Qin Shi Huang - Knowledge

2498: 2387: 2415: 364: 8020: 710: 576: 1626: 1938:, which he used to adorn his Palace. Each statue was said to be 5 zhang in height, and weighing about 1000 dan . Sima Qian considered this as one of the great achievements of the Emperor, on a par with the "unification of the law, weights and measurements, standardization of the axle width of carriages, and standardization of the writing system". During 600 years, the statues were commented upon and moved around from palace to palace, until they were finally destroyed in the 4th century AD, but no illustration has remained. 6106: 1528: 2993: 3204: 57: 2406:(roughly 160 lb or 97 kg). The two men hid among the bushes along the emperor's route over a mountain during his third imperial tour. At a signal, the muscular assassin hurled the cone at the first carriage and shattered it. However, the emperor was travelling with two identical carriages to baffle attackers, and he was actually in the second carriage. Thus the attempt failed, though both men were able to escape the subsequent manhunt. 1580:, Lao Ai was disguised as a eunuch by plucking his beard. Later Lao Ai and queen Zhao Ji got along so well that they secretly had two sons together. Lao Ai was ennobled as Marquis, and was showered with riches. Lao Ai had been planning to replace King Zheng with one of his own sons, but during a dinner party he was heard bragging about being the young king's stepfather. In 238 BC, while the king was travelling to the former capital, Yong ( 3001: 1667:". When the dagger unrolled from the map, the king leapt to his feet and struggled to draw his sword – none of his courtiers was allowed to carry arms in his presence. Jing stabbed at the king but missed, and King Zheng slashed Jing's thigh. In desperation, Jing Ke threw the dagger but missed again. He surrendered after a brief fight in which he was further injured. The Yan state was conquered in its entirety five years later. 7316: 1698: 1973: 7304: 8032: 3085: 1860: 3132:) with what was to become the standard Confucian judgment of the reasons for Qin's collapse. Jia Yi's essay, admired as a masterpiece of rhetoric and reasoning, was copied into two great Han histories and has had a far-reaching influence on Chinese political thought as a classic illustration of Confucian theory. He attributed Qin's disintegration to its internal failures. Jia Yi wrote that: 3072:) containing the emperor has yet to be opened and evidence suggests that it remains relatively intact. Sima Qian's description of the tomb includes replicas of palaces and scenic towers, "rare utensils and wonderful objects", 100 rivers made with mercury, representations of "the heavenly bodies", and crossbows rigged to shoot anyone who tried to break in. The tomb was built at the foot of 8008: 2561: 3076:, 30 kilometers away from Xi'an. Modern archaeologists have located the tomb, and have inserted probes deep into it. The probes revealed abnormally high quantities of mercury, some 100 times the naturally occurring rate, suggesting that some parts of the legend are credible. Secrets were maintained, as most of the workmen who built the tomb were killed. 1632:'s assassination attempt on Qin Shi Huang; Jing Ke (left) is held by one of Qin Shi Huang's physicians (left, background). The dagger used in the assassination attempt is seen stuck in the pillar. Qin Shi Huang (right) is seen holding an imperial jade disc. One of his soldiers (far right) rushes to save his emperor – stone rubbing, 3196:, which was compiled in September 1955 as an official survey of Chinese history. The work described the First Emperor's major steps toward unification and standardisation as corresponding to the interests of the ruling group and the merchant class, not of the nation or the people, and the subsequent fall of his dynasty as a manifestation of the 2625:, and five or six favourite eunuchs. Li Si ordered carts of rotten fish to be carried before and behind the wagon of the Emperor, to cover the foul smell of his body decomposing in the summer heat. Pretending he was alive behind the wagon's shade, they changed his clothes daily, brought food, and pretended to carry messages to and from him. 3223:

in Chinese history by rejecting the past. Personal attributes, such as his quest for immortality, so emphasized in traditional historiography, were scarcely mentioned. The new evaluations described approvingly how, in his time (an era of great political and social change), he had no compunctions against using violent methods to crush

3028:, but he did mention that the Qin Emperor built monumental bronze statues for his palace. The terracotta statues were discovered by a group of farmers digging wells on 29 March 1974. The soldiers were created with a series of mix-and-match clay molds and then further individualized by the artists' hand. 3141:

In the modern period, assessments began to emerge that differed from those of traditional historiography. The reassessment was spurred on by the weakness of China in the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century. At that time, some began to regard Confucian traditions as an impediment to

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Numerous state walls had been built during the previous four centuries, many of them closing gaps between river defences and impassable cliffs. To impose centralized rule and prevent the resurgence of feudal lords, the Emperor ordered the destruction of walls between the former states, which were now

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had ruled by the power of fire, associated with the colour red. The new Qin dynasty must be ruled by the next element on the list, which is water, Zhao Zheng's birth element. Water was represented by the colour black, and black became the preferred colour for Qin garments, flags, and pennants. Other

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initiated the re-evaluation. The work was published by the state press as a mass popular history, and it sold 1.85 million copies within two years. In the new era, Qin Shi Huang was seen as a far-sighted ruler who destroyed the forces of division and established the first unified, centralized state

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A price of 1 million copper coins was placed on Lao Ai's head if he was taken alive or half a million if dead. Lao Ai's supporters were captured and beheaded; then Lao Ai was tied up and torn to five pieces by horse carriages, while his entire family was executed to the third degree. The two hidden

3239:, to replace the old explanation. The new theory claimed that the cause of the fall of Qin lay in the lack of thoroughness of Qin Shi Huang's "dictatorship over the reactionaries, even to the extent of permitting them to worm their way into organs of political authority and usurp important posts." 3040:

to begin its construction with the assistance of 300,000 men. Other sources suggest that he ordered 720,000 unpaid laborers to build his tomb according to his specifications. Again, given John Man's observation regarding populations at the time (see paragraph above), these historical estimates are

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By 221 BC, all Chinese lands had been unified under the Qin. To elevate himself above the feudal Zhou kings, King Zheng proclaimed himself the First Emperor, creating the title which would be used as the title of the Chinese sovereign for the next two millennia. Qin Shi Huang also ordered the

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surrendered in 225 BC. Around this time, as a precautionary measure, Qin seized ten cities from Chu, the largest and most powerful of the other Warring States. In 224, Qin launched a full-scale invasion of Chu, capturing the capital of Shouchun in 223. In 222, Qin armies extinguished the last

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player, he was summoned to play for King Zheng. Someone in the palace recognized him and guessed his plans. Reluctant to kill such a skilled musician, the emperor ordered his eyes put out, and then proceeded with the performance. The king praised Gao's playing and even allowed him closer. The lute

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Qin, from a tiny base, had become a great power, ruling the land and receiving homage from all quarters for a hundred odd years. Yet after they unified the land and secured themselves within the pass, a single common rustic could nevertheless challenge this empire... Why? Because the ruler lacked

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He buried 460 scholars alive; we have buried forty-six thousand scholars alive... You revile us for being Qin Shi Huangs. You are wrong. We have surpassed Qin Shi Huang a hundredfold. When you berate us for imitating his despotism, we are happy to agree! Your mistake was that you did not say so

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Recent research suggests that this "burying Confucian scholars alive" is a Confucian martyrs' legend. More probably, the emperor ordered the execution of a group of alchemists who had deceived him. In the subsequent Han dynasty, the Confucian scholars, who had served the Qin loyally, used this

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and the establishment of a new, revolutionary regime in 1949, another re-evaluation of the First Emperor emerged as a Marxist critique. This new interpretation of Qin Shi Huang was generally a combination of traditional and modern views, but essentially critical. This is exemplified in the

2636:. Meng Tian's brother, a senior minister, had once punished Zhao Gao. Li Si and Zhao Gao forged a letter from Qin Shi Huang commanding Fusu and General Meng to commit suicide. The plan worked, and the younger son Hu Hai started his brief reign as the Second Emperor, later known as 3200:. The perennial debate about the fall of the Qin dynasty was also explained in Marxist terms, the peasant rebellions being a revolt against oppression—a revolt which undermined the dynasty, but which was bound to fail because of a compromise with "landlord class elements". 1609:

sons were also killed, while the mother Zhao Ji was placed under house arrest until her death many years later. Lü Buwei drank a cup of poisoned wine and committed suicide in 235 BC. Ying Zheng then assumed full power as the King of the Qin state. Replacing Lü Buwei,

1510:, call the story "patently false, meant both to libel Lü and to cast aspersions on the First Emperor". Claiming Lü Buwei—a merchant—as the First Emperor's biological father was meant to be especially disparaging, since later Confucian society regarded merchants as the 2444:

nomads, who had beaten back repeated campaigns against them, he ordered new walls to connect the fortifications along the empire's northern frontier. Hundreds of thousands of workers were mobilized, and an unknown number died, to build this precursor to the current

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of the state of Qin became the official standard, and the Qin script itself was simplified through removal of variant forms. This did away with all the regional scripts to form a universal written language for all of China, despite the diversity of spoken dialects.

6558: 4988:, and cast them into twelve bronze figures of the type of bell stands, each 1000 dan in weight, and displayed them in the palace. He unified the law, weights and measurements, standardized the axle width of carriages, and standardized the writing system." 2453:

over the plains. "Build and move on" was a guiding principle, implying that the Wall was not a permanently fixed border. There are no surviving records specifying the length and course of the Qin walls, which have largely eroded away over the centuries.

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feared the news could trigger a general uprising during the two months' travel for the imperial entourage to return to the capital Xianyang. Li Si decided to hide the emperor's death: the only members of the entourage to be informed were a younger son,

2536:, a thousand-year-old magician who had supposedly invited Qin Shi Huang during a chance meeting during his travels. The expedition never returned, perhaps for fear of the consequences of failure. Legends claim that they reached Japan and colonized it. 1495:

The idea that the emperor was an illegitimate child, widely believed throughout Chinese history, contributed to the generally negative view of the First Emperor. However, a number of modern scholars have doubted this account of his birth. Sinologist

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died after a short reign of just three years, he was succeeded on the throne by his 13-year-old son. At the time, Zhao Zheng was still young, so Lü Buwei acted as the regent prime minister of the State of Qin, which was still waging war against the

3227:, such as the "industrial and commercial slave owner" chancellor Lü Buwei. However, he was criticized for not being as thorough as he should have been, and as a result, after his death, hidden subversives under the leadership of the chief eunuch 1911:. Wagon axles were prescribed a standard length to facilitate road transport. The emperor also developed an extensive network of roads and canals for trade and communication. The currencies of the different states were standardized to the 711: 365: 1219:

Shih Huang-ti) on the understanding that his successors would be successively titled the "Second Emperor", "Third Emperor", and so on through the generations. (In fact, the scheme lasted only as long as his immediate heir, the

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To round out this re-evaluation, Luo Siding put forward a new interpretation of the precipitous collapse of the Qin dynasty in an article entitled "On the Class Struggle During the Period Between Qin and Han" in a 1974 issue of

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That both were forbidden has been the general understanding of historians but Beck cites numerous sources from the era employing the latter character in support of the argument that it was not forbidden until the reign of the

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In 214 BC the Emperor began the project of a major canal allowing water transport between north and south China, originally for military supplies. The canal, 34 kilometres in length, links two of China's major waterways, the

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works, could be seen as an attempt to focus the minds of the best scholars on the Emperor's quest. Some of those buried alive were alchemists, and this could have been a means of testing their death-defying abilities.

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points out that this figure is larger than the population of any city in the world at that time and he calculates that the foundations could have been built by 16,000 men in two years. Sima Qian never mentioned the

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was also used on some of the warriors. There are around 6,000 statues, whose purpose was to protect the Emperor in the afterlife from evil spirits. Also among the army are chariots and 40,000 real bronze weapons.

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that succeeded the Qin. Since the mid-20th century, scholars have begun questioning this evaluation, inciting considerable discussion on the actual nature of his policies and reforms. According to the sinologist

2342:), a descendant of Confucius, described the alchemists as Confucianists and entwined the martyrs' legend with his story of discovering the lost Confucian books behind a demolished wall in his ancestral house. 1663:. Qin Wuyang stepped forward first to present the map case but was overcome by fear. Jing Ke then advanced with both gifts, while explaining that his partner was trembling because " had never set eyes on the 1474:

also claimed that the first emperor was not the actual son of Prince Yiren but that of Lü Buwei. According to this account, when Lü Buwei introduced the dancing girl to the prince, she was Lü Buwei's

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According to Chinese records, after unifying the country in 221 BC, Qin Shuhuang confiscated all the bronze weapons of the conquered countries, and cast them into twelve monumental statues, the

554:"few would contest the view that the achievements of his reign have exercised a paramount influence on the whole of China's subsequent history, marking the start of an epoch that closed in 1911". 1871:, Qin Shi Huang and Li Si worked to completely abolish the feudal system of loose alliances and federations. They organized the empire into administrative units and subunits: first 36 (later 40) 1506:

by an unknown person in order to slander the First Emperor and indicate his political as well as natal illegitimacy". John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, in their translation of Lü Buwei's

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Sørensen, Ærenlund (2010). "How the First Emperor Unified the Minds of Contemporary Historians: The Inadequate Source Criticism in Modern Historical Works about the Chinese Bronze Age".

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as "the time when Zhao Zheng was enthroned as King of Qin". However, since modern Chinese surnames (despite usually descending from clan names) use the same character as the old

6207:Ærenlund Sørensen, "How the First Emperor Unified the Minds Of Contemporary Historians: The Inadequate Source Criticism in Modern Historical Works About The Chinese Bronze Age." 7842: 2582:). The Emperor sent an imperial secretary to investigate this prophecy. No one would confess to the deed, so all living nearby were put to death, and the stone was pulverized. 2628:

After they reached Xianyang, the death of the Emperor was announced. Qin Shi Huang had not liked to talk about his death and had never written a will. Although his eldest son

5959: 5731: 2497: 2485:. The canal aided Qin's expansion to the south-west. It is considered one of the three great feats of ancient Chinese engineering, along with the Great Wall and the Sichuan 5915: 4422: 4203: 6607: 1854: 5702: 2752: 1683:

had been weighted with a slab of lead, and Gao Jianli swung it at the king but missed. The second assassination attempt had failed; Gao was executed shortly after.

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Burbank, Jane; Cooper, Frederick (2010). Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p. 45.

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The emperor built a system of tunnels and passageways to each of his over 200 palaces, because traveling unseen would supposedly keep him safe from evil spirits.

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The differentiation between the two types of surnames had largely been lost well before Sima Qian's time, as can be seen from his grammatical construction using

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One of the first projects which the young king accomplished while he was alive was the construction of his own tomb. In 215 BC Qin Shi Huang ordered General

3245:'s persecution of intellectuals was compared to that of the First Emperor. On his being made aware of having been compared as such, Mao reportedly boasted: 6380: 1556:), was Zhao Zheng's legitimate half-brother, by the same father but from a different mother. After Zhao Zheng inherited the throne, Chengjiao rebelled at 6183:

Neininger, Ulrich (1983), "Burying the Scholars Alive: On the Origin of a Confucian Martyrs' Legend", Nation and Mythology", in Eberhard, Wolfram (ed.),

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Beginning in 213 BC, at the instigation of Li Si and to avoid scholars' comparisons of his reign with the past, Qin Shi Huang ordered most existing

1544:. Nine years later, in 235 BC, Zhao Zheng assumed full power after Lü Buwei was banished for his involvement in a scandal with Queen Dowager Zhao. 1124:

in 325 BC. Upon his ascension, Zheng became known as the King of Qin or King Zheng of Qin. This title made him the nominal equal of the rulers of

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While the previous Warring States era was one of constant warfare, it was also considered the golden age of free thought. Qin Shi Huang eliminated the

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names, it is much more common in modern Chinese sources to see the emperor's personal name written as Ying Zheng, using the ancestral name of the

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The First Emperor's Taboo Character and the Three Day Reign of King Xiaowen: Two Moot Points Raised by the Qin Chronicle Unearthed in Shuihudi in 1975

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Kern, Martin. "The stele inscriptions of Ch'in Shih-huang: text and ritual in early Chinese imperial representation". American Oriental Society, 2000.

3471:. In the manga, he is depicted as a tall slender young man with a cloth covering his eye. He is also shown to be wearing traditional Chinese clothing. 6071:

The Polychromy of Antique Sculptures and the Terracotta Army of the First Chinese Emperor: Studies on Materials, Painting Techniques and Conservation

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was first in line to succeed him as emperor, Li Si and the chief eunuch Zhao Gao conspired to kill Fusu, who was in league with their enemy, general

1884: 1876: 4333: 2358:, the winter season and the number six. Tallies and official hats were 15 centimetres (5.9 inches) long, carriages two metres (6.6 feet) wide, one 7806: 1595: 7165: 3306:(1999) – The film covers much of Ying Zheng's career, recalling his early experiences as a hostage and foreshadowing his dominance over China. 2596:

The cause of Qin Shi Huang's death remains unknown, though he had been worn down by his many years of rule. One hypothesis holds that he was

1891:). People assigned to these units would no longer be identified by their native region or former feudal state, for example "Chu person" (楚人, 1478:

and had already become pregnant by him, and the baby was born after an unusually long period of pregnancy. According to translations of the

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day of the 6th month of the 38th year of his reign (starting from his tenure as King of Qin), which corresponds to 11 July 210 BCE on the

4112: 1085:) comprised a smaller group that showed a branch's current fief or recent title. The ancient practice was to list men's names separately— 6463: 4364: 4259: 2649: 2319:

criticised him for this act. The emperor's own library did retain copies of the forbidden books, but most of these were destroyed when

2263: 6360: 2299:. This would also serve to further the ongoing reformation of the writing system by removing examples of obsolete scripts. Owning the 463:, and he ascended the throne as China's first emperor. During his reign, his generals greatly expanded the size of the Chinese state: 7505: 3099:

almost always portrayed the Emperor as a brutal tyrant who had an obsessive fear of assassination. Ideological antipathy towards the

3044: 1005: 857: 8062: 7912: 7907: 6512: 6488: 5967: 5725: 3512: 3108: 2315:, the following year Qin Shi Huang had some 460 scholars buried alive for possessing the forbidden books. The emperor's oldest son 2292: 1951: 1833: 519: 464: 170: 1659:

The assassins gained access to King Zheng by pretending a diplomatic gifting of goodwill: a map of Dukang and the severed head of

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wrote: "There is good reason for believing that the sentence describing this unusual pregnancy is an interpolation added to the

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emphasized the role of Qin Shi Huang in repulsing the northern barbarians, particularly in the construction of the Great Wall.

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swore revenge on Qin Shi Huang. He sold his valuables and hired a strongman assassin, building a heavy metal cone weighing 120

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The First Emperor intended that his realm would remain intact through the ages but, following its overthrow and replacement by

1414:, serving as a hostage to guarantee the armistice between Qin and Zhao. Prince Yiren had fallen in love at first sight with a 7902: 7822: 7286: 7090: 7064: 7037: 7010: 6988: 6969: 6947: 6925: 6902: 6879: 6856: 6820: 6712: 6285: 6264: 6170: 6145: 6053: 5989: 5870: 5837: 5684: 5608: 5587: 5559: 5500: 5480: 5452: 5415: 5358: 5283: 5246: 5218: 5193: 5162: 5135: 5108: 5042: 4952: 4919: 4889: 4865: 4837: 4793: 4712: 4688: 4630: 4595: 4566: 4376: 3866: 3447: 2449:. Transporting building materials was difficult, so builders always tried to use local materials: rock over mountain ranges, 1817: 840: 488: 6611: 7794: 7790: 6533: 5749: 2723:

Qin Shi Huang had about 50 children (about 30 sons and 15 daughters), but most of their names are unknown. He had numerous

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attack Lao Ai. Although the royal army killed hundreds of rebels at the capital, Lao Ai successfully fled the battlefield.

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Evans, Thammy (2006). Great Wall of China: Beijing & Northern China. Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 3.

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or Huang, literally "shining" or "splendid" and formerly most usually applied "as an epithet of Heaven", a title of the

6781: 5384: 3458:. It happened that after General Ming Guo was killed for touching Zi Yuan, she put a curse on the Emperor and his army. 3016: 3009: 2977: 2419: 2235: 1317: 1180: 1076: 527: 185: 3890: 8067: 7688: 7583: 6762: 6737: 6260: 6239: 6166: 6049: 5866: 5680: 5604: 5583: 5555: 5448: 5411: 5354: 5323: 5279: 5242: 5214: 5189: 4915: 4861: 4833: 4789: 4684: 4591: 4562: 4538: 4310: 4239: 4166: 4145: 4124: 3839: 4702: 7917: 7866: 7786: 7778: 6404: 6215: 4808: 2414: 2027: 2517:

which supposedly confers immortality. In his obsessive quest, he fell prey to many fraudulent elixirs. He visited

6551:"Fate/Grand Order 4th Anniversary Event "Fate/Grand Order Fes 2019 ~Chaldea Park~" [Event Report Vol. 1]" 6377: 5907: 4456: 1888: 6628: 1568:

As King Zheng grew older, Lü Buwei became fearful that the boy king would discover his liaison with his mother,

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and surrendered to the state of Zhao. Chengjiao's remaining retainers and families were executed by Zhao Zheng.

7308: 7082: 4413: 4194: 3572: 3530: 3370:(2006) – a Japanese manga that provides a fictionalized account of the unification of China by Ying Zheng with 3354: 2256: 729: 31: 6192: 5330: 3642:

calendar, the month corresponds to 27 Jan to 24 Feb 259 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar. (以秦昭王四十八年正月生于邯郸。)

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calendar, the month corresponds to 27 Jan to 24 Feb 259 BC in the proleptic Julian calendar. (以秦昭王四十八年正月生于邯郸。)

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Sima Qian, writing a century after the First Emperor's death, wrote that it took 700,000 men to construct the

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The Men Who Governed Han China: Companion to a Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods

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Sanft, Charles (2008). "Progress and Publicity in Early China: Qin Shihuang, Ritual, and Common Knowledge".

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Men of the Cliffs and Caves: The Development of the Chinese Eremitic Tradition to the End of the Han Dynasty

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and mobilized an army in a coup attempt. When notified of the rebellion, King Zheng ordered Lü Buwei to let

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came from his father's lineage and was unrelated to either his mother's name or the location of his birth. (

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Bad Days in History: A Gleefully Grim Chronicle of Misfortune, Mayhem, and Misery for Every Day of the Year

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Bad Days in History: A Gleefully Grim Chronicle of Misfortune, Mayhem, and Misery for Every Day of the Year

3330:(1986) – a 63-episode Hong Kong TV series chronicling the events from the emperor's birth until his death. 3302: 3188: 2486: 2359: 1908: 1713:, setting out to conquer the remaining six major Chinese states and bring China under unified Qin control. 1692: 460: 5511: 3172:), calling him "one of the great heroes of Chinese history". Ma compared him with the contemporary leader 1644:

was no match for the Qin states: small and weak, it had already been harassed frequently by Qin soldiers.

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to enact major economic and political reforms aimed at the standardization of the diverse practices among

8087: 7859: 2346: 2230: 1733: 17: 4330: 3550:(七月丙寅，始皇崩于沙丘平台。) Older methods of calculation give 18 July. A few modern sources give 10 September, the 1572:. He decided to distance himself and look for a replacement for the queen dowager. He found a man named 8077: 7998: 7248: 7159: 6848: 6748: 6723: 6301: 4646: 2576:, and someone inscribed the seditious words "The First Emperor will die and his land will be divided" ( 2277: 1806: 1454: 1406:

during the Han dynasty, the first emperor was the eldest son of the Qin prince Yiren, who later became

2295:, with the exception of those on astrology, agriculture, medicine, divination, and the history of the 1720:, the weakest of the Warring States, was the first to fall in 230 BC. In 229, Qin armies invaded 1089:'s "Basic Annals of the First Emperor of Qin" introduces him as "given the name Zheng and the surname 8072: 7970: 3440: 3176:

and saw many parallels in the careers and policies of the two men, both of whom he admired. Chiang's

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Chapter – Qin Shi Huang: 八年，王弟长安君成蟜将军击赵，反，死屯留，军吏皆斩死，迁其民於临洮。将军壁死，卒屯留、蒲鶮反，戮其尸。河鱼大上，轻车重马东就食。《史记秦始皇》

3798: 3625: 3599: 3567: 3525: 2528:, a Zhifu islander, with ships carrying hundreds of young men and women in search of the mystical 7762: 7718: 7364: 7245:

China's First Unifier: a Study of the Ch'In Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu (280?–208 B.C.)

3729: 3322:). The film is a fictional re-imagining of the assassination attempt by Jing Ke on Qin Shi Huang. 3286: 3224: 3029: 2661: 2175: 1783:

Yan remnants in Liaodong and the Zhao rump state of Dai. In 221, Qin armies invaded the state of

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As early as Sima Qian, it was common to shorten the resulting four-character Qin Shi Huangdi to

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Paint Layers and Pigments on the Terracotta Army: A Comparison with Other Cultures of Antiquity

3326: 2220: 2169: 1441: 1047:) the given name. However, in ancient China, the naming convention differed, and the clan name 7048: 5125: 4109: 3856: 1732:

managed to escape with the remnants of the Zhao army and established the short-lived state of

7798: 7774: 7758: 7708: 6455: 6280:. Compiled by Wing-tsit Chan and Joseph Adler. Columbia University Press. 2000. p. 230. 5472: 5466: 5152: 5098: 5032: 4361: 4256: 3900: 3829: 3717: 3452: 3214:

Since 1972, however, a radically different official view of Qin Shi Huang in accordance with

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Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China

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humaneness and rightness; because preserving power differs fundamentally from seizing power.

2349:: fire, water, earth, wood, and metal. It was believed that the royal house of the previous 2197: 522:. His public works projects included the incorporation of diverse state walls into a single 7965: 7029: 6357: 5829: 5823: 4908:

China's Geography: Globalization and the Dynamics of Political, Economic, and Social Change

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During his fifth tour of eastern China, the Emperor became seriously ill in Pingyuanjin (

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Modern Chinese sources often give the personal name of Qin Shi Huang as Ying Zheng, with

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The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220

7698: 7678: 7653: 7548: 7221: 7213: 7182: 7134: 7126: 7074: 7022: 6914: 6425: 6295: 5787: 4640: 3463: 3162:), published in 1941 a full-length revisionist biography of the First Emperor entitled 2987: 2683: 2676: 2666: 2355: 2118: 2065: 1916: 1872: 1768: 1600: 1207:

and who was considered to be a founder of the Chinese people. King Zheng chose the new

1196: 1121: 1098: 765: 757: 444: 341: 1236:—sometimes translate it as "thearch" and the First Emperor as the First Thearch. 784: 7980: 7975: 7643: 7608: 7573: 7461: 7282: 7252: 7225: 7147: 7138: 7086: 7060: 7033: 7006: 6984: 6965: 6943: 6935: 6921: 6898: 6891: 6875: 6868: 6852: 6816: 6806: 6777: 6758: 6733: 6708: 6281: 6256: 6235: 6162: 6141: 6045: 6023: 5985: 5862: 5833: 5791: 5779: 5676: 5600: 5579: 5551: 5496: 5476: 5444: 5407: 5380: 5350: 5319: 5275: 5238: 5210: 5185: 5158: 5131: 5104: 5079: 5038: 5013: 4948: 4911: 4885: 4857: 4829: 4785: 4708: 4680: 4626: 4587: 4558: 4534: 4372: 4353: 4306: 4235: 4162: 4141: 4120: 4073: 4012: 3862: 3835: 3810: 3347: 3267: 3113: 3020: 2601: 2307: 2301: 2070: 1997: 1810: 1756: 1724:, which had been severely weakened by natural disasters, and captured the capital of 1233: 1229: 1057:), the place where he was born and raised, may be used as the surname. Unlike modern 989: 981: 704: 696: 575: 252: 201: 6776:. Translated by Watson, Burton (3rd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. 2604:, given to him by his court alchemists and physicians in his quest for immortality. 412:), which would see continuous use by monarchs in China for the next two millennia. 67: 8012: 7948: 7693: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7603: 7446: 7410: 7205: 7196: 7118: 6015: 5769: 5761: 5071: 5005: 3382: 3310: 2002: 1801: 1775: 1740: 1640:

King Zheng and his troops continued their conquest of the neighbouring states. The

1536: 1511: 1293: 1133: 916: 883: 631: 594: 379: 353: 6844:

The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220

5377:

Communication and Cooperation in Early Imperial China: Publicizing the Qin Dynasty

4815:

The 9th year of Qin Shi Huang. 王知之，令相國昌平君、昌文君發卒攻毐。戰咸陽，斬首數百，皆拜爵，及宦者皆在戰中，亦拜爵一級。毐等敗走。

4329:, pp. 495 ff. University of Chicago Press (Chicago), 1970. Op. cit. Chang, Ruth. " 3107:

disparaged it. Later Confucian historians condemned the emperor, alleging that he

1813:, and would be passed from emperor to emperor until its loss in the 10th century. 1480: 545:—characterizations that stem partly from the scathing assessments made during the 7953: 7658: 7648: 7578: 6962:

A Biographical Dictionary of the Qin, Former Han and Xin Periods (221 BC - AD 24)

6842: 6834: 6810: 6752: 6727: 6702: 6516: 6492: 6408: 6384: 6364: 6219: 6196: 5735: 5518: 5334: 4460: 4426: 4368: 4337: 4263: 4207: 4159:

An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality

4116: 3546:

day in the previous month, which corresponds to 12 July 210 BCE on the proleptic

3489: 3397: 3387: 3366: 3173: 3025: 3005: 2983: 2569: 1816:

During 215 BC, in an attempt to expand Qin territory, Qin Shi Huang ordered

1156: 1148: 967: 682: 531: 7514: 6157:

Leffman, David. Lewis, Simon. Atiyah, Jeremy. Meyer, Mike. Lunt, Susie. (2003).

4620: 3142:

China's entry into the modern world, opening the way for changing perspectives.

92: 8036: 7922: 7703: 7638: 7613: 7598: 7593: 7533: 7122: 3430: 3375: 3197: 3096: 2514: 1591: 1547: 1445: 1321: 1200: 1090: 1062: 1048: 951: 819: 812: 666: 585: 256: 236: 7209: 6019: 5859:

More Than 36 Stratagems: A Systematic Classification Based On Basic Behaviours

5765: 5075: 5009: 4806: 1362:

for his exclusive use, and in 212 BC began calling himself The Immortal

8046: 7746: 7335: 7256: 6957: 6838: 6632: 6315: 6069:. In: W. Yongqi, Z. Tinghao, M. Petzet, E. Emmerling and C. Blänsdorf (eds.) 6027: 5783: 5634: 5083: 5017: 4812: 4625:. Knoblock, John and Riegel, Jeffrey Trans. Stanford University Press. 2001. 3814: 3488:

This 19th-century posthumous depiction is from a Korean book now kept in the

3408: 3318:, a nameless assassin who plans an assassination attempt on the King of Qin ( 3180:

of the late 1920s, which directly preceded the new Nationalist government at

3059: 3046: 2944: 2529: 2478: 2162: 2138: 1855:

Administration of territory in dynastic China § Qin dynasty (221–206 BC)

1825: 1664: 1309: 1125: 1106: 551: 496: 396: 309: 158: 6003: 5521:. Paul and Bernice Noll's Window on the World. p. 3. Retrieved 26 July 2011. 5127:

Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan

5059: 4993: 4253:

Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought: Chapters Three, Four, and Five of the

3587: 3555: 3547: 3521: 3507: 3290:(1996) – The film focuses on Qin Shi Huang's relationship with the musician 3103:

State of Qin was established as early as 266 BC, when Confucian philosopher

1151:. Rather than maintain his rank as king, however, he created a new title of 374:; February 259 – 12 July 210 BC) was the founder of the 8024: 7959: 7943: 7269: 6625: 5272:

The Cambridge History of China: The Ch'in and Han Empires 221 B.C.–A.D. 220

3741: 3703: 3494: 3412: 3371: 3359: 3319: 3218:

thought has been given prominence throughout China. Hong Shidi's biography

3089: 2679:, legitimate paternal half brother from a different mother Lord of Chang'an 2573: 2518: 2502: 2450: 2395: 2350: 2296: 2281: 2133: 2080: 1779: 1721: 1678:

was a close friend of Jing Ke, and wanted to avenge his death. As a famous

1641: 1587: 1527: 1430:

after the state of Zhao. He was given the name Zhao Zheng, the name Zheng (

1423: 1411: 1129: 1117: 1113: 1094: 1093:"—or to combine the clan surname with the personal name: Sima's account of 1058: 923: 774: 638: 416: 400: 383: 4516:] (in Chinese) (annotated critical ed.). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju. 3918: 3145:

At a time when foreign nations encroached upon Chinese territory, leading

2992: 7882: 7728: 7565: 7473: 7416: 7371: 6998: 6185:

East Asian Civilizations. New Attempts at Understanding Traditions vol. 2

5309:

Burying the Scholars Alive: On the Origin of a Confucian Martyrs' Legend,

3150: 2724: 2482: 2470: 2100: 1920: 1744: 1729: 1633: 1243:

after his death, it became customary to prefix his title with Qin. Thus:

1240: 1208: 1144: 998: 833: 614: 581: 546: 504: 468: 375: 321: 282: 174: 7380: 7217: 7186: 6582:"Civilization 6 DLC Rulers of China gets release date on Steam and Epic" 6401: 6212: 5465:

Slavicek, Louise Chipley; Mitchell, George J.; Matray, James I. (2005).

4331:

Understanding Di and Tian: Deity and Heaven from Shang to Tang Dynasties

1419: 448: 7741: 7426: 7240: 7107:

Dull, Jack L. (July 1983). "Anti-Qin Rebels: No Peasant Leaders Here".

6893:

The First Emperor of China: The Greatest Archeological Find of Our Time

6830: 6649: 5327: 4453: 3769: 3767: 3291: 3242: 3203: 3146: 2915: 2714: 2710: 2637: 2618: 2590: 2540: 2533: 2328: 2192: 2143: 2128: 2085: 2012: 2007: 1987: 1895:). Appointments were to be based on merit instead of hereditary right. 1788: 1784: 1675: 1653: 1497: 1353: 1225: 1216: 492: 484: 214: 85: 56: 7130: 6729:

The Grand Scribe's Records V.1: The Hereditary Houses of Pre-Han China

5774: 3266:"), an acclaimed essay on Qin Shi Huang published by Argentine writer 2589:), and died in July or August of 210 BC, at the palace in Shaqiu 7851: 7543: 6682: 4978: 4805:

The Records of the Grand Historian, Vol. 6: Annals of Qin Shi Huang.

4492: 3426: 3422: 3231:

were able to seize power and use it to restore the old feudal order.

3104: 3037: 3000: 2633: 2202: 2181: 1912: 1837: 1821: 1764: 1569: 1475: 1427: 1415: 1403: 1086: 722: 480: 4982:

circa 139 BC: 收天下兵, 聚之咸陽, 銷以為鍾鐻金人十二, 重各千石, 置廷宮中. 一法度衡石丈尺. 車同軌. 書同文字.

4738: 4736: 3764: 3638:

of the 48th year of the reign of King Zhao(xiang) of Qin. Using the

3612:

of the 48th year of the reign of King Zhao(xiang) of Qin. Using the

2539:

It is also possible that the Emperor's book burning, which exempted

1426:. Lü consented for her to be Yiren's wife, who then became known as 1199:. The title was intended to appropriate some of the prestige of the 1147:

in 221 BC, King Zheng reunited all of the lands of the former

459:. By 221 BC, he had conquered all the other warring states and 7938: 7683: 6278:

Sources of Chinese Tradition: Volume 1, From Earliest Times to 1600

6189: 4985: 4496: 3634: 3608: 3331: 3228: 3073: 2622: 2506: 2320: 2090: 2075: 2022: 1660: 937: 743: 652: 193: 189: 5316:

East Asian Civilizations. New Attempts at Understanding Traditions

5289: 1867:

In an attempt to avoid a recurrence of the political chaos of the

1697: 526:

and a massive new national road system, as well as his city-sized

7588: 7315: 5960:"Discoveries May Rewrite History of China's Terra-Cotta Warriors" 4849: 4733: 3699: 3582: 3391: 3295: 3181: 3088:

A posthumous depiction of Qin Shi Huang, painted during the late

2474: 2441: 2403: 2032: 1760: 1649: 1629: 824: 781: 500: 316: 304: 7483: 4854:

The Wu Liang Shrine: The Ideology of Early Chinese Pictorial Art

3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3386:(2015), an online, free-to-play role-playing mobile game of the 3184:

was compared to the unification brought about by Qin Shi Huang.

1763:) that same year. The remnants of the Yan army, along with King 1648:

plotted an assassination attempt against King Zheng, recruiting

1032: 7538: 7396: 7303: 6754:

The Grand Scribe's Records I: The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China

6650:"Record of Ragnarok Manga Volume 16 Releasing First On Mangamo" 4973: 3374:

and all the people that contributed to the conquest of the six

3315: 3215: 3208: 3121: 2687: 2463: 2311:

was to be punished especially severely. According to the later

2225: 2123: 2060: 1972: 1725: 1573: 1557: 1485: 1459:

says that his birthday, significantly, was on the first day of

1340:

Following his elevation as emperor, both Zheng's personal name

1224:.) The new title carried religious overtones. For that reason, 1061:, the nobility of ancient China had two distinct surnames: the 472: 154: 4945:

Nation, State, and Imperialism in Early China ca. 1600 BC–8 AD

4782:

A Thousand Pieces of Gold: Growing Up Through China's Proverbs

3358:(2002) – a mainland Chinese TV semi-fictionalized series with 3084: 1859: 1828:, setting the ancient foundations for the construction of the 1075:, usually said to have lived during the time of the legendary 541:

Qin Shi Huang has often been portrayed as a tyrant and strict

7528: 6707:. Translated by Dawson, Raymond. Columbia University Press]. 6694: 6088:"The dark history behind the record-breaking Terracotta Army" 5673:

The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History

5097:

Howard, Angela Falco; Hung, Wu; Song, Li; Hong, Yang (2006).

4504: 3930: 3580:

day of the 5th month of the 4th year of his reign. Using the

3468: 2613: 2525: 2037: 2017: 1904: 1610: 1502: 1398: 803: 789: 511: 476: 5653: 3681:

See Nienhauser's gloss of the name Zhao Zheng (n. 579).

2560: 2513:

As he grew old, Qin Shi Huang desperately sought the fabled

2284:

and other philosophies. With all other philosophies banned,

1709:

In 230 BC, King Zheng began the final campaigns of the

1356:. The First Emperor also arrogated the first-person pronoun 6912:

Guisso, R. W. L.; Pagani, Catherine; Miller, David (1989).

5690: 5421: 5318:), vol. 2, 1983, eds. Wolfram Eberhard et al., pp. 121–36. 3008:

discovered near modern Xi'an, which was meant to guard the

2888: 2698: 2629: 2593:, about two months travel from Xianyang, at the age of 49. 2316: 2187: 1679: 209: 6367:." "The Wall and the Books". Retrieved on 2 February 2009. 4943:

Chang, Chun-shu (2007), "The rise of the Chinese Empire",

4601: 4578:

Lü, Buwei. Translated by Knoblock, John. Riegel, Jeffrey.

3421:(2006) – a drama-documentary special about Qin Shi Huang. 1484:, Zhao Ji gave birth to the future emperor in the city of 1337:, variously transcribed as Qin Shihuang or Qin Shi Huang. 5548:

South-West China: lively Yunnan and its exotic neighbours

4679:. (2003). Social Studies School Service. Social Studies. 4475: 4473: 4266:. SUNY Press (New York), 1993. Accessed 26 December 2013. 3538:

day of the 7th month of his 38th year. While there is no

3461:

Qin Shi Huang is depicted in seventh volume of the manga

3343: 2568:

In 211 BC, a large meteor is said to have fallen in

1755:

for Zheng to invade Yan in 226, capturing the capital of

1410:. Prince Yiren at that time was residing at the court of 1010: 862: 845: 762: 748: 734: 6253:

The Great Wall: China Against the World, 1000 BC–AD 2000

2327:

incident to distance themselves from the failed regime.

7281:. White Plains: International Arts and Sciences Press. 5888: 5270:

Twitchett, Denis. Fairbank, John King. Loewe, Michael.

5252: 3690:

While the specific title was new, also note the use of

3404: 3109:

burned the classics and buried Confucian scholars alive

2654:

The immediate family members of Qin Shi Huang include:

6316:"Qin Shi Huang: The ruthless emperor who burned books" 6118: 6008:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

5635:"Qin Shi Huang: The ruthless emperor who burned books" 5464: 5379:. State University of New York Press. pp. 79–84. 5235:

Confucianism and Women: A Philosophical Interpretation

5064:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4998:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4470: 4232:

The Establishment of the Han Empire and Imperial China

4039: 4037: 3978: 3976: 3880: 3878: 3586:

calendar, the date corresponds to 6 Jul 247 BC on the

3492:. It is based on a portrait of Qin Shi Huang from the 1824:, Qin armies successfully routed the Xiongnu from the 534:. He ruled until his death in 210 BC, during his 7996: 5939:《史记·高祖本纪》司马贞《索隐》写道："《善文》称隐士云赵高为二世杀十七兄而立今王，则二世是第十八子也。" 5715:

the First Emperor passed away at Pingtai in Shaqiu.".

3906: 3706:

used in his addresses to the conquered Shang peoples.

3390:

franchise developed by Delightworks and published by

1463:.) Lü Buwei's machinations later helped Yiren become 986: 972: 956: 942: 928: 701: 687: 671: 657: 643: 6161:. Edition: 3, illustrated. Rough Guides publishing. 5576:

China Condensed: 5000 Years of History & Culture

3961: 1488:

in 259 BC, the first month of the 48th year of

403:

rulers, he assumed the invented title of "emperor" (

5373:"Outline of the Progress / 218 BCE: Third Progress" 4654: 4049: 4034: 3973: 3875: 3779: 3702:"), a conflation of the Zhou and Shang gods by the 2390:

Sculpture of Qin Shi Huang during his imperial tour

2288:became the mandatory ideology of the Qin dynasty. 1832:. In the South, Qin Shi Huang also ordered several 1316:, and used by the Zhou as a title of the legendary 61:

Posthumous depiction of Qin Shi Huang, 19th century

7021: 6913: 6911: 6890: 6867: 6044:. Edition: 2, revised, illustrated. M. E. Sharpe. 5876: 5443:. Edition: 2, revised, illustrated. M. E. Sharpe. 5096: 4119:. Harvard University Press (Cambridge, MA), 2000. 3558:. Modern authors usually don't use specific dates. 2394:In 230 BC, the state of Qin had defeated the 1372:Others were to address him as "Your Majesty" 1159:) for himself. This new title combined two titles— 520:banned and burned many books and executed scholars 6804: 4984:"He collected the weapons of All-Under-Heaven in 4344:, No. 108. Sept. 2000. Accessed 27 December 2013. 4303:China's First Emperor and His Terracotta Warriors 3896: 8044: 6815:. Sinica Leidensia. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill. 5546:Mayhew, Bradley. Miller, Korina. English, Alex. 5274:. Edition: 3. Cambridge University Press, 1986. 5233:Li-Hsiang Lisa Rosenlee. Ames, Roger T. (2006). 4947:, University of Michigan Press, pp. 43–44, 4321: 4319: 3394:features Qin Shi Huang as a Ruler class servant. 2971: 2682:Two illegitimate maternal half-brothers born to 2612:Upon witnessing the Emperor's death, Chancellor 2418:Qin dynasty twin bronze dragons, found near the 1907:unified China economically by standardizing the 1809:, which would serve as a physical symbol of the 1791:without much resistance, bringing an end to the 1774:After Qin besieged and flooded their capital of 1748: 6812:Law, State, and Society in Early Imperial China 5750:"China's Flat Earth: History and 8 August 2008" 3993: 3991: 3666:as a verb – "to be surnamed" – with the object 3534:(1st century BC) indicates that he died on the 3346:production based on a science fiction novel by 2323:burned the palaces of Xianyang in 206 BC. 1670: 1280:or Huang-ti, "emperor", a new term coined from 5037:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–14. 3254: 2375: 2345:Qin Shi Huang also followed the theory of the 1620: 7867: 7499: 5935: 5933: 5900: 5599:Aikman, David. (2006). Qi. Publishing Group. 4431: 4415: 4406: 4398: 4316: 4212: 4196: 4187: 4179: 4083: 4074: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3745: 3734: 3692: 3667: 3661: 3653: 3439:(2008) – a special three-hour documentary by 3276: 3261: 3167: 3157: 2727:but appeared to have never named an empress. 2577: 2257: 1818:military campaigns against the Xiongnu nomads 1581: 1551: 1431: 1383: 1375: 1365: 1357: 1347: 1341: 1331: 1299: 1283: 1271: 1259: 1247: 1185: 1165: 1097:describes the sixteenth year of the reign of 1080: 1066: 1052: 1042: 1036: 888: 599: 434: 424: 407: 390: 290: 269: 260: 244: 145: 137: 45: 6833:(1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in". In 5574:Ong, Siew Chey. Marshall Cavendish. (2006). 5154:Figurines: Figuration and the Sense of Scale 4906:Veeck, Gregory. Pannell, Clifton W. (2007). 4448: 4446: 3988: 3744:to be replaced by its original name "Jing" ( 3576:indicated that King Zhuangxiang died on the 3516:(8th century) indicates that he died on the 3415:features Qin Shi Huang as a playable leader. 3079: 1071:) comprised a larger group descended from a 510:Qin Shi Huang also worked with his minister 7049:"Chronology of Dynasties and Reign Periods" 6942:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 6897:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. 6774:Records of the Grand Historian: Qin Dynasty 6704:Records of the Grand Historian: Qin dynasty 4584:Qiu : a Complete Translation and Study 4557:Edition: 2, revised. (1987). M. E. Sharpe. 4467:2nd Series, Vol. 73, No. 1/3 (1987), p. 69. 3740:also became taboo, prompting references to 503:, although the Xiongnu later rallied under 7874: 7860: 7506: 7492: 7164:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7146:Müller, Claudius Cornelius (29 May 2021). 7024:The First Emperor, China's Terracotta Army 6230:Loewe, Michael. Twitchett, Denis. (1986). 6004:"The First Emperor and sculpture in China" 5930: 5209:. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. 5176: 5174: 5060:"The First Emperor and sculpture in China" 4994:"The First Emperor and sculpture in China" 4671: 4669: 3632:indicated that Ying Zheng was born in the 3606:indicated that Ying Zheng was born in the 2264: 2250: 1879:, townships, and hundred-family units (里, 1843: 1836:, which annexed various regions in modern 1563: 574: 55: 7073: 6888: 6182: 6065:Thieme, C. 2001. (translated by M. Will) 5817: 5815: 5813: 5773: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5398: 5396: 5182:China's Intellectuals: Advise and Dissent 4824:Elizabeth, Jean. Ward, Laureate. (2008). 4443: 4061: 3111:. They eventually compiled a list of the 1848: 1834:military campaigns against the Yue tribes 1531:An 18th-century portrait of Qin Shi Huang 451:assisted him in succeeding his father as 7913:Burning of books and burying of scholars 7193: 7046: 6865: 5957: 5894: 5857:Tung, Douglas S. Tung, Kenneth. (2003). 5738:Xinhuanet. Retrieved on 28 January 2009. 5659: 5427: 5258: 5034:Chinese Culture and the Chinese Military 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4700: 4549: 4547: 4388:Chang, "Understanding Di and Tian", 4–9. 4371:. Belknap Press (|Cambridge, MA), 2009. 4305:, pp. 2–33. Macmillan Publishing, 2008. 4100: 4098: 3854: 3827: 3773: 3513:Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era 3202: 3083: 2999: 2991: 2559: 2496: 2440:However, to defend against the northern 2413: 2398:. In 218, a former Han aristocrat named 2385: 1952:Burning of books and burying of scholars 1858: 1739:In 227 BC, fearing a Qin invasion, 1696: 1624: 1526: 7276: 6997: 6347:(2nd ed.) by Kenneth Lieberthal (2004). 5853: 5851: 5849: 5711:, p. 82, "In the seventh month on 5171: 4965: 4963: 4910:. Rowman & Littlefield publishing. 4704:Qin Shi Huangdi: First Emperor of China 4666: 4572: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4161:, p. 132. Sussex Academic Press, 2005. 3912: 1686: 1517: 14: 8045: 7881: 7145: 7019: 6940:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han 6124: 6112: 6001: 5948:张文立：《秦始皇帝评传》，陕西人民教育出版社，1996，第325～326页。 5821: 5810: 5665: 5570: 5568: 5533: 5393: 5349:. University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. 5229: 5227: 5150: 5123: 5057: 4991: 4876: 4874: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4525: 4523: 4358:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han 3924: 3785: 1927: 1883:, roughly corresponding to modern-day 1391: 1203:, whose cult was popular in the later 988: 764: 703: 7908:Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes 7855: 7487: 7239: 7172: 6978: 6956: 6934: 6829: 5747: 5370: 5103:. Yale University Press. p. 50. 4942: 4925: 4895: 4660: 4607: 4586:. (2000). Stanford University Press. 4544: 4391: 4172: 4095: 3967: 3884: 3797: 3448:The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor 3419:First Emperor: The Man Who Made China 3117:to highlight his tyrannical actions. 3041:debatable. The main tomb (located at 2937: 2927: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2887: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2837: 2811: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2437:internal walls dividing the empire. 382:. Rather than maintain the title of " 7272:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 7263: 7106: 6771: 6746: 6721: 6700: 6418: 5882: 5846: 5708: 5696: 5512:"Defense and Cost of The Great Wall" 5328:http://www.ulrichneininger.de/?p=461 5295: 4960: 4826:The Songs and Ballads of Li He Chang 4501:vol. 6, Basic annals of Qin Shihuang 4479: 4278: 4055: 4043: 3982: 3955: 3861:. National Geographic. p. 324. 3425:played the emperor. It was shown on 1586:), Lao Ai seized the queen mother's 1382:in person and "Your Highness" ( 5958:Williams, A. R. (12 October 2016). 5565: 5347:China: Ancient Culture, Modern Land 5224: 5030: 4972:by Sima Qian (c. 145–86 BC), after 4871: 4856:. Stanford University Press, 1989. 4757: 4520: 4437:, 2012. Accessed 27 December 2013. 4218:, 2012. Accessed 27 December 2013. 4089:, 2003. Accessed 25 December 2013. 4028:, 2003. Accessed 25 December 2013. 3805:The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949 3270:(1899–1986) in the 1952 collection 2996:Plan of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum 1898: 518:. He is traditionally said to have 27:First emperor of China (221–210 BC) 24: 7903:Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu 7233: 4843: 4327:The Origins of Statecraft in China 3443:. Xu Pengkai played Qin Shi Huang. 3120:The famous Han poet and statesman 3010:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 2978:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 2420:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 2354:associations include north as the 2236:Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius 1172: 1163:of the mythical Three Sovereigns ( 1160: 1152: 1077:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 1041:) taken as the surname and Zheng ( 404: 387: 186:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 25: 8104: 7513: 7296: 6561:from the original on 31 July 2022 6466:from the original on 31 July 2022 6436:from the original on 31 July 2022 5918:from the original on 15 June 2022 5798:from the original on 31 July 2022 5205:Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam. (2004). 4742:司馬遷《史記·卷043·趙世家》：（赵悼襄王）六年，封长安君以饶。 4491: 2492: 1656:for the mission in 227 BC. 8030: 8018: 8006: 7918:Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising 7314: 7302: 6642: 6618: 6600: 6574: 6543: 6526: 6502: 6478: 6448: 6394: 6370: 6350: 6334: 6308: 6270: 6245: 6224: 6201: 6176: 6151: 6130: 6080: 6059: 6034: 5995: 5974: 4721:from the original on 18 May 2021 4531:Rise and Fall of the Qin Dynasty 3809:. London: Routledge. p. 3. 2372:) was 1.4 m (4.6 ft). 1971: 102:6 July 247 BC – 221 BC 8063:3rd-century BC Chinese monarchs 7081:(5th ed.). Cambridge, MA: 7005:. London: Thames & Hudson. 6671: 5951: 5942: 5741: 5718: 5627: 5614: 5593: 5524: 5505: 5489: 5458: 5433: 5402:Wintle, Justin Wintle. (2002). 5364: 5339: 5301: 5264: 5199: 5144: 5117: 5090: 5051: 5024: 4818: 4799: 4745: 4694: 4613: 4485: 4382: 4347: 4269: 4245: 4224: 4151: 4130: 3723: 3709: 3684: 3675: 3645: 3619: 3593: 3561: 2564:Imperial tours of Qin Shi Huang 2457: 2409: 1919:were unified. Under Li Si, the 1863:Administrative divisions of Qin 1436:) came from his month of birth 1011: 863: 846: 825: 804: 790: 763: 749: 735: 415:Born in Handan, the capital of 7083:Harvard University Asia Center 6426:"The battle for the Palm d'Or" 6343:(1969), p. 195. Referenced in 6234:. Cambridge University Press. 6002:Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). 5624:. London: Routledge, 2008: 199 5345:Murowchick, Robert E. (1994). 5298:, pp. 74–75, 119, 148–49. 5058:Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). 4992:Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). 4784:. Published by HarperCollins. 4707:. Heinemann-Raintree Library. 4514:Records of the Grand Historian 3848: 3821: 3791: 3672:, a different kind of surname. 3630:Records of the Grand Historian 3604:Records of the Grand Historian 3573:Records of the Grand Historian 3542:day in that month, there is a 3531:Records of the Grand Historian 3501: 3482: 3156:Another historian, Ma Feibai ( 2550: 2368: 1767:, were able to retreat to the 987: 973: 957: 943: 929: 889: 702: 688: 672: 658: 644: 600: 146: 32:Qin Shi Huang (disambiguation) 13: 1: 8083:Legalism (Chinese philosophy) 7807:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms 7079:Chinese History: A New Manual 6686: 6639:Retrieved on 2 February 2009. 6540:Retrieved on 2 February 2009. 6523:Retrieved on 2 February 2009. 6499:Retrieved on 2 February 2009. 6456:""Hero" – Zhang Yimou (2002)" 6415:Retrieved on 2 February 2009. 6391:Retrieved on 2 February 2009. 5822:Wright, David Curtis (2001). 3897:Barbieri-Low & Yates 2015 3757: 2972:Mausoleum and Terracotta Army 2607: 2425: 2332: 1948:Legalism (Chinese philosophy) 1941: 1820:in the North. Led by General 1751:on King Zheng. This provided 1578:The Record of Grand Historian 1312:, possibly composed of their 168:12 July 210 BC (aged 49) 7047:Vervoorn, Aat Emile (1990). 6757:. Indiana University Press. 6732:. Indiana University Press. 6571:Retrieved 30 September 2019. 5675:. Chinese University Press. 5184:. Harvard University Press. 4379:. Accessed 27 December 2013. 4140:, p. 23. McGraw-Hill, 1981. 4127:. Accessed 26 December 2013. 3554:day of the 8th month on the 3303:The Emperor and the Assassin 3189:Chinese Communist Revolution 2640:or "Second Generation Qin". 2572:in the lower reaches of the 2487:Dujiangyan Irrigation System 1749:failed assassination attempt 1736:, proclaiming himself king. 1671:Second assassination attempt 7: 7100: 6866:Clements, Jonathan (2006). 6538:List the 30 episode series. 6341:Mao Zedong sixiang wan sui! 6211:, vol. 58, 2010, pp. 1–30. 5406:. Rough Guides Publishing. 5157:. Oxford University Press. 3294:, a friend of the assassin 3260:"The Wall and the Books" (" 3255:Depictions in popular media 3207:Statue of Qin Shi Huang in 2521:three times in his search. 2376:Third assassination attempt 2231:Discourses on Salt and Iron 1621:First assassination attempt 1422:, a rich merchant from the 1346:and possibly its homophone 1308:or Ti, the high god of the 1143:Following the surrender of 536:fifth tour of eastern China 77:221 – 210 BC 10: 8109: 7279:The First Emperor of China 7249:Hong Kong University Press 7123:10.1177/009770048300900302 6916:The First Emperor of China 6889:Cotterell, Arthur (1981). 6870:The First Emperor of China 6849:Cambridge University Press 6805:Barbieri-Low, Anthony J.; 6356:Southerncrossreview.org. " 5748:Barme, Geremie R. (2009). 5671:Liang, Yuansheng. (2007). 5622:The Encyclopedia of Taoism 4780:Mah, Adeline Yen. (2003). 4234:, p. 10. Greenwood, 2005. 3855:Farquhar, Michael (2015). 3828:Farquhar, Michael (2006). 2981: 2975: 2647: 2509:, destroyed in 206 BC 2461: 2429: 2379: 2278:Hundred Schools of Thought 1945: 1852: 1807:Heirloom Seal of the Realm 1690: 1522: 1296:, the high god of the Zhou 68:Emperor of the Qin dynasty 29: 7971:Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts 7931: 7898:Qin's wars of unification 7890: 7756: 7727: 7564: 7555: 7521: 7459: 7439:Qin's wars of unification 7433: 7423: 7408: 7403: 7388: 7369: 7361: 7356: 7329: 7277:Yu-ning, Li, ed. (1975). 7210:10.1179/mon.2010.58.1.001 7175:Journal of Ritual Studies 6793: 6413:Emperor and the Assassin. 6020:10.1017/S0041977X13000487 5766:10.1017/S0305741009000046 5076:10.1017/S0041977X13000487 5010:10.1017/S0041977X13000487 4882:Beijing a Concise History 4432: 4416: 4407: 4399: 4213: 4197: 4188: 4180: 4106:Chinese History: A Manual 4084: 4075: 4023: 4014: 4005: 3958:, pp. 15–20, 82, 99. 3746: 3735: 3693: 3668: 3662: 3654: 3588:proleptic Julian calendar 3556:proleptic Julian calendar 3522:proleptic Julian calendar 3194:Complete History of China 3168: 3158: 3080:Reputation and assessment 2966: 2931: 2929: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2794:King of Qin 秦王 247–221 BC 2775: 2773: 2643: 2587:Pingyuan County, Shandong 2578: 2382:Zhang Liang (Western Han) 2363: 1701:Qin's unification of the 1693:Qin's wars of unification 1582: 1552: 1440:, the first month of the 1432: 1384: 1376: 1366: 1358: 1348: 1342: 1332: 1300: 1284: 1272: 1260: 1248: 1186: 1166: 1081: 1067: 1053: 1043: 1037: 1025: 1004: 997: 980: 966: 950: 936: 922: 915: 910: 906: 898: 882: 877: 856: 839: 832: 818: 811: 797: 780: 773: 756: 742: 728: 721: 695: 681: 665: 651: 637: 630: 625: 621: 609: 593: 573: 569: 564: 435: 425: 408: 391: 357: 337: 327: 315: 303: 291: 288: 281: 270: 261: 245: 232: 227: 223: 200: 180: 164: 138: 132: 128: 116: 106: 98: 91: 81: 73: 66: 54: 46: 41: 8068:Chinese military leaders 7057:Chinese University Press 6920:. New York: Birch Lane. 6798: 6676: 5180:Goldman, Merle. (1981). 5124:Barnes, Gina L. (2015). 4880:Haw, Stephen G. (2007). 4701:Pancella, Peggy (2003). 4529:Ren Changhong & al. 4508: 4262:21 December 2019 at the 4115:25 December 2019 at the 3475: 3407:video game developed by 3314:(2002) – The film stars 2701:, Crown Prince (1st son) 2555: 1909:weights and measurements 557: 530:guarded by a life-sized 455:, after which he became 395:) borne by the previous 7152:Encyclopædia Britannica 6979:Loewe, Michael (2004). 6521:A Step to the Past TVB. 6491:16 January 2008 at the 6358:Southerncrossreview.org 6077:. Paris: ICOMOS, 52–57. 6075:Monuments and Sites III 5908:"史記/卷006 – 維基文庫，自由的圖書館" 5861:. Trafford Publishing. 5699:, pp. 35 & 59. 5468:The Great Wall of China 5371:Sanft, Charles (2014). 5207:History of Modern China 4301:Wood, Frances. (2008). 4230:Hardy, Grant & al. 3651:In simplified Chinese, 3263:La muralla y los libros 3225:counter-revolutionaries 3187:With the advent of the 2662:King Zhuangxiang of Qin 2650:Qin dynasty family tree 1844:Reign as Emperor of Qin 1805:to be crafted into the 1646:Crown Prince Dan of Yan 1564:Lao Ai's attempted coup 1465:King Zhuangxiang of Qin 1408:King Zhuangxiang of Qin 1211:of First Emperor ( 447:. The wealthy merchant 441:King Zhuangxiang of Qin 7319:Quotations related to 6874:. Cheltenham: Sutton. 6637:China's First emperor. 6383:22 August 2011 at the 6300:: CS1 maint: others ( 6251:Julia Lovell, (2006). 6218:9 January 2021 at the 6140:, Bantam 2007 p. 170. 6092:Guinness World Records 6042:China: A Macro History 5984:, Bantam 2007 p. 125. 5728:中國考古簡訊：秦始皇去世地沙丘平臺遺跡尚存. 5441:China: A Macro History 5130:. Oxbow. p. 287. 4675:Donn, Lin. Donn, Don. 4645:: CS1 maint: others ( 4622:The Annals of Lü Buwei 4580:The Annals of Lü Buwei 4555:China: A Macro History 4452:Beck, B.J. Mansvelt. " 3451:(2008) – the third of 3327:Rise of the Great Wall 3277: 3262: 3252: 3211: 3139: 3092: 3060:34.38139°N 109.25361°E 3012: 2997: 2565: 2510: 2422: 2391: 2221:Rectification of names 2170:The Book of Lord Shang 1864: 1849:Administrative reforms 1706: 1637: 1532: 1442:Chinese lunar calendar 1116:had styled themselves 516:earlier Chinese states 471:permanently added the 7020:Portal, Jane (2007). 6624:Historychannel.com. " 6557:. 29 September 2019. 6555:Tokyo Otaku Mode News 6363:19 March 2009 at the 6195:10 March 2022 at the 5828:. Greenwood. p. 5734:18 March 2009 at the 5333:14 April 2021 at the 5031:Lei, Haizong (2020). 4610:, pp. 42–43, 95. 4136:Luo Zhewen & al. 4104:Wilkinson, Endymion. 3718:Second Emperor of Qin 3437:China's First Emperor 3342:(2001) – a Hong Kong 3334:played Qin Shi Huang. 3247: 3206: 3164:Qín Shǐ Huángdì Zhuàn 3134: 3087: 3003: 2995: 2648:Further information: 2598:poisoned by an elixir 2563: 2500: 2417: 2389: 2380:Further information: 1869:Warring States period 1862: 1853:Further information: 1793:Warring States period 1711:Warring States period 1700: 1628: 1550:, the Lord Chang'an ( 1530: 1490:King Zhaoxiang of Qin 1205:Warring States period 1138:King Zhaoxiang of Qin 1079:, and the clan name ( 8093:Qin dynasty emperors 7966:Twelve Metal Colossi 7331:First Emperor of Qin 7311:at Wikimedia Commons 7059:. pp. 311–316. 7030:British Museum Press 6407:31 July 2018 at the 6040:Huang, Ray. (1997). 5970:on 28 February 2021. 5825:The History of China 5662:, pp. 131, 134. 5517:17 June 2013 at the 5471:. Infobase. p. 5439:Huang, Ray. (1997). 5312:Nation and Mythology 5151:Elsner, Jaś (2020). 4425:15 June 2022 at the 4342:Sino-Platonic Papers 4336:28 June 2017 at the 4206:13 June 2022 at the 4157:Fowler, Jeaneane D. 3834:. 寂天文化. p. 16. 3776:, Between pp. 76–77. 3590:. (...。五月丙午，庄襄王卒...) 3339:A Step into the Past 3287:The Emperor's Shadow 3124:concluded his essay 3095:Traditional Chinese 3019:. British historian 2524:In one case he sent 1935:Twelve Metal Colossi 1703:Seven Warring States 1687:Unification of China 1518:Reign as King of Qin 1136:had been deposed by 1006:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 858:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 461:unified all of China 439:), his parents were 152:February 259 BC 30:For other uses, see 7467:as Emperor of China 7266:The Chinese Emperor 7264:Levi, Jean (1987). 7075:Wilkinson, Endymion 6772:Sima, Qian (1993). 6749:William, Nienhauser 6747:Sima, Qian (1994). 6724:William, Nienhauser 6722:Sima, Qian (2006). 6701:Sima, Qian (2007). 6138:The Terracotta Army 5982:The Terracotta Army 5964:National Geographic 5754:The China Quarterly 5620:Fabrizio Pregadio. 5430:, pp. 102–103. 5307:Neininger, Ulrich, 4459:2 June 2016 at the 3441:The History Channel 3402:turn-based strategy 3278:Otras Inquisiciones 3178:Northern Expedition 3065:34.38139; 109.25361 3056: / 3017:emperor's mausoleum 2939:Ziying 子嬰 d. 206 BC 2910:Huhai 胡亥 229–207 BC 2880:18 or 25 (disputed) 2481:, flowing into the 2447:Great Wall of China 2432:Great Wall of China 2176:Shenzi (both books) 1993:Marquess Wen of Wei 1959:Part of a series on 1928:Monumental statuary 1915:coin. The forms of 1830:Great Wall of China 1512:lowest social class 1444:; the clan name of 1392:Birth and parentage 1320:, particularly the 1134:last of whose kings 580:"Qin Shi Huang" in 524:Great Wall of China 268:Given name: Zheng ( 8088:People from Handan 7443:Title last held by 7393:Title next held by 6936:Lewis, Mark Edward 6807:Yates, Robin D. S. 6626:Historychannel.com 6614:on 10 August 2010. 6608:"DocumentaryStorm" 6515:2009-02-07 at the 6187:, pp. 121–136 4482:, pp. 35, 59. 4367:5 May 2016 at the 4325:Creel, Herrlee G. 3524:(始皇以六月乙丑死于沙丘...). 3464:Record of Ragnarok 3272:Other Inquisitions 3212: 3093: 3013: 2998: 2988:Qin bronze chariot 2791:Zheng 政 259–210 BC 2684:Queen Dowager Zhao 2667:Queen Dowager Zhao 2566: 2511: 2423: 2392: 2356:cardinal direction 2293:books to be burned 2198:Annals of Lü Buwei 2119:Emperor Wen of Sui 2066:Emperor Wen of Han 1917:Chinese characters 1903:Qin Shi Huang and 1865: 1787:and captured King 1769:Liaodong Peninsula 1707: 1638: 1533: 1256:or Ch'in, "of Qin" 1197:Chinese prehistory 1112:The rulers of the 1073:prominent ancestor 613:"First Emperor of 342:Queen Dowager Zhao 124:Himself as Emperor 121:Position abolished 8078:Founding monarchs 7994: 7993: 7981:The First Emperor 7976:Ten Crimes of Qin 7849: 7848: 7482: 7481: 7469: 7462:Monarchs of China 7457: 7454:as King of China 7424:Succeeded by 7307:Media related to 7288:978-0-87332-067-2 7160:cite encyclopedia 7092:978-0-9988883-0-9 7066:978-962-201-415-2 7039:978-1-932543-26-1 7012:978-0-500-05090-3 6990:978-90-04-13845-2 6983:. Leiden: Brill. 6971:978-90-04-10364-1 6964:. Leiden: Brill. 6949:978-0-674-02477-9 6927:978-1-55972-016-8 6904:978-0-03-059889-0 6881:978-0-7509-3960-7 6858:978-0-521-24327-8 6835:Twitchett, Dennis 6822:978-90-04-30053-8 6714:978-0-19-922634-4 6690: 91 BC 6588:. 12 January 2023 6322:. 12 October 2012 6287:978-0-231-51798-0 6265:978-0-8021-1814-1 6171:978-1-84353-019-0 6146:978-0-593-05929-6 6054:978-1-56324-731-6 5990:978-0-593-05929-6 5912:zh.wikisource.org 5871:978-1-4120-0674-3 5839:978-0-313-30940-3 5685:978-962-996-239-5 5641:. 12 October 2012 5609:978-0-8054-3293-0 5588:978-981-261-067-6 5560:978-1-86450-370-8 5550:. Lonely Planet. 5501:978-1-84162-158-6 5482:978-0-7910-8019-1 5453:978-1-56324-731-6 5416:978-1-85828-764-5 5359:978-0-8061-2683-8 5284:978-0-521-24327-8 5247:978-0-7914-6749-7 5219:978-81-269-0315-3 5194:978-0-674-11970-3 5164:978-0-19-886109-6 5137:978-1-78570-073-6 5110:978-0-300-10065-5 5100:Chinese Sculpture 5044:978-1-108-47918-9 4954:978-0-472-11533-4 4920:978-0-7425-5402-3 4890:978-0-415-39906-7 4866:978-0-8047-1529-4 4838:978-1-4357-1867-8 4811:14 April 2013 at 4794:978-0-06-000641-9 4714:978-1-4034-3704-4 4689:978-1-56004-163-4 4632:978-0-8047-3354-0 4596:978-0-8047-3354-0 4567:978-1-56324-730-9 4533:. Asiapac, 2000. 4377:978-0-674-02477-9 3927:, "Introduction". 3868:978-1-4262-1280-2 3411:and published by 3268:Jorge Luis Borges 3126:The Faults of Qin 3114:Ten Crimes of Qin 3004:Statues from the 2961: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2940: 2912: 2895: 2881: 2866: 2796: 2473:flowing into the 2340: 74 BC 2308:Book of Documents 2302:Classic of Poetry 2280:, which included 2274: 2273: 2215:Relevant articles 2071:Emperor Wu of Han 1811:Mandate of Heaven 1467:in 250 BC. 1396:According to the 1234:Edward H. Schafer 1230:Peter A. Boodberg 1179:of the legendary 1140:in 256 BC. 1120:from the time of 1029: 1028: 1021: 1020: 917:Standard Mandarin 873: 872: 730:Yale Romanization 632:Standard Mandarin 499:from the nomadic 457:King Zheng of Qin 347: 346: 299: 298: 16:(Redirected from 8100: 8073:Former theocrats 8035: 8034: 8033: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8002: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7853: 7852: 7749:(as king of Qin) 7719:King Zhuangxiang 7559: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7485: 7484: 7465: 7451: 7447:King Nan of Zhou 7411:Emperor of China 7365:King Zhuangxiang 7362:Preceded by 7352: 7345: 7327: 7326: 7318: 7306: 7292: 7273: 7268:. Translated by 7260: 7229: 7197:Monumenta Serica 7190: 7169: 7163: 7155: 7142: 7096: 7070: 7043: 7027: 7016: 6994: 6975: 6953: 6931: 6919: 6908: 6896: 6885: 6873: 6862: 6826: 6787: 6768: 6743: 6718: 6691: 6688: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6646: 6640: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6610:. Archived from 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6566: 6547: 6541: 6530: 6524: 6506: 6500: 6482: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6422: 6416: 6398: 6392: 6374: 6368: 6354: 6348: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6299: 6291: 6274: 6268: 6249: 6243: 6228: 6222: 6209:Monumenta Serica 6205: 6199: 6188: 6180: 6174: 6155: 6149: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6084: 6078: 6063: 6057: 6038: 6032: 6031: 5999: 5993: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5966:. Archived from 5955: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5855: 5844: 5843: 5819: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5777: 5745: 5739: 5724:Xinhuanet.com. " 5722: 5716: 5706: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5631: 5625: 5618: 5612: 5597: 5591: 5572: 5563: 5544: 5531: 5528: 5522: 5509: 5503: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5462: 5456: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5368: 5362: 5343: 5337: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5231: 5222: 5203: 5197: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5028: 5022: 5021: 4967: 4958: 4957: 4940: 4923: 4904: 4893: 4878: 4869: 4847: 4841: 4822: 4816: 4803: 4797: 4778: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4698: 4692: 4673: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4644: 4636: 4617: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4576: 4570: 4551: 4542: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4468: 4450: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4380: 4351: 4345: 4323: 4314: 4299: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4249: 4243: 4228: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4192: 4191: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4155: 4149: 4134: 4128: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3873: 3872: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3799:Moule, Arthur C. 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3727: 3721: 3713: 3707: 3698:("August Heaven 3697: 3696: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3643: 3623: 3617: 3597: 3591: 3565: 3559: 3505: 3499: 3486: 3383:Fate/Grand Order 3280: 3265: 3171: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3049: 2949: 2938: 2911: 2908: 2893: 2879: 2864: 2795: 2790: 2755:the Kings of Qin 2739: 2738: 2730: 2729: 2581: 2580: 2370: 2365: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2266: 2259: 2252: 2003:Duke Xiao of Qin 1975: 1965:Chinese legalism 1956: 1955: 1899:Economic reforms 1741:Crown Prince Dan 1604: 1585: 1584: 1555: 1554: 1542:other six states 1537:King Zhuangxiang 1535:In 246 BC, when 1458: 1435: 1434: 1387: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1378: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1360: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1344: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1314:divine ancestors 1303: 1302: 1294:Three Sovereigns 1287: 1286: 1275: 1274: 1268:or Shih, "first" 1263: 1262: 1251: 1250: 1213:Shǐ Huángdì 1190: 1189: 1188: 1170: 1169: 1168: 1084: 1083: 1070: 1069: 1056: 1055: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1039: 1017: 1016: 1015: 993: 992: 991: 976: 975: 962: 961: 960: 946: 945: 932: 931: 908: 907: 894: 893: 869: 868: 867: 852: 851: 850: 828: 827: 807: 806: 793: 792: 769: 768: 767: 752: 751: 738: 737: 736:Chèuhn Chí Wòhng 717: 716: 715: 714: 713: 706: 691: 690: 677: 676: 675: 674:Ch'in Shih Huang 661: 660: 647: 646: 623: 622: 605: 604: 578: 562: 561: 438: 437: 428: 427: 411: 410: 394: 393: 380:emperor of China 373: 372: 371: 370: 368: 359: 332:King Zhuangxiang 294: 293: 273: 272: 264: 263: 248: 247: 225: 224: 149: 148: 141: 140: 111:King Zhuangxiang 59: 50: 49: 48: 39: 38: 21: 8108: 8107: 8103: 8102: 8101: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8031: 8029: 8019: 8017: 8007: 8005: 7997: 7995: 7990: 7954:Terracotta Army 7927: 7886: 7880: 7850: 7845: 7752: 7723: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7517: 7512: 7477: 7471: 7464: 7450: 7444: 7441: 7429: 7420: 7414: 7394: 7377: 7375: 7367: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7332: 7299: 7289: 7236: 7234:Further reading 7157: 7156: 7148:"Qin Shi Huang" 7103: 7093: 7067: 7040: 7013: 6991: 6972: 6950: 6928: 6905: 6882: 6859: 6823: 6801: 6796: 6784: 6765: 6740: 6715: 6689: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6656: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6623: 6619: 6606: 6605: 6601: 6591: 6589: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6564: 6562: 6549: 6548: 6544: 6531: 6527: 6517:Wayback Machine 6507: 6503: 6493:Wayback Machine 6483: 6479: 6469: 6467: 6454: 6453: 6449: 6439: 6437: 6432:. 17 May 1999. 6424: 6423: 6419: 6409:Wayback Machine 6399: 6395: 6385:Wayback Machine 6375: 6371: 6365:Wayback Machine 6355: 6351: 6345:Governing China 6339: 6335: 6325: 6323: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6255:. Grove Press. 6250: 6246: 6229: 6225: 6220:Wayback Machine 6206: 6202: 6197:Wayback Machine 6181: 6177: 6156: 6152: 6135: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6094:. 11 March 2022 6086: 6085: 6081: 6064: 6060: 6039: 6035: 6000: 5996: 5979: 5975: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5856: 5847: 5840: 5820: 5811: 5801: 5799: 5746: 5742: 5736:Wayback Machine 5723: 5719: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5691: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5642: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5615: 5598: 5594: 5573: 5566: 5545: 5534: 5529: 5525: 5519:Wayback Machine 5510: 5506: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5463: 5459: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5369: 5365: 5344: 5340: 5335:Wayback Machine 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5232: 5225: 5204: 5200: 5179: 5172: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5095: 5091: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5029: 5025: 4989: 4983: 4968: 4961: 4955: 4941: 4926: 4905: 4896: 4879: 4872: 4848: 4844: 4823: 4819: 4804: 4800: 4779: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4724: 4722: 4715: 4699: 4695: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4577: 4573: 4552: 4545: 4528: 4521: 4510: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4471: 4461:Wayback Machine 4451: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4427:Wayback Machine 4414: 4405: 4397: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4369:Wayback Machine 4352: 4348: 4338:Wayback Machine 4324: 4317: 4300: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4264:Wayback Machine 4250: 4246: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4211: 4208:Wayback Machine 4195: 4186: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4156: 4152: 4135: 4131: 4117:Wayback Machine 4103: 4096: 4090: 4082: 4072: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4035: 4029: 4021: 4011: 4003: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3989: 3981: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3876: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3826: 3822: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3710: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3624: 3620: 3598: 3594: 3566: 3562: 3548:Julian calendar 3506: 3502: 3490:British Library 3487: 3483: 3478: 3398:Civilization VI 3257: 3174:Chiang Kai-shek 3082: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3026:Terracotta Army 3006:Terracotta Army 2990: 2984:Terracotta Army 2980: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2950: 2942: 2941: 2920: 2913: 2909: 2892: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2754: 2673:Half-siblings: 2652: 2646: 2610: 2558: 2553: 2495: 2466: 2460: 2434: 2428: 2412: 2384: 2378: 2339: 2335: 2270: 2241: 2240: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2157: 2149: 2148: 2114: 2106: 2105: 2056: 2048: 2047: 1983: 1954: 1946:Main articles: 1944: 1930: 1901: 1857: 1851: 1846: 1728:in 228. Prince 1695: 1689: 1673: 1623: 1613:became the new 1598: 1576:. According to 1566: 1525: 1520: 1452: 1394: 1373: 1363: 1330: 1184: 1164: 1149:Kingdom of Zhou 1014:l̥əʔɢʷˤaŋtˤek-s 968:Tongyong Pinyin 958: 902:"First Emperor" 899:Literal meaning 750:ceon4 ci2 wong4 709: 708: 683:Tongyong Pinyin 673: 610:Literal meaning 589: 560: 532:Terracotta Army 453:the king of Qin 366: 363: 362: 361: 277: 219: 196: 169: 153: 151: 143: 123: 62: 44: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8106: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8040: 8039: 8027: 8015: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7923:Battle of Julu 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7879: 7878: 7871: 7864: 7856: 7847: 7846: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7709:King Zhaoxiang 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7570: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7556: 7554: 7552: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7534:Marquis of Qin 7531: 7525: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7511: 7510: 7503: 7496: 7488: 7480: 7479: 7458: 7442: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7425: 7422: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7392: 7387: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7357:Regnal titles 7354: 7353: 7333: 7330: 7325: 7324: 7312: 7298: 7297:External links 7295: 7294: 7293: 7287: 7274: 7261: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7191: 7170: 7143: 7117:(3): 285–318. 7102: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7091: 7071: 7065: 7044: 7038: 7017: 7011: 6995: 6989: 6976: 6970: 6958:Loewe, Michael 6954: 6948: 6932: 6926: 6909: 6903: 6886: 6880: 6863: 6857: 6839:Loewe, Michael 6827: 6821: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6783:978-0231081696 6782: 6769: 6763: 6744: 6738: 6719: 6713: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6641: 6631:2008-06-18 at 6617: 6599: 6573: 6542: 6525: 6501: 6477: 6447: 6417: 6393: 6376:NYTimes.com. " 6369: 6349: 6333: 6307: 6286: 6269: 6244: 6223: 6200: 6175: 6150: 6129: 6127:, p. 207. 6117: 6105: 6079: 6058: 6033: 6014:(3): 436–450. 5994: 5973: 5950: 5941: 5929: 5899: 5897:, p. 172. 5887: 5875: 5845: 5838: 5809: 5740: 5717: 5701: 5689: 5664: 5652: 5626: 5613: 5592: 5564: 5532: 5523: 5504: 5488: 5481: 5457: 5432: 5420: 5392: 5386:978-1438450377 5385: 5363: 5338: 5300: 5288: 5263: 5261:, p. 131. 5251: 5237:. SUNY Press. 5223: 5198: 5170: 5163: 5143: 5136: 5116: 5109: 5089: 5070:(3): 436–450. 5050: 5043: 5023: 5004:(3): 436–450. 4959: 4953: 4924: 4894: 4870: 4842: 4817: 4798: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4713: 4693: 4665: 4653: 4631: 4612: 4600: 4582:: Lü Shi Chun 4571: 4543: 4519: 4484: 4469: 4442: 4390: 4381: 4346: 4340:", pp. 13–14. 4315: 4277: 4268: 4244: 4223: 4171: 4150: 4138:The Great Wall 4129: 4094: 4060: 4058:, p. 123. 4048: 4046:, p. 439. 4033: 3987: 3985:, p. 127. 3972: 3970:, p. 654. 3960: 3929: 3917: 3905: 3889: 3887:, p. 823. 3874: 3867: 3847: 3840: 3820: 3790: 3778: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3722: 3708: 3683: 3674: 3644: 3618: 3592: 3560: 3500: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3459: 3444: 3434: 3431:United Kingdom 3416: 3395: 3379: 3376:Warring States 3363: 3351: 3335: 3323: 3307: 3299: 3283: 3256: 3253: 3198:class struggle 3097:historiography 3081: 3078: 2976:Main article: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2952: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2885: 2883: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2806: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2753:family tree of 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2735: 2734: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2691: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2664: 2645: 2642: 2609: 2606: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2532:. They sought 2515:elixir of life 2494: 2493:Elixir of life 2491: 2462:Main article: 2459: 2456: 2430:Main article: 2427: 2424: 2411: 2408: 2377: 2374: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2254: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2166: 2158: 2156:Relevant texts 2155: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1968: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1943: 1940: 1929: 1926: 1900: 1897: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1691:Main article: 1688: 1685: 1672: 1669: 1622: 1619: 1592:Lord Changping 1565: 1562: 1548:Zhao Chengjiao 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1393: 1390: 1388:) in writing. 1327: 1326: 1325: 1324: 1322:Yellow Emperor 1297: 1269: 1257: 1228:starting with 1222:Second Emperor 1201:Yellow Emperor 1063:ancestral name 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1008: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 984: 978: 977: 970: 964: 963: 954: 948: 947: 940: 934: 933: 926: 920: 919: 913: 912: 911:Transcriptions 904: 903: 900: 896: 895: 886: 880: 879: 875: 874: 871: 870: 860: 854: 853: 843: 837: 836: 830: 829: 822: 820:Middle Chinese 816: 815: 813:Middle Chinese 809: 808: 801: 795: 794: 787: 778: 777: 771: 770: 760: 754: 753: 746: 740: 739: 732: 726: 725: 723:Yue: Cantonese 719: 718: 699: 693: 692: 689:Cín Shǐh Huáng 685: 679: 678: 669: 663: 662: 655: 649: 648: 641: 635: 634: 628: 627: 626:Transcriptions 619: 618: 611: 607: 606: 597: 591: 590: 586:regular script 579: 571: 570: 567: 566: 559: 556: 495:conquered the 378:and the first 345: 344: 339: 335: 334: 329: 325: 324: 319: 313: 312: 307: 301: 300: 297: 296: 286: 285: 279: 278: 276: 275: 266: 250: 237:Ancestral name 233: 230: 229: 221: 220: 218: 217: 212: 206: 204: 198: 197: 184: 182: 178: 177: 166: 162: 161: 134: 130: 129: 126: 125: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 64: 63: 60: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8105: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8058:210 BC deaths 8056: 8054: 8053:Qin Shi Huang 8051: 8050: 8048: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8016: 8014: 8004: 8003: 8000: 7987: 7986:Qin Shi Huang 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7949:Mr. He's jade 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7889: 7884: 7877: 7872: 7870: 7865: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7755: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7515:Rulers of Qin 7509: 7504: 7502: 7497: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7468: 7463: 7456: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7419: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7383: 7382: 7374: 7373: 7366: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7337: 7336:House of Ying 7328: 7322: 7321:Qin Shi Huang 7317: 7313: 7310: 7309:Qin Shi Huang 7305: 7301: 7300: 7290: 7284: 7280: 7275: 7271: 7270:Bray, Barbara 7267: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7247:. Hong Kong: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7111: 7105: 7104: 7094: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7062: 7058: 7055:. Hong Kong: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7025: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6982: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6923: 6918: 6917: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6895: 6894: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6850: 6847:. Cambridge: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6802: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6770: 6766: 6764:9780253340214 6760: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6739:9780253340252 6735: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6638: 6634: 6633:archive.today 6630: 6627: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6603: 6587: 6583: 6577: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6539: 6535: 6529: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6505: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6481: 6465: 6461: 6460:The Film Sufi 6457: 6451: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6421: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6403: 6397: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6373: 6366: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6321: 6317: 6311: 6303: 6297: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6262: 6261:0-8021-1814-3 6258: 6254: 6248: 6241: 6240:0-521-24327-0 6237: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6186: 6179: 6172: 6168: 6167:1-84353-019-8 6164: 6160: 6154: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6126: 6121: 6114: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6055: 6051: 6050:1-56324-731-3 6047: 6043: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5934: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5896: 5895:Clements 2006 5891: 5885:, p. 54. 5884: 5879: 5872: 5868: 5867:1-4120-0674-0 5864: 5860: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5841: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5698: 5693: 5686: 5682: 5681:962-996-239-X 5678: 5674: 5668: 5661: 5660:Clements 2006 5656: 5640: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5610: 5606: 5605:0-8054-3293-0 5602: 5596: 5589: 5585: 5584:981-261-067-7 5581: 5577: 5571: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5556:1-86450-370-X 5553: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5527: 5520: 5516: 5513: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5484: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5461: 5454: 5450: 5449:1-56324-731-3 5446: 5442: 5436: 5429: 5428:Clements 2006 5424: 5418:. pp. 61, 71. 5417: 5413: 5412:1-85828-764-2 5409: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5360: 5356: 5355:0-8061-2683-3 5352: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5324:3-88676-041-3 5321: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5304: 5297: 5292: 5285: 5281: 5280:0-521-24327-0 5277: 5273: 5267: 5260: 5259:Clements 2006 5255: 5248: 5244: 5243:0-7914-6749-X 5240: 5236: 5230: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5215:81-269-0315-5 5212: 5208: 5202: 5195: 5191: 5190:0-674-11970-3 5187: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5147: 5139: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5120: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4964: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4916:0-7425-5402-3 4913: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4884:. Routledge. 4883: 4877: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4862:0-8047-1529-7 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4834:1-4357-1867-4 4831: 4827: 4821: 4814: 4813:archive.today 4810: 4807: 4802: 4795: 4791: 4790:0-06-000641-2 4787: 4783: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4753: 4748: 4739: 4737: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4697: 4690: 4686: 4685:1-56004-163-3 4682: 4678: 4677:Ancient China 4672: 4670: 4663:, p. 43. 4662: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4634: 4628: 4624: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4604: 4597: 4593: 4592:0-8047-3354-6 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4564: 4563:1-56324-730-5 4560: 4556: 4550: 4548: 4540: 4539:981-229-172-5 4536: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4428: 4424: 4421: 4394: 4385: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4322: 4320: 4312: 4311:0-312-38112-3 4308: 4304: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4272: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4251:Major, John. 4248: 4241: 4240:0-313-32588-X 4237: 4233: 4227: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4175: 4168: 4167:1-84519-086-6 4164: 4160: 4154: 4147: 4146:0-07-070745-6 4143: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4125:0-674-00247-4 4122: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4099: 4079: 4070: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4018: 3994: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3926: 3921: 3915:, p. 16. 3914: 3909: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3886: 3881: 3879: 3870: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3851: 3843: 3841:9789861840239 3837: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788:, p. 29. 3787: 3782: 3775: 3774:Clements 2006 3770: 3768: 3763: 3743: 3731: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3701: 3687: 3678: 3648: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3497: 3496: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3409:Firaxis Games 3406: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3355:Qin Shi Huang 3352: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3220:Qin Shi Huang 3217: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3086: 3077: 3075: 3069: 3039: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2979: 2964: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2890: 2886: 2884: 2862: 2859: 2843: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2825: 2823: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2800:Qin Shi Huang 2780: 2778: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2624: 2621:, the eunuch 2620: 2615: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2530:Mount Penglai 2527: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479:Lijiang River 2476: 2472: 2465: 2455: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2421: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2347:five elements 2343: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2267: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2139:Zhang Juzheng 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2113:Later figures 2110: 2109: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2044: 2043:Qin Shi Huang 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1856: 1841: 1840:and Vietnam. 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826:Ordos Plateau 1823: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716:The state of 1714: 1712: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1668: 1666: 1665:Son of Heaven 1662: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636:(3rd century) 1635: 1631: 1627: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1596:Lord Changwen 1593: 1589: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1529: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1508:Lüshi Chunqiu 1505: 1504: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1481:Lüshi Chunqiu 1477: 1473: 1470:However, the 1468: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1389: 1355: 1338: 1323: 1319: 1318:Five Emperors 1315: 1311: 1310:Shang dynasty 1307: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1282: 1281: 1279: 1270: 1267: 1258: 1255: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1182: 1181:Five Emperors 1178: 1174: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1107:House of Ying 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1078: 1074: 1064: 1060: 1059:Chinese names 1050: 1034: 1024: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1000: 996: 990: 985: 983: 979: 971: 969: 965: 959:Shih Huang-ti 955: 953: 949: 941: 939: 935: 927: 925: 921: 918: 914: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 887: 885: 881: 876: 866:dzinl̥əʔɢʷˤaŋ 861: 859: 855: 844: 842: 841:Baxter (1992) 838: 835: 831: 826:Dzin si hwang 823: 821: 817: 814: 810: 802: 800: 796: 788: 786: 783: 779: 776: 772: 766: 761: 759: 755: 747: 745: 741: 733: 731: 727: 724: 720: 712: 705: 700: 698: 694: 686: 684: 680: 670: 668: 664: 656: 654: 650: 645:Qín Shǐ Huáng 642: 640: 636: 633: 629: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 598: 596: 592: 587: 583: 577: 572: 568: 565:Qin Shi Huang 563: 555: 553: 552:Michael Loewe 548: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 508: 506: 502: 498: 497:Ordos Plateau 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 432: 422: 418: 413: 406: 402: 398: 389: 385: 381: 377: 369: 367:pronunciation 355: 351: 350:Qin Shi Huang 343: 340: 336: 333: 330: 326: 323: 320: 318: 314: 311: 308: 306: 302: 289:Shi Huangdi ( 287: 284: 280: 267: 258: 254: 251: 242: 238: 235: 234: 231: 226: 222: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 205: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 176: 172: 167: 163: 160: 159:state of Zhao 156: 135: 131: 127: 122: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 76: 72: 69: 65: 58: 53: 42:Qin Shi Huang 40: 37: 33: 19: 7985: 7960:The Acrobats 7958: 7944:Epang Palace 7795:N. Dynasties 7791:S. Dynasties 7736: 7714:King Xiaowen 7566:State of Qin 7522:Early rulers 7472: 7466: 7460: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7434: 7415: 7409: 7404: 7395: 7389: 7385:(246–235 BC) 7384: 7378: 7370: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7323:at Wikiquote 7278: 7265: 7244: 7201: 7195: 7181:(1): 21–37. 7178: 7174: 7151: 7114: 7110:Modern China 7108: 7078: 7052: 7023: 7002: 6999:Paludan, Ann 6980: 6961: 6939: 6915: 6892: 6869: 6843: 6811: 6773: 6753: 6728: 6703: 6693: 6672:Bibliography 6657:. Retrieved 6653: 6644: 6636: 6620: 6612:the original 6602: 6590:. Retrieved 6585: 6576: 6563:. Retrieved 6554: 6545: 6537: 6528: 6520: 6504: 6496: 6480: 6468:. Retrieved 6459: 6450: 6438:. Retrieved 6429: 6420: 6412: 6396: 6389:Film review. 6388: 6372: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6324:. Retrieved 6319: 6310: 6277: 6272: 6252: 6247: 6231: 6226: 6208: 6203: 6184: 6178: 6158: 6153: 6137: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6096:. 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