212:(BIM). The automatic clash detection identified several clashes that were missed by the subcontractors, who were performing this task manually. Also, the manual clash detection identified clashes which could not possibly be found by the automatic clash detection software, since one of the clashing objects (e.g. cable trays) was not modeled in the BIM. This study also included site observations of field detected clashes, some of which were not identified in either manual or automatic processes. Leite noted that the combination of clashes identified in coordination meetings, those automatically detected, as well as those identified in the field enable identification of objects that need to be modeled in order to capture the largest possible number of clashes. This paper was limited to the comparison of types of clashes identified in each of the three methods during a specific project. Although their results cannot be generalized, they still provide insight towards the need to identify what needs to be modeled in a BIM for MEP coordination prior to the start of the coordination process.
20:
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have been an increasing number of
Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) firms utilizing building information models (BIM) in their coordination and clash detection processes, which according to practitioners, allows for increased coordination and fewer field problems. Leite et al. compared types of clashes identified in a manual coordination process (overlay of 2D drawings on a light table by pairs of subcontractors) and through automatic clash detection using a
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the installation information and confirm they are furnishing compatible equipment and proper layout of services. Review of installation information for major equipment should be reviewed with field supervisors including the project superintendent, trade foremen and field engineer. Installation of major equipment will dictate structural clearances and temporary openings.
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Most jobsite dimensions, such as the dimensions between two surfaces on the jobsite, need to be verified. A dimension may be shown on the construction drawings, but the actual dimension may vary, from very small to large increments, depending on jobsite conditions. It is extremely important that the
108:
of the product, prior to fabrication. References to the construction documents, drawings, and specifications assist the architect and engineer in their review of the shop drawings. Attachment of manufacturer’s material specifications, “catalog cut sheets,” and other manufacturer’s information may be
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under their contract with the owner. The shop drawing is the manufacturer’s or the contractor’s drawn version of information shown in the construction documents. The shop drawing normally shows more detail than the construction documents. It is drawn to explain the fabrication and/or installation of
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Third party review may be required for major building systems. An example of this would be a commercial chiller which would be furnished by the mechanical contractor, but would require electrical connections, plumbing, rigging, insulation and commissioning. Various third parties will need to review
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Problems with design coordination, such as time consumption and ineffectiveness related to the current 2D paper-based process, are some of the top concerns of a general contractor, since late conflict correction increases the potential for errors in the field. In order to address this issue, there
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Dimensions, manufacturing conventions, and special fabrication instructions should be included on the shop drawing. It should be clear to fabrication personnel what will be manufactured from the shop drawings alone. The construction documents are rarely used as a reference in fabrication, with the
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Notes concerning changes or differences from the original documents should be made on the shop drawing for the architect’s and engineer’s approval. Ultimately, they are responsible for changes in these drawings and should have the opportunity to analyze any modifications. A dialogue should occur
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Because writing comments on eight to ten copies is a tedious process and an inefficient use of the architect and engineer's time, they will frequently specify other methods for distributing comments. Quick review is essential during the approval process. Any method that facilitates this, while
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the items to the manufacturer’s production crew or contractor's installation crews. The style of the shop drawing is usually very different from that of the architect’s drawing. The shop drawing’s primary emphasis is on the particular product or installation and excludes
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fabricated item arrive on the jobsite ready to be installed without field modification. Special care must be taken by the contractor to measure and verify dimensions. In new construction, plan dimensions usually are sufficient for ordering many fabricated items such as
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Corrections are made by the architect and engineer, and the shop drawing is corrected by the supplier, then the appropriate number of copies is distributed. This method can be time consuming, as the shop drawing is not approved until the corrections are made on it.
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Shop drawings are required, in various forms, depending upon the practice of the architect and engineer. A specific number of copies may be required by the specification. An example distribution of the completed and corrected shop drawings may include the:
361:(CRSI) has developed standard symbols, graphics, and formats for shop drawings and cut sheets that generally are used by reinforcing steel fabricators. Each fabricator, has particular style for shop drawings and cut sheets, depending on the drafts people and
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providing ample opportunity for comment and complete distribution, should be considered. Although a procedure may be specified in the contract drawings, most architects and engineers are open to suggestions and innovations that speed up the process.
349:. The reinforcing bars are cut to length and bent to specific configurations. The shop drawing and the accompanying “cut sheet” lists the quantity, sizes, lengths, and shapes of the reinforcing bar. This information is provided for review by the
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The architect and engineer make comments on the reproducible, then copies are distributed. This method facilitates the timely approval and distribution of the shop drawing. Review comments usually are obvious on the reproducible copy. When
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millwork and casework, find application in projects including commercial offices, retail stores, parks, hotels, shopping malls, restaurants, upholstery for furniture items, lightings, display counters, racks and shelves, mantelpieces etc.
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descriptions in the specifications and construction drawings. The shop drawing often is more detailed than the information shown in the construction documents to give the architect and engineer the opportunity to review the
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Installation information for electrical connections for chiller unit with surface mounted starter. Installation information will need to be reviewed with electrical and plumbing trades to coordinate third-party service
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Steel reinforcement for a foundation wall opening. This shop drawing will require the builder and mechanical engineer to specify the opening size for an air-intake and exhaust louvers to be placed in the concrete
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Leite, F.; Akinci, B.; Garrett, J. (2009) Identification of data items needed for automatic clash detection in MEP design coordination. In: Proceedings of the 2009 Construction
Research Congress, Seattle,
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between the fabricator and the architect and engineer about any areas needing clarification. Successful installations are the result of collaboration between the designer, fabricator, and contractor.
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list for the contractor, upon delivery the typical project has thousands of pieces of reinforcing steel that need to be organized for storage and installation; and placement by the ironworker. The
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Concrete reinforcing is one of the many items requiring specialized shop drawings for the fabrication of the material. Concrete reinforcing is custom-fabricated from 60-foot-long
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helpful to accompany these drawings. Because shop drawings facilitate the architect’s and engineer’s approval of the product, they should be as clear and complete as possible.
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Some fabricators and manufacturers will provide symbols, data, or instructions concerning installation. This can include a list of other materials, such as
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components. Examples of these include: elevators, structural steel, trusses, pre-cast concrete, windows, appliances, cabinets, air handling units, and
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and casework suppliers, prefer not to rely on the contractor’s verification and will verify the dimensions with their own personnel.
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trades such as sheet metal ductwork, piping, plumbing, fire protection, and electrical. Shop drawings are produced by
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Crowder, R.M.; Heath, I.; Gaskell, D.; Hall, W.; Bernard, R. (1996). "A hypermedia maintenance information system".
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to ensure that sufficient reinforcing is being supplied; fabrication of the bar by the supplier’s shop; an
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work, it is essential that field dimensions be verified prior to fabrication. Some fabricators, such as
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concerning other products and installations, unless integration with the subject product is necessary.
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transfer. Comments can be made by the designer in a bold font or changes can be boxed for emphasis.
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copies are used, the reproduction of the sepia often is not as clear as a normal blue-line print.
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VKR Kodur (1999). "Performance-based fire resistance design of concrete-filled steel columns".
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The shop drawings should include information for the architect and engineer to compare to the
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Popular CAD platforms used for generating shop drawings are
Advance Steel,
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65:. Also critical are the installation and coordination shop drawings of the
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Computer-aided
Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Design Coordination
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Notes of changes or alterations from the construction documents
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Indication of dimensions needing verification from the jobsite
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fabricators relying on the shop drawing for all information.
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systems. Examples of software used are
Advance Concrete,
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are utilized, the review can be made from a CD, email or
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Comparison information for the architect and engineer
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Information required to be included in Shop
Drawings
260:Submittal of one or two copies of the shop drawing
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519:"Project Management Information Control Systems"
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179:, appropriate but not included for the product.
41:is a drawing or set of drawings produced by the
286:When the supplier and designer have compatible
195:with the shop drawing, primarily for color and
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57:. Shop drawings are typically required for
477:Computing & Control Engineering Journal
122:Information needed to fabricate the product
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269:Submittal of a copy that can be reproduced
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418:"Construction Management & Economics"
570:Journal of Constructional Steel Research
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524:. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
290:or when universal file formats such as
240:Architect—field copy or inspection copy
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341:Shop drawings in concrete reinforcing
167:Placement or installation information
359:Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
246:Consulting engineer—inspection copy
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387:Specification (technical standard)
255:Supplier—original copy or one copy
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191:Some fabrications will require a
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638:Biological data visualization
582:10.1016/S0143-974X(99)00003-6
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243:Consulting engineer—file copy
234:Owner—file or inspection copy
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517:S Shahid; T Froese (1998).
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678:Mathematical visualization
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210:Building Information Model
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673:Information visualization
658:Educational visualization
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849:Charles-René de Fourcroy
698:Scientific visualization
625:of technical information
282:Compatible CAD software
199:selection of finishes.
1494:Construction documents
1269:Christopher R. Johnson
821:Technical illustration
708:Software visualization
544:Cite journal requires
443:Cite journal requires
423:. Taylor & Francis
416:R Pietroforte (1997).
392:Technical illustration
34:
25:
1163:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
976:Edward Walter Maunder
900:Charles Joseph Minard
718:User interface design
693:Product visualization
363:Computer-aided design
252:Contractor—field copy
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22:
1499:Building engineering
1443:Scientific modelling
1418:Information graphics
1158:Clifford A. Pickover
1108:William S. Cleveland
1016:Henry Norris Russell
1001:Howard G. Funkhouser
945:Florence Nightingale
910:Francis Amasa Walker
806:Statistical graphics
728:Volume visualization
703:Social visualization
489:10.1049/cce:19960305
249:Contractor—file copy
106:fabricator’s version
1423:Information science
1386:in computer science
1178:Sheelagh Carpendale
1113:George G. Robertson
950:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
885:André-Michel Guerry
761:Graph of a function
756:Engineering drawing
351:structural engineer
237:Architect—file copy
1463:Volume cartography
1227:Early 21st century
1123:Catherine Plaisant
1118:Bruce H. McCormick
1072:Mary Eleanor Spear
1062:Arthur H. Robinson
996:Arthur Lyon Bowley
969:Early 20th century
816:Technical drawings
688:Molecular graphics
663:Flow visualization
653:Data visualization
373:, ProConcrete and
53:, consultants, or
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1504:Technical drawing
1481:
1480:
1458:Visual perception
1408:Graphic organizer
1381:Computer graphics
1352:
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1334:Martin Wattenberg
1309:Hanspeter Pfister
1264:Martin Krzywinski
1188:Jock D. Mackinlay
1168:Thomas A. DeFanti
1091:Late 20th century
1011:Ejnar Hertzsprung
713:Technical drawing
323:Creo Elements/Pro
16:Technical drawing
1511:
1468:Volume rendering
1453:Visual analytics
1448:Spatial analysis
1428:Misleading graph
1279:David McCandless
1254:Gordon Kindlmann
1218:Alfred Inselberg
1213:Leland Wilkinson
1148:Michael Friendly
1082:Howard T. Fisher
1045:Mid 20th century
986:W. E. B. Du Bois
890:William Playfair
880:Adolphe Quetelet
854:Joseph Priestley
837:Pre-19th century
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801:Skeletal formula
668:Geovisualization
643:Chemical imaging
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347:reinforcing bars
335:Tekla Structures
225:Number of copies
193:sample submittal
142:precast concrete
138:structural steel
49:, manufacturer,
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1413:Imaging science
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1193:Alan MacEachren
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648:Crime mapping
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59:prefabricated
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51:subcontractor
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1433:Neuroimaging
1393:CPK coloring
1376:Color coding
1314:Hans Rosling
1294:Miriah Meyer
1259:Aaron Koblin
1244:Jeffrey Heer
1138:Edward Tufte
1133:Pat Hanrahan
1103:Nigel Holmes
981:Otto Neurath
920:Oliver Byrne
868:19th century
573:
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537:cite journal
526:. Retrieved
497:
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436:cite journal
425:. Retrieved
371:MicroStation
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288:CAD software
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101:prescriptive
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39:shop drawing
38:
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33:connections.
1366:Cartography
1304:Ade Olufeko
1274:Manuel Lima
1203:Kwan-Liu Ma
1128:Stuart Card
1098:Borden Dent
1036:Erwin Raisz
991:Henry Gantt
71:contractors
1488:Categories
1289:John Maeda
1067:John Tukey
1031:Harry Beck
1026:Fritz Kahn
776:Photograph
528:2007-02-23
427:2007-02-23
398:References
331:Solidworks
153:renovation
149:remodeling
55:fabricator
43:contractor
1371:Chartjunk
1339:Bang Wong
1234:Polo Chau
940:John Snow
915:John Venn
796:Schematic
781:Pictogram
576:: 21–36.
355:inventory
177:adhesives
173:fasteners
75:suppliers
24:openings.
1357:Related
766:Ideogram
381:See also
327:Inventor
80:notation
63:millwork
47:supplier
1239:Ben Fry
751:Diagram
367:AutoCAD
311:AutoCAD
216:Reviews
197:texture
187:Samples
157:cabinet
1359:topics
830:People
737:Image
631:Fields
811:Table
746:Chart
739:types
522:(PDF)
421:(PDF)
319:CATIA
315:Revit
276:sepia
786:Plot
550:help
449:help
333:and
151:and
73:and
771:Map
578:doi
502:WA.
485:doi
304:FTP
300:DWG
298:or
296:PDF
292:IFC
175:or
147:In
140:or
67:MEP
1490::
574:51
572:.
558:^
541::
539:}}
535:{{
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615:e
608:t
601:v
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487::
481:7
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447:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
