3576:
Bruce, Lori; Buckler, Max; Cabral
Grinspan, Mauro; Cannoot, Pieter; Carpenter, Morgan; Catto, Marie-XaviĂšre; CatalĂĄn, MoisĂ©s; Chambers, Clare; Chapin, Georganne; Chegwidden, James; Christian Ghattas, Dan; Clough, Sharyn; Conroy, RonĂĄn M.; Dabbagh, Hossein; Dalke, Katharine B.; DalliĂšre, Sophie; Danon, Limor Meoded; Davis, Dena S.; Davis, Georgiann; Dawson, Angela J.; DeLaet, Debra L.; Dranseika, Vilius; DuBoff, Max; Dwyer, James G.; Earp, Brian D.; Esho, Tammary; EssĂ©n, Birgitta; Fahmy, Mohamed A. Baky; Feder, Ellen K.; Ferreira, Nuno; Fillod, Odile; Florquin, StĂ©phanie; FoldĂšs, Pierre; Fox, Marie; Frisch, Morten; Fusaschi, Michela; Garland, Fae; Geisheker, John; Gheaus, Anca; GimĂ©nez Barbat, Teresa; Levin Freifrau von Gleichen, Tobe; Godwin, Samantha; Goldman, Ronald; Gonzalez-Polledo, E. J.; Goodman, Jenny; Gradilla, Alexandro JosĂ©; Gruenbaum, Ellen; Gwaambuka, Tatenda; Hatem-Gantzer, Ghada; Hakim, M.; Hammond, Tim; Hannikainen, Ivar R.; van der Have, Miriam; Herbenick, Debby; Higashi, Yuko; Hill, B. Jessie; Johansen, R. Elise B.; Johari, Aarefa; Johnson-Agbakwu, Crista; Johnson, Matthew T.; Kimani, Samue; Komba, Eva; Kolak, Julia; Koukoui, Sophia; Kraus, Cynthia; Latham, Stephen R.; Laurent, Bo; Learner, Hazel; Lempert, Antony; Lenta, Patrick; Lesslar, Olivia; Lewis, Jonathan; Liao, Lih-Mei; Lorshbough, Erika; Lurenbaum, Jean-Christophe; MacDonald, Noni E.; McAllister, Ryan; Meddings, Jonathan; Merli, Claudia; Mertens, Mayli; Milos, Marilyn; Mishori, Ranit; Monro, Surya; Moss, Lisa Braver; Munzer, Stephen R.; Nazri, Hannah M.; Ncayiyana, Daniel; Neiders, Ivars; Ngosso, LondĂ©; Nguena, Marianne; van Niekerk, Anton A.; Nobis, Nathan; Oduor, Alphonce Odhiambo; OâNeill, Sarah; Ottenheimer, Deborah; Paalanen, Panda; Palacios-GonzĂĄlez, CĂ©sar; Qing, Xin; Radcliffe Richards, Janet; Ramus, Franck; Rashid Khan, Abdul; Ray, Saarrah; Reis, Elizabeth; Reis-Dennis, Samuel; Remennick, Larissa; Richard, Fabienne; Roen, Katrina; Rubashkyn, Eliana; Sarajlic, Eldar; Sardi, Lauren; Schuklenk, Udo; Shahvisi, Arianne; Shaw, David; Sinden, Guy; Sidler, Daniel; Skitka, Linda; Somerville, Margaret A.; Sterckx, Sigrid; Svoboda, J. Steven; Taher, Mariya; Tangwa, Godfrey B.; Thomson, Michael; Townsend, Kate Goldie; Travis, Mitchell; Van Howe, Robert S.; Vash-Margita, Alla; Verhagen, Emmanuelle; Vilponen, Tiina; Villani, Michela; Viloria, Hida; Vintiadis, Elly; Virgili, Tommaso; VissandjĂ©e, Bilkis; Ungar-Sargon, Eliyahu; Wahlberg, Anna; Wald, Rebecca; Walsh, Reubs J.; Weisenberg, Desmond; Wenger, Hannah; Wisdom, Travis; Zelayandia, Ernesto; ZiemiĆska, Renata; Zieselman, Kimberly; Ziyada, Mai Mahgoub (17 July 2024).
2902:. Complications are rare. Modern proponents say that circumcision reduces the risks of a range of infections and diseases and confers sexual benefits. Opponents, particularly of routine neonatal circumcision, question its preventive efficacy and object to subjecting non-consenting newborn males to a procedure that is potentially harmful, in their view, with little to no benefit, as well as violating their human rights and possibly negatively impacting their sex life. There is a consensus among the world's major medical organizations and in the academic literature that circumcision is an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention in high-risk populations if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions. They hold variant perspectives on the prophylactic efficacy of the elective circumcision of minors in
2684:. She states that the media, such as pornography, creates an unhealthy view of what a "good looking vagina" is and how women feel that their privates are inferior and are therefore pressured to act upon that mindset. These insecurities are forced upon women by their partners and other women as well. Also leading to a surge of these types of procedures is increased interest in non-surgical genital alterations, such as Brazilian waxing, that make the vulva more visible to judgment. The incentive to participate in vulvo- and vaginoplasty may also come about in an effort to manage women's physical attributes and their sexual behavior, treating their vagina as something needing to be managed or controlled and ultimately deemed "acceptable".
2699:
2921:
2637:
2875:
111:
2487:
3740:, p. 121, n. 62: "This estimate is derived from weighted averages of FGM/C prevalence among girls aged 0 to 14 and girls and women aged 15 to 49, using the most recently available DHS, MICS and SHHS data (1997â2012) for the 29 countries where FGM/C is concentrated. The number of girls and women who have been cut was calculated using 2011 demographic figures produced by the UN Population Division ... The number of cut women aged 50 and older is based on FGM/C prevalence in women aged 45 to 49."
3754:, USAID, DHS Working Papers, No. 39, March 2008, pp. 13â14: "Infibulation is practiced largely in countries located in northeastern Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan. Survey data are available for Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djibouti. Sudan alone accounts for about 3.5 million of the women. ... he estimate of the total number of women infibulated in comes to 8,245,449, or just over eight million women." Also see Appendix B, Table 2 ("Types of FGC"), p. 19.
5664:
2970:
2805:
485:
4498:
Huddart, Simon; Janson, Staffan; Jaszczak, Poul; Kupferschmid, Christoph; Lahdes-Vasama, Tuija; Lindahl, Harry; MacDonald, Noni; Markestad, Trond; MĂ€rtson, Matis; Nordhov, Solveig
Marianne; PÀlve, Heikki; Petersons, Aigars; Quinn, Feargal; Qvist, Niels; Rosmundsson, Thrainn; Saxen, Harri; Söder, Olle; Stehr, Maximilian; von Loewenich, Volker C.H.; Wallander, Johan; Wijnen, Rene (April 2013).
2955:. Nonsurgical restoration is the preferred method as it is less costly and typically yields better results than surgical restoration. A foreskin restoration device may be of help to men pursuing nonsurgical foreskin restoration. While restoration cannot recreate the nerves or tissues lost to circumcision, it can recreate the appearance and some of the function of a natural foreskin.
2535:, a practice found largely in Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan. Infibulation, the most extreme form of FGM (known as Type III), consists of the removal of the inner and outer labia and closure of the vulva, while a small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual blood; afterwards the vagina will be opened after the wedding for sexual intercourse and childbirth (see
2573:
Hymenorrhaphy refers to the practice of thickening the hymen, or, in some cases, implanting a capsule of red liquid within the newly created vaginal tissue. This new hymen is created to cause physical resistance, blood, or the appearance of blood, at the time that the individual's new husband inserts
3126:
Pearling or genital beading is a form of body modification, the practice of permanently inserting small beads made of various materials beneath the skin of the genitalsâof the labia, or of the shaft or foreskin of the penis. As well as being an aesthetic practice, this is usually intended to enhance
342:
therefore, that as a matter of justice, inclusivity, and gender equality in medical-ethical policy (we do not take a position as to criminal law), clinicians should not be permitted to perform any nonvoluntary genital cutting or surgery in prepubescent minors, irrespective of the latterâs sex traits
3575:
Abdulcadir, Jasmine; Adler, Peter W.; Almonte, Melanie T.; Anderson, Frank W. J.; Arguedas-RamĂrez, Gabriela; Aulisio, Mark P.; Bader, Dina; Balashinsky, David; Baratz, Arlene B.; BariĆ, Maide; Bauer, Greta; Behrensen, Maren; Ben-Yami, Hanoch; Boddy, Janice; Bootwala, Yasmin; Bowman-Smart, Hilary;
4270:
It seems likely that in the near future revised recommendations, taking a more positive attitude to circumcision, are likely in many
English-speaking countries. What of the future? Current medical advice and public health projects now underway seem to point to a worldwide increase in circumcision
2558:
in 1993; it states: "Article Two: Violence against women shall be understood to encompass, but not be limited to, the following: (a) Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including ... female genital mutilation ...". However, because of its importance in traditional
334:
is made up of "physicians, ethicists, nurse-midwives, public health professionals, legal scholars, human rights advocates, political scientists, anthropologists, psychologists, sexologists, sociologists, philosophers, and feminists from Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, the Middle East, and the
4497:
Aigrain, Yves; Barauskas, Vidmantas; Bjarnason, Ragnar; Boddy, Su-Anna; Czauderna, Piotr; de Gier, Robert P.E.; de Jong, Tom P.V.M.; Fasching, GĂŒnter; Fetter, Willem; Gahr, Manfred; Graugaard, Christian; Greisen, Gorm; Gunnarsdottir, Anna; Hartmann, Wolfram; Havranek, Petr; Hitchcock, Rowena;
2530:
It is practised in several parts of the world, but the practice is concentrated more heavily in Africa, parts of the Middle East, and some other parts of Asia. Over 125 million women and girls have experienced FGM in the 29 countries in which it is concentrated. Over eight million have been
3766:, p. 182, identifies "sewn closed" as most common in Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia for 15â49 age group (survey in 2000 for Sudan was not included), and for daughters, Djibouti, Eritrea, Niger and Somalia. UNICEF statistical profiles on FGM, showing type of FGM:
5287:
is frequently confused with preputial infibulation, which had different objectives and was achieved by surgically piercing the prepuce and using the holes so created for the insertion of a metal clasp (fibula) in order to fasten the prepuce
1444:
3145:
Penectomy involves the partial or total amputation of penis. Sometimes, the removal of the entire penis was done in conjunction with castration, or incorrectly referred to as castration. Removing the penis was often performed on
3820:, 61(6), December 1996 (pp. 999â1017), p. 1002: "Infibulation, the harshest practice, occurs contiguously in Egyptian Nubia, the Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, also known as Islamic Northeast Africa."
2540:
2679:
In the article
Designer Vaginas by Simone Weil Davis, she talks about the modification of woman's vagina and the outside influences women are pressured with, which can cause them to feel shame towards their
4342:
About 0.13% in
American neonates; Krill AJ, Palmer LS, Palmer JS (2011). "Complications of circumcision". TheScientificWorldJournal. 11: 2458â2468. doi:10.1100/2011/373829. PMC 3253617. PMID 22235177.
3280:... statuary present some adult malesâusually priests, functionaries, or low-status workersâas having undergone a vertical slit on the dorsal aspect of the prepuce, although no flesh has been removed.
302:
These surgeries are usually performed for cosmetic benefit rather than for therapeutic reasons. Most surgeries involving children with ambiguous genitalia are sexually damaging and may render them
144:
involves surgical insertion of small, inert spheres under the skin along the shaft of the penis for the purpose of providing sexual stimulation to the walls of the vagina. Similar to tattooing,
2539:). In the past several decades, efforts have been made by global health organizations, such as the WHO, to end the practice. FGM is condemned by international human rights organizations. The
354:
Genital mutilation is common in some situations of war or armed conflict, with perpetrators using violence against the genitals of men, women, and non-binary people. These different forms of
3792:
3781:
3770:
1410:
2507:(FGM), also known as female genital cutting (FGC), female circumcision, or female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), refers to "all procedures involving partial or total removal of the
3537:
Karen S Vogt, MD, Michael J Bourgeois, MD, Arlan L Rosenbloom, MD, Mary L Windle, PharmD, George. P Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, FRCP, Merrily P M Poth, MD, Stephen Kemp, MD, PhD
148:
is primarily done for aesthetic reasons by adding decorative scars to the skin. The genital decoration by scars is an ancient tradition in many cultures, both for men and women.
3292:. In the medical field, it may be performed for as an alternative to circumcision when circumcision is undesired or impractical. It remains a rare surgery and practice overall.
2886:, the double-layered fold of skin, mucosal and muscular tissue at the distal end of the human penis. Around half of all circumcisions worldwide are performed for reasons of
4078:
Green Fiona (2005). "From clitoridectomies to 'designer vaginas': The medical construction of heteronormative female bodies and sexuality through female genital cutting".
5013:
Nanda, S. "Hijras: An
Alternative Sex and Gender Role in India (in Herdt, G. (1996) Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History. Zone Books.)
4471:
3062:
subculture made up mostly of men who have had their genitals surgically removed. Those undergoing the procedure often go by the name of nullos, and are not necessarily
6642:
3010:
to conceal the glans. The kynodesme was also used by the
Etruscans and Romans (ligatura praeputii), but the Romans preferred to apply a gold, silver, or bronze ring (
2578:
at the time of marriage. In these cultures, a woman may be punished, perhaps violently, if the community leaders deem that she was not a virgin when her marriage was
4106:
2551:
1911:
5232:"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"
952:
3728:, p. 22: "More than 125 million girls and women alive today have been cut in the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where FGM/C is concentrated.
358:
can terrorize targeted individuals and communities, prevent individuals from reproducing, and cause tremendous pain and psychological anguish for victims.
3387:
2665:
strongly criticised this craze, citing its popularity being rooted in commercial and media influences. Similar concerns have been expressed in
Australia.
6136:
5701:
5504:
1163:
401:(cutting part of the tissue between the vagina and the anus) is sometimes performed to increase the amount of space through which the baby may emerge.
2322:
1683:
5103:
Gearhart, JP; Rock, JA (1989). "Total ablation of the penis after circumcision with electrocautery: A method of management and long-term followup".
4792:...defending the casual relation between male circumcision and reduced HIV transmission has become essentially hegemonic in the academic literature.
166:
is a term for various techniques used to attempt to increase the size of the penis, though the safety and efficacy of these techniques are debated.
2454:
1114:
3475:
Gearhart JP, Rock JA (1989). "Total ablation of the penis after circumcision with electrocautery: a method of management and long-term followup".
4577:
3789:
3778:
3767:
3105:
3869:
3368:
Neluis T, Armstrong ML, Young C, Roberts AE, Hogan L, Rinard K (2014). "Prevalence and implications of genital tattoos: A site not forgotten".
1027:
2780:, but that is less common. Castration has been performed in many cultures throughout history, but is now rare. It should not be confused with
4205:
Davis, Simone Weil. "Designer
Vaginas." Women's Voices, Feminist Visions. Ed. Susan Shaw and Janet Lee. New York: McGraw Hill (2012): 270â77.
4114:
6777:
4550:
1688:
6705:
6690:
3955:
1658:
1256:
782:
45:
is generally used for genital modifications that improve the recipient's quality of life in result in positive health outcomes. The term
4611:
3265:
A rectal slit (also known as superincision) is an incision made along the upper length of the foreskin with the intention to expose the
415:
to occur. An adult individual may opt for increasing the size of her hymenal opening, or removal of the hymen altogether, to facilitate
335:
Americas with interdisciplinary or experiential expertise in child genital cutting practices across a wide range of cultural contexts".
6543:
5375:
4770:
It is now generally accepted in public health spheres that medical male circumcision is efficacious in the prevention of HIV infection.
4695:
937:
81:
Many types of genital modification are performed at the behest of the individual, for personal, sexual, aesthetic or cultural reasons.
5182:
2815:
6469:
5643:
3809:
366:
If the genitals become diseased, as in the case of cancer, sometimes the diseased areas are surgically removed. Females may undergo
6632:
3412:
Angulo JC, GarcĂa-DĂez M, MartĂnez M (2011). "Phallic decoration in paleolithic art: genital scarification, piercing and tattoos".
864:
752:
2708:
Clitoral hood reduction is a form of hoodplasty. When performed with the consent of the adult individual, it can be considered an
6655:
6129:
5694:
3899:
299:
children and children with ambiguous genitalia may be subjected to surgeries to "normalize" the appearance of their genitalia.
6667:
5648:
5337:
3851:"A/RES/48/104 â Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women â UN Documents: Gathering a body of global agreements"
3759:
3733:
3721:
2423:
1119:
874:
702:
687:
682:
512:
4475:
4314:
Alan
Glasper, Edward; Richardson, James; Randall, Duncan (2021). "Promote, Restore, and Stabilise Health Status in Children".
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667:
4300:
6662:
4215:
Rodrigues Sara (2012). "From Vaginal Exception to Exceptional Vagina: The Biopolitics of Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery".
2491:
2476:
2447:
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757:
571:
4688:"Preventing HIV Through Safe Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision For Adolescent Boys And Men In Generalized HIV Epidemics"
3610:
Eichert, David (2019). "'Homosexualization' Revisited: An Audience-Focused Theorization of Wartime Male Sexual Violence".
3253:. When the surgery is not performed in a hospital or by a licensed medical professional, complications such as infection,
5239:
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692:
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5094:
Vincent Lupo. Family gets $ 2.75 million in wrongful surgery suit. Lake Charles American Press, Wednesday, May 28, 1986.
3082:. Though the procedure is mostly sought by men, female genital mutilation may be referred to as clitoral nullification.
6672:
6122:
5945:
5687:
2756:
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3831:
3166:. Penis removal may occur through unintentional genital injury, such as during routine neonatal circumcision mishaps.
6399:
5617:
5509:
5132:
5049:"Family Is Awarded $ 850,000 For Circumcision Accident" The New York Times, New York, USA, Published November 2, 1975
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4327:
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practice elsewhere. It is performed for sexual enhancement of both partners, aesthetics, symmetry and gratification.
1320:
1151:
623:
601:
311:
17:
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6336:
6321:
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procedure. When these procedures are performed on individuals without their consent, they are considered a form of
2077:
1906:
1800:
1251:
1141:
2727:; the therapeutic goal is thought to improve the sexual functioning of the woman, and the aesthetic appeal of her
3241:. It may also be performed for personal preference. Penile subincision may leave a man with an increased risk of
2865:
2440:
1653:
1158:
912:
707:
5679:
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whether for cultural, religious or other non-therapeutic reasons." It is not the same as the procedures used in
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5627:
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917:
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502:
141:
3309:
Danino, Michel Alain; Trouilloud, Pierre; Benkhadra, Mehdi; Danino, Arthur; Laurent, Romain (2024-02-01).
2676:
standards. The surgery itself is controversial, and critics refer to the procedures as "designer vagina".
6637:
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6098:
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2265:
2109:
1516:
1109:
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228:
6538:
6186:
5711:
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5330:
5183:"John Bobbitt's surgeons describe the day they reattached his penis: 'It came to us⊠in a hot dog bag'"
5071:
Charles Seabrook. $ 22.8 million in botched circumcision. Atlanta Constitution, Tuesday, March 12, 1991
3983:
2890:; half for religious or cultural reasons. Circumcision involves either a conventional "cut and stitch"
2869:
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802:
517:
6219:
6181:
6176:
6065:
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5112:
4691:
3707:
3577:
3055:, which is the removal of the testicles only, although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably.
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2504:
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959:
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159:
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4171:
Braun Virginia (2005). "In search of (better) sexual pleasure: female genital 'cosmetic' surgery".
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1971:
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4107:"Female Genital Mutilation in the West: Traditional Circumcision versus Genital Cosmetic Surgery"
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and high ranking men who would frequently be in contact with women, such as those belonging to a
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through manual manipulation (pulling) or physical equipment (such as weights). It is a familial
1310:
445:. The motivation behind such actions vary widely; it may be done due personal crisis related to
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for purposes of assault or revenge is overwhelmingly a female-on-male crime, particularly in
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4504:"Cultural Bias in the AAP's 2012 Technical Report and Policy Statement on Male Circumcision"
3173:
circumcision ceremony, which is performed by spear, accidental penectomy is a serious risk.
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6594:
6429:
6161:
5889:
5591:
5397:
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3021:
In modern times, male infibulation may be performed for personal preferences or as part of
2915:
2731:. The reduction of the clitoral prepuce tissues usually is a sub-ordinate surgery within a
2574:
his penis into her vagina. This is done in cultures where a high value is placed on female
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2208:
1720:
1594:
1305:
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1213:
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1001:
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87:, or splitting of the underside of the penis, is widespread in the traditional cultures of
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may be performed to restore what was lost, often with techniques similar to those used in
8:
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6306:
6153:
5940:
5823:
5741:
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5279:
Hodges draws a strong distinction between the kynodesme and infibulation " Tethering the
4722:"Social representations of male circumcision as prophylaxis against HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe"
4255:
3806:
3245:, issues with fertility (due to lack of control over what direction the sperm goes after
3002:
Early Greek infibulation consisted of tying the most distal portion of the foreskin with
2895:
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may be performed for aesthetic reasons, but piercings can have the benefit of increasing
3345:
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2924:
Circumcised at birth, the foreskin has been restored over years of foreskin restoration.
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84:
3578:"Genital Modifications in Prepubescent Minors: When May Clinicians Ethically Proceed?"
3488:
2874:
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Some women undergo vaginoplasty or vulvoplasty procedures to alter the shape of their
110:
107:
alone, while bisection is a more extreme form that splits the penis entirely in half.
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Health and Other Unassailable Values: Reconfigurations of Health, Evidence and Ethics
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3350:
3332:
3067:
3059:
2952:
2903:
2615:
2607:
2416:
2327:
2255:
2240:
2023:
1966:
1765:
1673:
1566:
1486:
1325:
606:
408:
163:
126:
92:
71:
34:
5268:
4546:
4447:
4381:
4145:
4053:
3756:
3730:
3718:
3127:
the sexual pleasure of the receptive partner(s) during vaginal or anal intercourse.
2772:
Castration in the genital modification and mutilation context is the removal of the
6726:
6721:
6617:
6601:
5360:
5248:
5154:
4921:
4899:
4858:
4842:
4751:
4733:
4673:
4645:
4593:
4524:
4418:
4408:
4361:
4224:
4180:
4123:
4087:
4025:
4017:
3619:
3585:
3484:
3421:
3340:
3322:
3238:
3109:
2944:
2709:
2648:
2595:
2379:
2364:
2292:
2213:
2183:
1998:
1834:
1536:
1094:
1089:
932:
822:
331:
319:
315:
291:
122:
96:
38:
4649:
3930:
3623:
3589:
6548:
6485:
6419:
6379:
6361:
6229:
6114:
6090:
5709:
5531:
5521:
5489:
5484:
5474:
5136:
5080:
Schmidt, William E (October 8, 1985). "A Circumcision Method Draws New Concern".
5024:
4589:
4284:
3813:
3796:
3785:
3774:
3763:
3737:
3725:
3285:
3222:
3155:
3098:
2992:
2712:
2394:
2302:
2198:
2139:
1991:
1976:
1956:
1921:
1628:
1541:
1476:
1268:
1218:
996:
847:
458:
454:
446:
428:
355:
343:
or gender assignment, unless urgently necessary to protect their physical health.
189:
130:
50:
5206:
4597:
4021:
6080:
5845:
5779:
5769:
5751:
5601:
5526:
5479:
5452:
5412:
5231:
3751:
3510:
3425:
3254:
3230:
3214:
3191:
infamously removed her husband's penis in 1993. In the latter case, the use of
3184:
2899:
2555:
2389:
2347:
2317:
2307:
2225:
2218:
2203:
2193:
2013:
1949:
1891:
1886:
1871:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1526:
1461:
974:
947:
792:
476:
450:
442:
287:
252:
208:
4738:
4091:
4006:"Requests for cosmetic genitoplasty: how should healthcare providers respond?"
3217:
towards to the base. It was performed by people of some cultures, such as the
2991:
literally means "to close with a clasp or a pin.â The word is used to include
322:
on grounds that such surgeries subject patients to unnecessary harm and risk.
6771:
6744:
6459:
6278:
6246:
6241:
6209:
6032:
6005:
5764:
5457:
5447:
4854:
4747:
4657:
4585:
4499:
4228:
4184:
3336:
3272:
The practice appears to have occurred in Ancient Egypt, though not commonly:
3176:
3158:. In the medical field, removal of the penis may be performed for reasons of
3140:
2716:
2568:
2486:
2401:
2008:
1944:
1929:
1785:
1750:
1730:
1601:
1546:
1481:
869:
772:
155:
145:
2586:, who were virginal at the time of their rape, may elect for hymenorrhaphy.
49:
is used for genital modifications that drastically diminish the recipient's
6756:
6739:
6027:
5967:
5856:
5813:
5808:
5759:
5736:
5586:
5469:
5437:
5346:
5260:
4913:
4765:
4665:
4538:
4529:
4432:
4365:
4137:
4039:
3802:
3447:
3433:
3354:
3284:
It may be performed as a part of traditional customs, such as those in the
3192:
3112:. A castrated slave was worth more, and this offset the losses from death.
3034:
2964:
2933:
2861:
2740:
2736:
2681:
2631:
2602:
2532:
2235:
2114:
1934:
1901:
1881:
1805:
1795:
1775:
1755:
1385:
1283:
1278:
1006:
981:
837:
777:
742:
712:
433:
A person may engage in self-inflicted genital injury or mutilation such as
412:
256:
240:
224:
216:
212:
196:
5252:
5129:
4964:"The Most Extreme Body Hacks That Actually Change Your Physical Abilities"
4888:"Preputial infibulation: from ancient medicine to modern genital piercing"
4872:
4413:
4373:
3850:
3496:
6574:
6533:
6500:
6268:
6261:
6070:
5995:
5873:
5818:
5442:
4846:
4636:(July 2013). "Circumcision of male infants as a human rights violation".
3289:
3277:
3266:
3246:
3210:
3063:
2996:
2948:
2732:
2720:
2627:
2129:
2089:
2057:
1916:
1876:
1710:
1623:
1576:
1551:
1451:
1136:
859:
842:
797:
717:
379:
367:
232:
204:
200:
181:
134:
104:
4831:"Benefits of newborn circumcision: is Europe ignoring medical evidence?"
3327:
6734:
6434:
6424:
6356:
6060:
6022:
6010:
6000:
5935:
5901:
5668:
5561:
5302:
4885:
4830:
3086:
3052:
2969:
2767:
2579:
2536:
2411:
2406:
2287:
2282:
2178:
2154:
2003:
1896:
1854:
1810:
1618:
1606:
1581:
1571:
1491:
886:
881:
852:
787:
628:
434:
404:
398:
394:
371:
307:
260:
248:
4352:
Williams N, Kapila L (October 1993). "Complications of circumcision".
3870:"nthWORD Magazine Interview with Liz Canner, filmmaker of Orgasm, Inc"
3154:. The hijra of India may remove their penis as an expression of their
6523:
6411:
6251:
5432:
5427:
4149:
3250:
3136:
3005:
3003:
2980:
2978:
2773:
2673:
2575:
2512:
2312:
2260:
1961:
1556:
662:
438:
375:
303:
220:
100:
5663:
6495:
6439:
6296:
6256:
5961:
5581:
5576:
3752:"Numbers of women circumcised in Africa: The Production of a Total"
3541:
3180:
3170:
3159:
3044:
2974:
2929:
2883:
2724:
2524:
2277:
2099:
2018:
1663:
1589:
1496:
1456:
817:
812:
807:
732:
727:
672:
296:
3554:
5972:
3234:
3226:
3147:
2940:
737:
633:
613:
586:
561:
484:
374:(to the vagina and vulva, respectively), while males may undergo
4474:. American Academy of Pediatrics. 27 August 2012. Archived from
3209:
Penile subincision is a form of genital modification involves a
2943:
onto a portion of the penile shaft. Nonsurgical methods involve
2791:) is usually done in the modern world only for medical reasons.
6301:
5987:
5924:
5789:
5774:
5464:
5315:
5130:
Description of the problems accompanying the ritual of Ulwaluko
3308:
3163:
3071:
1715:
722:
618:
596:
591:
541:
310:, doctors may recommend the child be reassigned as female. The
4496:
4046:
3900:"Rwandan Women View The Elongation Of Their Labia As Positive"
3574:
3522:
6052:
5728:
4313:
3151:
3040:
2728:
2669:
2508:
1725:
546:
192:. Not all transgender people elect to have these surgeries.
3213:
and vertically slitting the underside of the penis from the
5417:
3848:
3807:"Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account"
3367:
3022:
2939:
Surgical restoration involves grafting skin taken from the
2583:
2359:
2188:
251:. In some cases, a child's gender may be reassigned due to
3093:
communities reportedly undergo emasculation. It is called
4448:"Newborn male circumcision | Canadian Paediatric Society"
3411:
2552:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
4990:
Traversing Gender: Understanding Transgender Realities
3187:
sliced off her husband's penis with a straight razor.
2928:
Foreskin restoration is the partial recreation of the
2787:
The removal of one testicle (sometimes referred to as
2559:
life, it continues to be practised in many societies.
2490:
FGM in Africa, Iraqi Kurdistan and Yemen, as of 2015 (
5150:"Bobbitt's Amputation Case Similar to a 1907 Account"
4003:
306:. For example, in cases involving male children with
235:
to remove fat deposits around their hips and thighs.
4886:
D. Schultheiss; J.J. Mattelaer; F.M. Hodges (2003).
4271:
rates in the first half of the twenty-first century.
4250:
Yosha, Assaf; Bolnick, David; Koyle, Martin (2012).
3058:
Genital nullification is a procedure practiced in a
2715:
procedure for reducing the size and the area of the
382:(removal of the penis and testicles, respectively).
4316:
A Textbook of Children's and Young People's Nursing
3454:(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
3311:"Cosmetic male genital surgery: a narrative review"
6144:
5058:"David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case"
4800:The AIDS Pandemic: Searching for a Global Response
4464:
3672:A Practical Guide to Office Gynecologic Procedures
3509:"David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case"
27:Permanent or temporary changes to human sex organs
4576:. In Denniston, George C.; Hodges, Frederick M.;
4490:
4394:
4249:
2776:. Occasionally the term is also used to refer to
2323:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
154:may be achieved temporarily through the use of a
6769:
4104:
3670:Blumenthal, Paul D.; Berek, Jonathan S. (2013).
158:, or it may be achieved permanently through the
4719:
4286:Current Diagnosis and Treatment Pediatrics 21/E
4004:Liao, Lih Mei; Sarah M Creighton (2007-05-26).
3669:
3523:ISNA's Amicus Brief on Intersex Genital Surgery
3380:
2947:by stretching the penile skin forward over the
2621:
1967:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
4986:
4980:
4351:
4214:
4170:
3925:
3923:
3921:
2600:Labia stretching is the act of elongating the
1445:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
6130:
5695:
5331:
5022:
4934:
4710:
4115:Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
3644:
2832:that contextualizes different points of view.
2818:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
2448:
4582:Genital Autonomy: Protecting Personal Choice
4289:. McGraw Hill Professional. pp. 18â19.
3867:
3744:
3474:
2481:
6706:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation
6691:Birth control movement in the United States
5016:
4928:
4879:
4797:
4680:
4105:Essen, Birgitta; Johnsdotter, Sara (2004).
4077:
3918:
3647:Pediatric surgery: diagnosis and management
3570:
3568:
3249:), and may require a man to sit down while
2659:. In May 2007, an article published in the
1659:List of people killed for being transgender
169:
91:. This procedure has taken root in Western
6544:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
6137:
6123:
5702:
5688:
5338:
5324:
4993:. Mystic Productions Press. pp. 23â.
3712:
3688:
3649:. Berlin New York: Springer. p. 963.
3645:Puri, Prem; Höllwarth, Michael E. (2009).
3612:International Feminist Journal of Politics
3452:Neither Man nor Woman: the Hijras of India
3257:, or permanent damage are major concerns.
2687:
2455:
2441:
5644:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
5310:A world without female Genital Mutilation
4955:
4903:
4862:
4755:
4737:
4528:
4422:
4412:
4127:
4029:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3344:
3326:
2848:Learn how and when to remove this message
2719:(prepuce) in order to further expose the
103:is a form that involves splitting of the
5180:
4345:
4282:
4276:
3565:
3370:British Journal of Medical Practitioners
3104:It was part of the eunuch-making of the
3039:Emasculation is the removal of both the
2968:
2919:
2873:
2697:
2635:
2485:
753:Social determinants of health in poverty
160:application or injection of testosterone
109:
5240:The Bulletin of the History of Medicine
5139:. Ulwaluko.co.za. Retrieved 2014-03-28.
5062:, New York, USA, Published May 12, 2004
4632:
4395:Krill AJ, Palmer LS, Palmer JS (2011).
3984:"Designer vagina craze worries doctors"
3609:
3260:
2909:
188:to alter their genitals to match their
14:
6770:
5649:False allegation of child sexual abuse
5229:
5223:
5142:
4961:
4828:
4571:
3981:
3961:. WHO. 2004. p. 6. Archived from
3887:
3513:, New York, US, Published May 12, 2004
3195:was able to reattach Bobbitt's penis.
6118:
5683:
5319:
4780:. Taylor & Francis. p. 106.
4698:from the original on 22 November 2021
4388:
4303:from the original on 18 January 2016.
3986:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
3977:
3975:
3674:. Wolters Kluwer Health. p. 49.
3526:The Intersex Society of North America
3446:
3198:
349:
5303:The Geography of Genital Mutilations
4775:
3555:"What's ISNA's position on surgery?"
2798:
2477:Category:Female genital modification
1467:Capital punishment for homosexuality
758:Social determinants of mental health
223:. Trans women may also benefit from
195:Some of the surgical procedures are
133:for the pierced individual or their
65:
6778:Genital modification and mutilation
5710:Tests and procedures involving the
5408:Genital modification and mutilation
4720:Chikutsa A, Maharaj P (July 2015).
4553:from the original on 6 January 2020
4445:
4307:
4080:Sexualities, Evolution & Gender
3997:
3956:"Sexual healthâa new focus for WHO"
3948:
3902:. February 15, 2008. Archived from
3750:P. Stanley Yoder, Shane Khan,
2882:Circumcision is the removal of the
2878:Penis before and after circumcision
2655:, has become pejoratively known as
2589:
1586:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
4614:from the original on 6 August 2020
4574:"Physical Effects of Circumcision"
4243:
3972:
2757:Category:Male genital modification
407:is the surgical perforation of an
338:In its second statement, it says:
318:performed on people without their
271:
57:, whether physical or mental.
25:
6794:
6400:self-report sexual risk behaviors
5618:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
5505:in education in the United States
5295:
4804:Springer International Publishing
3849:United Nations General Assembly.
3582:The American Journal of Bioethics
3559:Intersex Society of North America
3503:
3388:"Penises, Piercings and Pleasure"
3269:without removing skin or tissue.
2582:. Individuals who are victims of
422:
312:Intersex Society of North America
276:
6470:Precocious puberty and pregnancy
5662:
5597:Sociobiological theories of rape
5345:
5115::10.1016/S0022-5347(17)38893-6.
4905:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2003.04490.x
4835:Archives of Disease in Childhood
4129:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2004.00590.x
4054:"The Perfect Vagina Documentary"
3315:Annals of Translational Medicine
2803:
2562:
2078:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1907:Law for Protection of the Nation
1801:White genocide conspiracy theory
483:
231:, while some trans men may have
6590:Sexually transmitted infections
5199:
5174:
5122:
5097:
5088:
5074:
5065:
5052:
5043:
5007:
4829:Schoen, Edgar J. (1997-09-01).
4822:
4626:
4565:
4439:
4397:"Complications of circumcision"
4336:
4283:Hay W, Levin M (25 June 2012).
4208:
4199:
4164:
4098:
4071:
3861:
3842:
3824:
3700:
3694:
3663:
3638:
3603:
3547:
3183:. In the United States In 1907
3108:, and it was widespread in the
3028:
2958:
2866:Circumcision surgical procedure
2794:
2511:or other surgery of the female
1912:MSM blood donation restrictions
1654:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
411:. It may be performed to allow
361:
6146:Sexual and reproductive health
5628:Sexually violent predator laws
5207:"Meatotomy â BME Encyclopedia"
5181:Effron, Lauren; Dooley, Sean.
4938:Encyclopedia of Body Adornment
4521:American Academy of Pediatrics
4446:Society, Canadian Paediatric.
4354:The British Journal of Surgery
4252:Surgical Guide to Circumcision
3531:
3516:
3468:
3440:
3405:
3361:
3302:
2777:
2651:of female genitalia, known as
1925:(as religious or racial quota)
330:The Brussels collaboration on
266:
211:(elongation of the clitoris),
13:
1:
5572:Effects and aftermath of rape
5230:Hodges, Frederick M. (2001).
4987:Lee Harrington (1 May 2016).
4650:10.1136/medethics-2012-101229
3872:. Nthword.com. Archived from
3624:10.1080/14616742.2018.1522264
3590:10.1080/15265161.2024.2353823
3489:10.1016/s0022-5347(17)38893-6
3295:
3243:sexually transmitted diseases
2761:
2672:to meet personal or societal
2355:Second-generation gender bias
2063:Constitutional colorblindness
748:Social determinants of health
325:
6570:Disorders of sex development
5029:. Rowman & Littlefield.
3982:Bourke, Emily (2009-11-12).
3818:American Sociological Review
3390:. 2009-07-23. Archived from
3130:
3122:Pearling (body modification)
3004:
2979:
2739:; and occasionally within a
2622:Vulvoplasty and vaginoplasty
2546:FGM is considered a form of
2543:prohibits FGM (Article 38).
219:(creation of a scrotum) for
76:
7:
6580:Reproductive system disease
6099:Gynecologic ultrasonography
5829:Uterine artery embolization
4962:Knibbs, Kate (2015-05-14).
4598:10.1007/978-90-481-9446-9_7
4472:"Newborn Male Circumcision"
4022:10.1136/bmj.39206.422269.BE
3115:
2735:procedure for reducing the
2554:, which was adopted by the
2517:gender reassignment surgery
2266:Medical model of disability
2110:Hate speech laws by country
281:
229:facial feminization surgery
215:(creation of a penis), and
199:(creation of a vagina) and
10:
6799:
6539:Obstetrics and gynaecology
5712:female reproductive system
4941:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 57â.
4798:Merson M, Inrig S (2017).
4716:For sources on this, see:
3539:Microphallus: Epidemiology
3426:10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.077
3202:
3134:
3119:
3032:
2962:
2913:
2870:Circumcision controversies
2859:
2765:
2754:
2691:
2625:
2593:
2566:
2497:
2474:
2375:Social model of disability
803:Discrimination against men
426:
285:
203:(creation of a vulva) for
173:
69:
60:
6714:
6683:
6610:
6562:
6514:
6478:
6455:Pregnant patients' rights
6410:
6370:
6320:
6277:
6228:
6220:Pre-conception counseling
6202:
6177:Abortion-rights movements
6152:
6089:
6066:Female genital mutilation
6051:
5986:
5921:
5898:
5870:
5842:
5797:
5788:
5750:
5727:
5718:
5657:
5636:
5610:
5567:Causes of sexual violence
5552:
5353:
5026:Slavery in the Arab World
4739:10.1186/s12889-015-1967-z
4692:World Health Organization
4638:Journal of Medical Ethics
4401:TheScientificWorldJournal
4092:10.1080/14616660500200223
3795:October 30, 2014, at the
3708:World Health Organization
2995:of the foreskin over the
2894:or use of a circumcision
2745:female genital mutilation
2509:external female genitalia
2505:Female genital mutilation
2500:Female genital mutilation
2482:Female genital mutilation
2470:
1706:Opposition to immigration
597:Race / Ethnicity
259:, who was the subject of
6341:Gamete Cryopreservation
6187:Circumcision controversy
6167:Compulsory sterilization
4320:Elsevier Health Sciences
4229:10.1177/1363460712454073
4185:10.1177/1363460705056625
3544:, Updated August 3, 2011
3528:, Dated February 7, 1998
1701:Occupational segregation
1472:Compulsory sterilization
388:sex reassignment surgery
186:sex reassignment surgery
176:Sex reassignment surgery
170:Sex-reassignment surgery
6701:Social hygiene movement
6554:Transgender health care
6076:Clitoral hood reduction
6043:Vaginal transplantation
2750:
2703:Clitoral hood reduction
2694:Clitoral hood reduction
2688:Clitoral hood reduction
2662:British Medical Journal
2251:Internalized oppression
2105:Fighting Discrimination
2095:Fat acceptance movement
2053:Anti-discrimination law
1679:Native American mascots
55:adverse health outcomes
6529:Genitourinary medicine
6332:In vitro fertilization
6287:Hormonal contraception
6172:Contraceptive security
5247:(Fall 2001): 375â405.
5105:The Journal of Urology
5023:Murray Gordon (1989).
4935:Margo DeMello (2007).
4530:10.1542/peds.2012-2896
4366:10.1002/bjs.1800801005
3931:"Enlarging Your Labia"
3414:The Journal of Urology
3282:
3219:Indigenous Australians
2985:
2977:(582â485 BC), showing
2925:
2879:
2705:
2645:
2548:violence against women
2495:
2370:Social identity threat
2343:Reverse discrimination
2333:Racial color blindness
1791:Violence against women
1771:Sex-selective abortion
384:Reconstructive surgery
345:
119:
116:clitoral hood piercing
89:Indigenous Australians
6192:Intersex human rights
6104:Hysterosalpingography
5721:Gynecological surgery
5253:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119
5160:San Jose Mercury News
5128:Rijken, D.J. (2014).
4572:Warren, John (2010).
3274:
3080:genital nullification
2972:
2932:after its removal by
2923:
2888:preventive healthcare
2877:
2826:by rewriting it in a
2789:unilateral castration
2701:
2653:elective genitoplasty
2639:
2610:in Rwanda, common in
2489:
2338:Religious intolerance
2298:Political correctness
2120:Intersex human rights
2068:Cultural assimilation
1736:Religious persecution
1502:Disability hate crime
1279:Jewish / Antisemitism
461:, or social reasons.
340:
247:, may opt to undergo
146:genital scarification
113:
31:Genital modifications
6750:tax on childlessness
6506:Genital modification
6430:Unintended pregnancy
6162:Reproductive Justice
5890:Endometrial ablation
5592:Rape trauma syndrome
5398:Cybersex trafficking
4847:10.1136/adc.77.3.258
4578:Milos, Marilyn Fayre
4258:. pp. 256â257.
3906:on February 18, 2008
3855:www.un-documents.net
3261:Penile superincision
2916:Foreskin restoration
2910:Foreskin restoration
2521:genital modification
1721:Political repression
708:Anti-left handedness
698:Anti-intellectualism
152:Clitoris enlargement
118: â Taiwan, 2009
6450:Pregnancy from rape
6307:Intrauterine device
5941:Cervical conization
5824:Pelvic exenteration
5742:Salpingoophorectomy
5623:Laws regarding rape
5403:Forced prostitution
4414:10.1100/2011/373829
4256:Springer Publishing
4016:(7603): 1090â1092.
3328:10.21037/atm-23-351
3070:; some identify as
2782:chemical castration
2541:Istanbul Convention
2246:Historical eugenics
1761:Segregation academy
1741:Religious terrorism
1532:Enemy of the people
1440:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
943:Jehovah's Witnesses
828:Perpetual foreigner
263:'s John/Joan case.
245:Indian subcontinent
43:genital enhancement
39:human sexual organs
6696:History of condoms
6585:Sexual dysfunction
6491:Sexual orientation
6445:Options counseling
6292:Male contraception
6215:Genetic counseling
5958:Cervical screening
5913:Uterine myomectomy
5885:Endometrial biopsy
5386:Child prostitution
5376:Child exploitation
5162:. 30 November 1993
5135:2021-10-03 at the
5083:The New York Times
5060:The New York Times
4634:Svoboda, J. Steven
4592:. pp. 75â79.
4478:on 7 November 2017
4058:Documentary Heaven
3968:on March 16, 2008.
3868:nthWORD Magazine.
3812:2019-07-20 at the
3784:2014-10-30 at the
3773:2014-10-30 at the
3762:2015-04-05 at the
3736:2015-04-05 at the
3724:2015-04-05 at the
3706:Definition of the
3511:The New York Times
3276:A few examples of
3205:Penile subincision
3199:Penile subincision
3089:, some members of
3051:. It differs from
3014:), a metal clasp (
2986:
2926:
2892:surgical procedure
2880:
2706:
2646:
2644:surgically removed
2612:Sub-Saharan Africa
2496:
2150:Social integration
2145:Self-determination
2135:Racial integration
2083:Diversity training
2073:Cultural pluralism
2048:Affirmative action
1940:Racial segregation
1850:Crime of apartheid
1746:Religious violence
1243:Indigenous people
624:Sexual orientation
417:sexual penetration
350:As sexual violence
316:elective surgeries
120:
85:Penile subincision
47:genital mutilation
35:body modifications
6765:
6764:
6465:Teenage pregnancy
6182:Genital integrity
6112:
6111:
6038:Vaginal wet mount
5982:
5981:
5953:Cervical cerclage
5862:Vacuum aspiration
5677:
5676:
5517:Sexual misconduct
5495:Sexual harassment
5391:Child sex tourism
5381:Child pornography
5036:978-0-941533-30-0
5000:978-1-942733-83-6
4948:978-0-313-33695-9
4892:BJU International
4813:978-3-319-47133-4
4787:978-1-317-48203-1
4726:BMC Public Health
4607:978-90-481-9446-9
4296:978-0-07-177971-5
3777:(December 2013),
3656:978-3-540-69560-8
3060:body modification
2997:head of the penis
2904:developed nations
2858:
2857:
2850:
2812:This section may
2657:"designer vagina"
2616:body modification
2608:cultural practice
2465:
2464:
2328:Racism by country
2256:Intersectionality
2241:Heteronormativity
2024:Voter suppression
1766:Sexual harassment
1567:Forced conversion
1487:Cultural genocide
1142:African Americans
953:postâCold War era
938:Eastern Orthodoxy
693:Anti-drug addicts
688:Anti-homelessness
607:Scientific racism
409:imperforate hymen
164:Penis enlargement
127:genital tattooing
123:Genital piercings
97:modern primitives
93:body modification
72:Body modification
66:Body modification
18:Sexual mutilation
16:(Redirected from
6790:
6727:Two-child policy
6722:One-child policy
6602:Gender dysphoria
6139:
6132:
6125:
6116:
6115:
5929:
5906:
5878:
5850:
5802:
5795:
5794:
5704:
5697:
5690:
5681:
5680:
5667:
5666:
5361:Bride kidnapping
5340:
5333:
5326:
5317:
5316:
5289:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5236:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5155:Orlando Sentinel
5146:
5140:
5126:
5120:
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5095:
5092:
5086:
5078:
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5063:
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4907:
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4772:
4759:
4741:
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4708:
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4705:
4703:
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4678:
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4488:
4487:
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4483:
4468:
4462:
4461:
4459:
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4443:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4416:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4152:on 14 April 2013
4148:. Archived from
4131:
4111:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4050:
4044:
4043:
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3884:
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3881:
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3858:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3828:
3822:
3799:(December 2013).
3748:
3742:
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3698:
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3535:
3529:
3520:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3420:(6): 2498â2503.
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3330:
3306:
3239:Native Hawaiians
3110:Arab slave trade
3009:
2984:
2951:with the aid of
2945:tissue expansion
2853:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2829:balanced fashion
2807:
2806:
2799:
2649:Cosmetic surgery
2596:Labia stretching
2590:Labia stretching
2457:
2450:
2443:
2380:Social privilege
2365:Social exclusion
2293:Police brutality
2214:Multiculturalism
2184:Amatonormativity
1999:Social exclusion
1835:Age of candidacy
1629:Homeless dumping
1537:Ethnic cleansing
487:
464:
463:
332:Bodily integrity
320:informed consent
292:Intersex surgery
21:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6710:
6679:
6652:United Kingdom
6606:
6558:
6549:Sexual medicine
6510:
6486:Gender identity
6474:
6420:Maternal health
6406:
6366:
6362:fertility fraud
6323:
6316:
6273:
6224:
6198:
6148:
6143:
6113:
6108:
6091:Medical imaging
6085:
6047:
5978:
5922:
5917:
5899:
5894:
5871:
5866:
5843:
5838:
5834:Transplantation
5798:
5784:
5752:Fallopian tubes
5746:
5723:
5714:
5708:
5678:
5673:
5661:
5653:
5632:
5606:
5554:
5548:
5532:Sexual violence
5522:Sexual predator
5510:in the military
5490:Sexual grooming
5485:Sexual bullying
5475:Sex trafficking
5349:
5344:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5273:
5271:
5234:
5228:
5224:
5215:
5213:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5191:
5189:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5163:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5137:Wayback Machine
5127:
5123:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5079:
5075:
5070:
5066:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5037:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4985:
4981:
4972:
4970:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4933:
4929:
4884:
4880:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4806:. p. 379.
4788:
4776:Bell K (2016).
4715:
4711:
4701:
4699:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4631:
4627:
4617:
4615:
4608:
4590:Springer-Verlag
4570:
4566:
4556:
4554:
4506:
4495:
4491:
4481:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4456:
4454:
4444:
4440:
4393:
4389:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4322:. p. 382.
4312:
4308:
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4244:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4109:
4103:
4099:
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4072:
4062:
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4051:
4047:
4002:
3998:
3989:
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3898:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3877:
3866:
3862:
3847:
3843:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3814:Wayback Machine
3797:Wayback Machine
3786:Wayback Machine
3775:Wayback Machine
3764:Wayback Machine
3749:
3745:
3738:Wayback Machine
3726:Wayback Machine
3717:
3713:
3705:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3643:
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3608:
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3508:
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3469:
3462:
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3410:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3366:
3362:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3286:Pacific Islands
3263:
3207:
3201:
3156:gender identity
3143:
3135:Main articles:
3133:
3124:
3118:
3099:rite of passage
3049:male sex organs
3047:, the external
3037:
3031:
2973:The Greek poet
2967:
2961:
2918:
2912:
2872:
2860:Main articles:
2854:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2824:help improve it
2821:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2713:plastic surgery
2696:
2690:
2634:
2626:Main articles:
2624:
2598:
2592:
2571:
2565:
2502:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2303:Polyculturalism
2199:Civil liberties
2171:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2140:Reappropriation
2040:
2039:Countermeasures
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
1957:Racial steering
1923:Numerus clausus
1827:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1542:Ethnic conflict
1477:Corrective rape
1432:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1067:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
905:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
783:HIV/AIDS stigma
655:
647:
646:
645:
644:
643:
592:Mental disorder
534:
526:
525:
524:
523:
522:
495:
459:body dysmorphia
455:self-mutilation
447:gender identity
431:
429:Self-mutilation
425:
419:of her vagina.
364:
356:sexual violence
352:
328:
294:
286:Main articles:
284:
279:
274:
272:Genital cutting
269:
190:gender identity
180:People who are
178:
172:
131:sexual pleasure
79:
74:
68:
63:
51:quality of life
37:applied to the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6796:
6786:
6785:
6780:
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6754:
6753:
6752:
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6718:
6716:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6668:teen pregnancy
6660:
6659:
6658:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6598:
6597:
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6364:
6359:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6339:
6334:
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6318:
6317:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
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6274:
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6259:
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6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6199:
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6142:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6119:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6083:
6081:Vestibulectomy
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6016:husband stitch
6008:
6003:
5998:
5992:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5970:
5965:
5955:
5950:
5949:
5948:
5938:
5932:
5930:
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5909:
5907:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5846:Uterine cavity
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5805:
5803:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5780:Tubal reversal
5777:
5772:
5770:Tubal ligation
5767:
5762:
5756:
5754:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5684:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5669:Law portal
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5637:Related topics
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5602:Victim blaming
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5527:Sexual slavery
5524:
5519:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5480:Sexual assault
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5415:
5413:Money marriage
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5371:Child-on-child
5363:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5306:
5297:
5296:External links
5294:
5291:
5290:
5222:
5198:
5173:
5141:
5121:
5111:(3): 799â801.
5096:
5087:
5073:
5064:
5051:
5042:
5035:
5015:
5006:
4999:
4979:
4954:
4947:
4927:
4898:(7): 758â763.
4878:
4841:(3): 258â260.
4821:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4795:
4786:
4773:
4709:
4679:
4644:(7): 469â474.
4625:
4606:
4564:
4500:Frisch, Morten
4489:
4463:
4438:
4387:
4360:(10): 1231â6.
4344:
4335:
4328:
4306:
4295:
4275:
4264:
4242:
4207:
4198:
4179:(4): 407â424.
4163:
4122:(7): 611â613.
4097:
4086:(2): 153â187.
4070:
4045:
3996:
3971:
3947:
3917:
3886:
3860:
3841:
3823:
3743:
3711:
3699:
3687:
3680:
3662:
3655:
3637:
3618:(3): 409â433.
3602:
3564:
3546:
3530:
3515:
3502:
3483:(3): 799â801.
3467:
3460:
3439:
3404:
3379:
3360:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3262:
3259:
3255:exsanguination
3203:Main article:
3200:
3197:
3185:Bertha Boronda
3132:
3129:
3120:Main article:
3117:
3114:
3097:and seen as a
3085:In modern-day
3033:Main article:
3030:
3027:
2963:Main article:
2960:
2957:
2914:Main article:
2911:
2908:
2856:
2855:
2811:
2809:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2766:Main article:
2763:
2760:
2752:
2749:
2692:Main article:
2689:
2686:
2623:
2620:
2594:Main article:
2591:
2588:
2567:Main article:
2564:
2561:
2556:United Nations
2513:genital organs
2498:Main article:
2483:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
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2452:
2445:
2437:
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2387:
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2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2348:Reverse racism
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:Prisoner abuse
2315:
2310:
2308:Power distance
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Ethnic penalty
2223:
2222:
2221:
2219:Neurodiversity
2216:
2206:
2204:Dehumanization
2201:
2196:
2194:Cisnormativity
2191:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2170:Related topics
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
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2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:State religion
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1950:Nuremberg Laws
1947:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Ghetto benches
1889:
1887:Gerrymandering
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:Gender pay gap
1869:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
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1698:
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1696:
1691:
1686:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:Lavender scare
1646:
1644:Kill Haole Day
1641:
1639:Indian rolling
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1587:
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1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
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1554:
1549:
1544:
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1534:
1529:
1527:Eliminationism
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1462:Cancel culture
1459:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1431:Manifestations
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
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1373:
1368:
1363:
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1348:
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1333:
1328:
1323:
1321:Middle Eastern
1318:
1313:
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1303:
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1293:
1288:
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1286:
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1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:Zoroastrianism
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
979:
978:
977:
975:Untouchability
972:
962:
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
925:
920:
915:
909:
908:
907:
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901:
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890:
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884:
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867:
857:
856:
855:
850:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
793:Leprosy stigma
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
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695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
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659:
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649:
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642:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
610:
609:
604:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
538:
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536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
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521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
499:
498:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
480:
479:
477:Discrimination
473:
472:
451:mental illness
443:clitoridectomy
427:Main article:
424:
423:Self-inflicted
421:
363:
360:
351:
348:
327:
324:
288:Sex assignment
283:
280:
278:
277:Nontherapeutic
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
253:genital injury
209:metoidioplasty
174:Main article:
171:
168:
78:
75:
70:Main article:
67:
64:
62:
59:
53:and result in
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6795:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6745:child benefit
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6713:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6674:
6673:birth control
6671:
6669:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6663:United States
6661:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
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6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6513:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6460:Prenatal care
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6319:
6313:
6312:Sterilization
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6279:Contraception
6276:
6270:
6267:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6247:Birth spacing
6245:
6243:
6242:childlessness
6239:
6238:Childfreeness
6236:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6210:Sex education
6208:
6207:
6205:
6201:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
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6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6140:
6135:
6133:
6128:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:Hymenorrhaphy
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Culdocentesis
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5985:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5765:Salpingectomy
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5700:
5698:
5693:
5691:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5659:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5551:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5336:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5318:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5286:
5282:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5233:
5226:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5125:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5077:
5068:
5061:
5055:
5046:
5038:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5019:
5010:
5002:
4996:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4969:
4965:
4958:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4815:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4793:
4789:
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4779:
4774:
4771:
4767:
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4753:
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4731:
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4723:
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4713:
4697:
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4689:
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4675:
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4639:
4635:
4629:
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4609:
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4583:
4579:
4575:
4568:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4493:
4477:
4473:
4467:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4402:
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4391:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4339:
4331:
4329:9780702065033
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4287:
4279:
4272:
4267:
4265:9781447128588
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4223:(7): 778â94.
4222:
4218:
4211:
4202:
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4186:
4182:
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4151:
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4130:
4125:
4121:
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4093:
4089:
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4023:
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3957:
3951:
3936:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3876:on 2010-07-14
3875:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3836:Treaty Office
3833:
3827:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3788:(July 2014),
3787:
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3720:
3715:
3709:
3703:
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3683:
3681:9781451153897
3677:
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3490:
3486:
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3478:
3471:
3463:
3461:9780534509033
3457:
3453:
3449:
3448:Nanda, Serena
3443:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3394:on 2015-07-09
3393:
3389:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3342:
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3334:
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3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:Lorena Bobbit
3186:
3182:
3178:
3177:Penis removal
3174:
3172:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3142:
3141:Penis removal
3138:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:Chinese court
3102:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3078:is short for
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3056:
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3046:
3042:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3019:
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3013:
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2825:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:penis removal
2775:
2769:
2758:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:clitoral hood
2714:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2666:
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2569:Hymenorrhaphy
2563:Hymenorrhaphy
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2492:map of Africa
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2402:Social stigma
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2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:State atheism
2007:
2005:
2002:
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1997:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
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1968:
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1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1945:Jim Crow laws
1943:
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1941:
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1930:One-drop rule
1928:
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1918:
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1845:Blood quantum
1843:
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1812:
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1804:
1802:
1799:
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1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Victimisation
1784:
1782:
1781:Trans bashing
1779:
1777:
1774:
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1769:
1767:
1764:
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1759:
1757:
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1752:
1751:Religious war
1749:
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1731:Racialization
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1602:Glass ceiling
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1547:Ethnic hatred
1545:
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1483:
1482:Counter-jihad
1480:
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1257:United States
1255:
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1120:United States
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1036:
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1033:Protestantism
1031:
1029:
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1022:
1019:
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1014:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
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976:
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949:
948:LDS or Mormon
946:
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930:
929:
926:
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921:
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914:
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910:
904:
899:
898:
888:
885:
883:
880:
876:
873:
871:
870:Transmisogyny
868:
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863:
862:
861:
858:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
844:
841:
839:
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804:
801:
799:
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791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:Gerontophobia
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Anti-intersex
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
678:Anti-albinism
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
651:
650:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
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560:
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550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
530:
529:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
503:Institutional
501:
500:
491:
490:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
474:
470:
466:
465:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
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381:
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359:
357:
347:
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323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
293:
289:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:found in the
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
177:
167:
165:
161:
157:
156:clitoral pump
153:
149:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
117:
112:
108:
106:
102:
98:
95:culture, the
94:
90:
86:
82:
73:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:are forms of
32:
19:
6757:Abortion law
6740:bachelor tax
6505:
6390:vulvovaginal
6324:reproduction
6028:Colpocleisis
5968:Cervicectomy
5923:
5900:
5872:
5857:Hysteroscopy
5844:
5814:Hysterectomy
5809:Genitoplasty
5799:
5760:Falloposcopy
5737:Oophorectomy
5587:Rape culture
5553:Sociological
5500:in education
5470:Revenge porn
5407:
5347:Sexual abuse
5308:
5301:
5284:
5281:akroposthion
5280:
5272:. Retrieved
5244:
5238:
5225:
5214:. Retrieved
5211:wiki.bme.com
5210:
5201:
5190:. Retrieved
5186:
5176:
5164:. Retrieved
5153:
5144:
5124:
5108:
5104:
5099:
5090:
5081:
5076:
5067:
5054:
5045:
5025:
5018:
5009:
4989:
4982:
4971:. Retrieved
4967:
4957:
4937:
4930:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4838:
4834:
4824:
4799:
4791:
4777:
4769:
4729:
4725:
4712:
4700:. Retrieved
4682:
4641:
4637:
4628:
4616:. Retrieved
4581:
4567:
4555:. Retrieved
4516:
4510:
4492:
4480:. Retrieved
4476:the original
4466:
4455:. Retrieved
4451:
4441:
4404:
4400:
4390:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4338:
4315:
4309:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4251:
4245:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4201:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4154:. Retrieved
4150:the original
4119:
4113:
4100:
4083:
4079:
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4057:
4048:
4013:
4009:
3999:
3988:. Retrieved
3963:the original
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3934:
3908:. Retrieved
3904:the original
3878:. Retrieved
3874:the original
3863:
3854:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3817:
3803:Gerry Mackie
3801:
3755:
3746:
3729:
3714:
3702:
3690:
3671:
3665:
3646:
3640:
3615:
3611:
3605:
3595:22 September
3593:. Retrieved
3581:
3558:
3549:
3533:
3518:
3505:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3451:
3442:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3396:. Retrieved
3392:the original
3382:
3373:
3369:
3363:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3283:
3275:
3271:
3264:
3208:
3193:microsurgery
3175:
3168:
3144:
3125:
3103:
3094:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3074:. The term
3057:
3038:
3035:Emasculation
3029:Emasculation
3020:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2989:Infibulation
2988:
2987:
2965:Infibulation
2959:Infibulation
2938:
2934:circumcision
2927:
2881:
2862:Circumcision
2844:
2835:
2827:
2816:undue weight
2813:
2795:Circumcision
2788:
2786:
2771:
2741:vaginoplasty
2737:labia minora
2707:
2682:labia minora
2678:
2667:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:labia minora
2641:
2632:vaginoplasty
2603:labia minora
2601:
2599:
2572:
2545:
2529:
2503:
2466:
2236:Gender-blind
2115:Human rights
1935:Racial quota
1922:
1902:Jewish quota
1882:Gerontocracy
1877:Gender roles
1855:Disabilities
1840:Blood purity
1806:Wife selling
1796:White flight
1776:Slut-shaming
1756:Scapegoating
1674:Murder music
1341:Palestinians
1284:Anti-Zionism
1152:South Africa
1137:Black people
1115:South Africa
928:Christianity
918:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
838:Sectarianism
778:Heterosexism
743:Ephebiphobia
713:Anti-Masonry
572:Hair texture
432:
413:menstruation
403:
392:
365:
362:As treatment
353:
346:
341:
337:
329:
301:
295:
257:David Reimer
255:, including
241:third gender
225:hair removal
217:scrotoplasty
213:phalloplasty
197:vaginoplasty
194:
184:may undergo
179:
150:
139:
135:sex partners
121:
83:
80:
46:
42:
30:
29:
6643:Philippines
6575:Infertility
6534:Gynaecology
6501:Transgender
6269:Sperm theft
6262:foster care
6071:Labiaplasty
5996:Vaginectomy
5874:Endometrium
5819:Hysterotomy
5166:27 November
4618:19 November
4523:: 796â800.
4407:: 2458â68.
4217:Sexualities
4173:Sexualities
4063:October 12,
3832:"Full list"
3757:UNICEF 2013
3731:UNICEF 2013
3719:UNICEF 2013
3695:UNICEF 2016
3290:Philippines
3278:Old Kingdom
3267:glans penis
3247:ejaculation
3211:urethrotomy
3064:transgender
3018:) or pin.
2949:glans penis
2733:labiaplasty
2640:Vulva with
2628:vulvoplasty
2580:consummated
2533:infibulated
2130:Nonviolence
2125:LGBT rights
2090:Empowerment
2058:Anti-racism
1972:Segregation
1917:No kid zone
1711:Persecution
1624:Hate speech
1577:Gay bashing
1552:Ethnic joke
1507:Dog whistle
1452:Blood libel
1132:Azerbaijani
1028:Neopaganism
1021:Persecution
987:Persecution
970:Persecution
933:Catholicism
860:Transphobia
843:Supremacism
798:Lesbophobia
718:Aporophobia
683:Anti-autism
518:Taste-based
513:Statistical
380:orchiectomy
368:vaginectomy
314:objects to
267:Unvoluntary
233:liposuction
205:trans women
201:vulvoplasty
182:transgender
140:Similarly,
114:Woman with
105:glans penis
41:. The term
6783:Mutilation
6772:Categories
6735:baby bonus
6731:Financial
6611:By country
6435:childbirth
6425:Obstetrics
6357:Sperm bank
6061:Vulvectomy
6023:Hymenotomy
6011:Episiotomy
6001:Culdoscopy
5936:Colposcopy
5902:Myometrium
5562:Aggression
5537:Statistics
5274:2018-02-06
5216:2017-12-13
5192:2024-04-25
4973:2017-08-23
4732:(1): 603.
4512:Pediatrics
4457:2023-06-05
4156:11 October
3990:2007-05-29
3935:Sexy Labia
3880:2010-11-07
3398:2010-01-17
3296:References
3237:, and the
3087:South Asia
3053:castration
2896:instrument
2768:Castration
2762:Castration
2755:See also:
2537:episiotomy
2527:persons.
2475:See also:
2412:Stereotype
2407:Speciesism
2288:Oppression
2283:Oikophobia
2179:Allophilia
2155:Toleration
2004:Sodomy law
1897:Internment
1811:Witch-hunt
1689:Blackhawks
1619:Hate group
1607:Hate crime
1582:Gendercide
1572:Freak show
1562:Excellence
1522:Employment
1492:Defamation
1416:Vietnamese
1411:Venezuelan
1301:Lithuanian
960:Falun Gong
887:Xenophobia
882:Vegaphobia
865:Non-binary
823:Pedophobia
788:Homophobia
602:Skin color
562:Disability
533:Attributes
508:Structural
435:castration
405:Hymenotomy
399:episiotomy
395:childbirth
372:vulvectomy
326:Opposition
308:micropenis
261:John Money
249:castration
6648:Singapore
6563:Disorders
6524:Andrology
6412:Pregnancy
6396:Research
6252:Parenting
6203:Education
5975:insertion
5453:Statutory
5285:kynodesme
5283:with the
4855:0003-9888
4748:1471-2458
4658:1473-4257
4557:4 January
4482:11 August
4237:145095068
4193:145795666
3940:April 25,
3910:April 25,
3632:150313647
3337:2305-5839
3321:(1): 11.
3251:urinating
3137:Penectomy
3131:Penectomy
3068:nonbinary
3045:testicles
3006:kynodesme
2981:kynodesmÄ
2838:July 2024
2774:testicles
2674:aesthetic
2576:virginity
2385:Christian
2313:Prejudice
2261:Masculism
2209:Diversity
1987:religious
1962:Redlining
1557:Ethnocide
1517:Education
1401:Ukrainian
1336:Pakistani
1326:Mongolian
1247:Australia
1229:Hungarian
1184:Colombian
1164:Bulgarian
1038:Rastafari
992:Ahmadiyya
903:Religious
875:Trans men
833:Pregnancy
768:Gayphobia
763:Fatphobia
668:Acephobia
663:Arophobia
639:Viewpoint
439:penectomy
376:penectomy
304:infertile
221:trans men
101:Meatotomy
77:Voluntary
6638:Pakistan
6516:Medicine
6496:Intersex
6479:Identity
6440:Abortion
6322:Assisted
6297:Safe sex
6257:adoption
6230:Planning
5962:pap test
5800:General:
5582:Misogyny
5577:Misandry
5555:theories
5458:Of males
5448:By proxy
5269:29580193
5261:11568485
5187:ABC News
5133:Archived
4914:14616462
4766:26133368
4696:Archived
4694:. 2020.
4666:23698885
4612:Archived
4586:New York
4580:(eds.).
4551:Archived
4547:40444911
4539:23509170
4433:22235177
4382:27220497
4301:Archived
4146:44583626
4138:15225183
4040:17525451
3810:Archived
3793:Archived
3782:Archived
3771:Archived
3768:Djibouti
3760:Archived
3734:Archived
3722:Archived
3542:Medscape
3450:(1999).
3434:22019163
3355:38304911
3346:10777246
3288:and the
3181:Thailand
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