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335:, and the force of heavy loads overhead during ship transits. Additionally, although the two ends of a container are extremely strong, the roof is not. In the case of a 20 feet (6.1 m)-long container, the roof is built and tested only to withstand a 300 kilograms (660 lb) load, applied to an area of 61 cm by 30.5 cm (2 ft by 1 ft) in the weakest part of the roof. Companies inspect containers, and condemn them if they present cracked welds, twisted frames, or pin holes, among other faults.
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plans for constructing shipping container housing and shelters by laying out some very basic architectural concepts. Regardless, the patent may not have represented novel invention at its time of filing. Paul
Sawyers previously described extensive shipping container buildings used on the set of the 1985 film
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1154:
to standardize the intermodal shipping unit. CONEX containers may or may not meet the requirements of local building codes. As they are not field erected, a registered engineer or architect must verify that the containers comply with the structural requirements of the building code. The 2021 ICC code
1111:
in the last two decades. These manufactured goods come to North
America from Asia and, to a lesser extent, Europe, in containers that often have to be shipped back empty, or "deadhead", at considerable expense. It is often cheaper to buy new containers in Asia than to ship old ones back. Therefore,
338:
Shipping containers possess the capacity to be organized into modular arrangements, thereby creating expansive structures. Nevertheless, deviating from the established standard dimensions, typically 20 feet (6.1 m) or 40 feet (12 m) in length, can engender inefficiencies in terms of both
1421:
The roof load test is 660 lbs over an area of 2' x 1' applied to the weakest part of the roof. The load is usually applied at the center of the containers positioned with the 2' dimension aligned longitudinally. Thus the roof is able to support an imposed load of a minimum of 330 lbs/sq. ft. The
1162:
on
November 23, 1987, described as "Method for converting one or more steel shipping containers into a habitable building at a building site and the product thereof". This patent was granted August 8, 1989 as patent 4854094. The patent documentation shows what are possibly the earliest recorded
1056:
1182:, containers saw considerable nonstandard uses, not only as makeshift shelters, but also for housing of US soldiers. The shipping containers were equipped with air conditioning units and provided shelter as well as protection from artillery shelling.
361:
for shipping container homes can be troublesome in regions where municipalities are not familiar with shipping container architecture, because the use of steel for construction is usually for industrial rather than residential structures. In the
1170:
Other examples of earlier container architecture concepts include a 1977 report entitled "Shipping
Containers as Structural Systems", investigating the feasibility of using 20 feet (6.1 m) shipping containers as structural elements by the
231:
Due to their shape and material, shipping containers have the ability to be customized in many different ways and can be modified to fit various purposes. Standardized dimensions and various interlocking mechanisms make these containers
1189:, with holes cut in the containers to allow for ventilation. Containers continue to be used for military shelters, often additionally fortified by adding sandbags to the side walls, to protect against weapons such as
494:
plants. This use of containers creates a cost-effective, modular, and customizable solution to on-site wastewater treatment, eliminating the need for construction of a separate building to house the treatment system.
402:. If shipping containers are repurposed for human habitation, these floors should be safely removed, disposed, and replaced. Because shipping containers can carry a wide variety of industrial cargo, spillages or
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Because shipping containers are designed to be stacked in high columns and to carry heavy loads, they are also strong and durable. They are designed to resist harsh environments, such as those on
240:. This also simplifies any extensions to the structure as new containers can easily be added on to create larger structures. When empty, shipping containers can be stacked up to 12 units high.
544:
In 2010, German architect and production designer Stefan Beese used six 12 metres (39 ft)-long shipping containers to create a large viewing deck and VIP lounge area for the
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339:
temporal and financial resources. Containers surpassing the 40 feet (12 m) length threshold may encounter challenges during navigation within residential vicinities.
288:
shipping containers, thousands of kilograms of steel are saved. For example, a 12 metres (39 ft) long shipping container weighs over 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb).
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2.7 metres (8.9 ft) on each side, creating two balconies that are prime viewing locations. Each container was perforated with cutouts spelling the word "VOODOO".
284:
Shipping container construction requires fewer resources, meaning the quantity of traditional building materials needed (e.g. bricks and cement) are reduced. When
2038:
Helsel, Sand 'Future Shack: Sean
Godsell's prototype emergency housing redeploys the ubiquitous shipping container' Architecture Australia, September–October 2001
1487:
510:, a cargo container–based pre-fabricated home company. In 2007, Logical Homes created its flagship project, the Aegean, for the Computer Electronics Show in
502:
designed the first two-story shipping container home in the U.S., as an approved structural system under the strict guidelines of the nationally recognized
1405:
1650:
1463:"US Patent for System and method of manufacturing transportable buildings Patent (Patent # 10,633,877 issued April 28, 2020) - Justia Patents Search"
406:
may also occur inside the container, and will have to be cleaned before habitation. Before human habitation, ideally all internal surfaces should be
223:
The use of containers as building materials has been growing in popularity due to their strength, wide availability, low cost, and eco-friendliness.
281:
more affordable. Depending on the desired specifications and materials used, a container home will often cost less compared to a traditional house
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The transportation and construction of shipping container structures can be expensive due to size and weight, and often require the use of
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The abundance and relative cheapness of these containers during the last decade comes from the deficit in manufactured goods coming from
525:, London. Developing the concept further, Auro Foxcroft constructed recycled shipping container architecture that incorporated retired
68:
1853:"Tältä näyttää Suomen ensimmäinen siirrettävä moduulivankila – Oulun poliisilaitoksen väistötilat saivat käyttöönottoluvan torstaina"
274:, attachments must be welded or drilled to the outer skin, which is more time-consuming, and requires different job site equipment.
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75:
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Grand Stand and VIP Lounge made from
Shipping Containers for the 2009 and 2010 Voodoo Music Experiences, City Park, New Orleans.
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As a result of their widespread use, new and used shipping containers are available globally. This availability makes building
1623:
366:, some shipping container homes have been built outside of various city zoning areas, where no building permits are required.
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Containers used for human occupancy in an environment with extreme temperature variations will normally have to be better
2099:
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1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1964:
Bergmann, Buchmeier, Slawik, Tinney (2010). Container Atlas: A Practical Guide to
Container Architecture. p. 256.
1959:
1949:
556:. The containers double as storage space for other festival components throughout the year. The two top containers are
247:. Shipping containers conform to standard shipping sizes, which makes pre-fabricated modules easily transportable by
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with superstructures made out of shipping containers received media attention amid speculation about their purpose.
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450:, he converted a shipping container into an office space in the early 1990s. The conversion process is described in
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479:. The firm has gone on to complete additional container-based building projects, with more underway. In 2006, the
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487:, the biggest container village in the world: 1,000 student homes from modified shipping containers from China.
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formed by stacked containers, on 69 hectares (170 acres) of land, between the airport and the central part of
2336:
2331:
1333:"Are Container Homes Sustainable? | 5 Great Ways to Make an Eco-Friendly Container Home | Container Home Hub"
82:
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Myers, Steven Lee 'From Soviet-Era Flea Market to a Giant
Makeshift Mall', The New York Times, May 19, 2006
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new applications are sought for the used containers that have reached their North
American destination.
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design is easily capable of supporting the basic snow loads of 30 lbs per sq. ft. evenly distributed.
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Containers have been utilized by architects and individuals to build diverse structures, including
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is almost entirely composed of double-stacked containers. It is popular with travelers coming from
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Shipping containers stacked to form a semi-permanent wall at an iron ore mine in
Western Australia
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Shipping container construction is still less expensive than conventional construction, despite
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The use, size, location and appearance of structures based on shipping containers vary widely.
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In 2007, entrepreneur Brian McCarthy developed prototypes of shipping container housing for
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Sawyers, Paul (2005, 2008). Intermodal Shipping Container Small Steel Buildings. p 116.
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It has been rumored that some shipping containers were used for transportation of Iraqi
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being considered specialized labor (which usually increases construction costs). Unlike
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reopened in a series of shipping containers, months after it had been destroyed in the
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472:
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Illustration of the structure of Container City showing how the containers are stacked.
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248:
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189:
1984:
Kramer, Sibylle (2014). The Box Architectural Solutions with Containers. p. 182.
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In 2002, standard ISO shipping containers began to be modified for use as stand-alone
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In the United Kingdom, walls of containers filled with sand have been used as large
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2017:
1880:"Architect in Italy turns shipping containers into hospitals for treating Covid-19"
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123:
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Minguet, Josep Maria (2013). Sustainable Architecture: Containers2. p. 111.
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very well. Humidity can also affect steel structures, so when moist interior air
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350:. This is in contrast to more traditional construction materials like brick or
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237:
1898:"2019 ICC G5 GUIDELINE FOR THE SAFE USE OF ISO CONTAINERS | ICC DIGITAL CODES"
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1672:"Costa Mesa Waldorf School is Made From 32 Recycled Shipping Containers"
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1380:"5 Reasons why Shipping Container Homes are Popular in Other countries"
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to protect against flying debris from exploding ceramic insulators in
2210:
1750:"This shopping mall in Seoul is made entirely of shipping containers"
1355:"Why and How Shipping Container Houses are Environmentally-Friendly?"
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and temporary secure spaces on construction sites and other venues.
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In 2000, the firm Urban Space Management completed a project called
24:
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1994:
Broto, Carles (2015). Radical Container Architecture. p. 240.
1829:
1605:"World's largest shipping container shopping mall pops up in Seoul"
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506:(UBC). Named the Redondo Beach House, it inspired the creation of
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Starbucks stores (e.g. 6350 N. Broadway, Chicago, IL 60660 USA)
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1567:"Starbucks opens store made from recycled shipping containers"
1521:"Is Google building a hulking floating data center in SF Bay?"
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needed a place to assemble the material he would use to write
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to bare metal, and re-painted with a non-toxic paint system.
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Buildings constructed using modules, like shipping containers
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area. A pop-up shopping mall, Common Ground, was created in
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used in manufacture, might also be harmful to human health.
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shipping quarantine requirements, most container floors are
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398:(30–37%) when manufactured. Chromium and arsenic are known
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A remote office constructed with a used shipping container.
1944:
Kotnik, Jure (2008). Container Architecture. p. 240.
1488:"Shipping containers could be 'dream' homes for thousands"
540:
Application in the Live Event & Entertainment Industry
212:". This form of architecture is often associated with the
1624:"Vancouver social housing built from shipping containers"
1492:
1046:
1359:
Eco-friendly, Pre-built and Mobile Tiny House I Popuphut
1590:"Boxing clever: The firms based in shipping containers"
951:
Intermodal sealed storage on ships, trucks, and trains
749:, London, in 2011, followed by other locations in the
733:
that devastated the city's central business district.
517:
In 2006, Village Underground constructed a series of
1406:"Shipping containers and Building Code Requiremrnts"
1236:
737:
has also built a store using shipping containers. A
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1543:
1201:Shipping container architecture has inspired the
1067:about shipping container housing for students in
2323:
1800:"Broadway & Devon: Starbucks Coffee Company"
1213:), in addition to being featured in episodes of
1518:
1384:Neuvasa: Fully Furnished Luxury Container Homes
636:Empty shipping containers are commonly used as
327:While in service, containers may be damaged by
2060:
1621:
1143:. Additionally, containers have found use as
789:Shipping containers have also been used as:
655:or organized market in Europe is made up of
131:station built using an intermodal container.
1717:"A New Use for Shipping Containers: Stores"
1564:
1158:Phillip C. Clark filed for a United States
2067:
2053:
1877:
1410:www.residentialshippingcontainerprimer.com
785:Shipping container as a roundabout artwork
552:, as a substitute for typical grand stand
324:if the steel is not sealed and insulated.
2074:
1923:Shipping Containers as Structural Systems
1436:"Hotel changes the landscape of building"
1155:was amended to address CONEX containers.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2022:10.5949/liverpool/9780973007336.001.0001
1850:
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1039:units in temporary hospitals during the
998:Aviation maintenance facilities for the
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498:In 2006, Southern California Architect
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2283:Container Shipping Information Service
2011:
1714:
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1047:Alternative Housing & Architecture
973:away, as photo journalized during the
2048:
1715:Garone, Elizabeth (3 November 2014).
1622:Constantineau, Bruce (31 July 2013).
1544:Matthew Backhouse (29 October 2011).
710:for the cheap prices and plethora of
1878:Wainwright, Oliver (27 March 2020).
1602:
1512:
1352:
1165:Space Rage Breakout on Prison Planet
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2100:Bureau International des Containers
1651:"Building a Fire Training Facility"
1587:
1519:Daniel Terdiman (25 October 2013).
1496:. 24 September 2008. Archived from
1434:Cookson, Robert (21 January 2009).
1150:CONEX containers were developed by
13:
1933:
1546:"Container mall open for business"
1331:Dawson, Rachel (3 November 2021).
930:temporary containment (ventilated)
483:company Tempohousing finished, in
188:(shipping containers) as the main
14:
2358:
2012:Broeze, Frank (1 December 2000).
1851:Aaltonen, Riikka (14 July 2017).
58:"Shipping container architecture"
2305:
2118:
1775:"Escape From An Eritrean Prison"
1239:
291:
158:
147:
23:
2288:Shipping container architecture
2014:The Globalisation of the Oceans
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1694:"Container Art Studio Building"
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1565:Falk, Tyler (17 January 2012).
1558:
671:", and officially known as the
175:Shipping container architecture
34:needs additional citations for
2016:. Liverpool University Press.
1603:Wong, Lucy (8 November 2016).
1588:Fry, Simon (26 January 2017).
1537:
1480:
1455:
1427:
1398:
1372:
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954:House foundations on unstable
858:Moveable exhibition spaces on
316:against the steel, it becomes
168:Stacked reefer container homes
1:
1317:
764:
226:
2095:Intermodal freight transport
1353:Kiil, Rene (11 April 2021).
919:Portable Modular Data Center
804:Emergency hurricane shelters
775:Portable Modular Data Center
620:Shipping container store in
492:on-site wastewater treatment
369:
192:. It is also referred to as
7:
2110:Twenty-foot equivalent unit
1859:(in Finnish). Oulu, Finland
1232:
1079:Shipping container cottage.
421:
10:
2363:
1825:"Shipping Container Hotel"
1281:Containerized housing unit
1000:United States Marine Corps
609:
593:
2301:
2255:
2224:
2191:Rubber tyred gantry crane
2168:
2127:
2116:
2082:
1301:Shipping container clinic
1191:rocket-propelled grenades
683:and maintenance workers.
602:Brisk trade in Bishkek's
414:released from paint, and
308:structures because steel
1196:
673:Seventh-Kilometer Market
644:in the countries of the
279:tiny or container houses
2347:Prefabricated buildings
1209:) and Container Homes (
577:electricity substations
546:Voodoo Music Experience
521:artists' workspaces in
272:wood-frame construction
2293:Sun Modular Datacenter
2232:Refrigerated container
1296:Prefabricated building
1104:
1092:
1080:
1072:
915:Sun Modular Datacenter
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778:
773:A 40 feet (12 m)
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140:
132:
2342:Intermodal containers
2076:Intermodal containers
1205:series Containables (
1098:
1086:
1078:
1062:
1028:Battery storage units
1002:when loaded onto the
985:Construction trailers
784:
772:
619:
601:
566:
504:Uniform Building Code
460:
429:
376:Australian government
186:intermodal containers
138:
126:
2337:Building engineering
2332:Architectural styles
2312:Transport portal
1008:SS Curtiss (T-AVB-4)
911:Modular data centers
745:was also created in
739:pop-up shopping mall
667:. Informally named "
43:improve this article
2247:Flat rack container
2105:ISO 6346 (BIC code)
1721:Wall Street Journal
1674:. 30 September 2014
1533:on 30 October 2013.
1500:on 12 December 2008
1306:Tiny house movement
1261:Alternative housing
1004:SS Wright (T-AVB-3)
992:site accommodations
975:Pakistan Long March
808:thoroughbred horses
536:workers in Mexico.
452:How Buildings Learn
447:How Buildings Learn
333:handling collisions
245:ocean-going vessels
214:tiny-house movement
2216:Container spreader
1551:New Zealand Herald
1467:patents.justia.com
1256:Affordable housing
1203:reality television
1141:emergency shelters
1105:
1093:
1081:
1073:
830:Emergency shelters
794:Affordable housing
787:
779:
679:and employs 1,200
634:
608:
569:
527:London Underground
473:Trinity Buoy Wharf
463:
432:
218:sustainable living
190:structural element
141:
133:
2319:
2318:
2031:978-0-9730073-3-6
1902:codes.iccsafe.org
1804:www.starbucks.com
1223:Amazing Interiors
1063:News report from
1060:
1041:COVID-19 pandemic
1032:Temporary prisons
963:/stairwell shafts
924:Experimental labs
895:Recording studios
824:Military training
820:training facility
813:Concession stands
582:In October 2013,
300:than most brick,
264:metal fabrication
202:portmanteau words
119:
118:
111:
93:
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2206:Terminal tractor
2201:Straddle carrier
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2090:Containerization
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1276:Containerization
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1187:prisoners of war
1101:reefer container
1089:reefer container
1065:Voice of America
1061:
995:Exploration camp
834:School buildings
735:Starbucks Coffee
675:, it has 16,000
468:Container City I
408:abrasive blasted
359:building permits
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30:
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2275:
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2145:Double-stack
2013:
1917:
1907:19 September
1905:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1884:The Guardian
1883:
1873:
1863:27 September
1861:. Retrieved
1856:
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1834:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
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1803:
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1666:
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1645:
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1627:
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1560:
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1498:the original
1491:
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1466:
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1439:
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1409:
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1383:
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1358:
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1336:. Retrieved
1326:
1291:Off-the-grid
1200:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1157:
1149:
1114:
1106:
900:Abstract art
788:
723:Christchurch
716:
688:Central Asia
685:
651:The biggest
650:
635:
630:South Africa
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570:
558:cantilevered
543:
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516:
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489:
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451:
445:
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433:
384:insecticides
373:
356:
341:
337:
326:
295:
283:
276:
261:
242:
230:
222:
210:architecture
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194:cargotecture
193:
179:architecture
174:
173:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
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65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1836:20 December
1784:20 December
1759:20 December
1734:20 December
1678:20 December
1656:20 December
1178:During the
1173:US military
1133:dormitories
1023:Hydroponics
1018:Food trucks
967:Block roads
871:Bank vaults
799:Press boxes
759:South Korea
727:New Zealand
719:Cashel Mall
714:designers.
646:former USSR
554:scaffolding
550:New Orleans
534:maquiladora
529:carriages.
400:carcinogens
386:containing
99:August 2023
2326:Categories
2196:Sidelifter
1364:6 December
1338:6 December
1318:References
1193:("RPGs").
1135:, artists
1125:apartments
1069:Copenhagen
1013:RV campers
971:protesters
765:Other Uses
747:Shoreditch
731:earthquake
704:Kazakhstan
700:Kyrgyzstan
642:warehouses
610:See also:
584:two barges
523:Shoreditch
514:, Nevada.
390:(23–25%),
357:Obtaining
320:and forms
227:Advantages
220:movement.
198:arkitainer
181:that uses
69:newspapers
2276:Container
2211:Twistlock
2128:Transport
1925:(Report).
1809:30 August
1729:0099-9660
1609:inhabitat
1472:22 August
1311:Upcycling
1219:Channel 4
969:and keep
947:Workshops
934:Bathrooms
928:Combatant
906:factories
847:Artists'
844:buildings
838:Apartment
761:in 2016.
712:knock off
626:Cape Town
586:owned by
512:Las Vegas
485:Amsterdam
370:Chemicals
348:forklifts
314:condenses
298:insulated
286:upcycling
129:first aid
2169:Handling
2160:Well car
2083:Overview
2006:Journals
1830:HuffPost
1415:3 August
1233:See also
1099:20 foot
1087:53-foot
961:Elevator
883:stations
826:facility
573:sandbags
475:area of
454:itself.
439:futurist
422:Examples
416:sealants
412:Solvents
392:chromium
374:To meet
329:friction
2270:BBC Box
2264:The Box
2155:Flatcar
2150:Drayage
2135:Chassis
1779:NPR.org
1700:31 July
1390:8 April
1266:Boxpark
1227:Netflix
1137:studios
1129:schools
1121:offices
1006:or the
939:Showers
849:studios
743:Boxpark
741:called
696:Bishkek
677:vendors
669:Tolchok
665:Ukraine
594:Markets
471:in the
396:arsenic
380:treated
268:welding
234:modular
208:" and "
83:scholar
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1968:
1958:
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1857:Kaleva
1727:
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1573:19 May
1221:) and
1160:patent
1139:, and
980:Hotels
913:(e.g.
854:Stores
842:office
708:Russia
690:, the
657:alleys
588:Google
477:London
388:copper
352:lumber
344:cranes
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2256:Other
2225:Types
1939:Books
1635:5 May
1504:5 May
1447:5 May
1197:Media
1117:homes
1025:farms
881:Radar
865:Telco
860:rails
755:Seoul
661:Odesa
481:Dutch
437:When
382:with
318:humid
304:, or
302:block
255:, or
253:truck
206:cargo
183:steel
90:JSTOR
76:books
2237:SECU
2026:ISBN
1996:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1966:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1946:ISBN
1909:2022
1865:2018
1838:2016
1811:2017
1786:2016
1761:2016
1736:2016
1725:ISSN
1702:2024
1680:2016
1658:2016
1637:2021
1575:2014
1526:CNET
1506:2021
1474:2023
1449:2021
1417:2020
1392:2021
1366:2022
1340:2022
1211:HGTV
1103:home
1091:home
990:Mine
867:hubs
840:and
818:Fire
806:for
706:and
640:and
322:rust
306:wood
266:and
257:rail
249:ship
62:news
2018:doi
1493:CNN
1229:).
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721:in
694:in
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346:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
