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786:) is formed by the space between the muscles of the shoulder. The nerves and blood vessels of the arm travel through the armpit, and it possesses several sets of lymph nodes that are able to be examined. The armpit is formed by the pectoralis major and minor muscles at the front, the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles at the back, the serratus anterior muscle on its inner surface, and the intertubercular groove of the humerus on the outer side.
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affected arm is then adducted and the elbow is bent to 90 degrees. Slow and cautious passive lateral and/or medial rotations have the effect of being able to visualize different sections of the shoulder. In order to also demonstrate those parts which are hidden under the acromion in the neutral position, a maximum medial rotation with hyperextension behind the back is required.
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become a common initial choice for assessing tendons and soft tissues. Limitations include, for example, the high degree of operator dependence and the inability to define pathologies in bones. One also has to have an extensive anatomical knowledge of the examined region and keep an open mind to normal variations and artifacts created during the scan.
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deltoid assists in different movements of the shoulder - flexion (clavicular part), abduction (middle part) and extension (scapular part). The teres major attaches to the outer part of the back of the scapula, beneath the teres minor, and attaches to the upper part of the humerus. It helps with medial rotation of the humerus.
399:. This capsule is strengthened by the coracohumeral ligament which attaches the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus. There are also three other ligaments attaching the lesser tubercle of the humerus to lateral scapula and are collectively called the glenohumeral ligaments.
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of the humerus and the "socket" is formed by the glenoid cavity, the dish-shaped portion of the lateral scapula. The shallowness of the cavity and relatively loose connections between the shoulder and the rest of the body allows the arm to have tremendous mobility, at the expense of being much easier to
1488:"In terms of comparative anatomy the human scapula represents two bones that have become fused together; the (dorsal) scapula proper and the (ventral) coracoid. The epiphyseal line across the glenoid cavity is the line of fusion. They are the counterparts of the ilium and ischium of the pelvic girdle."
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Usually the echogenicity compared to the deltoid muscle is homogeneous intensified without dorsal echo extinction. Variability with reduced or intensified echo has also been found in healthy tendons. Bilateral comparison is very helpful when distinguishing and setting boundaries between physiological
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Adequate for the examination are high-resolution, high-frequency transducers with a transmission frequency of 5, 7.5, and 10 MHz. To improve the focus on structures close to the skin an additional "water start-up length" is advisable. During the examination the patient is asked to be seated, the
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on the ends of the bones (called articular cartilage) allows the bones to glide and move on each other, and the joint space is surrounded by a synovial membrane. Around the joint space are muscles - the rotator cuff, which directly surrounds and attaches to the shoulder joint - and other muscles that
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There are several advantages of ultrasound. It is relatively cheap, does not emit any radiation, is accessible, is capable of visualizing tissue function in real time, and allows the performance of provocative maneuvers in order to replicate the patient’s pain. Those benefits have helped ultrasound
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Medial rotation of the arm is most easily observed when the elbow is held at a 90-degree angle and the fingers are extended so they are parallel to the ground. Medial rotation occurs when the arm is rotated at the shoulder so that the fingers change from pointing straight forward to pointing across
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arise and exist in the shoulder region itself. The deltoid muscle covers the shoulder joint on three sides, arising from the front upper third of the clavicle, the acromion, and the spine of the scapula, and travelling to insert on the deltoid tubercle of the humerus. Contraction of each part of the
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MRIs can provide joint details to the treating orthopedist, helping them to diagnose and decide the next appropriate therapeutic step. To examine the shoulder, the patient should lay down with the concerned arm is in lateral rotation. For signal detection it is recommended to use a surface-coil. To
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that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. It is formed by the articulation between the head of the humerus and the lateral scapula (specifically-the glenoid cavity of the scapula). The "ball" of the joint is the rounded, medial anterior surface
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Downward rotation: pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, subclavius, latissimus dorsi (same as scapular depression, with pec major replacing lower fibers of trapezius); True
Adduction: latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor, pectoralis major, long head of triceps,
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When examining the rotator cuff, the MRA has a couple of advantages compared to the native MRI. Through a fat suppressed T2-weighted spin echo, MRA can reproduce an extreme high fat-water-contrast, which helps to detect water-deposits with better damage diagnosis in structurally changed collagen
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Kissin, Eugene Y.; Nishio, Jane; Yang, Mei; Backhaus, Marina; Balint, Peter V.; Bruyn, George AW.; Craig-Muller, Jurgen; d'Agostino, Maria A.; Feoktistov, Alexander; Goyal, Janak; Iagnocco, Annamaria; Ike, Robert W.; Moller, Ingrid; Naredo, Esperanza; Pineda, Carlos; Schmidt, Wolfgang A.; Swen,
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Tendons are predominantly composed of dense collagen fiber bundles. Because of their extreme short T2-relaxation time they appear typically signal-weak, respectively, dark. Degenerative changes, inflammations and also partial and complete tears cause loss of the original tendon structure. Fatty
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To accurately evaluate the echogenicity of an ultrasound, one has to take into account the physical laws of reflection, absorption and dispersion. It is at all times important to acknowledge that the structures in the joint of the shoulder are not aligned in the transversal, coronal or sagittal
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In 1999, Weishaupt D. et al. reached through two readers a significant better visibility of pulley lesions at the rotator interval and the expected location of the reflection pulley of the long biceps and subscapularis tendon on parasagittal (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/100%; specificity:
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Hodler et al. recommend starting scanning with conventional x-rays taken from at least two planes, since this method gives a wide first impression and even has the chance of exposing any frequent shoulder pathologies, i.e., decompensated rotator cuff tears, tendinitis calcarea, dislocations,
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is the second kind of cartilage in the shoulder which is distinctly different from the articular cartilage. This cartilage is more fibrous or rigid than the cartilage on the ends of the ball and socket. Also, this cartilage is also found only around the socket where it is attached.
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Movement of the shoulder in a circular motion so that if the elbow and fingers are fully extended the subject draws a circle in the air lateral to the body. In circumduction, the arm is not lifted above parallel to the ground so that "circle" that is drawn is flattened on top.
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find pathologies of the rotator cuff in the basic diagnostic investigation, T2-weighted sequences with fat-suppression or STIR sequences have proven value. In general, the examination should occur in the following three main planes: axial, oblique coronal and sagittal.
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The skin around the shoulder is supplied by C2-C4 (upper), and C7 and T2 (lower area). The brachial plexus emerges as nerve roots from the cervical vertebrae C5-T1. Branches of the plexus, in particular from C5-C6, supply the majority of the muscles of the shoulder.
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variants and a possible pathological finding. Degenerative changes at the rotator cuff often are found on both sides of the body. Consequently, unilateral differences rather point to a pathological source and bilateral changes rather to a physiological variation.
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The conventional invasive arthrography is nowadays being replaced by the non-invasive MRI and ultrasound, and is used as an imaging reserve for patients who are contraindicated for MRI, for example pacemaker-carriers with an unclear and unsure ultrasonography.
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Conventional x-rays and ultrasonography are the primary tools used to confirm a diagnosis of injuries sustained to the rotator cuff. For extended clinical questions, imaging through
Magnetic Resonance with or without intraarticular contrast agent is indicated.
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forelimbs are characterised by a high degree of mobility in the shoulder-thorax connection. Lacking a solid skeletal connection between the shoulder girdle and the vertebral column, the forelimb's attachment to the trunk is instead mainly controlled by
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than most other joints in the body. There is an approximately 4-to-1 disproportion in size between the large head of the humerus and the shallow glenoid cavity.The glenoid cavity is made deeper by the addition of the fibrocartilaginous ring of the
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In primates, the shoulder shows characteristics that differ from other mammals, including a well developed clavicle, a dorsally shifted scapula with prominent acromion and spine, and a humerus featuring a straight shaft and a spherical head.
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Orthopedics established the MRI early on as the tool of choice for joint- and soft tissue-imaging because of its non-invasiveness, lack of radiation exposure, multi planar slicing possibilities and the high soft tissue contrast.
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The opposite motion of scapular retraction. The scapula is moved anteriorly and laterally along the back, moving the arm and shoulder joint anteriorly. If both scapulae are protracted, the scapulae are separated and the
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The body has to be rotated about 30 to 45 degrees towards the shoulder to be imaged, and the standing or sitting patient lets the arm hang. This method reveals the joint gap and the vertical alignment towards the socket.
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Most morphological changes and injuries are sustained to the supraspinatus tendon. Traumatic rotator cuff changes are often located antero-superior, meanwhile degenerative changes more likely are supero-posterior.
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plane, and that therefore during imaging of the shoulder the transducer head has to be held perpendicularly or parallel to the structures of interest. Otherwise the appearing echogenicity may not be evaluated.
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A large muscle that arises from the spinous processes of the lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar and all sacral vertebrae, and posterior iliac crest. It attaches to the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
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which itself is a branch of the subclavian artery. The blood vessels form a network (anastamosis) behind the shoulder that helps to supply blood to the arm even when the axillary artery is compromised.
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suggests that rheumatologists who taught themselves how to manipulate ultrasound can use it just as well as international musculo-skeletal ultrasound experts to diagnose common rheumatic conditions.
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The scapula is moved posteriorly and medially along the back, moving the arm and shoulder joint posteriorly. Retracting both scapulae gives a sensation of "squeezing the shoulder blades together."
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Nanno; Tabechian, Darren; Wakefield, Richard J.; Wells, Alvin F.; Kaeley, Gurjit S. (2010). "Self directed learning of basic musculoskeletal ultrasound among rheumatologists in the United States".
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The lateral contour of the shoulder should be positioned in front of the film in a way that the longitudinal axis of the scapula continues parallel to the path of the rays. This method reveals:
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Arm abduction occurs when the arms are held at the sides, parallel to the length of the torso, and are then raised in the plane of the torso. This movement may be broken down into two parts:
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To avoid the different tendon echogenicities caused by different instrument settings, Middleton compared the tendon’s echogenicity with that of the deltoid muscle, which is still lege artis.
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While using MRI, true lesions at the rotator interval region between the parts of the supraspinatus and subscapularis are all but impossible to distinguish from normal synovium and capsule.
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After the introduction of high-frequency transducers in the mid-1980s, ultrasound has become a conventional tool for taking accurate and precise images of the shoulder to support diagnosis.
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deposits, mucous degeneration and hemorrhages lead to an increased intratendinal T1-image. Edema formations, inflammatory changes and ruptures increase the signals in a T2-weighted image.
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as it passes beyond the first rib. The axillary artery also supplies blood to the arm, and is one of the major sources of blood to the shoulder region. The other major sources are the
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This projection has a low tolerance for errors and, accordingly, needs proper execution. The Y-projection can be traced back to
Wijnblath’s 1933 published cavitas-en-face projection.
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at the beginning of arm elevation. The infraspinatus and the teres minor, along with the anterior fibers of the deltoid muscle, are responsible for external rotation of the arm.
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The scapula is lowered from elevation. The scapulae may be depressed so that the angle formed by the neck and shoulders is obtuse, giving the appearance of "slumped" shoulders.
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Most of its actions flex and rotate the head. In regards to the shoulder, however, it also aids in respiration by elevating the sternoclavicular joint when the head is fixed.
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Hedtmann A. et al.. Atlas und
Lehrbuch der Schultersonographie. Stuttgart. 1988@ Hodler J et al.. Gelenkdiagnostik mit bildgebenden Verfahren. Stuttgart . G. Thieme. 1992.
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Arend CF. Ultrasound of the
Shoulder. Porto Alegre: Master Medical Books; 2013. Free access to sample chapter on ultrasound technique to evaluate rotator cuff disorders at
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pectoralis major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, supraspinatus, deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major and minor, infraspinatus, long head of triceps
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surrounds the axillary artery and is formed from nerve roots from C5-T1. Branches of the plexus supply the shoulder region, although several other nerves play a role.
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Hedtmann, A.; Heers, G. (2007). "Bildgebende
Verfahren bei Rotatorenmanschettendefekten der Schulter" [Imaging techniques for rotator cuff of the shoulder].
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Arend, Carlos
Frederico (2013). "Top ten pitfalls to avoid when performing musculoskeletal sonography: What you should know before entering the examination room".
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The shoulder must be mobile enough for the wide range actions of the arms and hands, but stable enough to allow for actions such as lifting, pushing, and pulling.
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Mack, L. A.; Gannon, M. K.; Kilcoyne, R. F.; Matsen Ra, 3rd (1988). "Sonographic evaluation of the rotator cuff. Accuracy in patients without prior surgery".
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Weishaupt, D; Zanetti, M; Tanner, A; Gerber, C; Hodler, J (1999). "Lesions of the reflection pulley of the long biceps tendon. MR arthrographic findings".
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729:, the spinous process of the seventh cervical, and the spinous processes of all the thoracic vertebrae. It attaches to the outer clavicle, the
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and that hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity during movement. The cuff adheres to the glenohumeral capsule and attaches to the
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is a group of four muscles that surround the shoulder joint and contribute to the shoulder's stability. The muscles of the rotator cuff are
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The subclavian artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and directly from the aorta from the left. This becomes the
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permit smooth gliding between bone, muscle, and tendon. They cushion and protect the rotator cuff from the bony arch of the acromion.
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is an anatomical term given to the group of four muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder. These muscles are the
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Arises from the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae 1-4, and attaches to the upper part of the inner border of the scapula.
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Different portions of the fibers perform different actions on the scapula: depression, upward rotation, elevation, and retraction.
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Crass, J. R.; Craig, E. V.; Feinberg, S. B. (1988). "Ultrasonography of rotator cuff tears: A review of 500 diagnostic studies".
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Arises from the third, fourth, and fifth ribs, near their cartilage and inserts into the medial border and upper surface of the
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Imaging of the shoulder includes ultrasound, X-ray and MRI, and is guided by the suspected diagnosis and presenting symptoms.
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This muscle aids in respiration, medially rotates the scapula, protracts the scapula, and also draws the scapula inferiorly.
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Romaneehsen, B.; Kreitner, K.-F. (2005). "MRT-Bildgebung bei
Sehnenerkrankungen" [MRI imaging of tendon disorders].
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Wijnbladh, H (1933). "Zur Röntgendiagnose von
Schulterluxationen" [For X-ray diagnosis of shoulder dislocations].
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They are responsible for downward rotation of the scapula with the levator scapulae, as well as adduction of the scapula.
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The horizontal alignment of the humerus head in respect to the socket and the lateral clavicle in respect to the acromion
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The shoulder is the most mobile and potentially unstable joint in the body. Due to this, it is often prone to problems.
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fractures, usures, and/or osteophytes. Furthermore, x-rays are required for the planning of an optimal CT or MR image.
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T1 to T5 as well as from the spinous processes of the seventh cervical. They attach to the inner border of the scapula.
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Nové-Josserand L, Gerber C, Walch G (1997) Lesions of the antero-superior rotator cuff. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia
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Thelen M. et al.. Radiologische Diagnostik der Verletzungen von Knochen und Gelenken. Stuttgart . Georg Thieme. 1993.
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is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the scapula, humerus, and head of the
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The shoulder consists of a ball-and-socket joint formed by the humerus and scapula and their surrounding structures -
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288:- which support the bones and maintain the relationship of one to another. These supporting structures attach to the
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In addition, a dynamic examination can help to differentiate between an ultrasound artifact and a real pathology.
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Palmer, W E; Brown, J H; Rosenthal, D I (1993). "Rotator cuff: Evaluation with fat-suppressed MR arthrography".
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of these muscles converge to form the rotator cuff tendon. This tendon, along with the articular capsule, the
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Longo, Dan; Fauci, Anthony; Kasper, Dennis; Hauser, Stephen; Jameson, J.; Loscalzo, Joseph (August 11, 2011).
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Although musculoskeletal ultrasound training, like medical training in general, is a lifelong process, Kissin
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183:, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is the major joint of the shoulder, but can more broadly include the
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Preuschoft, Holger; Hohn, Bianca; Scherf, Heike; Schmidt, Manuela; Krause, Cornelia; Witzel, Ulrich (2010).
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Middleton, WD; Reinus, WR; Melson, GL; Totty, WG; Murphy, WA (1986). "Pitfalls of rotator cuff sonography".
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at the side of the chest and inserts along the entire anterior length of the medial border of the scapula.
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True abduction: supraspinatus (first 15 degrees), deltoid; Upward rotation: trapezius, serratus anterior
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that allows the arm to rotate in a circular fashion or to hinge out and up away from the body. The
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Seeger, L. L.; Lubowitz, J; Thomas, B. J. (1993). "Case report 815: Tear of the rotator interval".
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tendons join as a sheath that surrounds the biceps tendon at the entrance of the bicipital groove.
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University of Michigan Medical School module on movements of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand
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Scientific Keys Volume I, The Key Muscles of Hatha Yoga, Ray Long MD FRCSC, Third Edition, p. 174
888:. This tremendous range of motion also makes the shoulder extremely unstable, far more prone to
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It fixes the scapula into the thoracic wall and aids in rotation and abduction of the shoulders.
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The humerus is rotated out of the plane of the torso so that it points backwards (posteriorly)
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of the scapula, which raises the humerus above the shoulders until it points straight upwards.
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Arm adduction is the opposite motion of arm abduction. It can be broken down into two parts:
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Matava, M. J.; Purcell, D. B.; Rudzki, J. R. (2005). "Partial-Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears".
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The humerus is rotated out of the plane of the torso so that it points forward (anteriorly).
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90%/70%) and axial (reader1/reader2 sensitivity: 86%/93%; specificity: 90%/80%) MRA images.
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Hodler J et al.. Gelenkdiagnostik mit bildgebenden Verfahren. Stuttgart . G. Thieme. 1992.
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subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, anterior fibers of deltoid
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supplies blood to the arm and is one of the major sources of blood for the shoulder region.
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complex, blend into a confluent sheet before insertion into the humeral tuberosities. The
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320:(or glenohumeral joint), between the humerus and the glenoid process of the scapular. The
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The osseous margins of the coraco-acromial arch and hence the supraspinatus outlet canal
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latissimus dorsi and teres major, long head of triceps, posterior fibers of the deltoid
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The left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and the proper ligaments of the scapula
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of the arm, which takes the humerus from parallel to the spine to perpendicular; and
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Middleton, W. D.; Edelstein, G; Reinus, W. R.; Melson, G. L.; Murphy, W. A. (1984).
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Middleton, W. D.; Reinus, W. R.; Totty, W. G.; Melson, C. L.; Murphy, W. A. (1986).
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is a soft tissue envelope that encircles the glenohumeral joint and attaches to the
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Middleton, WD; Edelstein, G; Reinus, WR; Melson, GL; Totty, WG; Murphy, WA (1985).
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370:(also known as the glenohumeral joint) is the main joint of the shoulder. It is a
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2105:(21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2010. p. 1069.
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pectoralis major, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, anterior fibers of deltoid.
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Favard, Luc; Bacle, Guillaume; Berhouet, Julien (2007). "Rotator cuff repair".
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Lesions of the anterior and posterior socket border, or of the tuberculum minus
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pectoralis minor, lower fibers of the trapezius, subclavius, latissimus dorsi
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The muscles and joints of the shoulder allow it to move through a remarkable
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2224:
1818:
1780:
1108:
609:
It depresses the lateral clavicle and also acts to stabilize the clavicle.
481:
473:
453:
431:
262:
238:
2950:
2872:
2664:
2656:
2618:
2541:
2502:
2467:
2428:
2419:
2402:
676:
It is capable of rotating the scapula downward and elevating the scapula.
4037:
3601:
3487:
3412:
3313:
3175:
3160:
3054:
508:
444:
324:
and sternoclavicular joint also play a role in shoulder movements. White
254:
175:
The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder
172:(upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons.
3025:
2335:
4452:
3457:
3330:
3281:
3155:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3039:
2864:
1494:
593:
2326:
206:. The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint.
27:
This article is about the part of the human body. For other uses, see
4052:
3429:
3308:
3145:
1199:
1192:
877:
716:
599:
1603:"shoulder - definition of shoulder in English | Oxford Dictionaries"
145:
3539:
3437:
3192:
3125:
2595:"Ultrasonography of the rotator cuff: Technique and normal anatomy"
2444:"Ultrasonographic evaluation of the rotator cuff and biceps tendon"
1468:
1464:
1451:
1270:
The arm should be abducted 80 to 100 degrees. This method reveals:
641:
305:
289:
277:
161:
2677:
crass 1984 @Katthagen BD. et al.. Schultersonographie. Stuttgart.
4335:
3770:
3372:
3318:
3264:
3254:
3140:
1472:
1191:
When this type of cartilage starts to wear out (a process called
1116:
806:
553:
Muscles from the chest wall that contribute to the shoulder are:
436:
297:
293:
226:
222:
199:
195:
169:
165:
814:
46:
4727:
4544:
4253:
4210:
4149:
4083:
3387:
3362:
3303:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3230:
3170:
3150:
3015:
492:
392:
285:
281:
230:
2592:
2400:
2366:
Allen, G.M; Wilson, D.J (2001). "Ultrasound of the shoulder".
2050:
1713:(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. pp. 414–416.
194:, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the
3820:
3693:
3535:
3467:
3447:
3397:
3377:
3367:
3323:
3269:
3259:
3245:
3202:
3130:
2133:(18 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 2184–2186.
1920:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. Archived from
1873:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. Archived from
1852:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002. Archived from
881:
313:
176:
79:
2893:
1296:
The horizontal centralization of the humerus head and socket
946:
serratus anterior (prime mover), pectoralis minor and major
4609:
3811:
3472:
3462:
3452:
3382:
3235:
3217:
3135:
3120:
3115:
2963:
2523:
1550:
1177:
1076:
infraspinatus and teres minor, posterior fibers of deltoid
582:
2642:
2441:
794:
58:
4182:
4087:
3543:
3477:
3442:
3349:
3187:
3182:
3165:
1476:
1392:
Longitudinal ultra sonography of the supraspinatus tendon
810:
Nerve roots that supply sensation to the shoulder and arm
536:
In addition to the four muscles of the rotator cuff, the
2311:
1402:
Transversal ultra sonography of the supraspinatus tendon
2760:
665:
Arises from the transverse processes of the first four
63:
Capsule of shoulder-joint (distended). Anterior aspect.
2744:
Katthagen BD. et al.. Schultersonographie. Stuttgart.
2448:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2128:
2272:"Musculoskeletal ultrasound - used to best advantage"
2928:
2850:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
960:
levator scapulae, the upper fibers of the trapezius
818:
Nerves that supply sensation to the shoulder and arm
3534:
2798:
2054:
Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence
2051:David R. Shaffer; Katherine Kipp (1 January 2013).
1796:
1758:
1737:. Johns Hopkins Orthopaedic Surgery. Archived from
598:Located beneath the clavicle, originating from the
2480:
1280:The eventual non-closure of the acromial apophysis
1188:is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear.
767:Adducts, extends and rotates the humerus inwards.
2269:
2187:
1850:"Movements of the Upper Limb — Introduction"
1257:AP-projection 40° posterior oblique after Grashey
4797:
3778:
1711:Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health Vol. 1
329:help provide stability and facilitate movement.
2044:
880:, rotate, be raised in front of and behind the
476:. Together, these keep the humeral head in the
3670:Glenohumeral (superior, middle, and inferior)
2638:
2636:
2103:Davidson's principles and practice of medicine
2080:"Shoulder | Orthopedics & Sports Medicine"
2002:
2000:
1977:
1975:
1912:
1910:
1865:
1863:
4068:
3520:
3070:
2966:"Functional Analysis of the Primate Shoulder"
2794:
2792:
2403:"Sonographic detection of rotator cuff tears"
2202:
2032:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002
2010:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002
1985:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002
1960:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002
1938:. University of Michigan Medical School. 2002
957:The scapula is raised in a shrugging motion.
581:Originates on the surface of the upper eight
3045:NIH (article includes text from this source)
1686:Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology
1073:The opposite of medial rotation of the arm.
213:is the main joint of the shoulder. It is a
2633:
2562:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2365:
2077:
2022:
1997:
1972:
1950:
1928:
1907:
1860:
789:
4075:
4061:
3527:
3513:
3084:
3077:
3063:
2789:
2738:
2526:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
2131:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2989:
2418:
2334:
2237:
3040:Video of the shoulder carriage in motion
1792:
1790:
1397:
1387:
1195:), the joint becomes painful and stiff.
1132:
1122:
1115:, the shoulders broaden in males during
926:rhomboideus major, minor, and trapezius
850:
813:
805:
793:
443:
435:
357:
2155:"Rotator Cuff Tears - OrthoInfo - AAOS"
14:
4798:
4082:
2270:Broadhurst, N. A.; Simmons, N (2007).
1887:
1708:
1683:
1330:Transaxillary conventional radiography
1137:Anatomical studies of the shoulder by
4056:
3508:
3058:
2693:
2124:
2122:
2097:
2095:
2078:Ballestrini, Christine (2017-07-27).
1871:"Scapular Protraction and Retraction"
1787:
1752:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1342:Y-projection conventional radiography
480:, preventing upward migration of the
332:Two filmy sac-like structures called
2970:International Journal of Primatology
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1597:
1595:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1502:
1467:bone in reptiles and birds, and the
884:and move through a full 360° in the
2057:. Cengage Learning. pp. 191–.
1918:"Scapular Elevation and Depression"
1799:American Journal of Sports Medicine
24:
2119:
2092:
897:terms used for different movements
25:
4822:
3971:Superficial transverse metacarpal
3009:
2645:American Journal of Roentgenology
2599:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
2407:American Journal of Roentgenology
2008:"Arm Medial and Lateral Rotation"
1624:
1592:
1567:
3798:Interosseous membrane of forearm
3024:
3014:
2908:10.1097/00004424-199907000-00004
2534:10.1097/00003086-198809000-00005
2460:10.2106/00004623-198668030-00020
1509:
1446:
1335:
1323:
1311:
826:
532:Muscles from the shoulder region
526:
395:. It is lined by a thin, smooth
233:. It is lined by a thin, smooth
57:
45:
2957:
2943:10.1148/radiology.188.3.8351333
2922:
2887:
2844:
2835:
2754:
2722:
2687:
2671:
2586:
2570:
2517:
2474:
2435:
2394:
2359:
2305:
2263:
2250:
2231:
2171:
2147:
2071:
1881:
1253:views of the shoulder include:
943:muscles are squeezed together.
425:
362:Cross-section of shoulder joint
160:is made up of three bones: the
4463:extensor carpi radialis longus
4390:flexor digitorum superficialis
3616:Inferior transverse of scapula
2483:Journal of Clinical Ultrasound
2368:European Journal of Ultrasound
1842:
1833:
1727:
1702:
1688:. Elsevier. pp. 246–260.
1166:fractures of the upper humerus
1156:of shoulder bones can include
1097:
13:
1:
3029:The dictionary definition of
2763:Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie
2696:European Journal of Radiology
2380:10.1016/S0929-8266(01)00140-9
2315:Arthritis Care & Research
1888:Modric, Jan (22 April 2016).
1607:Oxford Dictionaries | English
1561:
1347:
1176:Shoulder problems, including
892:and injury than other joints
3611:Superior transverse scapular
1890:"Shoulder Muscles Functions"
1773:10.1016/j.jbspin.2007.08.003
895:The following describes the
671:medial border of the scapula
440:Shoulder anatomy, front view
418:, in which the long head of
271:
7:
4673:flexor digiti minimi brevis
2708:10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.01.022
2276:Australian Family Physician
1983:"Arm Flexion and Extension"
1556:Milwaukee shoulder syndrome
1521:
1283:The coraco-humeral interval
1148:
863:
448:Shoulder anatomy, back view
412:greater tubercle of humerus
404:transverse humeral ligament
300:, the latter providing the
202:, and the head sits in the
10:
4827:
4415:flexor digitorum profundus
3966:Deep transverse metacarpal
3574:Posterior sternoclavicular
1525:
1225:
1126:
1102:
837:transverse cervical artery
513:musculotendinous junctions
484:caused by the pull of the
429:
351:
257:. The cuff adheres to the
168:(shoulder blade), and the
26:
4760:
4735:
4726:
4693:
4655:
4617:
4608:
4583:
4543:
4492:
4441:
4432:
4398:
4358:
4349:
4334:
4297:
4252:
4224:
4196:
4181:
4148:
4103:
4094:
4025:
4002:
3979:
3956:
3917:
3859:
3819:
3810:
3769:
3737:
3719:
3701:
3692:
3650:
3592:
3569:Anterior sternoclavicular
3559:
3550:
3428:
3348:
3339:
3244:
3216:
3106:
3092:
2982:10.1007/s10764-010-9399-1
2813:10.1007/s00132-005-0809-6
2775:10.1007/s00393-006-0121-9
2611:10.7863/jum.1984.3.12.549
2217:10.1007/s00132-007-1138-8
1302:The shape of the acromion
1220:Nerve entrapment syndrome
935:(aka scapular abduction)
920:(aka scapular adduction)
773:
138:
126:
114:
102:
90:
78:
73:
68:
56:
44:
39:
29:Shoulder (disambiguation)
4640:abductor pollicis brevis
4524:extensor pollicis longus
4519:extensor pollicis brevis
4514:abductor pollicis longus
3890:Interosseous intercarpal
1811:10.1177/0363546505280213
1709:Wexler, Barbara (2006).
1266:Transaxillary projection
1251:Projectional radiography
1245:
790:Nerve supply and passage
406:, which passes from the
347:
2896:Investigative Radiology
1171:
1107:Under the influence of
843:, both branches of the
322:acromioclavicular joint
316:of the shoulder is the
185:acromioclavicular joint
4678:abductor digiti minimi
4668:opponens digiti minimi
4635:flexor pollicis brevis
4484:extensor carpi ulnaris
4479:extensor digiti minimi
4420:flexor pollicis longus
3932:Palmar carpometacarpal
3927:Dorsal carpometacarpal
3086:Human regional anatomy
2495:10.1002/jcu.1870160506
1684:Bogart, Bruce (2007).
1541:Sternoclavicular joint
1528:anatomical terminology
1500:
1430:
1410:
1403:
1393:
1142:
860:
819:
811:
803:
783:
753:Elevates the scapula.
549:Muscles from the front
497:coracohumeral ligament
449:
441:
416:intertubercular groove
363:
140:Anatomical terminology
4553:bicipital aponeurosis
4380:flexor carpi radialis
3023:at Wikimedia Commons
2657:10.2214/ajr.146.3.555
2420:10.2214/ajr.144.2.349
1924:on 29 September 2017.
1613:on September 29, 2016
1485:
1401:
1391:
1136:
1123:Clinical significance
854:
817:
809:
797:
683:Muscles from the back
669:and inserts into the
602:and inserting on the
501:glenohumeral ligament
447:
439:
372:ball and socket joint
361:
215:ball and socket joint
4747:extensor retinaculum
4385:flexor carpi ulnaris
1215:Shoulder dislocation
1210:Impingement syndrome
1158:clavicular fractures
841:suprascapular artery
735:spine of the scapula
700:They arise from the
261:and attaches to the
259:glenohumeral capsule
4575:antebrachial fascia
4509:anatomical snuffbox
4320:triangular interval
4277:intermuscular septa
4169:infraspinous fascia
4164:supraspinous fascia
3981:Metacarpophalangeal
3739:Proximal radioulnar
2030:"Arm Circumduction"
1877:on 13 January 2018.
1586:The Free Dictionary
1011:of the scapula and
845:thyrocervical trunk
644:(cleido-), and the
632:sternocleidomastoid
542:teres major muscles
474:head of the humerus
4811:Upper limb anatomy
4777:palmar aponeurosis
4772:flexor retinaculum
4752:extensor expansion
4596:osborne's ligament
4474:extensor digitorum
4410:pronator quadratus
4310:quadrangular space
4244:articularis cubiti
3885:Palmar intercarpal
3880:Dorsal intercarpal
3833:Palmar radiocarpal
3829:Dorsal radiocarpal
3675:Transverse humeral
2865:10.1007/BF00197147
2853:Skeletal Radiology
1856:on 5 January 2018.
1526:This article uses
1457:serratus lateralis
1404:
1394:
1162:scapular fractures
1143:
1019:coracobrachialis.
861:
820:
812:
804:
706:thoracic vertebrae
667:cervical vertebrae
450:
442:
364:
310:coracoid processes
229:, and head of the
164:(collarbone), the
85:articulatio humeri
4793:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4647:adductor pollicis
4630:opponens pollicis
4604:
4603:
4539:
4538:
4428:
4427:
4330:
4329:
4177:
4176:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
3943:Radial collateral
3851:Radial collateral
3842:Palmar ulnocarpal
3838:Dorsal ulnocarpal
3821:Wrist/radiocarpal
3806:
3805:
3793:Dorsal radioulnar
3788:Palmar radioulnar
3780:Distal radioulnar
3765:
3764:
3711:Radial collateral
3688:
3687:
3627:Acromioclavicular
3594:Acromioclavicular
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3019:Media related to
2327:10.1002/acr.20063
2159:www.orthoinfo.org
2140:978-0-07-174889-6
2112:978-0-7020-3085-7
2064:978-1-111-83452-4
1720:978-1-4144-0374-8
1695:978-1-4160-3165-9
1537:(Pectoral girdle)
1503:Additional images
1497:- 'Last's Anatomy
1408:
1407:
1318:CR. shoulay film.
1182:rotator cuff tear
1139:Leonardo da Vinci
1129:Shoulder problems
1095:
1094:
1009:downward rotation
899:of the shoulder:
771:
770:
727:ligamentum nuchae
702:spinous processes
680:
679:
604:subclavian groove
577:serratus anterior
397:synovial membrane
326:hyaline cartilage
235:synovial membrane
154:
153:
149:
16:(Redirected from
4818:
4765:
4740:
4733:
4732:
4615:
4614:
4531:extensor indicis
4497:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4403:
4363:
4356:
4355:
4347:
4346:
4315:triangular space
4206:coracobrachialis
4194:
4193:
4101:
4100:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4054:
4053:
3948:Ulnar collateral
3847:Ulnar collateral
3817:
3816:
3776:
3775:
3729:Ulnar collateral
3699:
3698:
3632:Coracoclavicular
3561:Sternoclavicular
3557:
3556:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3346:
3345:
3277:Vertebral column
3079:
3072:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3028:
3018:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2758:
2752:
2742:
2736:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2691:
2685:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2640:
2631:
2630:
2590:
2584:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2338:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2290:. Archived from
2267:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2200:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1761:Joint Bone Spine
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1609:. Archived from
1599:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1546:Chip on shoulder
1513:
1498:
1461:levator scapulae
1384:
1383:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1068:Lateral rotation
941:pectoralis major
902:
901:
759:latissimus dorsi
746:levator scapulae
731:acromion process
721:Arises from the
687:
686:
661:levator scapulae
636:Attaches to the
621:coracoid process
615:pectoralis minor
606:of the clavicle.
556:
555:
511:fuse near their
198:attaches to the
146:edit on Wikidata
143:
61:
49:
37:
36:
34:Part of the body
21:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4781:
4761:
4756:
4736:
4722:
4689:
4685:palmaris brevis
4651:
4600:
4579:
4535:
4493:
4488:
4458:brachioradialis
4442:
4424:
4399:
4394:
4375:palmaris longus
4359:
4338:
4326:
4293:
4272:brachial fascia
4267:axillary fascia
4262:axillary sheath
4248:
4234:triceps brachii
4220:
4185:
4173:
4144:
4090:
4081:
4051:
4042:
4021:
4004:Interphalangeal
3998:
3975:
3958:Intermetacarpal
3952:
3919:Carpometacarpal
3913:
3855:
3802:
3761:
3733:
3715:
3684:
3646:
3588:
3584:Costoclavicular
3579:Interclavicular
3546:
3533:
3503:
3494:
3424:
3335:
3240:
3212:
3102:
3088:
3083:
3012:
3007:
2962:
2958:
2927:
2923:
2892:
2888:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2797:
2790:
2759:
2755:
2743:
2739:
2727:
2723:
2692:
2688:
2676:
2672:
2641:
2634:
2591:
2587:
2575:
2571:
2555:
2554:
2522:
2518:
2479:
2475:
2440:
2436:
2399:
2395:
2364:
2360:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2236:
2232:
2201:
2188:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1958:"Arm Adduction"
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1936:"Arm Abduction"
1934:
1933:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1894:ehealthstar.com
1886:
1882:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1795:
1788:
1757:
1753:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1682:
1625:
1616:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1580:
1579:
1568:
1564:
1535:Shoulder girdle
1531:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1449:
1443:fiber bundles.
1433:
1425:
1413:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1248:
1228:
1205:Frozen shoulder
1174:
1151:
1131:
1125:
1105:
1100:
1053:Medial rotation
991:upward rotation
870:range of motion
866:
857:axillary artery
833:axillary artery
829:
800:brachial plexus
792:
776:
733:, and into the
697:(work together)
646:mastoid process
640:(sterno-), the
623:of the scapula.
529:
434:
428:
408:lesser tubercle
356:
350:
274:
150:
64:
52:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4824:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4621:
4619:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4591:cubital tunnel
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4558:common tendons
4555:
4549:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4449:
4447:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4370:pronator teres
4366:
4364:
4353:
4344:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4159:deltoid fascia
4155:
4153:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3985:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3909:Pisometacarpal
3906:
3900:Pisiform joint
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3875:Radiate carpal
3872:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3680:Glenoid labrum
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3629:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3606:Coracoacromial
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3035:at Wiktionary
3011:
3010:External links
3008:
3006:
3005:
2976:(2): 301–320.
2956:
2921:
2886:
2843:
2834:
2788:
2753:
2737:
2721:
2702:(11): 1933–9.
2686:
2670:
2632:
2605:(12): 549–51.
2585:
2569:
2516:
2473:
2434:
2393:
2358:
2304:
2262:
2258:ShoulderUS.com
2249:
2230:
2211:(9): 796–809.
2186:
2170:
2146:
2139:
2118:
2111:
2091:
2070:
2063:
2043:
2021:
1996:
1971:
1949:
1927:
1906:
1880:
1859:
1841:
1832:
1805:(9): 1405–17.
1786:
1751:
1726:
1719:
1701:
1694:
1623:
1591:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1491:
1448:
1445:
1432:
1429:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1244:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1173:
1170:
1150:
1147:
1127:Main article:
1124:
1121:
1113:growth hormone
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:true adduction
1005:
998:
997:
994:
987:True abduction
983:
976:
975:
972:
969:
962:
961:
958:
955:
948:
947:
944:
936:
928:
927:
924:
921:
913:
912:
909:
906:
886:sagittal plane
865:
862:
828:
825:
791:
788:
775:
772:
769:
768:
765:
761:
755:
754:
751:
748:
742:
741:
738:
723:occipital bone
719:
713:
712:
709:
698:
695:rhomboid minor
691:rhomboid major
678:
677:
674:
663:
657:
656:
653:
634:
628:
627:
624:
617:
611:
610:
607:
596:
590:
589:
586:
579:
573:
572:
567:
562:
538:deltoid muscle
528:
525:
486:deltoid muscle
478:glenoid cavity
430:Main article:
427:
424:
420:biceps brachii
382:glenoid labrum
368:shoulder joint
354:Shoulder joint
352:Main article:
349:
346:
341:glenoid labrum
318:shoulder joint
302:glenoid cavity
273:
270:
211:shoulder joint
204:glenoid cavity
181:shoulder joint
152:
151:
142:
136:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
51:Human shoulder
50:
42:
41:
33:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4823:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4618:lateral volar
4616:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4542:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4133:subscapularis
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:infraspinatus
4121:
4119:
4118:supraspinatus
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Carpal tunnel
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Coracohumeral
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2803:(in German).
2802:
2801:Der Orthopäde
2795:
2793:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2765:(in German).
2764:
2757:
2751:
2750:3-13-719401-6
2747:
2741:
2735:
2734:3-13-780501-5
2731:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2684:
2683:3-13-719401-6
2680:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2651:(3): 555–60.
2650:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2624:
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2616:
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2608:
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2600:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2582:3-13-778701-7
2579:
2573:
2565:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:(234): 21–7.
2527:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2489:(5): 313–27.
2488:
2484:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2454:(3): 440–50.
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2413:(2): 349–53.
2412:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:(2): 155–60.
2320:
2316:
2308:
2294:on 2017-10-07
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2242:(in German).
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2207:(in German).
2206:
2205:Der Orthopäde
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2184:
2183:3-13-780501-5
2180:
2174:
2160:
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2009:
2003:
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1984:
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1911:
1895:
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1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1741:on 2011-11-20
1740:
1736:
1735:"labrum tear"
1730:
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1712:
1705:
1697:
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1458:
1453:
1447:Other animals
1444:
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1208:
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1198:
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1189:
1187:
1186:supraspinatus
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1083:circumduction
1080:
1079:
1075:
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1057:
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984:
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904:
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900:
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893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
858:
853:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:Blood vessels
824:
816:
808:
801:
796:
787:
785:
781:
766:
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692:
689:
688:
685:
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664:
662:
659:
658:
654:
652:of the skull.
651:
650:temporal bone
647:
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550:
546:
543:
539:
534:
533:
527:Other muscles
524:
522:
521:subscapularis
518:
517:supraspinatus
514:
510:
506:
505:infraspinatus
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:subscapularis
467:
463:
462:infraspinatus
459:
458:supraspinatus
455:
446:
438:
433:
423:
421:
417:
414:, covers the
413:
409:
405:
400:
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283:
279:
269:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:infraspinatus
248:
247:subscapularis
244:
243:supraspinatus
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
219:joint capsule
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:human anatomy
188:
186:
182:
178:
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83:
81:
77:
72:
67:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
30:
19:
4762:
4737:
4705:
4694:intermediate
4656:medial volar
4557:
4494:
4444:superficial:
4443:
4400:
4361:superficial:
4360:
4341:compartments
4304:
4276:
4188:compartments
4113:rotator cuff
4095:
3936:
3895:Scapholunate
3752:Oblique cord
3703:Humeroradial
3652:Glenohumeral
3551:
3357:
3226:Adam's apple
3031:
3013:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2937:(3): 683–7.
2934:
2930:
2924:
2902:(7): 463–9.
2899:
2895:
2889:
2859:(8): 615–7.
2856:
2852:
2846:
2837:
2807:(6): 543–9.
2804:
2800:
2769:(8): 681–7.
2766:
2762:
2756:
2740:
2724:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2673:
2648:
2644:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2572:
2558:cite journal
2525:
2519:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2336:2318/1613112
2318:
2314:
2307:
2296:. Retrieved
2292:the original
2282:(6): 430–2.
2279:
2275:
2265:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2233:
2208:
2204:
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2158:
2149:
2130:
2102:
2083:. Retrieved
2073:
2053:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
1987:. Retrieved
1962:. Retrieved
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1930:
1922:the original
1897:. Retrieved
1893:
1883:
1875:the original
1854:the original
1844:
1835:
1802:
1798:
1767:(6): 551–7.
1764:
1760:
1754:
1743:. Retrieved
1739:the original
1729:
1710:
1704:
1685:
1615:. Retrieved
1611:the original
1606:
1585:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1450:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
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1357:
1355:
1351:
1305:
1291:
1288:Y-projection
1269:
1260:
1249:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1190:
1175:
1152:
1144:
1109:testosterone
1106:
1082:
1067:
1052:
1039:
1025:
1015:of the arm.
1012:
1008:
1002:
990:
986:
980:
966:
952:
932:
917:
908:Description
894:
867:
830:
821:
778:The armpit (
777:
682:
681:
569:
564:
559:
552:
548:
547:
535:
531:
530:
515:, while the
490:
482:humeral head
454:rotator cuff
451:
432:Rotator cuff
426:Rotator cuff
401:
386:
365:
338:
331:
275:
267:
263:humeral head
239:rotator cuff
208:
189:
174:
157:
155:
109:A01.1.00.020
84:
4140:teres major
4128:teres minor
4038:Ulnar canal
3861:Intercarpal
3721:Humeroulnar
3602:Syndesmoses
1098:Development
1070:of the arm
1055:of the arm
933:protraction
890:dislocation
509:teres minor
466:teres minor
312:. The main
255:teres minor
74:Identifiers
4800:Categories
4738:posterior:
4706:interossei
4663:hypothenar
4453:mobile wad
4216:brachialis
4012:Collateral
3989:Collateral
3904:Pisohamate
3393:Fingernail
2374:(1): 3–9.
2298:2015-05-05
2164:2021-02-05
2085:2022-05-04
2036:7 December
2014:7 December
1989:7 December
1964:7 December
1942:7 December
1745:2010-05-16
1617:2016-11-04
1582:"shoulder"
1562:References
1495:R. J. Last
1348:Ultrasound
1059:the body.
967:depression
918:retraction
594:subclavius
565:Attachment
499:, and the
156:The human
4763:anterior:
4701:lumbrical
4504:supinator
4434:posterior
4226:posterior
3866:Midcarpal
3636:trapezoid
3540:ligaments
3309:Genitalia
3032:shoulders
3021:Shoulders
2931:Radiology
1200:Arthritis
1193:arthritis
1154:Fractures
1141:(ca.1510)
1040:extension
1003:adduction
981:abduction
965:Scapular
953:elevation
951:Scapular
931:Scapular
916:Scapular
717:trapezius
600:first rib
491:The four
422:travels.
377:dislocate
278:ligaments
272:Structure
18:Shoulders
4806:Shoulder
4563:extensor
4351:anterior
4239:anconeus
4198:anterior
4096:Shoulder
3757:Quadrate
3623:Synovial
3552:Shoulder
3438:Buttocks
3358:Shoulder
3193:Mandible
3126:Forehead
3000:20495602
2916:10399636
2881:35097650
2829:31680316
2821:15905994
2783:17106667
2716:23478008
2550:22544061
2511:22480015
2388:11567849
2345:20191513
2288:17565399
2225:17713757
1899:11 April
1827:29959313
1819:16127127
1781:17993287
1522:See also
1492:—
1473:primates
1469:clavicle
1465:coracoid
1452:Tetrapod
1149:Fracture
911:Muscles
864:Function
839:and the
642:clavicle
570:Function
306:acromion
290:clavicle
162:clavicle
158:shoulder
40:Shoulder
4336:Forearm
4282:lateral
4108:deltoid
4086:of the
4084:Muscles
3771:Forearm
3660:Capsule
3542:of the
3483:Toenail
3373:Forearm
3319:Scrotum
3265:Midriff
3255:Abdomen
3248:(Trunk)
3198:Occiput
3141:Eyebrow
2991:2860095
2951:8351333
2873:8291016
2665:3511639
2627:7231393
2619:6392585
2542:3044661
2503:3152389
2468:3512571
2429:3880983
2353:6868647
2240:Chirurg
1226:Imaging
1117:puberty
1103:Puberty
1026:flexion
704:of the
648:of the
638:sternum
493:tendons
410:to the
389:capsule
298:scapula
294:humerus
286:tendons
282:muscles
227:humerus
223:scapula
200:scapula
196:humerus
170:humerus
166:scapula
97:D012782
69:Details
4728:fascia
4716:palmar
4711:dorsal
4625:thenar
4568:flexor
4545:fascia
4467:brevis
4305:spaces
4287:medial
4254:fascia
4211:biceps
4150:fascia
4017:Palmar
3994:Palmar
3747:Anular
3641:conoid
3536:Joints
3418:Little
3408:Middle
3388:Finger
3363:Axilla
3304:Pelvis
3297:Nipple
3292:Breast
3287:Thorax
3231:Throat
3208:Temple
3171:Tongue
3151:Eyelid
2998:
2988:
2949:
2914:
2879:
2871:
2827:
2819:
2781:
2748:
2732:
2714:
2681:
2663:
2625:
2617:
2580:
2548:
2540:
2509:
2501:
2466:
2427:
2386:
2351:
2343:
2286:
2246:: 702.
2223:
2181:
2137:
2109:
2061:
1825:
1817:
1779:
1717:
1692:
1358:et al.
1184:. The
1164:, and
878:adduct
874:abduct
784:axilla
774:Armpit
725:, the
393:biceps
334:bursae
296:, and
253:, and
237:. The
231:biceps
179:. The
177:joints
4584:other
4495:deep:
4401:deep:
4298:other
4026:Other
3938:thumb
3694:Elbow
3468:Ankle
3448:Thigh
3403:Index
3398:Thumb
3378:Wrist
3368:Elbow
3341:Limbs
3324:Vulva
3314:Penis
3270:Navel
3260:Waist
3246:Torso
3203:Scalp
3176:Tooth
3161:Mouth
3131:Cheek
2877:S2CID
2825:S2CID
2623:S2CID
2546:S2CID
2507:S2CID
2349:S2CID
1823:S2CID
1246:X-ray
905:Name
882:torso
780:Latin
348:Joint
314:joint
144:[
133:25202
80:Latin
4610:Hand
4465:and
3812:Hand
3538:and
3488:Sole
3473:Heel
3463:Foot
3458:Calf
3453:Knee
3413:Ring
3383:Hand
3331:Anus
3282:Back
3236:Nape
3218:Neck
3156:Nose
3136:Chin
3121:Face
3116:Hair
3108:Head
3100:Skin
3094:Body
2996:PMID
2947:PMID
2912:PMID
2869:PMID
2817:PMID
2779:PMID
2746:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2712:PMID
2679:ISBN
2661:PMID
2615:PMID
2578:ISBN
2564:link
2538:PMID
2499:PMID
2464:PMID
2425:PMID
2384:PMID
2341:PMID
2284:PMID
2221:PMID
2179:ISBN
2135:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2059:ISBN
2038:2010
2016:2010
1991:2010
1966:2010
1944:2010
1901:2017
1815:PMID
1777:PMID
1715:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1551:Ambe
1477:bats
1475:and
1459:and
1178:pain
1172:Pain
1111:and
1081:Arm
1038:Arm
1024:Arm
1001:Arm
979:Arm
855:The
798:The
693:and
583:ribs
560:Name
540:and
519:and
507:and
468:and
452:The
402:The
387:The
366:The
339:The
308:and
209:The
104:TA98
92:MeSH
4183:Arm
4088:arm
3544:arm
3478:Toe
3443:Hip
3430:Leg
3350:Arm
3188:Jaw
3183:Ear
3166:Lip
3146:Eye
2986:PMC
2978:doi
2939:doi
2935:188
2904:doi
2861:doi
2809:doi
2771:doi
2704:doi
2653:doi
2649:146
2607:doi
2530:doi
2491:doi
2456:doi
2415:doi
2411:144
2376:doi
2331:hdl
2323:doi
2213:doi
1807:doi
1769:doi
1471:in
1431:MRA
1411:MRI
190:In
187:.
128:FMA
121:139
116:TA2
4802::
3625::
3604::
2994:.
2984:.
2974:31
2972:.
2968:.
2945:.
2933:.
2910:.
2900:34
2898:.
2875:.
2867:.
2857:22
2855:.
2823:.
2815:.
2805:34
2791:^
2777:.
2767:65
2710:.
2700:82
2698:.
2659:.
2647:.
2635:^
2621:.
2613:.
2601:.
2597:.
2560:}}
2556:{{
2544:.
2536:.
2505:.
2497:.
2487:16
2485:.
2462:.
2452:68
2450:.
2446:.
2423:.
2409:.
2405:.
2382:.
2372:14
2370:.
2347:.
2339:.
2329:.
2319:62
2317:.
2280:36
2278:.
2274:.
2219:.
2209:36
2189:^
2157:.
2121:^
2094:^
1999:^
1974:^
1909:^
1892:.
1862:^
1821:.
1813:.
1803:33
1801:.
1789:^
1775:.
1765:74
1763:.
1626:^
1605:.
1594:^
1584:.
1569:^
1479:.
1168:.
1160:,
1119:.
876:,
782::
464:,
460:,
384:.
304:,
292:,
284:,
280:,
265:.
249:,
245:,
225:,
4343:)
4339:(
4190:)
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4152::
4076:e
4069:t
4062:v
3940::
3911:)
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3840:/
3831:/
3643:)
3634:(
3528:e
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3078:e
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3064:v
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2953:.
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2918:.
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2883:.
2863::
2831:.
2811::
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2227:.
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2167:.
2143:.
2115:.
2088:.
2067:.
2040:.
2018:.
1993:.
1968:.
1946:.
1903:.
1829:.
1809::
1783:.
1771::
1748:.
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1698:.
1620:.
1588:.
1530:.
737:.
673:.
148:]
31:.
20:)
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