:8,000 men, a quarter of which was infantry;
2601:Ottoman – Albanian nobility
1838:
1824:
1634:
1498:
1486:
1444:
1429:
1417:
1390:
1289:
1277:
1222:
1210:
1174:
1139:
1121:
1104:
1079:
820:to "destroy the enemies of true religion (
316:
302:
2255:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
1609:
1553:
1532:
1510:
1471:
1456:
1396:
1355:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1265:
1253:
1189:
1150:
1092:
283:20,000–40,000 casualties during the siege
1724:
1689:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group.
1378:
964:
910:
884:
855:
1766:
1710:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1644:. London: Centre for Albanian Studies.
1541:
1234:
2738:
1790:
1752:
1682:
1658:
1593:
1565:
1405:
1366:
1133:
837:. Vrana had under his command several
828:Albanian dispositions and preparations
51:, experienced low morale after losing
39:tried to besiege the Albanian town of
1819:
1703:
1073:
1012:. Skanderbeg then became a vassal of
868:Ottoman dispositions and preparations
297:
1665:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
701:Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra
2771:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
1728:(1978). Hickman, William C. (ed.).
931:, until they turned back to Krujë.
13:
1846:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire
1162:
14:
2787:
1731:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
131:Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)
2720:
2719:
807:Albanian morale before the siege
794:through a night attack, causing
760:Campaigns of 1448 and early 1450
137:
1587:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1450:
1423:
1411:
1384:
1372:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1228:
1216:
906:
1156:
1127:
1098:
1067:
951:
897:
325:Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars
1:
1951:Massacre of the Albanian Beys
1060:
798:to desert Skandebeg's cause.
790:was captured by the pasha of
1704:Calic, Marie-Janine (2019).
1045:The Great Warrior Skanderbeg
1016:, on March 26, 1451, by the
960:
334:Early Ottoman invasions and
155:14 May 1450–23 November 1450
7:
2262:Declaration of Independence
10:
2792:
2746:1450 in the Ottoman Empire
1602:
801:
763:
628:Ballaban's fourth Campaign
509:Mehmed II's first Campaign
15:
2756:Battles involving Albania
2715:
2614:
2556:
2513:
2506:
2373:
2232:
2166:
2090:
1974:
1966:Mustafa Pasha's Rebellion
1869:
1862:
1851:
1031:
851:Venetian possessed cities
766:Siege of Svetigrad (1448)
745:
666:Contemporaneous Campaigns
331:
272:
244:
201:
184:
147:
136:
128:
123:
27:occurred in 1450 when an
2217:1912 – 13
2212:1478 – 79
2192:1477 – 78
2182:1466 – 67
1904:1843 – 44
1899:1432 – 36
1163:Ahmeti, Prof. Dr. Musa.
880:
2622:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1877:Skanderbeg's rebellion
1578:Histori' e Skënderbeut
976:
918:
894:
864:
749:Wars involving Albania
443:Skanderbeg's Rebellion
202:Commanders and leaders
2776:Warfare by Skanderbeg
1941:Ali Pasha's Rebellion
1936:Albanian–Venetian War
1683:Jaques, Tony (2006).
1660:Setton, Kenneth Meyer
968:
914:
888:
859:
764:Further information:
273:Casualties and losses
35:and his crown prince
2311:Partition of Albania
2240:Albanian Renaissance
1956:Mehmed II's campaign
924:Moisi Arianit Golemi
916:Moisi Arianit Golemi
369:Bayezid I's Campaign
124:First siege of Krujë
86:First siege of Krujë
25:first siege of Krujë
2751:Angelic apparitions
1946:Ballaban's campaign
1887:Macedonian campaign
1053:by Albanian writer
970:Skanderbeg's helmet
684:Dukagjini Civil War
577:Macedonian Campaign
103: /
31:army led by Sultan
1882:Italian expedition
977:
919:
895:
865:
692:Italian Expedition
2761:Conflicts in 1450
2733:
2732:
2711:
2710:
2369:
2368:
1807:978-0-8021-4475-1
1783:978-0-19-822136-4
1745:978-0-691-01078-6
1717:978-0-674-98392-2
1696:978-0-313-33536-5
1675:978-0-87169-127-9
1651:978-1-873928-13-4
1636:Hodgkinson, Harry
1041:Skanderbeg Museum
756:
755:
738:
730:
722:
714:
705:
696:
688:
680:
671:
660:
652:
643:
636:
624:
616:
608:
599:
592:
585:
573:
565:
557:
549:
541:
533:
524:
517:
505:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
448:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
292:
291:
180:
179:
107:41.517°N 19.800°E
2783:
2723:
2722:
2511:
2510:
1894:Albanian revolts
1867:
1866:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1787:
1763:
1749:
1734:. Translated by
1721:
1700:
1679:
1655:
1631:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1328:, pp. 82–83
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1193:
1187:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1090:
1077:
1071:
736:
728:
720:
712:
703:
694:
686:
678:
669:
658:
650:
641:
634:
622:
614:
606:
597:
590:
583:
571:
563:
555:
547:
539:
531:
522:
515:
503:
495:
487:
479:
471:
463:
455:
446:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
326:
318:
311:
304:
295:
294:
278:1,000 casualties
176:Albanian victory
149:
148:
141:
121:
120:
118:
117:
115:
114:
113:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2766:Ottoman Albania
2736:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2707:
2610:
2552:
2502:
2365:
2361:Vithkuqi script
2346:Skanderbeg myth
2320:Principalities
2304:North Macedonia
2228:
2162:
2086:
1970:
1858:
1847:
1844:
1814:
1808:
1784:
1768:Housley, Norman
1746:
1726:Babinger, Franz
1718:
1697:
1676:
1652:
1628:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1499:Hodgkinson 1999
1497:
1493:
1487:Hodgkinson 1999
1485:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1445:Hodgkinson 1999
1443:
1436:
1430:Hodgkinson 1999
1428:
1424:
1418:Hodgkinson 1999
1416:
1412:
1404:
1397:
1391:Hodgkinson 1999
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1290:Hodgkinson 1999
1288:
1284:
1278:Hodgkinson 1999
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1223:Hodgkinson 1999
1221:
1217:
1211:Hodgkinson 1999
1209:
1196:
1188:
1175:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1122:Hodgkinson 1999
1120:
1111:
1105:Hodgkinson 1999
1103:
1099:
1091:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1034:
1022:crown of Aragon
1018:Treaty of Gaeta
994:Pope Nicholas V
963:
954:
909:
900:
883:
870:
830:
809:
804:
768:
762:
757:
752:
741:
433:Arianiti Revolt
417:Albanian Revolt
327:
324:
322:
261:100,000–400,000
240:
222:
191:League of Lezhë
168:
142:
111:
109:
105:
102:
97:
94:
92:
90:
89:
87:
64:(also known as
45:League of Lezhë
21:
12:
11:
5:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2669:Western Thrace
2666:
2661:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1820:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1792:Kadare, Ismail
1788:
1782:
1764:
1754:Gibbon, Edward
1750:
1744:
1736:Manheim, Ralph
1722:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1656:
1650:
1632:
1626:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1570:
1558:
1554:Francione 2006
1546:
1531:
1515:
1511:Francione 2006
1503:
1491:
1476:
1472:Francione 2006
1461:
1457:Francione 2006
1449:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1395:
1383:
1371:
1354:
1350:Francione 2006
1342:
1338:Francione 2006
1330:
1326:Francione 2006
1318:
1314:Francione 2006
1306:
1302:Francione 2006
1294:
1282:
1270:
1266:Francione 2006
1258:
1254:Francione 2006
1246:
1227:
1215:
1194:
1190:Francione 2006
1173:
1155:
1151:Francione 2006
1138:
1126:
1109:
1097:
1093:Francione 2006
1078:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1033:
1030:
972:on display in
962:
959:
953:
950:
908:
905:
899:
896:
893:during a siege
882:
879:
869:
866:
829:
826:
816:handing him a
808:
805:
803:
800:
796:Gjergj Arianit
761:
758:
754:
753:
746:
743:
742:
740:
739:
731:
723:
715:
698:
697:
689:
681:
662:
661:
653:
645:
625:
617:
609:
601:
574:
566:
558:
550:
542:
534:
526:
506:
498:
490:
482:
474:
466:
458:
439:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
332:
329:
328:
321:
320:
313:
306:
298:
290:
289:
288:
287:
284:
279:
275:
274:
270:
269:
268:
265:
262:
258:
257:
256:
253:
247:
246:
242:
241:
239:
238:
233:
225:
223:
221:
220:
215:
207:
204:
203:
199:
198:
196:Ottoman Empire
193:
187:
186:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
163:
161:
157:
156:
153:
145:
144:
134:
133:
126:
125:
112:41.517; 19.800
85:
18:Siege of Krujë
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2788:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Grand Viziers
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:Congregations
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1850:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1627:99927-38-75-8
1623:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1582:Naim Frashëri
1579:
1574:
1568:, p. 102
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1527:Marin Barleti
1524:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1501:, p. 114
1500:
1495:
1489:, p. 113
1488:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1458:
1453:
1447:, p. 112
1446:
1441:
1439:
1432:, p. 111
1431:
1426:
1420:, p. 110
1419:
1414:
1408:, p. 465
1407:
1402:
1400:
1393:, p. 108
1392:
1387:
1380:
1379:Babinger 1978
1375:
1369:, p. 101
1368:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1292:, p. 102
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1242:
1237:, p. 548
1236:
1231:
1225:, p. 112
1224:
1219:
1213:, p. 109
1212:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1136:, p. 100
1135:
1130:
1124:, p. 107
1123:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1107:, p. 115
1106:
1101:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1055:Ismail Kadare
1052:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:Naim Frashëri
1029:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
982:
981:Marin Barleti
975:
971:
967:
958:
949:
946:
945:Tanush Thopia
942:
937:
936:friendly fire
932:
930:
925:
917:
913:
904:
892:
887:
878:
876:
863:
858:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
825:
823:
819:
818:flaming sword
815:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
767:
751:
750:
744:
735:
732:
727:
724:
719:
716:
711:
708:
707:
706:
702:
693:
690:
685:
682:
677:
674:
673:
672:
668:
667:
657:
654:
649:
646:
640:
633:
629:
626:
621:
618:
613:
610:
605:
602:
596:
589:
582:
578:
575:
570:
567:
562:
559:
554:
551:
546:
543:
538:
535:
530:
527:
521:
514:
510:
507:
502:
499:
494:
491:
486:
483:
478:
475:
470:
467:
462:
459:
454:
451:
450:
449:
445:
444:
434:
431:
426:
425:Muzaka Revolt
423:
418:
415:
410:
409:Kastrioti War
407:
402:
399:
394:
391:
386:
383:
378:
375:
370:
367:
362:
359:
354:
351:
346:
343:
342:
338:
337:
330:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
299:
296:
285:
282:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
267:10–30 cannons
266:
263:
260:
259:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:
243:
237:
236:Prince Mehmed
234:
232:
231:
227:
226:
224:
219:
216:
214:
213:
209:
208:
206:
205:
200:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
183:
175:
172:
171:
166:
162:
159:
158:
154:
151:
150:
146:
140:
135:
132:
127:
122:
119:
116:
84:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
19:
2591:20th century
2586:19th century
2581:18th century
2576:17th century
2571:16th century
2566:15th century
2526:Islamization
2284:Mësonjëtorja
2272:Bashi-Bazouk
2233:Other events
2176:
1961:Morea revolt
1853:
1796:
1772:
1758:
1730:
1706:
1685:
1664:
1640:
1617:
1612:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1561:
1556:, p. 93
1549:
1544:, p. 90
1542:Housley 1992
1522:
1518:
1513:, p. 92
1506:
1494:
1474:, p. 90
1459:, p. 91
1452:
1425:
1413:
1386:
1381:, p. 60
1374:
1352:, p. 86
1345:
1340:, p. 85
1333:
1321:
1316:, p. 81
1309:
1304:, p. 80
1297:
1285:
1280:, p. 95
1273:
1268:, p. 77
1261:
1256:, p. 94
1249:
1235:Jacques 2006
1230:
1218:
1192:, p. 89
1168:
1158:
1153:, p. 87
1129:
1100:
1095:, p. 88
1076:, p. 57
1069:
1048:
1035:
1026:
978:
955:
933:
920:
907:Second phase
901:
871:
831:
822:Christianity
810:
769:
747:
700:
699:
676:Venetian War
665:
664:
663:
500:
441:
440:
385:Zenevisi War
333:
228:
210:
185:Belligerents
129:Part of the
88:
24:
22:
2615:Communities
2289:Nationalism
2250:Balkan Wars
2138:Manastir II
1594:Kadare 2010
1566:Setton 1978
1406:Gibbon 1957
1367:Setton 1978
1134:Setton 1978
952:Final phase
929:Ishëm River
898:First phase
891:Janissaries
862:Fushë-Krujë
835:Vrana Konti
792:Gjirokastër
776:Demir Hisar
704:(1468–1479)
670:(1447–1462)
447:(1443–1468)
340:(1385–1443)
218:Vrana Konti
110: /
62:Vrana Konti
60:lieutenant
2740:Categories
2531:Bektashism
2341:Rum Millet
2133:Manastir I
1855:Background
1074:Calic 2019
1061:References
814:St. George
784:Bulgarians
401:Muzaka War
264:10 cannons
212:Skanderbeg
66:Kont Urani
49:Skanderbeg
2681:Arbëreshë
2664:Souliotes
2654:Arvanites
2472:Vilayets
2396:Pashaliks
2374:Geography
2356:Stratioti
2329:Kastrioti
2324:Dukagjini
2277:Devshirme
2267:Janissary
2245:Armatoles
2224:Svetigrad
2052:Oranik II
2012:Martinići
1870:Rebellion
1797:The Siege
1050:The Siege
1014:Alfonso V
961:Aftermath
847:Frenchmen
780:Albanians
737:(1478–79)
729:(1477–78)
713:(1473–79)
695:(1460–62)
687:(1456–57)
679:(1447–48)
651:(1466–67)
485:Svetigrad
453:Svetigrad
428:(1437–38)
420:(1432–36)
412:(1428–30)
404:(1415–17)
388:(1414–18)
167:, Albania
81:Mehmed II
53:Svetigrad
47:, led by
37:Mehmed II
2725:Category
2637:Arbanasi
2627:Bulgaria
2543:Nobility
2491:Manastir
2456:Monastir
2451:Ioannina
2417:Sanjaks
2384:Ioannina
2380:Eyalets
2203:Shkodër
2108:Dukagjin
2072:Torvioll
2047:Oranik I
2027:Mokra II
1982:Albulena
1794:(2010).
1770:(1992).
1756:(1957).
1662:(1978).
1638:(1999).
1010:Burgundy
889:Ottoman
843:Italians
772:Murad II
553:Albulena
461:Torvioll
245:Strength
230:Murad II
160:Location
73:Murad II
33:Murad II
2703:Ukraine
2688:Romania
2632:Croatia
2514:Culture
2507:Society
2496:Scutari
2476:Albania
2466:Scutari
2441:Elbasan
2431:Delvina
2421:Albania
2406:Scutari
2389:Rumelia
2294:Albania
2158:Prizren
2153:Preveza
2118:Frashër
2113:Elbasan
2057:Otonetë
2037:Novšiće
2022:Mokra I
1975:Battles
1863:History
1603:Sources
1006:Hungary
839:Germans
802:Prelude
734:Shkodra
718:Shkodra
639:Kashari
513:Modrica
477:Otonetë
98:19°48′E
95:41°31′N
29:Ottoman
2698:Turkey
2649:Greece
2606:Pashas
2558:People
2548:Tribes
2486:Kosovo
2481:Janina
2446:Görice
2426:Avlona
2411:Yanina
2351:Spahiu
2334:Muzaka
2316:Piracy
2299:Kosovo
2173:Krujë
2167:Sieges
2082:Vaikal
2077:Ulcinj
2032:Murino
2002:Lopate
1997:Kosovo
1987:Ankara
1804:
1780:
1742:
1714:
1693:
1672:
1648:
1624:
1032:Legacy
1008:, and
1002:Naples
990:Ragusa
985:Edirne
974:Vienna
941:Venice
875:Tirana
845:, and
721:(1474)
710:Himarë
659:(1467)
642:(1465)
635:(1465)
632:Vajkal
623:(1465)
615:(1465)
612:Vajkal
607:(1464)
598:(1462)
591:(1462)
588:Pollog
584:(1462)
572:(1462)
564:(1459)
556:(1457)
548:(1456)
545:Oranik
540:(1455)
532:(1453)
529:Pollog
523:(1452)
516:(1452)
504:(1450)
496:(1448)
493:Oranik
488:(1448)
480:(1446)
472:(1445)
464:(1444)
456:(1443)
436:(1443)
396:(1415)
380:(1395)
372:(1394)
364:(1389)
361:Kosovo
356:(1385)
348:(1375)
173:Result
77:Edirne
70:Sultan
43:. The
2693:Syria
2676:Italy
2644:Egypt
2538:Kanun
2461:Ohrid
2436:Dibra
2401:Berat
2199:Berat
2128:Lezhë
2103:Dibra
2098:Dibër
2067:Savra
2062:Polog
2042:Ohrid
2017:Meçad
1992:Deçiq
1616:[
1580:, by
881:Siege
788:Berat
726:Krujë
656:Krujë
648:Krujë
620:Meçad
604:Ohrid
595:Livad
581:Mokra
569:Mokra
537:Berat
520:Meçad
501:Krujë
469:Mokra
393:Krujë
377:Ohrid
353:Savra
345:Ohrid
165:Krujë
57:Berat
41:Krujë
2659:Cham
2521:Besa
2207:1474
2187:1467
2177:1450
2148:Peja
2123:Kuçi
2007:Lumë
1929:1912
1924:1911
1919:1910
1914:1847
1909:1845
1802:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1646:ISBN
1622:ISBN
1241:help
998:Rome
561:Sati
336:rule
152:Date
55:and
23:The
2143:Mat
1525:by
2742::
1534:^
1479:^
1464:^
1437:^
1398:^
1357:^
1197:^
1176:^
1167:.
1141:^
1112:^
1081:^
1057:.
1024:.
1004:,
1000:,
841:,
782:,
637:•
593:•
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518:•
83:.
1839:e
1832:t
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1810:.
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644:)
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525:)
511:(
317:e
310:t
303:v
20:.
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