1951:, likely in mid-September. After crowning her, the patriarch gave a second crown to Sibylla and asked her to choose a new consort. She astonished the attendees by calling forth Guy and placing the crown on his head. Having agreed that she should choose a husband after setting Guy aside, the assembled noblemen could raise no objection to her choice. Upon hearing about this turn of events, Raymond proposed crowning Isabella and Humphrey as rival monarchs, but Humphrey sneaked out of Nablus at night and rode to Jerusalem. Upon arrival, he demanded an audience with the queen, who agreed after initial reluctance. He swore fealty to her, and she took him to see Guy, to whom he paid homage. Roger des Moulins and Heraclius mediated peace, and all the barons except Raymond of Tripoli and Baldwin of Ibelin came to Jerusalem to submit.
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2020:, from where they went north to Antioch and then back south to Tripoli, gathering an army along the way. They marched to Tyre in April 1189. The city's defender, Conrad, refused to allow the king and queen into the city, forcing them to spend months outside its walls. Conrad posited that Guy had forfeited the kingdom at Hattin and that Tyre was being held in trust for the Holy Roman emperor and the kings of England and France, who would decide to whom the government should be assigned.
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1903:; and the seneschal, her uncle Joscelin. The nobility and clergy assembled in Jerusalem wished to settle the succession immediately. They concurred that Sibylla had the best claim, but disagreed on whether Guy should become king alongside her. In the end, Sibylla's supporters required her to leave Guy in return for their recognition of her rights. Sibylla acquiesced on three conditions: the
1840:
717:) and a faction opposing him (Sibylla's paternal kinsmen Bohemond of Antioch and Raymond of Tripoli; Baldwin and Balian of Ibelin; and her stepmother, Maria Komnene). In order to prevent the opposing party from setting up a rival claimant, the king took his mother's advice and, in October 1180, betrothed his half-sister Isabella, Maria's daughter and Balian's stepdaughter, to
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deliberated by the assembled nobility, which included Guy, Agnes, Bohemond of
Antioch, Raymond of Tripoli, Raynald of Sidon, and the Ibelin brothers, but not Sibylla's supporters Raynald of Châtillon and Joscelin of Courtenay. Eventually Agnes's proposal that Sibylla's five-year-old son, Baldwin V, be crowned
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arrived in
Jerusalem soon after, but declined regency when Baldwin offered it to him. Philip's only goal was to arrange for Sibylla and her half-sister Isabella to marry Robert and William, respectively, sons of his favourite liegeman Robert V of BĂ©thune. The High Court countered that custom entitled
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When King
Amalric died of dysentery in July 1174, the High Court met to discuss who should succeed him. Sibylla's 13-year-old brother, Baldwin, would have been the obvious successor had there not been for fears of his incipient leprosy. The only serious alternative to him was Sibylla, then aged about
1959:
Sibylla was well-positioned to wield power because Guy's authority was entirely dependent on her. She was associated with her husband in public acts in the first months of their reign, but this was cut short by
Saladin's invasion. In an act of continued defiance, Raymond had retired to his fief of
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were too closely related, and a marriage to one of the barons in the kingdom could have caused resentment among the others. A match had to be found abroad, but that would have taken too long. Baldwin IV was therefore chosen, with the expectation that a husband would be found for
Sibylla to succeed
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planned by
Raymond, the marriage deeply divided the nobility. By 1183, King Baldwin had become completely disabled as well as disillusioned with Guy's character and ability to lead. In order to prevent Guy's accession to the throne, he had Sibylla's son crowned as co-king and attempted to separate
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Courtenay. Raymond's party were determined to prevent
Sibylla's accession; they questioned her legitimacy on the basis of the annulment of her parents' marriage and emphasized that her half-sister, Isabella, was born to a reigning king. The latter argument, resting on the Byzantine idea of being "
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and the kings of
England and France, decide whether the crown should pass to Sibylla or Isabella in case of Baldwin V's premature death. The High Court accepted the conditions and swore an oath to him in the presence of Baldwin IV. Guardianship of the boy was awarded to his granduncle Joscelin of
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against King
Baldwin. Hamilton concludes that their intention was to force the king to have Sibylla marry Baldwin of Ibelin and to then abdicate, and that the king foiled their plan by arranging her marriage to Guy. Baldwin of Ibelin had never been approved by Sibylla's brother, possibly because
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and sent a message to
Sibylla, who joined him there. The annulment could not proceed without their presence, and the couple's refusal to leave Ascalon despite the king's summons frustrated the scheme to separate them. Baldwin next attempted to confiscate Jaffa and Ascalon, but only succeeded in
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in late 1183 while the wedding of Sibylla's half-sister Isabella to Humphrey of Toron was celebrated. Baldwin summoned his troops. Not trusting him to efficiently command the army, the king deprived Guy of regency and, effectively, of his place in the line of succession. The succession was then
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Baldwin IV's leprosy progressed quickly; in 1183 he lost his sight and could no longer walk unsupported or use his hands. Having developed a life-threatening fever, the king summoned the High Court in June and made Guy regent. Baldwin retained only the royal title and the city of Jerusalem. Guy
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in the Kingdom of Jerusalem, became regent for the young king on the basis of being the nearest male relative. He allowed Sibylla and Baldwin's mother, Agnes, to return to court. The siblings came to be strongly influenced by their mother in the following years. Baldwin's condition deteriorated
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Sibylla's brother, Baldwin IV, died in 1185, having named Raymond to rule as regent for Baldwin V instead of Sibylla or Guy. The boy king died the next year, and Sibylla moved quickly to claim the throne against Raymond's ambitions. She agreed to her supporters' demand to set Guy aside on the
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At the time of King Guy's defeat and imprisonment at Hattin, Queen Sibylla was in Jerusalem. The queen went to Ascalon with her daughters to defend the city and only surrendered it to Saladin in return for Guy's release, but the sultan nevertheless kept him imprisoned. In September, Saladin
1800:. Baldwin failed to take into account Sibylla's steadfast devotion to Guy as well as Guy's friendship with Heraclius, who may have warned the count about Baldwin's intentions. Instead of going to Jerusalem with the rest of the army after lifting the siege of Kerak, Guy went straight to
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Historian Bernard Hamilton disagrees with Ernoul's characterization of Sibylla as fickle, foolish, and sentimental, arguing that the portrayal "bears little relation to the known facts". Influenced by the prevailing medieval perception of ideal queenship, Sibylla's contemporaries and
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1989:. The queen commanded the defence with the assistance of Patriarch Heraclius and Balian of Ibelin, but intense bombardment forced them to surrender. Saladin allowed the defeated to ransom themselves, and Sibylla was further permitted to visit Guy in Nablus while she travelled to
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relate the events differently. According to Ernoul, Sibylla wrote to Baldwin of Ibelin when he was in Saladin's captivity, promising that she would convince her brother to allow their marriage if he could ransom himself, but was persuaded by her mother to marry
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along with Humphrey, Isabella, Maria, and Balian. An epidemic struck the crusaders' camp in 1190. Sibylla died on 25 July, a few days after her daughters Alice and Maria. It is not clear whether the other two daughters had died earlier or at the same time. The
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On the advice of Heraclius and Gerard, Sibylla sent an invitation to the nobles at Nablus to attend her coronation. Possibly in an attempt to appease Raymond and his party, Guy was not mentioned in it; Sibylla proclaimed that the kingdom had passed to her by
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and could no longer be expected to aid Catholics in the East. The marriage had to go forward, however, because if she were to be jilted again, Sibylla's marriage prospects could irreparably diminish. The couple married in November, and he was granted the
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the widowed Sibylla to a year of mourning, which was especially seemly given her pregnancy. Philip and the High Court could not agree on which of them had the final say in choosing Sibylla's next husband. The opposition to Philip was led by the
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The question of who would rule the kingdom as regent for Baldwin V troubled the disabled king. Sibylla and Guy would have the best claim to regency if Baldwin IV died. Her brother knew that this could only be prevented by having their marriage
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From 1180, Sibylla held Jaffa and Ascalon with Guy, and had four daughters with him, including Alice and Maria. Their marriage divided the nobility into a faction supporting Guy (Sibylla; the king; their mother, Agnes; their stepfather,
1822:", may have come from Isabella's Byzantine mother, Maria Komnene. Baldwin IV died in March 1185 or before 16 May 1185 at the latest, when Sibylla's son, Baldwin V, is recorded as the sole king. Baldwin V's paternal grandfather, Marquis
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15. Female succession had been grounded in recent law and had precedent, as Amalric's mother, Melisende, preceded her sons on the throne. But unlike her grandmother, Sibylla was young, inexperienced, and unmarried. No bachelor in the
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was allowed to marry Queen Maria, stepmother of Sibylla and the king. On 1 July 1178, Sibylla began to be associated with her brother in public acts, reminiscent of their grandmother Melisende's association with her father, King
278:, Sibylla came to be associated with her brother in public acts, thereby being designated as next in line to the throne. Sibylla's second marriage, to Guy of Lusignan, was arranged in 1180 by her brother. Likely done to foil a
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to lordly rank. Another factor was that Saladin had been informed by Raymond and Bohemond's conspiracy to enthrone Baldwin and therefore set Baldwin's ransom to that of a king; a successor with such a debt was not desirable.
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On Baldwin IV's deathbed in early 1185, the right to rule the kingdom as regent in the name of Baldwin V, then a sickly child, was offered to the count of Tripoli. Raymond accepted the regency on the condition that the
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The count of Tripoli underestimated the support for Sibylla. The lord of Oultrejordain and her first husband's father, the marquess of Montferrat, came to Sybilla's side. She was also backed by the patriarch and the
465:, then an incurable disease that would prevent him from marrying and having children, and Amalric may have seen Sibylla and Stephen as eventual monarchs. Stephen rejected the match, however, for unknown reasons.
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on 1 May, Raymond was forced by his own vassals to submit to Guy. Though now unified, the kingdom had been critically weakened by the defeat at Cresson. The Christian army led by Guy suffered a crushing defeat
603:. The king so desperately needed a brother-in-law that he empowered the king of France to choose an alternative candidate if Hugh refused. Hugh intended to sail to the East in early 1180 and marry Sibylla at
540:. Sibylla was the only countess in the kingdom beside her mother, who had been granted the title after the annulment of the royal marriage, which conferred a certain distinction. Baldwin may have offered to
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rapidly after his accession, and there was no longer any doubt that he was affected by leprosy. It became imperative to arrange a marriage for Sibylla. The groom chosen by Raymond and the High Court was
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in honour of her brother, in the winter of 1177–78. Her mourning period ended in June 1178, and it became appropriate to negotiate a new marriage. Baldwin of Ibelin's suit was rejected, but his brother
1928:. They nevertheless refused to attend, arguing that doing so would violate the oaths taken at Baldwin IV's deathbed, and went so far as to send a delegation of monks to forbid the coronation. The
42:
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near-contemporaneous chroniclers were interested more in her relationship with Guy than in her military activity. Standing by her husband won her approval of her contemporaries;
453:, in 1169 to find a husband for Sibylla in Western Europe. The candidate had to be an older man of high-enough rank and with enough experience in government. Amalric chose Count
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Around April 1177, shortly after he and Sibylla conceived a child, William fell critically ill. He died in June, by which time her pregnancy was known. Sibylla was left as the
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1936:, also declined to be present, more likely due to the oath than out of any opposition to Sibylla. He was nevertheless persuaded to surrender his key to the chest containing
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A most praiseworthy woman, to be commended both for her virtue and for her courage. She so arranged matters that the kingdom obtained a ruler while she retained a husband.
3285:(2004). "La Roine Preude Femme Et Bonne Dame': Queen Sybil of Jerusalem (1186–1190) in History and Legend, 1186–1300.". In Morillo, Stephen; Korngiebel, Diane (eds.).
672:, a Poitevin knight, instead. Historian Bernard Hamilton argues that Ernoul's account, though accepted in older historiography, is biased in favour of the Ibelins.
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condition that she could choose her next husband. At her coronation in mid-September 1186, she outwitted her supporters by choosing Guy and crowning him herself.
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recorded accusations of foul play against Guy, but in truth their deaths deprived Guy of any right to the throne. Sibylla's heir was her half-sister Isabella I.
2001:. Sibylla instead joined her stepmother, Queen Maria, in Tripoli. In the months following the Battle of Hattin, all of the kingdom except Tyre fell to Saladin.
1964:
with Muslim troops. The sultan attacked the kingdom on 26 April 1187. After Muslim troops annihilated the combined armies of the Templars and the Hospitallers
1871:. Contemporaries believed that Raymond intended to claim the throne for himself. Meanwhile, Sibylla's uncle Joscelin of Courtenay took possession of Acre and
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1855:. It was attended by Sibylla's half-sister, Isabella; Isabella's husband, Humphrey, and her stepfamily, the Ibelins; and likely by Raymond's stepsons,
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Due to the distortion of her image by contemporary gender ideals, resourcefulness and loyalty remain Sibylla's chief traits in modern historiography.
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of her daughters by Guy, Guy's retention of Jaffa and Ascalon, and the freedom to choose a new husband as she saw fit. The conditions were accepted.
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Sibylla repeatedly pleaded with Saladin for Guy's release, and the sultan granted her request in July 1188. The couple reunited on the island of
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1940:. The city gates were barred ahead of the coronation to prevent disruption by the opposing party, and instead of by the attendees, Sibylla was
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proved far too unpopular to be an effective military leader, and gravely insulted the incapacitated king by refusing to exchange Jerusalem for
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was accepted because his was the next strongest claim after Sibylla's. The coronation took place on 20 November, and the boy received the
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in her name. Sybilla hurried to Jerusalem to attend her son's funeral. She and Guy garrisoned the city with their strong armed escort.
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and relative of the English royal house. Stephen thus came to Jerusalem in 1171. Sibylla's brother was suspected of having contracted
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of his marriage to Agnes in order to be accepted as the new king. He succeeded in having his and Agnes's children declared
17:
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Death of Baldwin IV, coronation of Baldwin V, and nomination of Raymond to regency as depicted in Acre in the 13th century
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were no longer so well disposed towards him, likely because Emperor Frederick had suffered military setbacks against the
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in William's favour, but William would have declined because he knew he lacked support among the nobility.
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Hamilton, Bernard (1978). "Women in the Crusader States: The Queens of Jerusalem". In Baker, Derek (ed.).
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Sibylla's family, including Guy and his partisans (blue rectangular) and Guy's opponents (red rounded)
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on 4 July. The king was taken prisoner; Raynald was executed; and Raymond died of an illness in
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A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East, 1100-1187
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in August 1186. Her mother had died by then too. Raymond summoned the High Court to
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of all the barons except his stepfather. Baldwin IV and his army then relieved the
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406:. In common with Western practices, Sibylla was educated by the king's aunt Abbess
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on his son's behalf if the latter ascended as a minor, Amalric authorized the
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335:, was born. On her father's side, Sibylla was the niece of the then-reigning
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took advantage of the discord in the kingdom to invade in 1187, reducing the
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in 1180. The brewing conflict in France that followed the accession of King
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queen by the citizens of Jerusalem at the urging of Raynald of Châtillon.
418:. She consequently had little contact with her mother or brother, who was
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countess of Jaffa and Ascalon. Sibylla and Baldwin's first cousin Count
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The High Court agreed unanimously that Sibylla should next marry Duke
596:. Baldwin IV thus confirmed Sibylla's status as his heir presumptive.
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A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
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Sibylla crowned by Heraclius while monks sent from Nablus spy on them
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prevented Hugh from leaving his domain. Contemporary chroniclers
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The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1147 - 1277
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was launched in 1189, and Sibylla accompanied Guy to the
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from 1186 to 1190. She reigned alongside her husband
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1947:As was traditional, the coronation was held at the
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319:Sibylla was the elder of the two children of the
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1960:Galilee, allied with Saladin, and garrisoned
556:Map of the fiefs in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
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3355:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press.
3333:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.
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1573:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1499:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1431:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1119:
1086:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1009:
1000:
991:
901:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
782:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
579:, who hoped to be the chosen suitor.
274:Shortly after giving birth to a son,
1954:
127:25 July 1190 (aged 30–31)
27:Queen of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1190
582:Sibylla gave birth to a son, named
468:
283:Sibylla from Guy, but she refused.
235:Sibylla was the eldest daughter of
24:
3716:12th-century monarchs of Jerusalem
3657:
3227:. Ecclesiastical History Society.
1792:and discussed the matter with the
529:barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
230:barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
46:Detail of a 13th-century miniature
25:
3757:
1930:master of the Knights Hospitaller
1746:
3678:
347:, the first female ruler of the
3291:. Vol. 15. Boydell Press.
3216:
265:William Longsword of Montferrat
143:William Longsword of Montferrat
3537:Advocate of the Holy Sepulchre
3248:. Cambridge University Press.
394:forced Amalric to agree to an
383:. Sibylla was named after the
13:
1:
3736:Women in 12th-century warfare
3399:Countess of Jaffa and Ascalon
2080:
2044:
1910:
1881:master of the Knights Templar
1813:should, on the advice of the
638:
457:, the brother-in-law of King
214:
114:
3263:Hodgson, Natasha R. (2007).
1949:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1834:
1794:Latin patriarch of Jerusalem
486:was fit to marry her; Count
387:, her father's half-sister.
314:
263:, arranged for her to marry
7:
3741:12th-century queens regnant
3731:Queens regnant of Jerusalem
3721:Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon
2065:
547:
538:County of Jaffa and Ascalon
498:
269:County of Jaffa and Ascalon
10:
3762:
3242:Hamilton, Bernard (2000).
611:from France, led by Count
321:count of Jaffa and Ascalon
3746:Women in war in West Asia
3668:
3655:
3527:
3474:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3424:
3396:
3377:
3372:
1697:
1695:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1637:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1587:
1580:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1459:
1457:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1391:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1345:
1338:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1215:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1007:
1005:
998:
996:
985:
983:
981:
975:
973:
971:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
899:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
780:
355:of the kingdom and other
239:and the only daughter of
190:
180:
168:
156:
135:
123:
110:
106:
96:
86:
76:
66:
58:
51:
39:
34:
2023:
1829:
1293:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
705:; their maternal uncle,
412:Convent of Saint Lazarus
247:to her younger brother,
220:– 25 July 1190) was the
1824:William V of Montferrat
1627:Bohemond III of Antioch
1605:Isabella I of Jerusalem
1598:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
777:Baldwin II of Jerusalem
677:Bohemond III of Antioch
514:William V of Montferrat
371:who had arrived in the
343:, and granddaughter of
210:
3662:
2060:
2009:
1975:at the Horns of Hattin
1920:
1847:Sibylla's son died in
1844:
1784:
1727:Baldwin V of Jerusalem
1356:Raymond III of Tripoli
1011:Melisende of Jerusalem
648:
557:
488:Raymond III of Tripoli
478:
327:, and his first wife,
261:Raymond III of Tripoli
163:Baldwin V of Jerusalem
3726:French noble families
3661:
3408:William of Montferrat
3315:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
2650:, pp. xviii, xx.
2056:
2007:
1918:
1842:
1782:
1577:William of Montferrat
1300:Joscelin of Courtenay
1081:Hodierna of Jerusalem
711:lord of Oultrejordain
707:Joscelin of Courtenay
646:
555:
476:
455:Stephen I of Sancerre
451:Frederick de la Roche
3521:Kingdom of Jerusalem
3439:Geoffrey of Lusignan
2662:, pp. 187, 240.
1995:Conrad of Montferrat
1926:right of inheritance
1620:Humphrey IV of Toron
1584:Sibylla of Jerusalem
1570:Philip I of Flanders
1349:Constance of Antioch
1342:Raynald of Châtillon
1314:Amalric of Jerusalem
719:Humphrey IV of Toron
715:Raynald of Châtillon
635:the following year.
617:Peter I of Courtenay
613:Henry I of Champagne
601:Hugh III of Burgundy
568:Philip I of Flanders
518:Frederick Barbarossa
385:countess of Flanders
349:Kingdom of Jerusalem
293:Kingdom of Jerusalem
185:Amalric of Jerusalem
18:Sibylla of Jerusalem
3373:Titles of nobility
3307:10.7722/j.ctt7zssjh
3283:Nicholson, Helen J.
3106:, pp. 462–463.
2880:, pp. 217–218.
2729:, pp. 193–194.
2540:, pp. 154–155.
2528:, pp. 151–152.
2399:, pp. 125–126.
1563:Henry II of England
1279:Geoffrey V of Anjou
1088:Ioveta of Jerusalem
784:Morphia of Melitene
522:Louis VII of France
459:Louis VII of France
3663:
3461:Queen of Jerusalem
3435:Title next held by
3388:Title last held by
2438:, p. 139-141.
2387:, p. 122-123.
2054:described her as:
2010:
1987:besieged Jerusalem
1921:
1885:Gerard of Ridefort
1845:
1820:born in the purple
1815:Holy Roman emperor
1785:
1648:Baldwin of Antioch
1335:Stephanie of Milly
1307:Agnes of Courtenay
1074:Alice of Jerusalem
993:Eremburga of Maine
649:
558:
492:Baldwin of Antioch
479:
447:archbishop of Tyre
430:survived infancy.
404:Pope Alexander III
381:Western in culture
329:Agnes of Courtenay
295:to a single city,
241:Agnes of Courtenay
222:queen of Jerusalem
195:Agnes of Courtenay
53:Queen of Jerusalem
3693:
3692:
3619:John I of Brienne
3484:
3483:
3475:Succeeded by
3267:. Boydell Press.
2122:, pp. 57–58.
2073:Kingdom of Heaven
2052:Roger of Wendover
1955:Fall of Jerusalem
1934:Roger des Moulins
1869:Odo of Saint Omer
1759:Saladin attacked
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1641:Manuel I Komnenos
577:Baldwin of Ibelin
512:, son of Marquis
510:William Longsword
505:prince of Galilee
337:king of Jerusalem
200:
199:
16:(Redirected from
3753:
3683:
3682:
3644:John I of Cyprus
3510:
3503:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3451:Preceded by
3370:
3369:
3366:
3349:Runciman, Steven
3344:
3327:Runciman, Steven
3322:
3310:
3278:
3259:
3238:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2981:Riley-Smith 1973
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2866:Riley-Smith 1973
2863:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2817:
2814:Riley-Smith 1973
2811:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2691:Riley-Smith 1973
2688:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2502:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2361:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2096:
2090:
1891:, Guy's brother
1805:revoking Jaffa.
1634:Maria of Antioch
1328:Balian of Ibelin
1286:Sibylla of Anjou
733:
732:
724:
723:
469:Heir presumptive
301:Battle of Hattin
245:heir presumptive
219:
216:
119:
116:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3677:
3664:
3653:
3523:
3514:
3480:
3466:
3464:
3456:
3436:
3433:
3417:Guy of Lusignan
3414:
3404:
3402:
3389:
3386:
3363:
3341:
3299:
3275:
3256:
3235:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3086:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2678:
2674:, pp. 188.
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2603:
2595:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2068:
2047:
2026:
1999:defence of Tyre
1957:
1913:
1837:
1832:
1749:
1591:Guy of Lusignan
1002:Fulk V of Anjou
670:Guy of Lusignan
665:William of Tyre
641:
621:Philip of Dreux
550:
501:
471:
439:age of majority
357:crusader states
345:Queen Melisende
317:
249:King Baldwin IV
226:Guy of Lusignan
217:
152:
148:Guy of Lusignan
128:
117:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3446:Regnal titles
3443:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3423:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3345:
3339:
3323:
3311:
3297:
3279:
3274:978-1843833321
3273:
3260:
3254:
3239:
3234:978-0631192602
3233:
3225:Medieval Women
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3210:, p. 124.
3208:Nicholson 2004
3200:
3198:, p. 114.
3196:Nicholson 2004
3188:
3176:
3164:
3149:
3137:
3135:, p. 471.
3125:
3123:, p. 113.
3121:Nicholson 2004
3108:
3096:
3094:, p. 112.
3092:Nicholson 2004
3084:
3082:, p. 231.
3072:
3070:, p. 230.
3057:
3055:, p. 229.
3045:
3043:, p. 228.
3033:
3031:, p. 227.
3021:
3019:, p. 223.
3009:
3007:, p. 222.
2997:
2995:, p. 449.
2985:
2983:, p. 171.
2973:
2971:, p. 448.
2961:
2959:, p. 221.
2944:
2942:, p. 447.
2932:
2930:, p. 220.
2911:
2909:, p. 218.
2899:
2897:, p. 171.
2882:
2870:
2868:, p. 109.
2845:
2843:, p. 210.
2833:
2831:, p. 444.
2818:
2816:, p. 108.
2806:
2804:, p. 197.
2794:
2792:, p. 170.
2779:
2777:, p. 196.
2767:
2765:, p. 195.
2755:
2753:, p. 441.
2743:
2741:, p. 194.
2731:
2719:
2717:, p. 192.
2707:
2705:, p. 191.
2695:
2693:, p. 107.
2676:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2638:, p. 167.
2628:
2626:, p. 167.
2616:
2614:, p. 158.
2601:
2599:, p. 172.
2578:
2576:, p. 168.
2566:
2564:, p. 155.
2554:
2552:, p. 156.
2542:
2530:
2518:
2516:, p. 153.
2503:
2501:, p. 152.
2488:
2486:, p. 150.
2476:
2474:, p. 147.
2464:
2462:, p. 157.
2452:
2450:, p. 145.
2440:
2428:
2426:, p. 125.
2413:
2411:, p. 415.
2401:
2389:
2377:
2375:, p. 139.
2362:
2360:, p. 110.
2347:
2345:, p. 101.
2335:
2333:, p. 100.
2323:
2321:, p. 165.
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2261:, p. 109.
2248:
2231:
2219:
2204:
2192:
2190:, p. 164.
2177:
2165:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2097:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2064:
2046:
2043:
2025:
2022:
1981:in September.
1956:
1953:
1912:
1909:
1905:legitimisation
1901:Peter of Lydda
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1774:siege of Kerak
1748:
1747:Disinheritance
1745:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
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1128:
1126:
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1023:
1021:
1019:
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999:
997:
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989:
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986:
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978:
976:
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968:
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890:
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880:
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868:
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854:
852:
850:
848:
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844:
842:
840:
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836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
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816:
814:
812:
810:
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806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
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793:
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787:
786:
781:
779:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
729:
728:
690:recently risen
640:
637:
549:
546:
533:Lombard League
500:
497:
470:
467:
377:Western Europe
316:
313:
307:while Guy was
198:
197:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
175:House of Anjou
172:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
151:
150:
145:
139:
137:
133:
132:
125:
121:
120:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
70:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3758:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3660:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
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3538:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3479:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3449:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3362:0-521-06163-6
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3255:9780521017473
3251:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3192:
3186:, p. 80.
3185:
3180:
3174:, p. 30.
3173:
3172:Runciman 1954
3168:
3162:, p. 21.
3161:
3160:Runciman 1954
3156:
3154:
3147:, p. 19.
3146:
3145:Runciman 1954
3141:
3134:
3133:Runciman 1952
3129:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3105:
3104:Runciman 1952
3100:
3093:
3088:
3081:
3080:Hamilton 2000
3076:
3069:
3068:Hamilton 2000
3064:
3062:
3054:
3053:Hamilton 2000
3049:
3042:
3041:Hamilton 2000
3037:
3030:
3029:Hamilton 2000
3025:
3018:
3017:Hamilton 2000
3013:
3006:
3005:Hamilton 2000
3001:
2994:
2993:Runciman 1952
2989:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2969:Runciman 1952
2965:
2958:
2957:Hamilton 2000
2953:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2940:Runciman 1952
2936:
2929:
2928:Hamilton 2000
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2907:Hamilton 2000
2903:
2896:
2895:Hamilton 1978
2891:
2889:
2887:
2879:
2878:Hamilton 2000
2874:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2841:Hamilton 2000
2837:
2830:
2829:Runciman 1952
2825:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2802:Hamilton 2000
2798:
2791:
2790:Hamilton 1978
2786:
2784:
2776:
2775:Hamilton 2000
2771:
2764:
2763:Hamilton 2000
2759:
2752:
2751:Runciman 1952
2747:
2740:
2739:Hamilton 2000
2735:
2728:
2727:Hamilton 2000
2723:
2716:
2715:Hamilton 2000
2711:
2704:
2703:Hamilton 2000
2699:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2673:
2672:Hamilton 2000
2668:
2661:
2660:Hamilton 2000
2656:
2649:
2648:Hamilton 2000
2644:
2637:
2636:Hamilton 2000
2632:
2625:
2624:Hamilton 1978
2620:
2613:
2612:Hamilton 2000
2608:
2606:
2598:
2597:Hamilton 1978
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2575:
2574:Hamilton 1978
2570:
2563:
2562:Hamilton 2000
2558:
2551:
2550:Hamilton 2000
2546:
2539:
2538:Hamilton 2000
2534:
2527:
2526:Hamilton 2000
2522:
2515:
2514:Hamilton 2000
2510:
2508:
2500:
2499:Hamilton 2000
2495:
2493:
2485:
2484:Hamilton 2000
2480:
2473:
2472:Hamilton 2000
2468:
2461:
2460:Hamilton 2000
2456:
2449:
2448:Hamilton 2000
2444:
2437:
2436:Hamilton 2000
2432:
2425:
2424:Hamilton 2000
2420:
2418:
2410:
2409:Runciman 1952
2405:
2398:
2397:Hamilton 2000
2393:
2386:
2385:Hamilton 2000
2381:
2374:
2373:Hamilton 2000
2369:
2367:
2359:
2358:Hamilton 2000
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:Hamilton 2000
2339:
2332:
2331:Hamilton 2000
2327:
2320:
2319:Hamilton 1978
2315:
2309:, p. 89.
2308:
2307:Hamilton 2000
2303:
2297:, p. 41.
2296:
2295:Hamilton 2000
2291:
2285:, p. 40.
2284:
2283:Hamilton 2000
2279:
2273:, p. 32.
2272:
2271:Hamilton 2000
2267:
2260:
2259:Hamilton 2000
2255:
2253:
2246:, p. 30.
2245:
2244:Hamilton 2000
2240:
2238:
2236:
2229:, p. 29.
2228:
2227:Hamilton 2000
2223:
2217:, p. 31.
2216:
2215:Hamilton 2000
2211:
2209:
2202:, p. 27.
2201:
2200:Hamilton 2000
2196:
2189:
2188:Hamilton 1978
2184:
2182:
2175:, p. 65.
2174:
2169:
2163:, p. 26.
2162:
2161:Hamilton 2000
2157:
2155:
2153:
2146:, p. 23.
2145:
2144:Hamilton 2000
2140:
2134:, p. 71.
2133:
2128:
2121:
2120:Hamilton 2000
2116:
2110:, p. 39.
2109:
2108:Hamilton 2000
2104:
2102:
2095:, p. 24.
2094:
2093:Hamilton 2000
2089:
2085:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:siege of Acre
2031:
2030:Third Crusade
2021:
2019:
2015:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1737:
1728:
1704:
1702:
1672:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1521:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1409:
1407:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1321:Maria Komnene
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1265:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1024:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1003:
994:
990:
987:
979:
977:
969:
967:
907:
905:
904:
897:
845:
843:
819:
817:
794:
791:
789:
788:
785:
778:
734:
731:
730:
726:
725:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
703:lord of Sidon
700:
694:
691:
687:
682:
678:
673:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
645:
636:
634:
630:
629:Le Chastellet
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
607:. A group of
606:
602:
597:
595:
590:
585:
580:
578:
574:
573:lord of Ramla
569:
565:
564:
554:
545:
543:
539:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
496:
493:
489:
485:
475:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
424:Maria Komnene
421:
420:heir apparent
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
379:and remained
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:, called the
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
284:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
212:
208:
204:
196:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
138:
134:
131:
126:
122:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3706:1160s births
3583:
3534:
3467:
3459:
3437:
3431:royal domain
3429:Merged into
3425:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3397:
3390:
3384:royal domain
3382:Merged into
3378:
3352:
3330:
3321:. Macmillan.
3318:
3287:
3264:
3244:
3224:
3217:Bibliography
3203:
3191:
3184:Hodgson 2007
3179:
3167:
3140:
3128:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2935:
2902:
2873:
2836:
2809:
2797:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2533:
2521:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2222:
2195:
2173:Hodgson 2007
2168:
2139:
2132:Hodgson 2007
2127:
2115:
2088:
2071:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2038:
2027:
2011:
1983:
1958:
1946:
1922:
1877:
1846:
1807:
1786:
1761:Kerak Castle
1758:
1750:
1583:
695:
674:
650:
598:
581:
561:
559:
526:
502:
480:
432:
389:
353:ruling class
318:
309:besieging it
285:
273:
237:King Amalric
234:
202:
201:
97:Co-sovereign
29:
3711:1190 deaths
3685:Catholicism
3673:Family tree
3624:Isabella II
3564:Baldwin III
3421:(1180-1186)
3412:(1176-1177)
2039:Itinerarium
341:Baldwin III
218: 1159
118: 1159
77:Predecessor
3700:Categories
3634:Conrad III
3594:Isabella I
3574:Baldwin IV
3549:Baldwin II
3478:Isabella I
3340:0241298768
3298:1843831988
2081:References
2045:Assessment
1966:at Cresson
1911:Coronation
1897:chancellor
709:; and the
686:his family
639:Remarriage
633:coronation
594:Baldwin II
484:Latin East
400:legitimate
392:High Court
367:-speaking
207:Old French
91:Isabella I
68:Coronation
3629:Conrad II
3579:Baldwin V
3554:Melisende
3544:Baldwin I
3465:1186-1190
3454:Baldwin V
3403:1176-1186
1942:acclaimed
1889:constable
1835:Accession
1798:Heraclius
688:had only
657:Philip II
653:Holy Week
609:crusaders
520:and King
435:King Fulk
416:Jerusalem
396:annulment
369:Catholics
315:Childhood
87:Successor
81:Baldwin V
62:1186–1190
3649:Henry II
3599:Conrad I
3517:Monarchs
3351:(1954).
3329:(1952).
3317:(1973).
2066:See also
1970:Nazareth
1962:Tiberias
1790:annulled
563:suo jure
548:Countess
542:abdicate
499:Marriage
428:Isabella
259:, Count
3604:Henry I
3584:Sibylla
3569:Amalric
3532:Godfrey
3519:of the
3392:Amalric
2018:Tortosa
1991:Antioch
1979:Tripoli
1938:regalia
1861:William
1802:Ascalon
1766:co-king
699:Raynald
625:Saladin
584:Baldwin
463:leprosy
363:, were
333:Baldwin
325:Amalric
289:Saladin
276:Baldwin
253:leprosy
203:Sibylla
35:Sibylla
3639:Hugh I
3609:Aimery
3426:Vacant
3379:Vacant
3359:
3337:
3305:
3295:
3271:
3252:
3231:
1895:; the
1893:Aimery
1873:Beirut
1867:, and
1853:Nablus
1770:homage
661:Ernoul
619:, and
605:Easter
589:Balian
443:regent
408:Ioveta
373:Levant
365:French
361:Franks
351:. The
257:regent
191:Mother
181:Father
136:Spouse
3468:with
3406:with
3303:JSTOR
2024:Death
2016:near
2014:Arwad
1968:near
1865:Ralph
1830:Reign
414:near
375:from
211:Sibyl
170:House
158:Issue
59:Reign
3614:Mary
3559:Fulk
3535:(as
3357:ISBN
3335:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3269:ISBN
3250:ISBN
3229:ISBN
2028:The
1857:Hugh
1849:Acre
1811:pope
1754:Tyre
681:coup
663:and
490:and
305:Acre
297:Tyre
280:coup
130:Acre
124:Died
111:Born
72:1186
3589:Guy
3470:Guy
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