Reputation of William Shakespeare

734:(1731), Voltaire had analysed all the rules that had to be categorically respected in French theatres, all the events that could be represented and those that were absolutely forbidden. As a result, «la delicatesse», la «bienséance» e la «coutume» dominated the French plays and they constituted an obstacle to the introduction of any innovation. Such mutations were scarcely appreciated by the playwrights, actors and audiences. Voltaire showed his will to partly abandon such conventions, mainly because they were an impediment for the realisation of some scenes he was working on, firstly the death of Julius Caesar. The main impediment for this scene was the rule that in French tragedies, characters could commit suicide, but not murder. Voltaire fought to change this convention, supporting his thesis with examples from Ancient Greek theatre and the contemporary English theatre, where assassinations were regularly represented on stage. However, Voltaire also stated that English tragedies could turn into « un lieu de carnage». What he wanted to achieve was a compromise between tradition and innovation. 1770: 1003:, derived from the classical theatre, were often an obstacle for the introduction of innovations coming from different theatrical traditions. English theatre, for instance, did not respect classical rules. This provoked admiration but, at the same time, rejection for Shakespeare and his works: on one hand his imagination was admired but on the other he used too many features that did not find their place in the Spanish tradition. Those critics who expressed their judgment on the Bard in the 18th century judged him from a classical perspective and since he did not comply with the classical rules of theatre, he was not worth of appreciation. As a consequence, his works began to be translated only at the end of the 18th century. The first Spanish translation of Shakespeare dates to 1798, when Leandro Fernandéz de Moratìn translated 798:. The occasions for interactions between English and Italian people were numerous. Moreover, English people who migrated or were banished from England, often chose Italy as their new home. However, many French translations and adaptations of Shakespearean plays began to circulate in Europe in this period, and the majority of Italian writers started to read Shakespeare in French. Few people knew English and dictionaries were not widely available. For Italians, their first approach towards English plays was often through French renditions and, even though they presented substantial differences from the originals, they introduced the knowledge of English theatre and its rules into Italy. One of the most famous and most-read French adaptations was 1095:(1847–1928). To be a star of the legitimate drama came to mean being first and foremost a "great Shakespeare actor", with a famous interpretation of, for men, Hamlet, and for women, Lady Macbeth, and especially with a striking delivery of the great soliloquies. The acme of spectacle, star, and soliloquy Shakespeare performance came with the reign of actor-manager Henry Irving at the Royal Lyceum Theatre in London from 1878 to 1899. At the same time, a revolutionary return to the roots of Shakespeare's original texts, and to the platform stage, absence of scenery, and fluid scene changes of the Elizabethan theatre, was being effected by 1454:. Although productions of Shakespeare's plays in Germany itself were subject to 'streamlining', he continued to be favoured as a great classical dramatist, especially so as almost every new German play since the late 1890s onwards was portrayed by German government propaganda as the work of left-wingers, of Jews or of "degenerates" of one kind or another. Politically acceptable writers had simply been unable to fill the gap, or had only been able to do so through producing propaganda. In 1935, Goebbels was to say "We can build autobahns, revive the economy, create a new army, but we... cannot manufacture new dramatists." With 1214: 94: 37: 1719:, as most Chinese find do not find the theme of Jewish-Christian conflict relevant. Unlike in Western productions, the character of Shylock is presented very much as an unnuanced villain, capable only of envy, spite, greed and cruelty, a man whose actions are only motivated by his spiritual impoverishment. By contrast, in the West, Shylock is usually presented as a nuanced villain, a man who has never held power over a Christian before, and lets that power go to his head. Another popular play, especially with dissidents under the Communist government, is 1853:, being put into production. Regular performances of Shakespeare's plays continue to be held globally, with Shakespeare's works often appreciated by the younger generation of students, the liberal, progressive Gen Z. Critics continue to regard Shakespeare as the greatest writer and poet of the English Language. Shakespeare's plays (especially A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice and Julius Caesar) are taught in nearly every English speaking school globally and are repeatedly translated into different languages. 3328: 462: 1052: 1295:(1841), Shakespeare was one of the great poet-heroes of history, in the sense of being a "rallying-sign" for British cultural patriotism all over the world, including even the lost American colonies: "From Paramatta, from New York, wheresoever... English men and women are, they will say to one another, 'Yes, this Shakespeare is ours; we produced him, we speak and think by him; we are of one blood and kind with him'" ("The Hero as a Poet"). As the foremost of the great 604:. In 1601, in the Free City of Danzig (modern Gdańsk, Poland), which had a large English merchant colony living within its walls, a company of English actors arrived to put on plays by Shakespeare. By 1610, the actors were performing Shakespeare in German as his plays had become popular in Danzig. Some of Shakespeare's work was performed in continental Europe during the 17th century, but it was not until the mid-18th century that it became widely known. In Germany 6684: 8381: 7397: 3974: 884:. In the preface to the tragedies, Conti praised Shakespeare and expressed his surprise at the fact that no Italian writer had attempted a translation of the Bard sooner. He also noted how Shakespeare did not respect the Aristotelian units. Italian playwrights, on the other hand, were still observing these principles and Conti was no exception. Therefore, the action of his tragedies takes place in one location and it only lasts a few hours. 1117: 201: 659:

his work, both in English and in German translation, seems inexhaustible." The German critic Ernst Osterkamp wrote: "Shakespeare's importance to German literature cannot be compared with that of any other writer of the post-antiquity period. Neither Dante or Cervantes, neither Moliere or Ibsen have even approached his influence here. With the passage of time, Shakespeare has virtually become one of Germany's national authors."

794:. The knowledge of Shakespeare spread in the peninsula in two different ways. On one hand, Italian intellectuals who sojourned for a period of time in England had the possibility to witness theatrical representations and to write about their experiences; their texts, then, travelled back to Italy. On the other hand, many English people travelled to Italy in the 18th century, since it was one of the many destinations on the 310: 3984: 8391: 403:(1668) – the same essay in which he noted that Shakespeare's plays were performed only half as often as those of Beaumont and Fletcher – for Shakespeare's artistic superiority. Though Shakespeare does not follow the dramatic conventions, Dryden wrote, Ben Jonson does, and as a result Jonson lands in a distant second place to "the incomparable Shakespeare", the follower of nature, the untaught 1584:

of Stalin with gigantic portraits and busts of Claudius being prominent in the background of the film, suggesting that Claudius had engaged in a "cult of personality". Given the emphasis on images of imprisonment, Hamlet's decision to avenge his father becomes almost subsidiary to his struggle for freedom, as he challenges the Stalin-like tyranny of Claudius. Hamlet in this film resembles a

547:). To compare Shakespeare and his well-educated contemporary Ben Jonson was a popular exercise at this time, a comparison that was invariably complimentary to Shakespeare. It functioned to highlight the special qualities of both writers, and it especially powered the assertion that natural genius trumps rules, that "there is always an appeal open from criticism to nature" (Samuel Johnson). 240:. Shakespeare's poems were reprinted far more frequently than his plays; but Shakespeare's plays were written for performance by his own company, and because no law prevented rival companies from using the plays, Shakespeare's troupe took steps to prevent his plays from being printed. That many of his plays were pirated suggests his popularity in the book market, and the regular 996:

editions alone were not sufficient to spark the interest of Spanish writers and critics. Shakespeare's works began to be read by a larger number of intellectuals in the 18th century; however, Shakespeare did not arrive to Spain in his original language, but he began to be studied thanks to French adaptations and rewritings. Spanish scholars rarely read Shakespeare in English.

730:(1728), he declared himself to be an admirer of the English theatre, especially of its tragedies, which he considered to be superior to all the other genres brought to the English stage. Voltaire's appreciation for the English theatre was so sincere that he tried to import some of its characteristics into France. The adoption of such features was not immediate or easy. In 1504:, Rainer Schlosser, given charge of German theatre by Goebbels, mused that Shakespeare was more German than English. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the performance of Shakespeare was banned, though this ban was quickly lifted by Hitler in person, a favour extended to no other playwright. Not only did the regime appropriate the Bard, but it also appropriated 1258:" (1823): "O, mighty poet! Thy works are not as those of other men, simply and merely great works of art; but are also like the phenomena of nature, like the sun and the sea, the stars and the flowers,—like frost and snow, rain and dew, hail-storm and thunder, which are to be studied with entire submission of our own faculties...". 6153: 499:, which was published posthumously in 1821 and remains the basis of modern editions. These collected editions were meant for reading, not staging; Rowe's 1709 edition was, compared to the old folios, a light pocketbook. Shakespeare criticism also increasingly spoke to readers, rather than to theatre audiences. 1710:

was a hit with Chinese audiences, as the play was seen to promote the theme of justice and fairness in life, with the character of Portia being especially popular, as she is seen as standing for, as one critic wrote, "the humanist spirit of the Renaissance" with its striving for "individuality, human

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was relevant in China because King Lear, the "highest ruler of a monarchy", created a world full of cruelty and chaos where those who loved him were punished and those who did not were rewarded, a barely veiled reference to the often capricious behavior of Mao, who punished his loyal followers for no

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and the stars, at the expense of pace and action. Performances were further slowed by the need for frequent pauses to change the scenery, creating a perceived need for even more cuts to keep performance length within tolerable limits; it became a generally accepted maxim that Shakespeare's plays were

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observed: "Shakespeare is an all-but-guaranteed success in Germany, where his work has enjoyed immense popularity for more than 200 years. By some estimates, Shakespeare's plays are performed more frequently in Germany than anywhere else in the world, not excluding his native England. The market for

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No other playwright's work has been performed even remotely as often on the world stage as Shakespeare's. The plays have often been drastically adapted in performance. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the era of the great acting stars, to be a star on the British stage was synonymous with being a

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portrayed 16th century Denmark as a dark, gloomy and oppressive place, with recurring images of imprisonment, these marking the film from the focus on the portcullis of Elsinore to the iron corset Ophelia is forced to wear as she goes insane. The tyranny of Claudius was made to resemble the tyranny

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The belief in the unappreciated 18th-century Shakespeare was proposed at the beginning of the 19th century by the Romantics, in support of their view of 18th-century literary criticism as mean, formal, and rule-bound, which was contrasted with their own reverence for the poet as prophet and genius.

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There is weak evidence that a First Folio and strong evidence that Second Folio containing historical dramas arrived in the country after 1632, the year in which the latter was published in England. There is also evidence of a third Folio imported in Spain in 1742 but it is now lost. However, these

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were "as oppressive as a prison" and were "burdensome fetters on our imagination". Goethe praised Shakespeare for liberating his mind from the rigid Aristotelian rules, saying: "I jumped into the free air, and suddenly felt I had hands and feet...Shakespeare, my friend, if you were with us today, I

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were rigidly obeyed, and in Germany, a land where French cultural influence was very strong (German elites preferred to speak French rather than German in the 18th century), the Francophile German theatre critics had long denounced Shakespeare's work as a "jumble" that violated all the Aristotelian

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in the 2nd folio were the first to suggest Shakespeare was the supreme poet of his age. These expensive reading editions are the first visible sign of a rift between Shakespeare on the stage and Shakespeare for readers, a rift that was to widen over the next two centuries. In his 1630 work 'Timber'

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The knowledge of Shakespeare and his works in European countries, including Spain, arrived centuries after his death and not always easily. While it is possible that some Shakespeare plays may have arrived in Spain as soon as the end of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, the

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between 1798 and 1801. It is still uncertain whether she worked alone. Letters exchanged with Cesarotti lead scholars to think that she may have been helped by another Italian writer. It is also possible that she worked alone, using a French rendition to help with the translations. The question is

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in 1901, meaning excessive or religious worship of Shakespeare). To compare him to other Renaissance playwrights at all, even for the purpose of finding him superior, began to seem irreverent. Shakespeare was rather to be studied without any involvement of the critical faculty, to be addressed or

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in the battle for performance rights which "sheds an interesting light on the many 20th-century denunciations of Davenant for his adaptations". The modern view of the Restoration stage as the epitome of Shakespeare abuse and bad taste has been shown by Hume to be exaggerated, and both scenery and

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after the death of Mao in 1976, Shakespeare became popular in China. The very act of putting on a play by Shakespeare, formerly condemned as a "bourgeois Western imperialist author" whom no Chinese could respect, was in and of itself an act of quiet dissent. Of all Shakespeare's plays, the most

302:. When the theatres opened again in 1660 after this uniquely long and sharp break in British theatrical history, two newly licensed London theatre companies, the Duke's and the King's Company, started business with a scramble for performance rights to old plays. Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, and the 248:

turned it into the "King's Men," suggests his popularity among higher stations of society. Modern plays (as opposed to those in Latin and Greek) were considered ephemeral and even somewhat disreputable entertainments by some contemporaries. Some of Shakespeare's plays, particularly the history

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was hailed by the critics as the story of "moral decline", of a story "when human beings' souls were so polluted that they even mistreated their aged parents", an allusion to the days of the Cultural Revolution when the young people serving in the Red Guard had berated, denounced, attacked and

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of modern plays by printing his own works in folio (the luxury book format) in 1616, Shakespeare was the next playwright to be honoured by a folio collection, in 1623. That this folio went into another edition within 9 years indicates he was held in unusually high regard for a playwright. The

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of Shakespearean stage representation, began to focus on Shakespeare as a dramatic poet, to be studied on the printed page rather than in the theatre. The rift between Shakespeare on the stage and Shakespeare on the page was at its widest in the early 19th century, at a time when both forms of

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The growth of Shakespeare's reputation is illustrated by a timeline of Shakespeare criticism, from John Dryden's "when he describes any thing, you more than see it, you feel it too" (1668) to Thomas Carlyle's estimation of Shakespeare as the "strongest of rallying-signs" (1841) for an English

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wrote that French intellectuals had been "abruptly reintegrated into history" by the German occupation of 1940–44 as the old teleological history version of history with the world getting progressively better (as led by France) no longer held, and as such the "nihilist" and "chaotic" plays of

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Shakespeare continued to be considered the greatest English writer of all time throughout the 20th century. Most Western educational systems required the textual study of two or more of Shakespeare's plays, and both amateur and professional stagings of Shakespeare were commonplace. It was the

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was its source of inspiration, and it has now been verified that the author did not know Shakespeare. The production was so successful that it was brought to the stage of the Haymarket Theatre in London in 1712. The play was staged again in Italy in 1750, but it had not been influenced by the

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translated the complete corpus of Shakespeare's plays. His work also included comments on Shakespeare, particularly on his ability to depict human emotions and make characters talk in a language close to that used in everyday life. Letourner's translations do not lack errors, but his work was

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translated all of Shakespeare's plays into German, and such was the popularity of Schlegel's translation (which is generally regarded as one of the best translations of Shakespeare into any language), that German nationalists were soon starting to claim that Shakespeare was actually a German

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In the first half of the century, French intellectuals who had visited or sojourned in England for a period of time and, therefore, had had the opportunity to see theatrical representations of English plays, began to express their opinions and judgments on Shakespeare and his theatre.

1481:, for instance, was reconceived as a proto-German warrior rather than a man with a conscience. Of this play, one critic wrote: "If the courtier Laertes is drawn to Paris and the humanist Horatio seems more Roman than Danish, it is surely no accident that Hamlet's alma mater should be 1690:

sometimes even killed their parents for failing to live up to "Mao Zedong thought". The play's director, the Shakespearean scholar Fang Ping, who had suffered during the Cultural Revolution for studying this "bourgeois Western imperialist", stated in an interview at the time that

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proliferation of high-quality, well-annotated texts and the unrivalled reputation of Shakespeare that allowed for stagings of Shakespeare's plays to remain textually faithful, but with an extraordinary variety in setting, stage direction, and costuming. Institutions such as the

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the next year) and still commanded audiences. This occasion was a striking example of the growing prominence of Shakespeare stars in the theatrical culture, the big attraction being the competition and rivalry between the male leads at Covent Garden and Drury Lane,

7533: 1761:) to ensure the existence of a filmed or videotaped version of every Shakespeare play. The reasoning for this was educational, as many government initiatives recognised the need to get performative Shakespeare into the same classrooms as the plays being read. 1360:, who had been barred from the stage in the United States on the account of his skin color, became the leading Shakespearean actor in Russia in the 1850s, being decorated by the Emperor Alexander II for his work in portraying Shakespearean characters. 916:

for his translation. In his preface, he stated that he did not understand English, therefore, he asked for the help of some knights, whose identity is still unknown. It is probable that they were English knights who were visiting Siena as part of The

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translated by José García de Villalta. Shakespearean plays began to be represented in Spanish theatres only at the beginning of the 19th century but they were often neoclassic adaptations derived from French rewritings. Between 1808 and 1817

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writers, the jewel of English culture, and as Carlyle puts it, "merely as a real, marketable, tangibly useful possession", Shakespeare became in the 19th century a means of creating a common heritage for the motherland and all her colonies.

758:(1734). Shakespeare's popularity steadily increased during the century and others tested themselves with translating the Bard. The appearance of numerous translations points out a change in the taste of French playwrights and audiences. 369:

in 1668, "two of theirs being acted through the year for one of Shakespeare's or Jonson's". In the early 18th century, however, Shakespeare took over the lead on the London stage from Beaumont and Fletcher, never to relinquish it again.

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saw any form of stage representation as distracting from the true qualities of the text. This view, argued as a timeless truth, was also a natural consequence of the dominance of melodrama and spectacle on the early 19th-century stage.

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apparent reason. Cordelia's devotion and love for her father—despite his madness, cruelty and rejection of her—is seen in China as affirming traditional Confucian values, where love of the family counts above all, and for this reason,

849:. He, however, worked with the help of a French rendition. It is possible, then, that he did not know the original version of the tragedy. The only melodrama which took inspiration directly from an original work by Shakespeare was 679:, who called Shakespeare an "inspired barbarian", who wrote of the Bard of Avon that in his plays "there is much that is bad and exceedingly good". In 1786, Shakespeare's reputation in Russia was greatly enhanced when the Empress 457:

for saving Shakespeare from obscurity: "It was You Ladies that restor'd Shakespeare to the Stage you form'd yourselves into a Society to protect his Fame, and Erected a Monument to his and your own honour in Westminster Abbey."

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Given the popularity of Shakespeare in Russia, there were film versions of Shakespeare that often differed from western interpretations, usually emphasizing a humanist message that implicitly criticized the Soviet regime.

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were the first generation to truly appreciate Shakespeare and to prefer him to Ben Jonson is contradicted by praise from writers throughout the 18th century. Ideas about Shakespeare that many people think of as typically

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Shakespeare, for a variety of reasons, had never caught on in France, and even when his plays were performed in France in the 19th century, they were drastically altered to fit in with French tastes, with, for example,

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enough for Nazi taste (the play's conclusion, in which the daughter of the Jewish antagonist converts to Christianity and marries one of the Gentile protagonists, particularly violated Nazi notions of racial purity).

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reminded Chinese audiences of the violence and bloody chaos of the Cultural Revolution, and furthermore, the story of a national hero becoming a tyrant, complete with a power-hungry wife, was seen as a parallel with

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Stone, John (September 2020). "The Two Noble Kinsmen and Eighteen Other Newly Discovered Early Modern English Quartos in an Hispano-Scottish Collection". Notes and Queries. 67 (3): 367–374. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjaa08

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too long to be performed without substantial cuts. The platform, or apron, stage, on which actors of the 17th century would come forward for audience contact, was gone, and the actors stayed permanently behind the

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playwright who had just written his plays in English. By the middle of the 19th century, Shakespeare had been incorporated into the pantheon of German literature. In 1904, a statue of Shakespeare was erected in

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from French into Russian. The patronage of Catherine made Shakespeare an eminently respectable author in Russia, but his plays were rarely performed until the 19th century, and instead he was widely read.

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were frequently expressed in the 18th and even in the 17th century: he was described as a genius who needed no learning, as deeply original, and as creating uniquely "real" and individual characters (see

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interpretations of the plays, even as they retained letter-perfect scripts. The number of analytical approaches became more diverse by the latter part of the century, as critics applied theories such as

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and that he had an illegitimate child. Although there were many believers in the provenance of the Papers, they soon came under fierce attack from scholars who pointed out their numerous inaccuracies.

232:. The facts about his reputation can be surmised from fragmentary evidence. He was included in some contemporary lists of leading poets, but he seems to have lacked the stature of the aristocratic 286:" or short pieces of larger plays that usually ended with some type of jig. Shakespeare was among the many playwrights whose works were plundered for these scenes. Among the most common scenes were 445:. There appear to have been no issues with Barry and Garrick, in their late thirties, playing adolescent Romeo one season and geriatric King Lear the next. In September 1769 Garrick staged a major 7039: 6679: 1388:

began the staging of modern-dress productions, thus starting a new trend in Shakespearean production. Performances of the plays could be highly interpretive. Thus, play directors would emphasise

6148: 1789:, for instance, considered the Sonnets as a kind of apprentice work, with Shakespeare learning the art of poetry through writing them. He also declared the history plays to be the true English 1731:, writing about his time in internal exile between 1958 and 1961 at a collective farm in a remote part of northern Manchuria, that he understood all too well the line "Denmark is a prison!" 921:. It was common for Italian and English people to meet in social and cultural gatherings. This is probably how Valentini met them and asked them to assist him in the process of translation. 7079: 5266: 317:

playhouses had elaborate scenery. They retained a shortened version of the apron stage for actor/audience contact, although it is not visible in this picture (the artist is standing on it).

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This claim that Shakespeare's work breaks through all creative boundaries to reveal a chaotic, teeming, contradictory world became characteristic of Romantic criticism, later expressed by

117:(1564–1616) was rated as merely one among many talented playwrights and poets, but since the late 17th century has been considered the supreme playwright and poet of the English language. 8097: 7472: 7484: 667:

Shakespeare, as far as can be established, never went any further from Stratford-upon-Avon than London, but he made a reference to the visit of Russian diplomats from the court of Tsar

838:. As a matter of fact, it was identical to the first version of 1706. This is a signal of how there was no real interest for the English theatre and its characteristics in Italy, yet. 572:. These documents appeared to demonstrate a number of unknown facts about Shakespeare that shaped opinion of his works, including a Profession of Faith demonstrating Shakespeare was a 525:("Among the English, Shakespeare has incomparably excelled all others"), Alexander Pope ("every single character in Shakespeare is as much an Individual as those in Life itself"), and 475:

As performance playscripts diverged increasingly from their originals, the publication of texts intended for reading developed rapidly in the opposite direction, with the invention of

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Theatres and theatrical scenery became ever more elaborate in the 19th century, and the acting editions used were progressively cut and restructured to emphasise more and more the

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From the beginning of the century, however, some intellectuals attempted to translate some passages from Shakespeare's plays, even if these were often via French translations.

101:, commonly assumed to depict William Shakespeare but authenticity unknown, "the man who of all Modern, and perhaps Ancient Poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul" ( 7670: 7565: 6269: 5866: 7729: 5234: 361:

The incomplete Restoration stage records suggest Shakespeare, although always a major repertory author, was bested in the 1660–1700 period by the phenomenal popularity of

353:. In fact, as the director of the Duke's Company, Davenant was legally obliged to reform and modernise Shakespeare's plays before performing them, an ad hoc ruling by the 1304:

literary critics have had much to say of this use of Shakespeare's plays in what they regard as a move to subordinate and uproot the cultures of the colonies themselves.

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In the 18th century, Shakespeare dominated the London stage, while Shakespeare productions turned increasingly into the creation of star turns for star actors. After the

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showing Shakespearean influence in his treatment of the theme of guilt. From the 1840s onward, Shakespeare was regularly staged in Russia, and the black American actor

7911: 5430: 177:" to describe it. To the later 19th century, Shakespeare became in addition an emblem of national pride, the crown jewel of English culture, and a "rallying-sign", as 1265:

grew in importance, critics were horrified at the idea of adapting Shakespeare's tragedies for the stage by putting happy endings on them, or editing out the puns in

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or 'Discoveries', Ben Jonson praised the speed and ease with which Shakespeare wrote his plays as well as his contemporary's honesty and gentleness towards others.

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by Shakespeare. Shakespearean plays began to be staged in Italian theatres in the second half of the century, and they were nearly always adaptations or rewrites.

424:, a quarter of plays performed were by Shakespeare, and on at least two occasions rival London playhouses staged the very same Shakespeare play at the same time ( 7939: 6662: 7734: 5847: 5698: 5681: 999:

The arrival of Shakespeare in the country brought with it the debate on theatre, its rules, its virtues and vices. The classical rules of Spanish, French and

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It is difficult to assess Shakespeare's reputation in his own lifetime and shortly after. England had little modern literature before the 1570s, and detailed

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and an emphasis on fidelity to Shakespeare's original words. The texts that are being read and performed today were largely settled in the 18th century.

6288: 1649:. It has been posited that Chinese audiences saw in this play, first performed in England in 1606 and set in 11th century Scotland, a parallel with the 6233: 1134: 766: 6305: 1588:

who—despite his own hesitation, fears and doubts—can no longer stand the moral rot around him. The film was based on a script written by the novelist

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Shakespeare and his works began to circulate in France from the beginning of the 18th century. Until this moment, the most admired English poets were

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A directory of Web resources for online Shakespearean study. Includes a Shakespeare biography, works timeline, play synopses, and language resources.

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Grady, Hugh (2001). "Modernity, Modernism and Postmodernism in the Twentieth Century's Shakespeare". In Bristol, Michael; McLuskie, Kathleen (eds.).

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Voltaire also lamented that no one among his fellow countrymen had tried to translate Shakespeare. He personally translated the speech of Brutus in

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Shakespeare were hitting peaks of fame and popularity: theatrical Shakespeare was successful spectacle and melodrama for the masses, while book or

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perform his plays at the Salle Richelieu in Paris is likely to forget the special buzz in the audience, for the bard is the darling of France."

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itself. To the Nazi leaders, Elizabethan England had been a young, vigorous nation, much like the Third Reich itself, quite unlike the decadent

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in the late 16th century to work as "fiddlers, singers and jugglers", and through them the work of Shakespeare had first become known in the

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have been filmed in modern settings, sometimes with contemporary "updated" dialogue. Additionally, there have been efforts (notably by the

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Shakespeare remained almost unknown in Italy until the beginning of the 18th century. The most translated and admired English poets were

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published eight volumes containing summaries of every Shakespearean play and partial translations of some of them. Between 1776 and 1782

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as declamatory turns at the expense of pace and action, and Shakespeare's plays seemed in peril of disappearing beneath the added music,

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Dryden's sentiments about Shakespeare's imagination and capacity for painting "nature" were echoed in the 18th century by, for example,

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likewise proclaimed that reading Shakespeare's work opens "leaves from the book of events, of providence, of the world, blowing in the

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in which the French aristocrats dress up as Russians and make fools of themselves. Shakespeare was first translated into Russian by

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organised a Shakespeare jubilee in Frankfurt in 1771, stating in a speech on 14 October 1771 that the dramatist had shown that the

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The only aspects of Shakespeare's plays that were consistently disliked and singled out for criticism in the 18th century were the

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into Russian (Catherine did not know English) and had it staged in St. Petersburg. Shortly afterwards, Catherine translated

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wrote that "Some can absorb knowledge, the more tardy must sweat for it. Shakespeare acquired more essential history from

650:, a genre in which the tragic, absurd, trivial and serious were inseparably intertwined. In 1995, the American journalist 7312: 7090: 6968: 6958: 6748: 6594: 6429: 5631: 5361: 5311: 4053: 3875: 3378: 3237: 2384: 1795: 533:'s and Rhymer's neoclassical Shakespeare criticism as "the petty cavils of petty minds"). The long-lived belief that the 377:

there was no lag time, no temporary preference for other dramatists: Shakespeare had a unique position at least from the

282:

rulers. Though denied the use of the stage, costumes and scenery, actors still managed to ply their trade by performing "

7638: 5871: 1727:, with its theme of a man trapped under a tyrannical regime is very popular with Chinese dissidents, with one dissident 8192: 7267: 7029: 6392: 6174: 5713: 2807: 2072: 1845: 1220:: "O, mighty poet! Thy works are... like the phenomena of nature, like the sun and the sea, the stars and the flowers". 6667: 1843:

Shakespeare's reputation continues to have an influence on the film industry, with new versions of his works, such as

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The divergence between text and performance in Shakespeare continued into the new medium of film. For instance, both

1400: 1200: 544: 514:, this was quickly reversed, and by mid-century the puns and sexual humour were (with only a few exceptions, notably 80: 58: 6831: 5814: 51: 7774: 7400: 7116: 6792: 6755: 6628: 6499: 5329: 5324: 4983: 3779: 3774: 3706: 1079:

Through the 19th century, a roll call of legendary actors' names all but drown out the plays in which they appear:

249:

plays, were reprinted frequently in cheap quarto (i.e. pamphlet) form; others took decades to reach a 3rd edition.

6953: 6899: 6760: 5319: 5160: 1485:." A leading magazine declared that the crime which deprived Hamlet of his inheritance was a foreshadowing of the 863:

and it was the only theatrical production that took inspiration from a Shakespearean comedy instead of a tragedy.

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exploring the role of the eye in the plays. In its original printing, a second volume consisting of a setting of

791: 750:, becoming the first Frenchman to translate a passage from a Shakespearean play. His translation was included in 709: 389:

of time, place, and action, those strict rules had never caught on in England, and their sole zealous proponent,

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were among the most valuable properties and remained popular after Restoration playwriting had gained momentum.

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There were some exceptions to the official approval of Shakespeare, as the great patriotic plays, most notably

1174: 1138: 365:. "Their plays are now the most pleasant and frequent entertainments of the stage", reported fellow playwright 4769: 2734:"The Giant Race Before the Flood": Pre-Restoration Drama on the Stage and in the Criticism of the Restoration. 1269:. In another way, what happened on the stage was seen as unimportant, as the Romantics, themselves writers of 8416: 8092: 8060: 7983: 7789: 6816: 6708: 6582: 5703: 5626: 5580: 4275: 3622: 2336:"Shakespeare: le traduzioni italiane, il caso Padova-Venezia. Giustina Ranier Michiel e Melchiorre Cesarotti" 2025: 1711:

rights and freedom". The theme of a religious conflict between a Jewish merchant vs. a Christian merchant in

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Shakespeare became an important emblem of national pride in the 19th century, which was the heyday of the

8354: 8187: 8053: 7945: 7923: 7126: 7094: 7044: 6852: 6802: 6693: 6434: 6196: 6072: 6066: 6047: 5252: 5081: 4964: 4511: 3650: 3611: 3598: 3472: 3004: 1782: 1619:, was performed in Paris and "ensured Shakespeare's elevation to cult status" in France. The philosopher 1425: 1393: 6570: 6223: 2378: 1674:

as the story of "how the greed for power finally ruined a great man". Another critic, Zhao Xun, wrote: "

8274: 8151: 8128: 8013: 7916: 7854: 7826: 7462: 7275: 7008: 6782: 6439: 6370: 6025: 5895: 5824: 4969: 4803: 4793: 3818: 3536: 3364: 3303: 3263: 2954: 2933: 1682:. This play of conspiracy has always been performed at critical moments in the history of our nation". 1594: 1389: 1370: 617: 7231: 6179: 6110: 6000: 2816: 1769: 1466:

for his lack of patriotism, the legacy of the "Aryan" Shakespeare was reinterpreted for new purposes.

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in 1813. The platform stage is gone, and note the orchestra cutting off the actors from the audience.

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to his audience in 1743, he was able to represent Caesar's death as he had originally imagined it.

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rewrote the sonnets as modernist poems by simply erasing all the words he considered unnecessary.

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in London. He also translated the passages he thought were the most salient in Brutus's speech.

754:, published in 1730. Some years later, he translated Hamlet's monologue, which was published in 8118: 8070: 8065: 7034: 6988: 6837: 6343: 5797: 5770: 5740: 5604: 5551: 5368: 5244: 5139: 4979: 4974: 4832: 4798: 4786: 4781: 4744: 4694: 4552: 4532: 4218: 4163: 3849: 3576: 3514: 3434: 3357: 2968: 2947: 2887: 2791:, which in the end did Shakespeare's reputation more good than harm, by firing up John Dryden, 2445: 2439: 1628:

observed: "By the late 1950s, Shakespeare had entered the French soul. No one who has seen the

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Becoming Shakespeare: The Strange Afterlife That Turned a Provincial Playwright into the Bard.

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in the United States worked to ensure constant, serious study of Shakespearean texts, and the

329:, Shakespeare's plays were staged with music, dancing, thunder, lightning, wave machines, and 8242: 8133: 8113: 7978: 7928: 7821: 7811: 7501: 7467: 7376: 6387: 6125: 6020: 5947: 5819: 5222: 4939: 4893: 4888: 4837: 4501: 4482: 4298: 4193: 3941: 3855: 3824: 3726: 3389: 3120: 3030: 3011: 1501: 1381: 1380:

Shakespeare performances reflected the tensions of the times, and early in the 20th century,

1274: 989: 630: 555: 362: 303: 275: 93: 8046: 7457: 6993: 333:. The texts were "reformed" and "improved" for the stage. A notorious example is Irish poet 8329: 7806: 7147: 6864: 6219: 6059: 5792: 5668: 5639: 5410: 5072: 5046: 4993: 4827: 4754: 4599: 4564: 4518: 4486: 4364: 4078: 3764: 3551: 3529: 3109: 3060: 3039: 3019: 2919: 2896: 2775: 1486: 1450:. In the international protests that followed, came one from Germany, from none other than 951: 950:, who did not appreciate English theatre, changed his mind when he saw a representation of 879: 808: 745: 564: 229: 6100: 841:

The first Italian melodrama which was inspired by a tragedy by Shakespeare dates to 1789:

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had already prepared editions and performed scene divisions in the late 17th century, and

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fundamental in spreading the knowledge of Shakespeare and the English theatre in France.

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is the fifth Shakespearean play produced on the Chinese stage after the smashing of the

1496:

Weeks after Hitler took power in 1933, an official party publication appeared, entitled

912:, printed in 1756. Valentini used the English edition of the tragedy printed in 1733 by 8349: 8344: 8279: 8162: 8075: 7906: 7582: 6914: 6698: 5763: 5718: 5077: 5033: 4988: 4611: 4557: 4478: 4049: 3929: 3887: 3769: 3507: 3405: 3210: 2299: 2255: 2221: 1699:

is seen in China as being a very "Chinese" play that affirms the traditional values of

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were brought to the stage. Shakespeare began to be appreciated more with the advent of

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often wrote essays on Shakespeare with the best known being "Hamlet and Don Quixote".

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showed strong Shakespearean influences. Later on, in the 19th century, the novelist

870:

lived in London from 1715 to 1718 and he composed two tragedies during his sojourn:

737:

Eventually, innovations infiltrated into French theatre and when Voltaire presented

616:

As a part of an effort to get the German public to take Shakespeare more seriously,

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The Making of the National Poet: Shakespeare, Adaptation and Authorship, 1660–1769

1328:

wrote he had been "enslaved by the drama of Shakespeare". Russia's national poet,

823:, which was staged in Venice the following year. Ambleto was not a translation of 393:, was hardly ever mentioned by influential writers except as an example of narrow 7759: 7366: 6940: 6616: 5980: 5802: 5587: 5351: 5177: 4822: 4137: 3679: 3291: 3179: 3095: 1981: 1589: 1573:

celebrated Desdemona's love for Othello as a triumph of love over racial hatred.

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in the United Kingdom worked to maintain a yearly staging of at least two plays.

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Opinion of Shakespeare was briefly shaped in the 1790s by the "discovery" of the

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The Great Shakespeare Fraud: The Strange, True Story of William-Henry Ireland

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arch, further separated from the audience by the orchestra, see image right.

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Il corpo di Cesare. Percorsi di una catastrofe nella tragedia del Settecento

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Across the North Sea, Shakespeare remained influential in Germany. In 1807,

1273:, considered Shakespeare altogether more suitable for reading than staging. 506:("clenches") and the "low" (sexual) allusions. While a few editors, notably 461: 236:, who became a cult figure due to his death in battle at a young age, or of 6338: 5985: 5807: 5650: 5506: 4955: 4913: 4842: 4579: 4464: 4418: 4406: 4349: 4315: 3881: 3583: 3247: 1893: 1824: 1700: 1679: 1534: 1475:

The Nazi Appropriation of Shakespeare: Cultural Politics in the Third Reich

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in 1660 and onwards. While Shakespeare did not follow the unbending French

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Essai sur la poésie épique, traduit de l'anglois de M. Voltaire, par M***

1051: 924:

Other intellectuals worked on Shakespeare towards the end of the century.

228:

commentaries on modern authors did not begin to appear until the reign of

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had read all of Shakespeare's works by the time he was eleven, and his

1786: 1728: 1663: 1659: 1482: 1242: 1141: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1073: 1056: 974: 918: 795: 573: 480: 450: 334: 253: 174: 2848: 2107: 2105: 1500:, a counter to those who wanted to ban all foreign influences. At the 1489:, and that the conduct of Gertrude was reminiscent of the "spineless" 904:

The first complete Italian translation of a Shakespearean tragedy was

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In the Romantic age, Shakespeare became extremely popular in Russia.

1064: 647: 432: 394: 339: 330: 241: 141: 122: 2743:. Published for The Society for Theatre Research. London: Heinemann. 2335: 1116: 901:. In 1739 he published a translation of one of Hamlet's monologues. 149:

Shakespeare was being elevated by the reverential commentary of the

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His Exits and His Entrances: The Story of Shakespeare's Reputation.

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Rodney Symington, Professor of Germanic and Russian Studies at the

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earliest documented example of a work of Shakespeare's in Spain is

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a goldmine of lost documents of Shakespeare's including two plays,

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in Stratford-upon-Avon, which was a major influence on the rise of

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Shakespeare biography and online resources at NoSweatShakespeare

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The Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century

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adaptation became more reckless in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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that had been the occasion for right-wing violence, amidst the

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Such ideas were most fully expressed by German critics such as

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compared Shakespeare to German folk literature. In France, the

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great Shakespearean actor. Then the emphasis was placed on the

2490:

Howard, Tony "Shakespeare on film and video" pp. 607–619 from

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Howard, Tony "Shakespeare on film and video" pp. 607–619 from

1670:

in Beijing in 1980, one Chinese critic, Xu Xiaozhong, praised

278:(1642–1660), all public stage performances were banned by the 5298: 5195: 5056: 4178: 1533:

was suggested as a possible alternative), because it was not

897:. In the preface, he praised Shakespeare and compared him to 453:. It was at the Shakespeare Jubilee that Garrick thanked the 283: 169:

refactored him into an object of almost religious adoration,

2795:

and other influential critics into writing eloquent replies.

2415:

Shakespeare and Modern Theatre: The Performance of Modernity

1592:, who had been persecuted under Stalin. The 1971 version of 1436:

In 1934 the French government dismissed the director of the

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drew on Shakespeare's works, interpreting him in new ways.

891:

published an Italian translation of the first six books of

162: 2842: 1758: 1250:

apostrophised—almost prayed to—by his worshippers, as in

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and their texts had already been translated into French.

503: 349:

was turned into an opera replete with special effects by

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Le Traduzioni di Shakespeare nell'Italia del Settencento

2248:

Approcci all'opea di Shakespeare nel Settecento Italiano

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Professionalization and institutionalization of history

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Shakespeare llega a España: illustración y Romanticismo

2321:

Le traduzioni di Shakespeare nell'Italia del Settecento

2292:

Le traduzioni di Shakespeare nell'Italia del Settecento

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Bunting's edits to the opening lines of Shakespeare's

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raised admiration for Shakespeare to worship or even "

244:

of his company by the court, culminating in 1603 when

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Heroic theory of invention and scientific development

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Le traduzioni di Shakespeare in Italia nel Settecento

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Le traduzioni di Shakespeare in Italia nel Settecento

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Le Traduzioni di Shakespeare in Italia nel Settecento

1982:"Gdansk theatre reveals Poland's ties to Shakespeare" 1477:(Edwin Mellen Press, 2005). The scholar reports that 646:, in which he lauded Shakespeare as an artist of the 510:, attempted to gloss over or remove the puns and the 7080:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

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of the late 1960s. The violence and bloody chaos of

1292:

On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History

2808:Thomas De Quincey, "On the Knocking at the Gate in 2606: 2577: 2559: 2543: 2001: 1999: 829:, not even an adaptation. The only similarity with 133:produced by thunder, lightning, and wave machines. 7040:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 6898: 4680: 2819:On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History 2603:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 pp. 54–55. 2540:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 pp. 51–52. 1611:having a happy ending. It was not until 1946 that 204:A 1596 sketch of a performance in progress on the 7698: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2494:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003 page 611. 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2390: 1934:. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. p. 148. 1645:popular in China in the late 1970s and 1980s was 1624:Shakespeare finally found an audience in France. 1254:'s classic essay "On the Knocking at the Gate in 397:. Dryden, for example, argued in his influential 8408: 1996: 343:(1681) (which held the stage until 1838), while 8264: 4507:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought 2481:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003 p. 611. 1715:is generally ignored in Chinese productions of 1285:and the acme of British power in the world. To 1245:" (a sarcastic coinage from bard + idolatry by 2833:PeoplePlay UK Shakespeare performance timeline 2627:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 p. 55. 2590:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 p. 54. 2574:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 p. 52. 2556:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 p. 51. 2497: 2462: 2372:See, for example, the 19th century playwright 1741:List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations 269: 8088:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church 7958:Western European colonialism and colonization 6507: 4014: 2864: 2438:Drakakis, John (1985). Drakakis, John (ed.). 1542:was by far the most popular play, along with 1046: 588:the documents and written the plays himself. 181:wrote in 1841, for the whole British empire. 6418: 6521: 3811: 2066: 1106: 930:Discours sur Shakespeare et M.r de Voltaire 140:of the plays, disdaining the showiness and 6514: 6500: 4021: 4007: 2871: 2857: 2764: 2639: 2304:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2260:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2226:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2133: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 1319: 726:was a prominent figure in this debate. In 105:, 1668), "our myriad-minded Shakespeare" ( 7143:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2323:. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. 2279:. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. 2201:. Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. 2171:. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2098:. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura. 1201:Learn how and when to remove this message 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 8362:Historical geographic information system 5128: 2741:William Poel and the Elizabethan revival 2437: 2181: 2148: 2111: 2073:"As they like it: Shakespeare in Russia" 2019: 2017: 2015: 1975: 1973: 1892: 1768: 1640:In the years of tentative political and 1212: 1050: 460: 407:, the great realist of human character. 308: 199: 189: 92: 44:This article includes a list of general 2878: 2736:Uppsala: Studia Anglistica Upsaliensia. 2642:"Poets in Rapallo: Bunting & Pound" 2357: 2070: 2043: 1601: 14: 8409: 8002:English historical school of economics 6054:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy 4108: 2403:, New York: Vintage Books, 1998 p. 51. 2120: 2023: 2009:, New York: Vintage Books, 1998 p. 57. 1979: 1967:, New York: Vintage Books, 1998 p. 52. 1929: 1856: 1557: 1473:, Canada, deals with this question in 8318: 8263: 8198:Revisionist school of Islamic studies 8037:Historical reliability of the Gospels 7895: 7422: 6495: 6484: 5127: 4870: 4634: 4273: 4107: 4002: 3623:Complete Works of William Shakespeare 2852: 2635: 2633: 2412: 2318: 2289: 2274: 2245: 2196: 2166: 2093: 2012: 1970: 1651:Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1431: 1336:and the history plays, and his novel 558:. Ireland claimed to have found in a 373:By contrast to the stage history, in 8390: 6485: 6015:More Irish than the Irish themselves 2785:Thomas Rhymer's notorious attack on 2151:Lettres philosophiques. Par M. de V… 2024:Kinzer, Stephen (30 December 1995). 1139:adding citations to reliable sources 1110: 596:English actors started visiting the 30: 7085:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 4274: 3983: 2417:. New York: Routledge. p. 29. 2184:Lettres philosophiques. Par M.de V… 1807:than most men could from the whole 1796:Tradition and the Individual Talent 1440:over a controversial production of 1233:brothers. Romantic critics such as 1150:"Reputation of William Shakespeare" 261:dedicatory poems by Ben Jonson and 24: 8098:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II 6042:Fourth Italian War of Independence 4028: 3798:Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien 2826: 2630: 2401:Anglomania: A European Love Affair 2333: 2214:Shakespeare: un Romantico Italiano 2007:Anglomania: A European Love Affair 1980:Easton, Adam (19 September 2014). 1965:Anglomania: A European Love Affair 196:Early texts of Shakespeare's works 50:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 8438: 2747: 1863:Timeline of Shakespeare criticism 1521:, were shelved. The reception of 878:, both inspired by Shakespeare's 545:Timeline of Shakespeare criticism 296:and the gravedigger's scene from 8427:History of literature in England 8389: 8380: 8379: 7896: 7396: 7395: 7237:Palestinian expulsion and flight 5749:5000-year civilization assertion 5325:Nadir of American race relations 3982: 3973: 3972: 3326: 2771:Ben Jonson on Shakespeare (1630) 2385:Foggerty's Fairy and Other Tales 1900:. London: Penguin. p. 432. 1527:was at best lukewarm (Marlowe's 1115: 857:. His source of inspiration was 580:had only one performance at the 35: 8226:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 7100:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 7035:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 6842:Causes of the Armenian genocide 5151:Pyramid construction techniques 4718:Comparative historical research 4635: 4336:Library and information science 2843:The Shakespeare Resource Center 2799:Alexander Pope, Preface to his 2593: 2530: 2484: 2431: 2406: 2366: 2351: 2342: 2327: 2312: 2283: 2268: 2212:Bertolazzi, Ghibellini (2017). 2205: 2190: 2175: 2142: 2087: 1838: 1685:Likewise, a 1982 production of 1498:Shakespeare – a Germanic Writer 1363: 1126:needs additional citations for 1041: 683:translated a French version of 671:to the court of Elizabeth I in 584:before Ireland admitted he had 410: 325:London playhouses, designed by 184: 8238:Gunpowder and gun transmission 8188:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule 7997:Historical school of economics 7934:Nationalism in the Middle Ages 7372:Gunpowder and gun transmission 7246:Zionism as settler colonialism 6251:Limpieza de sangre controversy 5218:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 3803:Works titled after Shakespeare 2444:. New York: Meuthen. pp. 2026:"Shakespeare, Icon in Germany" 1957: 1948: 1923: 1914: 1886: 1877: 1396:, or, perhaps most popularly, 212:stage of the typical circular 13: 1: 8047:Opposition to Papal supremacy 7423: 5235:Indigenous population history 3963:Shakespeare and other authors 2789:, 1692 (at Angelfire website) 2759:Tolstoy on Shakespeare (1906) 2675: 2134:Alfonzetti, Beatrice (1989). 591: 465:David Garrick as Benedick in 18:Shakespeare's reputation 7963:Desacralization of knowledge 6234:Carlism in the Francoist era 6202:Holodomor in modern politics 4871: 3845:Shakespeare Birthplace Trust 2752: 2722:Philadelphia: JB Lippincott. 2640:Bacigalupo, Massimo (2016), 2358:Pujante, Ángel-Luis (2020). 2071:Dickson, Andrew (May 2012). 1666:. Reviewing a production of 1458:suspect for his radicalism, 1386:Birmingham Repertory Theatre 1332:, was heavily influenced by 695: 662: 385:for the drama and the three 7: 8355:Historiographic metafiction 8319: 8265:Organizations, publications 8054:Proto-orthodox Christianity 7004:German resistance to Nazism 6860:Persian famine of 1917–1919 6270:Islamic revolution of Spain 6197:Holodomor genocide question 6073:Revisionism of Risorgimento 6067:Rerum italicarum scriptores 6048:Historiae Patriae Monumenta 5815:Self-Strengthening Movement 4965:decolonization of knowledge 3651:English Renaissance theatre 3494:The Second Maiden's Tragedy 3473:The Merry Devil of Edmonton 3005:The Two Gentlemen of Verona 2700:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2492:Shakespeare An Oxford Guide 2479:Shakespeare An Oxford Guide 1635: 1261:As the concept of literary 982: 773: 640:in the preface to his play 625:could only live with you". 270:Interregnum and Restoration 10: 8443: 8152:Wissenschaft des Judentums 8129:Criticism of Protestantism 7009:Nazi foreign policy debate 6440:Second colonial occupation 6187:Soviet famine of 1930–1933 5825:Tibetan sovereignty debate 5369:Progressive-era historians 4804:Nationalization of history 4755:Historical-critical method 3819:Folger Shakespeare Library 3365:The Phoenix and the Turtle 2955:The Merry Wives of Windsor 2732:Sorelius, Gunnar. (1965). 2729:. Sutton Publishing, 2005. 2715:New York: Walker & Co. 2319:Crinò, Anna Maria (1950). 2290:Crinò, Anna Maria (1950). 2275:Crinò, Anna Maria (1950). 2197:Crinò, Anna Maria (1950). 2167:Crinò, Anna Maria (1950). 2094:Crinò, Anna Maria (1950). 1860: 1738: 1462:for his humanism and even 1371:Folger Shakespeare Library 1348:was greatly influenced by 1047:Shakespeare in performance 756:Les Lettres philosophiques 728:Essai sur la poésie épique 685:The Merry Wives of Windsor 618:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 529:(who scornfully dismissed 415: 304:Beaumont and Fletcher team 193: 8374: 8325: 8314: 8270: 8259: 8208: 8012: 7971: 7902: 7891: 7747: 7433: 7429: 7418: 7390: 7359: 7323: 7217: 7171: 7157:Second Sino-Japanese War 7135: 7065: 7017: 6979: 6939: 6815: 6637: 6556: 6532: 6491: 6480: 6456: 6354: 6321: 6212: 6136: 6093: 6034: 5999: 5971: 5962:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 5906: 5833: 5739: 5667: 5381: 5310: 5243: 5205: 5138: 5134: 5123: 4948: 4881: 4877: 4866: 4643: 4630: 4457: 4324: 4286: 4282: 4269: 4146: 4120: 4116: 4103: 4036: 3957: 3868: 3838:Royal Shakespeare Theatre 3833:Royal Shakespeare Company 3740: 3597: 3568: 3397: 3388: 3335: 3324: 3256: 3228: 3119: 3029: 2962:A Midsummer Night's Dream 2906:All's Well That Ends Well 2895: 2886: 2739:Speaight, Robert. (1954) 2649:Quaderni di Palazzo Serra 2379:Unappreciated Shakespeare 1764: 1512:of the then present day. 1375:Royal Shakespeare Company 1101:Elizabethan Stage Society 400:Essay of Dramatick Poesie 293:A Midsummer Night's Dream 7912:Crisis of historiography 7075:Auschwitz bombing debate 6761:Indian Rebellion of 1857 6612:Late Bronze Age collapse 6546:List of military museums 6149:Pre-Revolutionary Russia 6121:Polish People's Republic 5956:Sybel-Ficker controversy 5320:African-American history 5293:Colonial Spanish America 5082:Second Thirty Years' War 2976:Pericles, Prince of Tyre 2696:Hume, Robert D. (1976). 2681:Hawkes, Terence. (1992) 2441:Alternative Shakespeares 1930:Dobson, Michael (1992). 1871: 1823:(1947) is a book-length 1428:to Shakespeare's works. 1418:African American studies 1107:Shakespeare in criticism 752:Discours sur la tragedie 732:Discours sur la tragédie 518:) restored permanently. 7025:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 6884:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 6435:Porter–MacKenzie debate 6192:Causes of the Holodomor 5729:Problem of two emperors 5677:Catilinarian conspiracy 4904:Historical significance 4765:Indiscipline of history 4740:Historical anthropology 2984:The Taming of the Shrew 2778:Essay of Dramatic Poesy 2765:E-texts (chronological) 2718:Marder, Louis. (1963). 2246:Viola, Corrado (2017). 1734: 1642:economic liberalization 1320:Romantic icon in Russia 1309:August Wilhelm Schlegel 1235:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 958:Giustina Renier Michiel 946:between 1769 and 1777; 763:Pierre-Antoine La Place 455:Shakespeare Ladies Club 167:Samuel Taylor Coleridge 65:more precise citations. 8119:Protestant Reformation 8093:Second Vatican Council 8071:Succession to Muhammad 8066:Criticism of the Quran 7817:Religious perspectives 7551:Klemens von Metternich 7148:"Battle for Australia" 7030:Soviet offensive plans 6999:Broad vs. narrow front 6838:Late Ottoman genocides 5771:Century of humiliation 5552:Goguryeo controversies 5530:2,500-year celebration 5188:Double genocide theory 4975:Historical negationism 4799:Ancestral civilisation 4787:Historical materialism 4745:Historical determinism 4695:History of mentalities 3666:Lord Chamberlain's Men 3577:The Passionate Pilgrim 3350:comparison to Petrarch 2969:Much Ado About Nothing 2948:The Merchant of Venice 2683:Meaning by Shakespeare 1846:The Tragedy of Macbeth 1821:Bottom: On Shakespeare 1781:Many English-language 1778: 1717:The Merchant of Venice 1713:The Merchant of Venice 1708:The Merchant of Venice 1524:The Merchant of Venice 1471:University of Victoria 1221: 1060: 472: 468:Much Ado About Nothing 318: 221: 110: 8243:Torsion mangonel myth 8146:Modern Jewish history 8141:Jesuit historiography 8134:Protestant work ethic 8114:Hesychast controversy 7979:Industrial Revolution 7929:Library of Alexandria 7847:The Lord of the Rings 7497:Constantine the Great 7377:Torsion mangonel myth 7309:Sri Lankan Civil War 6388:Storm over the gentry 6289:Colonies or Provinces 5820:Sprouts of capitalism 4894:Historic preservation 4889:Change and continuity 3856:Shakespeare Institute 3825:Shakespeare Quarterly 3344:Shakespeare's sonnets 3012:The Two Noble Kinsmen 2685:. London: Routledge. 2075:. The Calvert Journal 1835:, was also included. 1772: 1706:A 1981 production of 1216: 1055:The Theatre Royal at 1054: 990:The Two Noble Kinsmen 556:William Henry Ireland 464: 422:Licensing Act of 1737 383:neo-classical "rules" 363:Beaumont and Fletcher 312: 203: 194:Further information: 190:Jacobean and Caroline 96: 8417:Reception of writers 8330:Commemorative plaque 7546:Juan Manuel de Rosas 6994:"Blitzkrieg" concept 6865:Powder keg of Europe 6740:Franco-Prussian War 6410:Winter of Discontent 6393:Suffragette Campaign 6060:Italiani brava gente 6026:Revolutionary period 5848:Frankish Interregnum 5781:"Chineseness" debate 5714:Byzantine succession 5699:Fall of Western Rome 5640:Executed Renaissance 5129:By country or region 5073:Age of Enlightenment 5047:Vaticinium ex eventu 4994:Modernisation theory 4828:Quantitative history 4204:Historical documents 3712:Spelling of his name 3552:Vortigern and Rowena 3530:Thomas Lord Cromwell 3110:Troilus and Cressida 3040:Antony and Cleopatra 2934:Love's Labour's Lost 2920:The Comedy of Errors 2711:Lynch, Jack (2007). 1849:(2021), directed by 1831:by the poet's wife, 1602:Acceptance in France 1487:Treaty of Versailles 1414:Cultural materialism 1354:Crime and Punishment 1135:improve this article 673:Love's Labour's Lost 622:Aristotelian unities 565:Vortigern and Rowena 216:open-roof playhouse 8422:William Shakespeare 8159:Schools of thought 8124:Proto-Protestantism 7993:School of Thoughts 7875:William Shakespeare 7860:Robert Falcon Scott 7765:Friedrich Nietzsche 7603:Cult of personality 7588:Neville Chamberlain 7448:Alexander the Great 7330:Russo-Georgian War 7303:Sovereignty dispute 7282:Iranian Revolution 7112:"Polish death camp" 7089:In relation to the 6798:Myth of English aid 6789:War of the Pacific 6566:Albigensian Crusade 5991:Indigenous Aryanism 5687:Constantinian shift 5223:Residential schools 4980:Historian's fallacy 4899:Historic recurrence 4397:Numismatics (Money) 4169:Archaeological site 4093:theories of history 3936:Richard Shakespeare 3918:Gilbert Shakespeare 3850:Shakespeare's Globe 3755:Authorship question 3750:Attribution studies 3717:Stratford-upon-Avon 3559:A Yorkshire Tragedy 3537:Thomas of Woodstock 3523:The Spanish Tragedy 3464:Love's Labour's Won 3456:The London Prodigal 3413:The Birth of Merlin 3372:The Rape of Lucrece 3358:A Lover's Complaint 3238:Quarto publications 2941:Measure for Measure 2880:William Shakespeare 2801:Works of Shakespear 2334:Bianco, Francesca. 1857:Critical quotations 1615:, as translated by 1558:In the Soviet Union 1506:Elizabethan England 1502:Propaganda Ministry 1247:George Bernard Shaw 948:Francesco Algarotti 681:Catherine the Great 677:Alexander Sumarokov 447:Shakespeare Jubilee 171:George Bernard Shaw 153:into unique poetic 115:William Shakespeare 8350:Historical realism 8345:Historical fiction 8290:History institutes 8280:Historical society 8275:Heritage registers 8163:Biblical criticism 8076:Islamic golden age 8027:Early Christianity 7907:Bears in antiquity 7795:Medieval Christian 7593:Pedro II of Brazil 7541:José de San Martín 7345:Syrian revolution 7257:Malayan Emergency 7232:1948 Palestine war 6965:Spanish Civil War 6915:War guilt question 6724:American Civil War 6704:Invasion of Russia 6680:New Russian School 6464:Colonial Australia 6180:October Revolution 5943:Strukturgeschichte 5879:Location of Alésia 5798:Hua–Yi distinction 5719:Moscow, third Rome 5335:Reconstruction era 5156:Black Egypt Thesis 5078:European Civil War 5034:Translatio imperii 4989:Invented tradition 4110:Historical sources 3930:Edmund Shakespeare 3888:Hamnet Shakespeare 3785:Screen adaptations 3508:Sir John Oldcastle 3406:Arden of Faversham 2725:Pierce, Patricia. 2030:The New York Times 1954:Pierce pp. 137–181 1883:(Hume, p. 20) 1779: 1491:Weimar politicians 1432:In the Third Reich 1426:literary semiotics 1326:Vissarion Belinsky 1222: 1085:John Philip Kemble 1061: 910:Domenico Valentini 847:Gimbattista Zanchi 656:The New York Times 610:Aristotelian rules 582:Drury Lane Theatre 552:Shakespeare Papers 473: 375:literary criticism 319: 222: 173:coining the term " 111: 8404: 8403: 8370: 8369: 8310: 8309: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8168:Catholic theology 8022:Avestan geography 7887: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7870:Søren Kierkegaard 7743: 7742: 7654:Warren G. Harding 7414: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7213: 7212: 7091:Armenian genocide 6954:Polish–Soviet War 6949:Burning of Smyrna 6935: 6934: 6925:Reichstag inquiry 6848:Patriotic consent 6719: 6718: 6694:War in the Vendée 6658:French Revolution 6640:century conflicts 6629:Peloponnesian War 6590:Eighty Years' War 6476: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6452: 6451: 6448: 6447: 6381:Westminster Stone 6078:Southern question 5917:Alltagsgeschichte 5867:Legendary Saracen 5569:Early settlements 5377: 5376: 5357:Political history 5342:Consensus history 5119: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5101:Continuity thesis 5040:Translatio studii 4926:Theory of history 4862: 4861: 4858: 4857: 4816:Subaltern Studies 4701:Nouvelle histoire 4626: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4538:Medieval churches 4525:Geistesgeschichte 4469:Paleoanthropology 4377:Encyclopaedistics 4265: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4133:Secondary sources 3996: 3995: 3900:Elizabeth Barnard 3864: 3863: 3593: 3592: 3322: 3321: 3020:The Winter's Tale 2658:978-88-88626-65-9 2182:Voltaire (1734). 2149:Voltaire (1734). 2138:. Modena: Mucchi. 2112:Voltaire (1728). 1630:Comédie-Française 1581:Grigori Kozintsev 1438:Comédie Française 1346:Fyodor Dostoevsky 1330:Alexander Pushkin 1252:Thomas De Quincey 1218:Thomas De Quincey 1211: 1210: 1203: 1185: 1091:(1838–1905), and 669:Ivan the Terrible 598:Holy Roman Empire 477:textual criticism 387:classical unities 321:In the elaborate 113:In his own time, 91: 90: 83: 16:(Redirected from 8434: 8393: 8392: 8383: 8382: 8335:Documentary film 8316: 8315: 8295:History journals 8261: 8260: 8234: 8106: 8042:Primacy of Peter 7989:Great Depression 7969: 7968: 7942: 7920: 7893: 7892: 7841:J. R. R. Tolkien 7696: 7695: 7691: 7679: 7667: 7649:Ulysses S. Grant 7644:Thomas Jefferson 7635: 7611: 7574: 7537: 7525: 7493: 7481: 7473:Chiang Ching-kuo 7463:Cato the Younger 7453:Amin al-Husseini 7431: 7430: 7420: 7419: 7399: 7398: 7382:War and genocide 7206: 7192:Résistancialisme 7179:Battle of France 7161:Nanjing Massacre 7015: 7014: 6896: 6895: 6892: 6856: 6806: 6688: 6671: 6644: 6643: 6571:Catharism debate 6557:pre-18th century 6539:Military history 6516: 6509: 6502: 6493: 6492: 6486:By war, conflict 6482: 6481: 6430:Cambridge School 6416: 6415: 6314: 6302: 6278: 6259: 6169: 6157: 6129: 5951: 5929:Historikerstreit 5899: 5887: 5875: 5856: 5842:Cordon sanitaire 5788:New Qing History 5776:Conquest dynasty 5767: 5682:Christianization 5665: 5664: 5584: 5497: 5485: 5473: 5451: 5439: 5431:Byzantine Empire 5286:Iquicha Royalism 5275: 5241: 5240: 5164: 5136: 5135: 5125: 5124: 5068:Age of Discovery 5057:Periodization of 5054: 5053: 5028:Transhistoricity 5023:Thirty-year rule 4934: 4922: 4879: 4878: 4868: 4867: 4848:Great Man theory 4811:People's history 4773: 4678: 4677: 4670:Three-age system 4632: 4631: 4332:Archival science 4284: 4283: 4271: 4270: 4138:Tertiary sources 4118: 4117: 4105: 4104: 4054:by area of study 4023: 4016: 4009: 4000: 3999: 3986: 3985: 3976: 3975: 3924:Joan Shakespeare 3906:John Shakespeare 3809: 3808: 3790:Shakespeare and 3501:Sejanus His Fall 3468: 3428:Double Falsehood 3395: 3394: 3379:Venus and Adonis 3330: 3103:Titus Andronicus 3089:Romeo and Juliet 2893: 2892: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2850: 2849: 2817:Thomas Carlyle, 2670: 2669: 2646: 2637: 2628: 2621: 2604: 2597: 2591: 2584: 2575: 2568: 2557: 2550: 2541: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2512:"French hissing" 2508: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2475: 2460: 2459: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2410: 2404: 2397: 2388: 2370: 2364: 2363: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2287: 2281: 2280: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2259: 2251: 2243: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2217: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2155: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2131: 2118: 2117: 2109: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2068: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2021: 2010: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1977: 1968: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1754:Romeo and Juliet 1621:Jean-Paul Sartre 1609:Romeo and Juliet 1586:Soviet dissident 1571:Sergei Yutkevich 1530:The Jew of Malta 1401:psychoanalytical 1267:Romeo and Juliet 1206: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1186: 1184: 1143: 1119: 1111: 1025:Romeo and Juliet 979:still unsolved. 934:Alessandro Verri 926:Giuseppe Baretti 800:La mort de César 767:Pierre Letourner 739:La Mort de Cèsar 512:double entendres 497:Variorum Edition 427:Romeo and Juliet 355:Lord Chamberlain 351:William Davenant 337:'s happy-ending 327:Christopher Wren 99:Chandos portrait 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 61:this article by 52:inline citations 39: 38: 31: 21: 8442: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8399: 8366: 8321: 8306: 8266: 8247: 8230: 8213: 8204: 8100: 8008: 7984:Great Recession 7967: 7938: 7914: 7898: 7879: 7770:H. P. Lovecraft 7739: 7701: 7694: 7685: 7673: 7661: 7629: 7605: 7578:Muammar Gaddafi 7568: 7556:Leonid Brezhnev 7531: 7519: 7502:Gregory Palamas 7487: 7485:Chiang Kai Shek 7475: 7435: 7425: 7406: 7405: 7386: 7367:Conflict thesis 7355: 7319: 7209: 7200: 7167: 7131: 7061: 7013: 6975: 6941:Interwar period 6931: 6901: 6894: 6886: 6870:Schlieffen Plan 6850: 6811: 6800: 6715: 6682: 6665: 6650: 6639: 6633: 6617:Dorian invasion 6602:Fall of Babylon 6558: 6552: 6551: 6528: 6520: 6487: 6468: 6444: 6421: 6414: 6376:Kingdom of Alba 6357: 6350: 6317: 6308: 6296: 6294:Spanish decline 6272: 6253: 6208: 6163: 6151: 6132: 6123: 6089: 6030: 5995: 5981:Greater Magadha 5967: 5945: 5902: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5850: 5829: 5803:Four Barbarians 5761: 5735: 5663: 5620:Götaland theory 5588:Lusotropicalism 5578: 5559:North Macedonia 5491: 5479: 5467: 5445: 5433: 5373: 5352:Frontier thesis 5347:Cyclical theory 5330:Neoabolitionism 5306: 5269: 5239: 5201: 5178:Greater Morocco 5158: 5130: 5107: 5058: 5052: 4944: 4928: 4916: 4873: 4854: 4767: 4682: 4676: 4658:Historical eras 4639: 4618: 4453: 4350:Writing systems 4320: 4278: 4276:Fields of study 4257: 4251:Service records 4236:Religious texts 4142: 4128:Primary sources 4112: 4099: 4098: 4032: 4027: 3997: 3992: 3953: 3902:(granddaughter) 3860: 3807: 3736: 3702:Religious views 3680:Curtain Theatre 3601: 3589: 3564: 3515:Sir Thomas More 3461: 3435:Edmund Ironside 3384: 3331: 3318: 3292:Ghost character 3252: 3224: 3115: 3096:Timon of Athens 3025: 2882: 2877: 2829: 2827:Other resources 2767: 2755: 2750: 2678: 2673: 2659: 2644: 2638: 2631: 2622: 2607: 2598: 2594: 2585: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2551: 2544: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2518:. 31 March 2002 2510: 2509: 2498: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2463: 2456: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2391: 2371: 2367: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2343: 2332: 2328: 2317: 2313: 2297: 2296: 2288: 2284: 2273: 2269: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2235: 2219: 2218: 2210: 2206: 2195: 2191: 2180: 2176: 2165: 2158: 2147: 2143: 2132: 2121: 2110: 2103: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2069: 2044: 2034: 2032: 2022: 2013: 2004: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1978: 1971: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1942: 1928: 1924: 1920:Pierce pp. 4–10 1919: 1915: 1908: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1859: 1841: 1783:Modernist poets 1767: 1743: 1737: 1638: 1604: 1590:Boris Pasternak 1560: 1452:Joseph Goebbels 1448:Stavisky affair 1434: 1410:New Historicism 1366: 1352:with his novel 1322: 1239:William Hazlitt 1207: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1144: 1142: 1132: 1120: 1109: 1049: 1044: 1001:Italian theatre 985: 776: 698: 689:Timon of Athens 665: 594: 418: 413: 290:'s scenes from 272: 198: 192: 187: 131:special effects 107:S. T. Coleridge 87: 76: 70: 67: 57:Please help to 56: 40: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8440: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8387: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8292: 8287: 8277: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8257: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8228: 8223: 8217: 8215: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8157: 8156: 8155: 8143: 8138: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8116: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8051: 8050: 8049: 8039: 8034: 8024: 8018: 8016: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8005: 8004: 7999: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7975: 7973: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7948: 7943: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7889: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7814: 7809: 7799: 7798: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7760:Charles Darwin 7757: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7730:United Kingdom 7727: 7722: 7720:Modern Germany 7717: 7712: 7706: 7704: 7693: 7692: 7680: 7668: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7639:Thomas Aquinas 7636: 7624: 7619: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7526: 7514: 7509: 7507:Horatio Nelson 7504: 7499: 7494: 7482: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7439: 7437: 7427: 7426: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7369: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7339:Responsibility 7336: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7295: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7280: 7279: 7278: 7270: 7265: 7264: 7263: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7251:New Historians 7248: 7243: 7229: 7223: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7117:Responsibility 7114: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7097: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6985: 6983: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6951: 6945: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6893: 6881: 6875:Spirit of 1914 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6845: 6835: 6832:Fischer thesis 6821: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6795: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6775: 6773:Paraguayan War 6770: 6769: 6768: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6699:Napoleonic era 6696: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6677: 6672: 6663:Pre-revolution 6654: 6652: 6648:Coalition Wars 6641: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6562: 6560: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6542: 6534: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6526:historiography 6519: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6496: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6443: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6426: 6424: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6344:Decline thesis 6341: 6334:Ottoman Empire 6331: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6303: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6260: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6161:Skeptic School 6146: 6144:Anti-Normanism 6140: 6138: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6101:Golden Liberty 6097: 6095: 6091: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6083:Neo-Bourbonism 6075: 6070: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6011: 6005: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5958: 5953: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5923:Borussian myth 5920: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5857: 5845: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5773: 5768: 5756: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5679: 5673: 5671: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5644: 5643: 5642: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5602: 5601: 5600: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5561: 5556: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5539: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5512: 5511: 5510: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5486: 5474: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5428: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5394:Dealbanisation 5385: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5316: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5264: 5258:May Revolution 5249: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5228:Staples thesis 5225: 5220: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5153: 5144: 5142: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5084: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5060:modern history 5051: 5050: 5043: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5018: 5006: 5004:Paradigm shift 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4958: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4874: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4779: 4774: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4731: 4730: 4720: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4697: 4690:Annales school 4686: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4660: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4553:Constitutional 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4489: 4476: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4429:Postage stamps 4426: 4421: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4357: 4352: 4343: 4328: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4290: 4288: 4280: 4279: 4267: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4226:Oral tradition 4223: 4222: 4221: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4030:Historiography 4026: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3980: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3815: 3813: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3641:Collaborations 3638: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3459: 3452: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3424: 3416: 3409: 3401: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3361: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3232: 3230:Early editions 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3214: 3207: 3206: 3205: 3198: 3191: 3176: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3160: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3114: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3035: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2965: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2913:As You Like It 2909: 2901: 2899: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2840: 2835: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2782: 2773: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2748:External links 2746: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2709: 2694: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2657: 2629: 2623:Chen, Xiaomei 2605: 2599:Chen, Xiaomei 2592: 2586:Chen, Xiaomei 2576: 2570:Chen, Xiaomei 2558: 2552:Chen, Xiaomei 2542: 2536:Chen, Xiaomei 2529: 2496: 2483: 2461: 2454: 2430: 2423: 2405: 2389: 2365: 2350: 2341: 2326: 2311: 2282: 2267: 2233: 2204: 2189: 2174: 2156: 2141: 2119: 2101: 2086: 2042: 2011: 1995: 1969: 1956: 1947: 1940: 1922: 1913: 1906: 1885: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1861:Main article: 1858: 1855: 1840: 1837: 1833:Celia Zukofsky 1817:Louis Zukofsky 1809:British Museum 1766: 1763: 1739:Main article: 1736: 1733: 1662:and his wife, 1637: 1634: 1603: 1600: 1559: 1556: 1510:British Empire 1433: 1430: 1365: 1362: 1321: 1318: 1287:Thomas Carlyle 1283:British Empire 1209: 1208: 1123: 1121: 1114: 1108: 1105: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 984: 981: 914:Lewis Theobald 860:As you like it 834:Shakespearean 780:Alexander Pope 775: 772: 702:Alexander Pope 697: 694: 664: 661: 652:Stephen Kinzer 593: 590: 527:Samuel Johnson 523:Joseph Addison 516:Thomas Bowdler 508:Alexander Pope 439:Spranger Barry 417: 414: 412: 409: 271: 268: 256:pioneered the 238:Edmund Spenser 191: 188: 186: 183: 179:Thomas Carlyle 89: 88: 43: 41: 34: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8439: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8396: 8388: 8386: 8378: 8377: 8373: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8324: 8317: 8313: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8269: 8262: 8258: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8221:Merton thesis 8219: 8218: 8216: 8211: 8207: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8173:Panbabylonism 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8160: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8104: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8090: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7901: 7894: 7890: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7804: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7746: 7736: 7735:United States 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7697: 7689: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7615:Bolivarianism 7613: 7609: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7598:Simon Bolivar 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7572: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7529:Joseph Stalin 7527: 7523: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7432: 7428: 7421: 7417: 7402: 7394: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324:Post-Cold War 7322: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7298:Falklands War 7296: 7294: 7293:Iran–Iraq War 7291: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7241:Ongoing Nakba 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7216: 7204: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7172:Western Front 7170: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7153:Bengal famine 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7134: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7067:The Holocaust 7064: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7018:Eastern Front 7016: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6897: 6890: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6804: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6750: 6749:Paris Commune 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6734:Turning point 6732: 6730: 6727: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6686: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6638:18th and 19th 6636: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6583:Islamic views 6581: 6580: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6555: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6510: 6505: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6490: 6483: 6479: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6307: 6306:Ser de España 6304: 6300: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6276: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6167: 6162: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6092: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5724:Ottoman claim 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5704:Prosopography 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5657:Trưng sisters 5655: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5495: 5490: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5449: 5444: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5404:Habsburg myth 5402: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5312:United States 5309: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5273: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5245:Latin America 5242: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5122: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4865: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4838:Transnational 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4729: 4728:Decoloniality 4726: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4710: 4709:Historiometry 4707: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4679: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4653:Periodization 4651: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4439:Sigillography 4437: 4435: 4434:Prosopography 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4311:Local history 4309: 4305: 4304:Human history 4302: 4301: 4300: 4299:World history 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3989: 3981: 3979: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3949: 3948:Thomas Quiney 3946: 3943: 3940: 3938:(grandfather) 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3894:Judith Quiney 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3876:Anne Hathaway 3874: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3656:Globe Theatre 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3585: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3269:Late romances 3267: 3265: 3264:Problem plays 3262: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3061:Julius Caesar 3058: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3007: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2999: 2998:Twelfth Night 2995: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2776:John Dryden, 2774: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2760: 2757: 2756: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2707: 2706:0-19-812063-X 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2691:0-415-07450-9 2688: 2684: 2680: 2679: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2625:Occidentalism 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2602: 2601:Occidentalism 2596: 2589: 2588:Occidentalism 2583: 2581: 2573: 2572:Occidentalism 2567: 2565: 2563: 2555: 2554:Occidentalism 2549: 2547: 2539: 2538:Occidentalism 2533: 2517: 2516:The Economist 2513: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2493: 2487: 2480: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2457: 2455:0-416-36860-3 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2434: 2426: 2424:0-415-21984-1 2420: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2396: 2394: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2374:W. S. Gilbert 2369: 2361: 2354: 2345: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2301: 2293: 2286: 2278: 2271: 2263: 2257: 2249: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2229: 2223: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2193: 2185: 2178: 2170: 2163: 2161: 2152: 2145: 2137: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2108: 2106: 2097: 2090: 2074: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2008: 2002: 2000: 1983: 1976: 1974: 1966: 1960: 1951: 1943: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1917: 1909: 1907:0-14-028323-4 1903: 1899: 1895: 1894:McIntyre, Ian 1889: 1880: 1876: 1869: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:Basil Bunting 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1771: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1742: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1626:The Economist 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1567: 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1008: 1007: 1002: 997: 993: 991: 980: 977: 976: 971: 970: 965: 964: 959: 955: 954: 953:Julius Caesar 949: 945: 944: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 915: 911: 907: 906:Giulio Cesare 902: 900: 896: 895: 894:Paradise Lost 890: 885: 883: 882: 881:Julius Caesar 877: 876:Marcus Brutus 873: 872:Julius Caesar 869: 868:Antonio Conti 864: 862: 861: 856: 852: 848: 844: 839: 837: 832: 828: 827: 822: 818: 817:Apostolo Zeno 813: 811: 810: 809:Julius Caesar 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:James Thomson 789: 785: 781: 771: 768: 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 748: 747:Julius Caesar 742: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 715: 711: 710:James Thomson 707: 703: 693: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 660: 657: 653: 649: 645: 644: 639: 634: 632: 631:sands of time 628: 623: 619: 614: 611: 607: 603: 599: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 566: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 541: 540:post-Romantic 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 500: 498: 494: 493:Edmund Malone 490: 489:Nicholas Rowe 486: 485:Nathaniel Lee 482: 478: 470: 469: 463: 459: 456: 452: 448: 444: 443:David Garrick 440: 435: 434: 429: 428: 423: 408: 406: 402: 401: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 368: 364: 359: 356: 352: 348: 347: 342: 341: 336: 332: 328: 324: 316: 311: 307: 305: 301: 300: 295: 294: 289: 285: 281: 277: 267: 264: 259: 255: 250: 247: 243: 239: 235: 234:Philip Sidney 231: 227: 219: 215: 211: 207: 202: 197: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 139: 134: 132: 128: 124: 118: 116: 108: 104: 100: 95: 85: 82: 74: 71:December 2023 64: 60: 54: 53: 47: 42: 33: 32: 29: 27: 19: 8150: 7952:The Simpsons 7950: 7897:Other topics 7874: 7845: 7822:Christianity 7812:Resurrection 7443:Adolf Hitler 7272:Six-Day War 7268:Algerian War 7239: / 7198:Vichy France 7190: 7183: 7093: / 6981:World War II 6877: / 6544: 6537: 6339:Ghaza thesis 6262: 6238: 6224:White legend 6222: / 6220:Black legend 6175:Soviet Union 6065: 6058: 6046: 6009:Great Famine 5986:Indocentrism 5960: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5915: 5861:Grand Siècle 5859: 5840: 5808:Sinocentrism 5669:Ancient Rome 5649: 5507:Aryan Kartli 5505: 5297: 5260: / 5194: 5091:19th century 5089: / 5080: / 5045: 5038: 5037: / 5032: 5008: 4982: / 4956:Black legend 4914:Historiology 4711: / 4699: 4662: 4600:Quantitative 4523: 4519:Intellectual 4485: / 4481: / 4467: / 4465:Anthropology 4419:Phaleristics 4412:preservation 4407:Oral history 4348: / 4334: / 4316:Microhistory 4091: 4084: 4077: 4070: 4061: 4052: / 4048: 4041: 3950:(son-in-law) 3944:(son-in-law) 3882:Susanna Hall 3823: 3812:Institutions 3791: 3741: 3636:Coat of arms 3629:Translations 3621: 3617:Bibliography 3584:To the Queen 3582: 3575: 3557: 3550: 3542: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3377: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3342: 3304:Performances 3248:Second Folio 3216: 3209: 3200: 3193: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3135: 3128: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3038: 3018: 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2982: 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