31:
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420:
363:, reduced leaf turgor, reduced leaf and tiller number, reduced growth rate, and low seed yield. Low phosphorus levels cause similar effects of low nitrogen but also cause reduced seed size, lower root to shoot ratios, and increased water stress. Low soil moisture causes reduced nutrient uptake and transport, decreased stomatal opening, and reduced photosynthetic capacity, and also reduces plant growth and productivity. Serpentine plants have strongly developed root systems to facilitate uptake of water and nutrients. For example,
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nutrients. An adaptive mechanism to high magnesium soils allocates more resources to deep-growing roots. Heavy metals stunt growth, induce iron deficiency, cause chlorosis, and restrict root development. Multiple adaptive mechanisms to heavy metals include the exclusion of metals by restricting the uptake by the roots, compartmentalization of metals in various organs, or the development of toxicity tolerance. In nitrogen-poor sites, physiological effects on plants include impaired protein synthesis,
1960:
102:
rocky, and vulnerable to erosion, which causes many serpentine soils to be rather shallow. The shallow soils and sparse vegetation lead to elevated soil temperatures and dry conditions. Due to their ultramafic origin, serpentine soils also have a low calcium-to-magnesium ratio and have low levels of many essential nutrients such as
383:
heterogeneity is an important contributor to the level of endemism and biodiversity in this system. Although the patchy distribution is attributed to the high rates of speciation in serpentine communities, there are a number of challenges associated with this. The spatial isolation from source and other populations limit
237:
Serpentine plant communities range from moist bogs and fens to rocky barrens and must be able to tolerate the harsh environmental conditions of such poor soil. As a result, they are often drastically different from non-serpentine soil areas bordering the serpentine soils. Vegetative characteristics
507:
Serpentine soils can be amended to support crops and pasture land for cattle grazing. This can be done by adding ample amounts of gypsum to the soil. By adding gypsum a more favourable calcium-to-magnesium ratio can be developed, creating a better balance of plant nutrients. This, however, poses a
358:
In order to overcome the chemical and physical challenges presented by serpentine soils, plants have developed tolerances to drought, heavy metals, and limited nutrients. Low calcium:magnesium ratios cause limited root growth and root activity, weak cell membranes, and reduced uptake of essential
101:
Serpentine soils exhibit distinct chemical and physical properties and are generally regarded as poor soils for agriculture. The soil is often reddish, brown, or gray in color due to its high iron and low organic content. Geologically, areas with serpentine bedrock are characteristically steep,
382:
Adaptation to serpentine soils has evolved multiple times. Serpentine-tolerant plants are evolutionarily younger than non-serpentine plants. The heterogeneity of serpentine communities coupled with their patchy distribution limits gene flow but promotes speciation and diversification. Habitat
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discerned that 20% of the grazing animals had toxic levels of nickel in their kidneys, and 32% had toxic levels of copper in their liver. Further study is needed to see if this will potentially have a negative effect on human health as it pertains to beef consumption.
1189:
Miranda, M.; Benedito, J.L.; Blanco-Penedo, I.; LĂłpez-Lamas, C.; Merino, A.; LĂłpez-Alonso, M. (2009). "Metal accumulation in cattle raised in a serpentine-soil area: Relationship between metal concentrations in soil, forage and animal tissues".
1144:
NATO Advanced Study
Institute on Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils, Morel, J.-L., Echevarria, G., & Goncharova, N. (2006). Phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils. NATO science series, v. 68. Dordrecht:
133:, with water. Serpentinite has a mottled, greenish-gray, or bluish-gray color and is often waxy to the touch. The rock often contains white streaks of chrysotile running through it, which are a type of naturally occurring
114:(K). Serpentine soils contain high concentrations of heavy metals, including chromium, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Together, these factors create serious ecological challenges for plants living in serpentine soils.
454:, and Washington. Species-rich archipelagos of communities comprise 1.5% of the state's land area. In California, 10% of the state's plants are serpentine endemics. The barrens occur on outcrops of altered
624:, which, along with some manual cover removal, has been successful in regenerating populations of previously sparse species. In addition to over 20 conservationally listed plant species, Rhiannon’s aster (
590:
significance. Since 1979, the Nature
Conservancy has worked with the local community to protect and preserve several tracts in the State-Line Serpentine Barrens which are home to this fragile habitat.
98:
or white asbestos, all of which are commonly found in ultramafic rocks. The term "serpentine" is commonly used to refer to both the soil type and the mineral group which forms its parent materials.
982:
Zefferman, Emily; Stevens, Jens T.; Charles, Grace K.; Dunbar-Irwin, Mila; Emam, Taraneh; Fick, Stephen; Morales, Laura V.; Wolf, Kristina M.; Young, Derek J. N.; Young, Truman P. (2015).
593:
546:
387:, which could make these populations vulnerable to changing environmental conditions. In addition, there is high gene flow with the non-serpentine communities that can cause
1301:
141:
from long-time exposure of breathing in the dust particles. Caution should be taken when working in serpentine soils or when working with crushed serpentine rocks.
530:, covers 1,900 acres of serpentine barren. The area has over 38 rare, threatened, and endangered plant species; as well as rare insects, rocks, and minerals.
411:. Since these plants developed specialized adaptations to high concentrations of heavy metals, they have been used to remove heavy metals from polluted soil.
171:
Serpentine soils are derived from ultramafic rocks. Ultramafic rocks are igneous or metamorphic rocks that contain more than 70% iron or magnesium minerals.
238:
are often shared among the types of flora found on serpentine soils. They will exhibit a "stunted" growth habit, with dull waxy, gray-green leaves (seen in
207:, the Alps, Cuba, and New Caledonia. In North America, serpentine soils also are present in small but widely distributed areas on the eastern slope of the
1341:
University of
California. "Trees and Shrubs for Northern California Serpentine xxxLandscapes". Division of Agriculture and Natural resources. 2009. Web.
1031:
Arnold, Brian J.; Lahner, Brett; Dacosta, Jeffrey M.; Weisman, Caroline M.; Hollister, Jesse D.; Salt, David E.; Bomblies, Kirsten; Yant, Levi (2016).
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510:
244:), which allow for water retention and sunlight reflection respectively. Other possible phenotypic traits include pigmented stems (as seen in the
1227:
612:, with variable soil depths ranging from 0 to 60 centimetres (0 to 24 inches) and rock outcrops representing 5–10% of the local landscape. The
1320:
Whittaker, R. H., Walker, R., Kruckeberg, A., "The
Ecology of Serpentine Soils". Department of xxxRadiological Services. 1954. pp 258–275.Web.
379:. In some cases, symbioses with serpentine tolerant ectomycorrhizal help facilitate plants’ adaptation to edaphic stressors on serpentine.
1254:
1269:
616:
for this community is "Southern Blue Ridge
Ultramafic Outcrop Barren" and believed to be unique to the Buck Creek area. In 1995, the
523:
223:
663:
Brady, Kristy U.; Kruckeberg, Arthur R.; Bradshaw Jr., H.D. (2005). "Evolutionary
Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils".
2007:
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Unlike most ecosystems, in serpentine barrens, there is less plant growth closer to a stream, due to toxic minerals in the water.
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339:. In California, 45% of the taxa associated with serpentine are rare or endangered. In California, shrubs such as leather oak (
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designation, on numerous grounds. They included supporting a number of rare and endemic species, an intact population of
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1992:
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Introduction to
California soils and plants : serpentine, vernal pools, and other geobotanical wonders
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571:
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30:
984:"Plant communities in harsh sites are less invaded: A summary of observations and proposed explanations"
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in the eastern United States. However, California has the majority of the continent's serpentine soils.
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906:
527:
1982:
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597:
579:
1327:
Department of
Natural Resources. "Natural Communities-Serpentine grasslands". Maryland.gov. xxxWeb.
1286:"Restoration of Buck Creek Serpentine Barrens, Tusquitee Ranger District, Nantahala National Forest"
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1987:
1963:
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USDA. "Serpentine Soils and Plant
Adaptations". United States Department of Agriculture. Web.
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Ecologically, serpentine soils have three main traits: poor plant productivity, high rates of
1252:"Rock Springs Nature Preserve", Lancaster County Conservancy Website, Retrieved May 10, 2009.
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led to the conversion of the area to forest. This barren contains the rare serpentine aster (
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439:
246:
208:
35:
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Ellis, M. "Should We be
Worried about Asbestos in Serpentine Rock?". Bay Nature. 2013. Web.
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1270:"Places We Protect: State-Line Serpentine Barrens, Pennsylvania", Retrieved July 20, 2020.
8:
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1178:"Evaluation of the Nottingham Park Serpentine Barrens", UMCES-AL, Retrieved May 10, 2009.
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Serpentine soils are widely distributed on Earth, in part mirroring the distribution of
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near the surface of the earth, particularly where water circulates in cooling rock near
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1096:
Anacker, Brian L.; Whittall, Justen B.; Goldberg, Emma E.; Harrison, Susan P. (2011).
2002:
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https://baynature.org/article/should-we-be-worried-about-asbestos-in-serpentine-rock/
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Traces on the Appalachians: A Natural History of Serpentine in Eastern North America
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The unique plants that survive in serpentine soils have been used in the process of
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that is a prime example of a serpentine barren. It was originally a grassland, but
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404:
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Serpentine Barrens in Rock Springs Nature Preserve, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
1922:
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300:
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153:
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63:
41:
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http://dnr2.maryland.gov/wildlife/Pages/plants_wildlife/serpentine.aspx.Accessed
1205:
944:"Serpentine Endemism in the California Flora: A Database of Serpentine Affinity"
219:
1897:
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Geology and plant life : the effects of landforms and rock types on plants
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199:. There are outcroppings of serpentine soils in the Balkan Peninsula, Turkey,
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1942:
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began active conservation management of the site, primarily with prescribed
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Areas of serpentine soil are also home to diverse plants, many of which are
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1098:"Origins and Consequences of Serpentine Endemism in the California Flora"
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256:. Some examples of common serpentine tolerant plants include gray pine (
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Savannas, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Plant Communities of North America,
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https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/serpentines/adaptations.shtml
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137:. Asbestos is linked to an array of human health conditions such as
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xxx/Whittaker_Eco_of_Serpentine_Soils_1954_II.pdf.Accessed 05/2017.
981:
587:
477:
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103:
1228:"Maryland Department of Natural Resources - Maryland Park Service"
574:, the Nottingham Park, aka Serpentine Barrens, was recommended by
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369:(aka Fendler's penny grass) is a hyper-accumulator of nickel and
234:, and vegetation types that are distinct from neighboring areas.
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79:
1947:
1882:
1623:
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Serpentine : the evolution and ecology of a model system
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125:
is a meta-igneous rock formed by the metamorphic reaction of
604:, is another example. Dominant rock types are serpentinized
508:
possible implication to grazing cattle. An article from the
1892:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1297:
1033:"Borrowed alleles and convergence in serpentine adaptation"
850:
Whittaker, R.H. (1954). "The ecology of serpentine soils".
662:
560:
473:
59:
1030:
1877:
960:
10.3120/0024-9637(2005)52[222:SEITCF]2.0.CO;2
630:) was described in 2004 and is endemic to these barrens.
250:) and occasionally a carnivorous nature as seen in the
942:
Safford, H. D.; Viers, J. H.; Harrison, S. P. (2005).
545:
is a 176-acre (71 ha) property conserved by the
1342:
941:
665:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
905:
822:
1193:Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology
726:Chiarucci, Alessandro; Baker, Alan J. M. (2007).
511:Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology
1974:
1040:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
725:
504:would normally lead to the growth of forests.
1371:
1345:. xxxucanr.edu/pdf/8400.pdf.Accessed 05/2017.
1173:
1171:
728:"Advances in the ecology of serpentine soils"
438:in small but widely distributed areas of the
829:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
78:. More precisely, serpentine soil contains
1378:
1364:
1168:
1158:Ch. 19, Cambridge University Press, 1999,
787:
692:
559:), as well as a number of rare species of
1322:http://www.californiachaparral.com/images
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1007:
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751:
524:Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area
224:Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area
677:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.021103.105730
532:
472:, with unusually high concentrations of
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218:
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29:
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614:U.S. National Vegetation Classification
14:
1975:
1672:Canadian system of soil classification
1359:
1304:from the original on 4 September 2021
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464:They are named for minerals of the
355:) are typical of serpentine soils.
24:
1656:Unified Soil Classification System
1086:
913:. University of California Press.
792:. University of California Press.
697:. University of Washington Press.
25:
2019:
1661:AASHTO Soil Classification System
966:
886:
768:
683:
651:
398:
345:) and coast whiteleaf manzanita (
292:), California laurel (bay tree) (
144:Serpentinite most often forms in
1959:
1958:
1115:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01114.x
541:Rock Springs Nature Preserve in
2008:Plant communities of California
1263:
1245:
1220:
1182:
1148:
1138:
1024:
909:; Rajakaruna, Nishanta (2011).
183:Serpentine outcrop high in the
174:
1677:Australian Soil Classification
1668:(French classification system)
935:
843:
814:
719:
543:Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
117:
13:
1:
788:Kruckeberg, Arthur R (2006).
693:Kruckeberg, Arthur R (2002).
645:
594:Buck Creek Serpentine Barrens
187:of northwest California—here
1294:United States Forest Service
1154:Anderson, Roger C., et al.,
618:United States Forest Service
572:Chester County, Pennsylvania
547:Lancaster County Conservancy
488:. Serpentine barrens, as at
7:
1697:List of vineyard soil types
1206:10.1016/j.jtemb.2009.03.004
633:
602:Clay County, North Carolina
586:, and also the site having
556:Symphyotrichum depauperatum
518:
395:, and nonviable offspring.
62:type produced by weathered
10:
2024:
1682:Polish Soil Classification
1257:February 22, 2009, at the
528:Baltimore County, Maryland
152:: masses of the resulting
1993:Soil in the United States
1956:
1706:Non-systematic soil types
1705:
1642:
1569:
1393:
753:10.1007/s11104-007-9268-7
598:Nantahala National Forest
580:National Natural Landmark
280:sp.), California redbud (
214:
1692:List of U.S. state soils
490:Grass Valley, California
330:Pentachaeta bellidiflora
295:Umbellularia californica
253:Darlingtonia californica
191:dominates the landscape.
51:in rocky serpentine soil
1687:1938 USDA soil taxonomy
1666:Référentiel pédologique
1650:FAO soil classification
1061:10.1073/pnas.1600405113
821:Dann, Kevin T. (1988).
627:Symphyotrichum rhiannon
286:), California buckeye (
538:
434:found in parts of the
424:
348:Arctostaphylos viscida
324:Acanthomintha duttonii
227:
192:
164:near present and past
52:
1998:Geology of California
1000:10.1093/aobpla/plv056
536:
440:Appalachian Mountains
422:
268:), California lilac (
247:Streptanthus howellii
222:
209:Appalachian Mountains
182:
36:Solidago multiradiata
33:
1818:Calcareous grassland
1395:World Reference Base
551:wildfire suppression
307:Polystichum lemmonii
289:Aesculus californica
74:derivatives such as
1387:Soil classification
1338:. Accessed 05/2017.
1052:2016PNAS..113.8320A
864:1954Ecol...35..258W
744:2007PlSoi.293....1C
500:in areas where the
492:, often consist of
389:genotypic pollution
283:Cercis occidentalis
241:Eriogonum libertini
185:Siskiyou Wilderness
84:serpentine subgroup
18:Serpentine outcrops
1571:USDA soil taxonomy
1397:for Soil Resources
539:
428:Serpentine barrens
425:
415:Serpentine barrens
319:endangered species
274:Arctostaphylos sp.
228:
193:
53:
48:Adiantum aleuticum
1970:
1969:
1352:Accessed 05/2017.
1343:http://anrcatalog
799:978-0-520-23372-0
704:978-0-295-98203-8
298:), and the ferns
262:), Jeffrey Pine (
162:continental crust
16:(Redirected from
2015:
1983:Serpentine soils
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1085:
1046:(29): 8320–5.
1023:
965:
934:
919:
885:
858:(2): 258–288.
842:
835:
813:
798:
767:
732:Plant and Soil
718:
703:
682:
649:
647:
644:
643:
642:
635:
632:
520:
517:
416:
413:
409:bioremediation
400:
399:Bioremediation
397:
342:Quercus durata
272:), manzanita (
265:Pinus jeffreyi
216:
213:
176:
173:
166:tectonic plate
119:
116:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2020:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Types of soil
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1965:
1964:Types of soil
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1943:Tropical peat
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
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1828:Dry quicksand
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1664:
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1645:
1643:Other systems
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1291:
1290:www.fs.fed.us
1287:
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1248:
1234:on 2012-11-08
1233:
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1164:0-521-57322-X
1161:
1157:
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1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1108:(2): 365–76.
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1067:
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920:9780520268357
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479:
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453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:United States
433:
430:are a unique
429:
421:
412:
410:
406:
396:
394:
393:hybridization
390:
386:
380:
378:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
356:
354:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
337:
336:Phlox hirsuta
332:
331:
326:
325:
320:
316:
311:
309:
308:
303:
302:
297:
296:
291:
290:
285:
284:
279:
276:), live oak (
275:
271:
270:Ceanothus sp.
267:
266:
261:
260:
255:
254:
249:
248:
243:
242:
235:
233:
225:
221:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
190:
186:
181:
172:
169:
167:
163:
159:
156:are found in
155:
151:
147:
146:oceanic crust
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
115:
113:
109:
105:
99:
97:
93:
89:
86:, especially
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
49:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
19:
1907:
1873:Martian soil
1306:. Retrieved
1289:
1276:
1265:
1247:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1222:
1200:(3): 231–8.
1197:
1191:
1184:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1105:
1101:
1043:
1039:
1026:
991:
987:
951:
947:
937:
910:
855:
851:
845:
824:
816:
789:
738:(1–2): 1–2.
735:
731:
721:
694:
668:
664:
640:Dwarf forest
625:
592:
569:
554:
540:
522:
509:
506:
469:
463:
444:Coast Ranges
427:
426:
407:, a type of
402:
381:
370:
364:
357:
352:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
312:
305:
299:
293:
287:
281:
277:
273:
269:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
236:
229:
201:Newfoundland
194:
189:Jeffrey pine
175:Distribution
170:
168:boundaries.
143:
139:mesothelioma
129:-rich rock,
123:Serpentinite
121:
100:
76:serpentinite
55:
54:
46:
40:
34:
1938:Terra rossa
1933:Terra preta
1913:Spodic soil
1833:Duplex soil
1813:Brown earth
1793:Alkali soil
1783:Rhizosphere
1778:Laimosphere
1652:(1974–1998)
1609:Inceptisols
1516:Plinthosols
1481:Kastanozems
1331:xxx05/2017.
1308:4 September
671:: 243–266.
372:Sedum laxum
226:in Maryland
118:Parent rock
72:metamorphic
1977:Categories
1918:Stagnogley
1868:Lunar soil
1823:Dark earth
1808:Brickearth
1773:Pedosphere
1743:Soil crust
1551:Technosols
1536:Solonchaks
1456:Ferralsols
1421:Anthrosols
1238:2012-11-07
994:: plv056.
988:AoB Plants
954:(4): 222.
646:References
584:pitch pine
459:ophiolites
456:ultramafic
448:California
377:succulence
375:expresses
197:ophiolites
158:ophiolites
131:peridotite
108:phosphorus
96:chrysotile
88:antigorite
68:peridotite
1903:Quicksand
1848:Fill dirt
1788:Bulk soil
1634:Vertisols
1624:Spodosols
1614:Mollisols
1604:Histosols
1589:Aridisols
1561:Vertisols
1556:Umbrisols
1546:Stagnosol
1511:Planosols
1506:Phaeozems
1486:Leptosols
1471:Gypsisols
1461:Fluvisols
1441:Chernozem
1436:Cambisols
1431:Calcisols
1426:Arenosols
1145:Springer.
1102:Evolution
929:632224033
808:928683002
713:475373672
494:grassland
432:ecoregion
385:gene flow
361:chlorosis
353:pulchella
112:potassium
110:(P), and
92:lizardite
27:Soil type
2003:Pedology
1888:Paleosol
1803:Blue goo
1758:Gypcrust
1629:Ultisols
1599:Gelisols
1594:Entisols
1584:Andisols
1579:Alfisols
1541:Solonetz
1531:Retisols
1526:Regosols
1501:Nitisols
1496:Luvisols
1491:Lixisols
1476:Histosol
1466:Gleysols
1451:Durisols
1446:Cryosols
1416:Andosols
1406:Acrisols
1302:Archived
1284:(n.d.).
1255:Archived
1214:19486833
1132:22429441
1124:20812977
1080:27357660
1018:26002746
762:35737876
634:See also
588:historic
565:skippers
519:Examples
498:savannas
478:chromium
442:and the
321:such as
232:endemism
135:asbestos
104:nitrogen
80:minerals
70:and its
66:such as
1838:Eluvium
1798:Bay mud
1763:Caliche
1753:Hardpan
1748:Claypan
1738:Subsoil
1733:Topsoil
1619:Oxisols
1521:Podzols
1411:Alisols
1399:(1998–)
1071:4961121
1048:Bibcode
1009:4497477
948:Madroño
880:1931126
860:Bibcode
852:Ecology
740:Bibcode
610:olivine
502:climate
278:Quercus
127:olivine
82:of the
1948:Yedoma
1883:Muskeg
1212:
1162:
1130:
1122:
1078:
1068:
1016:
1006:
927:
917:
878:
833:
806:
796:
760:
711:
701:
606:dunite
486:cobalt
484:, and
482:nickel
452:Oregon
333:, and
215:Botany
205:Cyprus
94:, and
45:, and
1928:Takir
1863:Loess
1128:S2CID
1036:(PDF)
876:JSTOR
758:S2CID
576:UMCES
561:moths
351:ssp.
106:(N),
1893:Peat
1728:Loam
1723:Clay
1718:Silt
1713:Sand
1310:2021
1298:USDA
1282:USFS
1210:PMID
1160:ISBN
1120:PMID
1076:PMID
1014:PMID
925:OCLC
915:ISBN
831:ISBN
804:OCLC
794:ISBN
709:OCLC
699:ISBN
608:and
563:and
474:iron
315:rare
304:and
60:soil
1878:Mud
1202:doi
1110:doi
1066:PMC
1056:doi
1044:113
1004:PMC
996:doi
956:doi
868:doi
748:doi
736:293
673:doi
600:in
596:in
570:In
526:in
496:or
446:of
317:or
1979::
1300:.
1296:,
1292:.
1288:.
1208:.
1198:23
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1170:^
1126:.
1118:.
1106:65
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1100:.
1088:^
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968:^
952:52
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866:.
856:35
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1050::
1020:.
998::
992:7
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958::
931:.
882:.
870::
862::
839:.
810:.
764:.
750::
742::
715:.
679:.
675::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
