1138:
898:
270:
687:
186:
910:
1062:
1039:
840:
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84:
43:
968:). Although coming from a humble background not dynastically related to the Severan dynasty; he rose through the imperial household until, under Caracalla, he was made prefect of the Praetorian Guard. On account of the cruelty and the treachery of the emperor, Macrinus became involved in a conspiracy to kill him and ordered the Praetorian Guard to do so. On April 8, 217, Caracalla was assassinated travelling to
1173:
1088:, which was stationed near Emesa, by using her enormous wealth as well as the claim that Caracalla had slept with her daughter and that the boy was his bastard to swear fealty to Elagabalus. He was later invited alongside his mother and daughters to the military camp, clad in imperial purple and crowned as emperor by the soldiers.
871:
assassinations of perceived enemies and rivals. Caracalla was also indifferent to the full responsibilities of the empire during his reign and handed them over to his mother, Julia Domna, who took part in a provincial tour and military campaign and accompanied her son. He campaigned with indifferent success against the
1164:
On March 6, 222, when
Alexander was 14, a rumour went around the city's troops that Alexander had been killed, ironically triggering his ascension as emperor. Elagabalus was said to have initiated the rumour or attempted to murder Alexander. The 18-year-old Elagabalus and his mother were taken from
1091:
His reign in Rome has long been known for being outrageous although the historical sources are few and in many cases not to be fully trusted. He is said to have smothered guests at a banquet by flooding the room with rose petals, married his male lover (who was later referred to as the "empress's
870:
with his father, and later his younger brother Geta. Conflict between the two culminated in the assassination of the latter less than a year after their father's death. Reigning alone, Caracalla was noted for lavish bribes to the legionaries and unprecedented cruelty by authorising numerous
1256:
The women of the
Severan dynasty, beginning with Septimius Severus's wife Julia Domna, were notably active in advancing the careers of their male relatives. Other notable women who exercised power behind the scenes included Julia Maesa, sister of Julia Domna, and Maesa's two daughters
991:, but many thought that the terms were degrading to the Romans. However, his downfall was his refusal to award the pay and privileges promised to the eastern troops by Caracalla. He also kept those forces wintered in Syria, where they became attracted to the young
830:
Severus died while campaigning in
Britain. He was succeeded by his sons Caracalla and Geta, whom he had elevated as co-emperors in the years preceding his death. The growing hostility between the brothers was initially buffered by Julia Domna's mediation.
655:
Although
Septimius Severus restored peace following the upheaval of the late 2nd century, the dynasty was disturbed by highly unstable family relationships and constant political turmoil, which foreshadowed the imminent
942:) the previous century, relations were hostile between the two Severan brothers after their father's death. Geta was assassinated in their mother's apartments by order of Caracalla, who then ruled as sole emperor.
999:. Despite a good fight by the Praetorian Guard, his soldiers were defeated. Macrinus managed to escape to Chalcedon but his authority was lost. He was betrayed and executed after a reign of only 14 months.
1512:
Dio 74:16:7 "He carried his lewdness to such a point that he asked the physicians to contrive a woman's vagina in his body by means of an incision, promising them large sums for doing so".
1072:
Elagabalus was born Varius Avitus
Bassianus in 204 and became known later as Marcus Aurelius Antonius. The name "Elagabalus" followed the Latin nomenclature for the Syrian sun god
864:, Gaul. "Caracalla" was a nickname referring to the Gallic hooded tunic that he habitually wore even while he slept. Years before his father's death, Caracalla was proclaimed co-
1123:
from his cousin, which enraged the
Praetorian Guard. Elagabalus, his mother, and other advisors close to him were assassinated in a Praetorian Guard camp mutiny.
1292:
781:. In Rome, his relations with the Senate were poor, but he was popular with the commoners and with his soldiers, whose salary he raised. Starting in 197, his
1119:). Alexander was popular with the troops, who increasingly objected to Elagabalus's behaviour. Jealous of this popularity, Elagabalus removed the title of
1084:, Julia Domna's sister and sister-in-law of Emperor Septimius Severus, arranged for the restoration of the Severan dynasty and persuaded soldiers from the
2015:
750:. Julia Domna also held a prominent political role in government during her husband's reign. Severus was proclaimed emperor in 193 by his legionaries in
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2010:
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820:
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Seeing that her grandson's outrageous behaviour could mean the loss of power, Julia Maesa persuaded
Elagabalus to accept his young cousin
1218:, where a succession of briefly-reigning military emperors, rebellious generals, and counter-claimants presided over governmental chaos,
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in Rome are the most enduring monument of his rule. He was assassinated en route to a campaign against the
Parthians by a member of the
1277:, the Prefect Commander of the Praetorian Guard, was married to but despised by Caracalla, who had her exiled and eventually executed.
660:. In particular, the discord between Caracalla and Geta and the tension between Elagabalus and Severus Alexander added to the turmoil.
995:. After months of mild rebellion by the bulk of the army in Syria, Macrinus took his loyal troops to meet the army of Elagabalus near
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1203:) heralded perhaps the greatest external challenge that Rome faced in the 3rd century. His prosecution of the war against a
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587:), who succeeded their father in the government of the empire, Julia Domna's relatives themselves assumed power by raising
1233:), the first of a series of weak emperors, each ruling on average only 2 to 3 years, which ended 50 years later with the
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Edited by Lukas De Blois, Paul
Erdkamp, Olivier Hekster, Gerda de Kleijn, and S. Mols, 148–156. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben.
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invasion of Gaul led to his overthrow by his own troops, whose regard the 27-year-old had lost during the affair.
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The Roman Empire During the
Severan Dynasty: Case Studies in History, Art, Architecture, Economy and Literature.
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Coining Images of Power: Patterns in the Representation of Roman Emperors on Imperial Coinage, A.D. 193–284.
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Dynastic aureus of Septimius Severus, minted in 202. The reverse feature the portraits of Geta (right),
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Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Averil Cameron, 1–27. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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alongside his father and older brother Caracalla. Unlike the much more successful joint reign of
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Moscovich, M. James. 2004. "Cassius Dio’s Palace Sources for the Reign of Septimius Severus."
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De Blois, Lukas. 2003. "The Perception of Roman Imperial Authority in Herodian’s Work." In
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Born Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus in around 208, Alexander was adopted as
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Alföldy, Géza. 1974. "The Crisis of the Third Century as Seen by Contemporaries."
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Aureus of Macrinus celebrating the "generosity of the emperor" (LIBERALITAS AVG)
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by his slightly older and very unpopular cousin, Elagabalus, at the urging of
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and offered large sums to the physician who could give him female genitalia.
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and secured sole rule over the empire in 197 after defeating his last rival,
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The dynasty's control over the empire was interrupted by the joint reigns of
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The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor
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Maternal Megalomania: Julia Domna and the Imperial Politics of Motherhood.
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the palace, dragged through the streets, murdered and thrown in the river
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Change and discontinuity within the Severan dynasty: the case of Macrinus
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by the Praetorian Guard, which proclaimed Alexander Severus as Augustus.
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1020:. After his father's defeat outside Antioch, he tried to escape east to
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1403:"Chapitre III - Septime Sévère ou la « revanche d'Hannibal »"
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The eldest son of Severus, he was born Lucius Septimius Bassianus in
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Bust of Severus Alexander, the last emperor of the Severan dynasty;
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The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. IV, part II, Marcinus to Pupienus
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American Journal of Ancient History 6–8. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias.
1558:, Berlin, Verlag Antike, 2009 (Studien zur Alten Geschichte, 10).
1349:"Severan Dynasty · Arch for Septimius Severus · Piranesi in Rome"
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The Severan Buildings of Lepcis Magna: An Architectural Survey.
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Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire (A.D. 193–337).
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His most significant early decision was to make peace with the
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565:. After the short reigns and assassinations of their two sons,
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as the victor of the civil war of 193–197, and his wife,
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Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther (2012).
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The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. IV, part I, Pertinax to Geta
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Ruling from the age of 14 under the influence of his mother,
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1049:. The reverse commemorates the journey to Rome of the sacred
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and instrumental in securing their sons' imperial positions.
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Birley, Eric. 1969. "Septimius Severus and the Roman Army."
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The Representation and Perception of Roman Imperial Power.
1320:
773:, campaigned with success against barbarian incursions in
1269:, mother of Severus Alexander. Also of interest, Publia
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The younger son of Septimius Severus, Geta was made co-
823:, who did not assimilate their beliefs to the official
754:
during the political unrest that followed the death of
278:, depicting Septimius Severus and most of his family.
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1746:
1621:Campbell, Brian. 2005. "The Severan Dynasty." In
1010:, born in 208. He was given the imperial rank of
1977:
1607:Benario, Herbert W. 1958. "Rome of the Severi."
945:
800:experienced more favorable conditions under the
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30:"Severan" redirects here. For other uses, see
1732:
500:
769:Severus fought a successful war against the
1376:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States.
956:Marcus Opelius Macrinus was born in 164 at
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2016:230s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
1739:
1725:
1653:Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill
1386:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
972:. Three days later, Macrinus was declared
726:rank. He rose through military service to
507:
493:
1492:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 11.
546:. The dynasty was founded by the emperor
248:Learn how and when to remove this message
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Roman imperial dynasty (ruled 193 to 235)
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978:
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193:This article includes a list of general
2011:190s establishments in the Roman Empire
1539:Septimius Severus: The African Emperor,
1401:Gall, Joël Le; Glay, Marcel Le (1992).
1027:
1002:Marcus Opelius Diadumenianus (known as
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1978:
1571:Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham,
1180:, advised her son during his minority.
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1720:
1646:Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
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1371:
730:rank under the later emperors of the
698:Lucius Septimius Severus was born in
1521:Cassius Dio 80.19-20, Herodian 5.8.5
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1280:
1057:, which is depicted on the quadriga.
694:, the founder of the Severan dynasty
179:
106:adding citations to reliable sources
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36:
1667:London: Society for Libyan Studies.
1602:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
1590:, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
946:Interlude: Macrinus (217–218)
816:"very greatly cherished the Jews."
24:
1594:
1582:Simon Swain, Stephen Harrison and
199:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1127:Alexander Severus (222–235)
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676:Septimius Severus (193–211)
52:This article has multiple issues.
1957:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica
1939:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors
1663:Ward-Perkins, John Bryan. 1993.
1579:, London, Spink & Son, 1938.
1568:, London, Spink & Son, 1936.
668:For dynastic relationships, see
542:between 193 and 235, during the
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1996:3rd century in the Roman Empire
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1324:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
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1016:in 217, when his father became
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905:(centre), and Caracalla (left).
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1:
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1214:event beginning the troubled
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1115:(and thus the nominal future
1024:but was captured and killed.
793:, a relative of Julia Domna.
1702:Resources in other libraries
1635:De Sena, Eric C., ed. 2013.
1327:. OUP Oxford. p. 1449.
1176:Alexander Severus's mother,
1080:. Elagabalus's grandmother,
7:
1793:Crisis of the Third Century
1438:Birley (1999), pp. 170–187.
1295:
1237:instituted in the reign of
1216:Crisis of the Third Century
1100:. Dio suggests that he was
819:Severus continued official
670:Severan dynasty family tree
658:Crisis of the Third Century
438:Severan dynasty family tree
10:
2032:
1464:, vol. IV, part II, p. 43.
1460:Mattingly & Sydenham,
1451:, vol. IV, part I, p. 115.
1447:Mattingly & Sydenham,
1372:Scott, Andrew (May 2008).
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1697:Resources in your library
1045:of Elagabalus, minted at
835:Caracalla (198–217)
821:persecution of Christians
559:Year of the Five Emperors
1991:Roman imperial dynasties
1556:Die Severer und das Heer
1407:Peuples et Civilisations
1275:Gaius Fulvius Plautianus
1251:
1092:husband") and married a
787:Gaius Fulvius Plautianus
263:Roman imperial dynasties
32:Severan (disambiguation)
1819:(27 BC–AD 68)
1642:Langford, Julie. 2013.
523:, sometimes called the
214:more precise citations.
1933:Western Roman emperors
1865:Year of the 6 Emperors
1841:Year of the 5 Emperors
1835:Nerva–Antonine dynasty
1823:Year of the 4 Emperors
1817:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1761:List of Roman emperors
1649:Manders, Erika. 2012.
1564:, Edward A. Sydenham,
1488:Icks, Martijn (2011).
1462:Roman Imperial Coinage
1449:Roman Imperial Coinage
1429:Birley (1999), p. 135.
1181:
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1477:. 15 September 2023.
887:Geta (209–211)
848:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
708:Africa Proconsularis
646:, were all powerful
102:improve this article
1573:C. H. V. Sutherland
1475:"The Severan Women"
1353:omeka.wellesley.edu
1143:Musée Saint-Raymond
1086:Gallic Third Legion
690:The Libyan emperor
477:Crisis of the Third
2001:193 establishments
1945:Emperors of Nicaea
1921:Theodosian dynasty
1891:Britannic emperors
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1334:978-0-19-954556-8
1281:Dynastic timeline
1190:Septimius Severus
1133:Severus Alexander
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1771:Family tree
1611:17:712–722.
1586:(editors),
1409:: 541–577.
1302:Severan art
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598:) and then
563:Julia Domna
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212:introducing
1980:Categories
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1788:Principate
1604:15:89–111.
1584:Jas Elsner
1550:0415165911
1358:2022-04-08
1308:References
1263:Elagabalus
1239:Diocletian
1145:, Toulouse
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293:Chronology
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63:talk page
1837:(96–192)
1798:Dominate
1658:Historia
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1296:See also
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1161:Legion.
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377:Macrinus
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1159:Gallica
1096:called
1047:Antioch
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997:Antioch
970:Carrhae
966:Algeria
808:, both
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664:History
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1388:link
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