734:
31:
562:
865:
743:
854:
874:
845:
1232:. In 1968 he and instrument maker Keith Rodgers devised a method of constructing cornetts inexpensively from a composite wood-resin material, which helped to raise interest in these instruments and increase their availability. In 1976 he established the London Serpent Trio with English players Andrew van der Beek and Alan Lumsden, performing new works and historical arrangements, both serious and whimsical, throughout Europe and North America. At the same time in France, historical instrument specialist Bernard Fourtet and jazz musician
490:
752:
1192:
1328:
441:, due in large part to the positions of the tone holes. They are arranged mainly to be accessible to the player's fingers, rather than in acoustically correct positions, which for some of them would be out of reach. The lower tone holes are too small to act effectively to shorten the air column, but they dampen resonances and provide a mellow timbre suitable for accompanying the voice. While early serpents were keyless, later instruments added
123:
401:. In France, the instrument was made from bonding two double-S-shaped halves, each carved from a single large piece of wood. In England, it was usually made from several smaller curved tubular wooden segments, each made by gluing two hollowed halves together. The whole instrument was then glued and bound with an outer covering of leather. A small number were made instead from copper or brass; one brass serpent in the
3548:
1248:
1157:("snake with one key"), one of the last forms of the upright serpent. It solved a perennial problem of the serpent, its difficult and indistinct Bâ™® notes. The instrument is built a semitone lower in Bâ™® and adds a large open tone hole that keeps the instrument in C until its key is pressed, closing the tone hole and producing a clear and resonant Bâ™®. The instrument also has a unique
1305:; the lower tone holes dampen resonances and behave more like leaks, which also contribute to the characteristic soft timbre of the instrument. Consequently, the player must rely much more on a strong, controlled embouchure to produce the correct pitch than on other brass instruments. The serpent's natural tones (the harmonic series on C
1153:, an upright serpent with an enlarged bell section influenced by the (then newly invented) ophicleide. It is distinguished by being made from wood, brass tubing being used only for the leadpipe and first bend. It became popular in bands for its improved intonation and sound quality. In 1828 Jean-Baptiste Coëffet patented his
1318:
Production of pitch can be lowered by a semitone or more by slackening the embouchure given the same fingering. This is due to the serpent's coupling of a "strong" system of embouchure and mouthpiece, with a relatively "weak" acoustical system of the air column in the serpent body; the mouthpiece has
1300:
Monk writes that due to its inherent mechanical and acoustical defects, the serpent is one of the more difficult wind instruments to play well. Although played with an embouchure similar to that used with other brass instruments such as the trombone, the instrument is easily over-blown so the player
558:, was built by scaling the tenor serpent by 0.5× to produce an instrument in 2′ C, two octaves higher than the standard serpent. It first appeared in the 1980s, made as a novelty instrument by Monk. There is no repertoire or other evidence of the historical existence of these sizes.
652:
that were in use in Italy in the 16th century, but the lack of knowledge of the serpent in early 17th century Italy, or surviving early serpents outside of France, counts against this idea. The serpent was certainly used in France since the early 17th century, to strengthen the
1062:
was first published, the part was changed to ophicleide for unknown reasons. The bass horn was popular in civic and military bands in
Britain and Ireland, and also spread back into orchestras in Europe, where it influenced the inventors of both the ophicleide and later the
619:
form in the 1990s by
Christopher Monk's workshop, by doubling the pattern for a bass serpent. They were called "George" and "George II". The first, commissioned by musicologist and serpent player Philip Palmer, was owned by American trombonist and serpent player
1236:
began promoting use of the serpent, and established an academy for young serpent players. Among these younger serpent specialists are Volny
Hostiou, who has recorded a significant serpent discography, and Patrick Wibart, also an accomplished ophicleide player.
614:
museum collection. Its use of keys, progressively larger tone holes, and an open top tone hole make it essentially a serpent-shaped contrabass ophicleide. During the serpent's modern revival, two more contrabass serpents were built in the original
815:
was developed which had a more compact shape with tighter curves, added extra keys to improve its intonation, and metal braces between the bends to increase its rigidity and durability. In France around the same time several makers produced a
456:
Modern replicas are made by several specialist instrument makers, employing acoustic analysis and modern fabrication materials and techniques to further improve the serpent's intonation. Some of these techniques include use of modern
542:, he scaled up the pattern by 2Ă— to carve a bass serpent. Since he could just as easily carve at 1Ă—, he was also able to produce tenor serpents popular in serpent ensembles, and usable by players with smaller fingers. The
352:
practice in the mid-20th century. Several contemporary works have been commissioned and composed, and serpents are again made by a small number of contemporary manufacturers. The sound of a serpent is somewhere between a
264:
1463:, commissioned in 1987 to mark the first International Serpent Festival in South Carolina, where it was premièred by London Serpent Trio member Alan Lumsden in 1989. Also premièred at the festival was comic composer
1348:, or bass line. The serpent began to be called for in orchestras by opera composers in the mid-to-late 18th century, and their subsequent adoption in military bands prompted the publication of several
481:. English serpent player and musicologist Clifford Bevan remarks that Berger's instruments are much improved, finally allowing players to approach the serpent "in partnership rather than in combat".
262:
2200:
Heyde, Herbert (2007). "Zoomorphic and
Theatrical Musical Instruments in the Late Italian Renaissance and Baroque Eras". In Meucci, Renato; Falletti, Franca; Rossi Rognoni, Gabriele (eds.).
512:
C, thus having a total tubing length of about 8 feet (2.4 m). A few slightly smaller specimens were built in D, and military serpents could sometimes vary in pitch between Dâ™ and Bâ™.
1228:
The serpent has enjoyed a modern revival of interest and manufacture since the mid-20th century. Christopher Monk began building his own replica cornetts and serpents and playing them in
446:
1687:
1338:
Serpents were originally used as an instrument to accompany church choral music, particularly in France. For this purpose, very little was specifically written for the serpent
263:
2417:
4264:
2941:
1934:
628:
in 1986, two from box plywood based on a "squarpent" design by
American serpent player and curator Paul Schmidt, and one in 2014 from spare tuba and sousaphone parts.
3090:
1471:
piece "O Serpent" written for the London
Serpent Trio and an ensemble of vocalists. Douglas Yeo premièred "Temptation" for serpent and string quartet, written by his
2137:
599:
and built in 16′ C one octave below the serpent, was an
English invention of the mid-19th century with no historical repertoire. The prototype instrument was built
1044:, developed by London-based French musician and inventor Louis Alexandre Frichot in 1799, had an all-metal V-shaped construction, described by German composer
1211:
The era of upright serpents was brief, spanning the first half of the 19th century from their invention to their replacement by the ophicleide and subsequent
1319:
a stronger influence on selecting the instrument pitch than the air column. The mismatch of embouchure and air column length also contributes to its timbre.
2968:
1640:
1225:
cycle, was writing his lowest brass parts for tuba and contrabass trombone. Consequently, the serpent had all but disappeared from ensembles by 1900.
950:, were developed from the late 18th century. Retaining the same six tone holes and fingering of the original serpent, these instruments resemble the
822:
initially developed by
Piffault (by whose name they are also known) that arranges the tubing vertically with an upward turned bell, reminiscent of a
535:
began his efforts to produce modern reproduction serpents by first building a half-sized pattern, which equated to a tenor size in 4′ C. Through a
2759:
1964:
3308:
2332:
1006:
bells popular in France at the time, shaped and painted like a dragon or serpent head. Appearing around the same time in military bands was the
1420:
402:
445:
for additional holes out of reach of the fingers to improve intonation, and extend range. A mid-19th century model by London instrument maker
321:
bent into a snakelike shape, and unlike most brass instruments is made from wood with an outer covering of leather. A distant ancestor of the
1167:
that (combined with adjusting the bocal) could change the pitch by up to a major second and allow the player to switch between the different
1048:
as resembling a watering can. He admired its sound however, and wrote for the instrument in several of his works, including the overture to
1379:
733:
30:
3608:
1168:
2483:
1731:
1050:
3040:
2908:
1683:
3063:
2867:
2479:
2409:
2328:
2871:
2829:
2628:
624:
for a time and features in some of his serpent recordings. At least four other contrabass serpents have also been built: one from
2931:
2361:
2785:
1748:
340:
were added to improve intonation, and several upright variants were developed and used, until they were superseded first by the
1922:
477:
has developed an improved serpent based on studying well-preserved museum instruments, and also makes a lightweight model from
3001:
1707:
3496:
3462:
3334:
3273:
3218:
2576:
2213:
2030:
1577:
2553:
1930:
450:
2131:
4305:
3131:
1309:) are fuller and richer than those produced with fingering, so the player must also focus on consistency of timbre and a
561:
4290:
648:, France, which is generally accepted. Some scholars propose that the serpent may have evolved from large, curved bass
373:, the serpent has thinner walls, a more conical bore, and no thumb-hole. The original serpent was typically built from
255:
1400:
After disappearing almost entirely by the late 19th century, the serpent began to reappear in the mid-20th century in
3167:
1229:
789:
349:
62:
1499:
361:, and it is typically played in a seated position, with the instrument resting upright between the player's knees.
4310:
3601:
3390:
2093:
4182:
1301:
must use a more gentle air stream. The tone holes do not always serve to shorten the air column, as they do in
636:
There is little direct material or documentary evidence for the exact origin of the serpent. French historian
4218:
4187:
1588:
1487:
wrote "Diversità : NO LIMIT", a concerto for serpent and strings, which premièred in
Monopoli, Italy in 2012.
1361:
2964:
469:, and changing the placement of tone holes. Swiss serpent maker Stephan Berger in collaboration with French
4300:
1632:
1384:
1055:
314:
2997:
2729:
1247:
122:
1660:
1658:
348:
tuba. After almost entirely disappearing from orchestras, the serpent experienced a renewed interest in
4285:
4249:
3594:
3318:
3257:
3091:"Patrick Wibart à Jeunes Talents et à l'Orchestre national de Lille – Le serpent à travers les siècles"
2751:
1956:
1405:
924:
781:
2313:
954:, with jointed straight tubes that fit into a short U-shaped butt joint, and an upward-pointing bell.
4228:
3552:
2410:"Compte rendu du colloque "le serpent sans sornettes" du 6 et 7 septembre 2011 aux Invalides Ă Paris"
1655:
1562:
1508:
1495:
1472:
1414:
4033:
4223:
1365:(1749), although he later removed it. Italian composers in the early 19th century often called for
4208:
4146:
4116:
3488:
3368:
Hostiou, Volny (2021). "The
Serpent Known as "French": Aspects of the instrument and its sound".
1475:
colleague, trombonist and composer Norman Bolter, at the 1999 International Trombone Festival in
1459:
Modern works for the instrument include a concerto for serpent and orchestra by English composer
1221:
1105:, a loose term that referred to several instruments; initially an upright serpent similar to the
864:
611:
577:
4069:
2900:
1552:
1356:
1212:
345:
962:
Among the first of the upright serpents to appear around the turn of the 19th century was the
3815:
2464:
1602:
1393:
742:
1723:
4213:
3949:
3912:
3835:
3454:
3314:
3032:
2026:
873:
853:
573:
496:
with serpents in four sizes, from largest to smallest: contrabass, bass, tenor, and soprano
90:
2605:
8:
3730:
2357:
1592:
starring Patrick Stewart. It was featured in the scene during Fezziwig’s Christmas party.
1302:
1136:
539:
4203:
4167:
4101:
3975:
3805:
3663:
3638:
3402:
2852:
2821:
2721:
2273:
Christopher Holman (November 2017). "Rhythm and metre in French Classical plainchant".
2085:
1877:
1875:
1537:
458:
438:
409:
306:
131:
984:, although it was neither Russian nor a bassoon. The name is possibly a corruption of
3867:
3690:
3573:– serpent website (in French) by Volny Hostiou, French tubist and serpent specialist.
3510:
3502:
3492:
3458:
3394:
3381:
Meucci, Renato (1996). "The Cimbasso and Related Instruments in 19th-Century Italy".
3340:
3330:
3279:
3269:
3224:
3214:
3173:
3163:
2792:
2647:
2371:
2227:
2219:
2209:
1752:
1476:
1453:
1370:
1092:
1045:
500:
The majority of surviving specimens in museums and private collections are nominally
434:
1872:
1835:
844:
773:
shape, late 18th century (Civic Museum of Modena, Italy); English military serpent,
4141:
4053:
3745:
3617:
3526:
3468:
3435:
3410:
3356:
3322:
3295:
3261:
3240:
3206:
3189:
2991:
2936:
2282:
2243:
2077:
1703:
1607:
1409:
1374:
1096:
625:
532:
509:
442:
337:
294:
226:
194:
75:
41:
2580:
2018:
1444:
has incorporated the serpent into his music, and has frequently collaborated with
4233:
4086:
3917:
3887:
3882:
3658:
3648:
3518:
3427:
3348:
3287:
3232:
3181:
2781:
2545:
2235:
1480:
1464:
1425:
939:
823:
290:
70:
3487:. Dictionaries for the Modern Musician. Peterson, Lennie (illustrator). Lanham:
2160:
799:
Towards the end of the 18th century, the increased popularity of the serpent in
4295:
4106:
4020:
3682:
3653:
2205:
1612:
1491:
1388:
1349:
1286:
1216:
1126:
489:
413:
4038:
3580:
3514:
3326:
3283:
3228:
3210:
3125:
2367:
4279:
4254:
4177:
4126:
4091:
3897:
3855:
3769:
3740:
3735:
3485:
An Illustrated Dictionary for the Modern Trombone, Tuba, and Euphonium Player
3398:
3344:
3177:
2231:
1831:
1527:
1503:
1468:
1460:
1441:
1344:
1331:
1233:
1084:
804:
800:
708:
704:
654:
474:
180:
114:
3576:
3530:
3522:
3472:
3439:
3431:
3414:
3360:
3352:
3299:
3291:
3244:
3236:
3193:
3185:
2247:
2239:
531:
arose in the 1960s when English early music specialist and instrument maker
4259:
4172:
4079:
4074:
4005:
3872:
3862:
3850:
3643:
1484:
1430:
1191:
1164:
808:
607:
478:
437:
by each hand. It is initially challenging to play the instrument with good
426:, a small length of brass tubing that emerges from the top wooden segment.
318:
286:
3265:
2513:
1904:
1902:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1512:
includes a serpent as one of the five soloists, played by Noah Gladstone.
1028:) which had a normal brass instrument bell, similar in flare to the later
416:
mouthpiece, originally made from ivory, horn or wood, which fits into the
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3480:
3446:
2896:
2817:
2127:
1598:
1558:
703:). Around the middle of the 18th century, the serpent began to appear in
637:
621:
493:
466:
298:
208:
2363:
Mendelssohn Bartholdy: Sommernachtstraum Konzert-OuvertĂĽre: Introduction
2286:
1352:, fingering charts and etudes, including duets for student and teacher.
644:
that the serpent was invented in 1590 by Edmé Guillaume, a clergyman in
4162:
4111:
4096:
4048:
4043:
4028:
3954:
3944:
3934:
3924:
3845:
3779:
3774:
1899:
1770:
1401:
1290:
1029:
662:
536:
341:
146:
3406:
2089:
2065:
1327:
386:
4136:
4121:
3877:
3810:
3789:
3750:
3570:
3558:
2108:
1479:. Yeo also premièred a serpent concerto in 2008 by American composer
1377:. Mendelssohn paired serpent with contrabassoon in his 1828 overture
1252:
Range of the serpent; notes below Câ‚‚ are obtained with the embouchure
712:
430:
358:
310:
126:
Range of the serpent; notes below Câ‚‚ are obtained with the embouchure
98:
80:
3586:
4131:
3980:
3755:
3724:
3013:
2081:
1270:
1101:
1088:
934:
Several vertical configurations of the serpent, generally known as
405:
in Bologna was built in 1773 with an added outer layer of leather.
382:
374:
330:
302:
151:
3506:
2223:
1979:
1285:
by fingering the low C note with all holes covered, and producing
803:
drove the subsequent development of the instrument to accommodate
394:
3970:
3939:
3907:
3892:
3840:
3784:
3763:
3668:
3632:
3564:
1445:
1311:
1003:
991:
951:
649:
645:
642:
Mémoires Concernant l'Histoire Ecclésiastique et Civile d’Auxerre
462:
398:
378:
370:
354:
326:
141:
2202:
Marvels of sound and beauty: Italian Baroque musical instruments
1633:"423.213 Labrosones with fingerholes, with (wider) conical bore"
994:
army bands of the time. Many of these instruments were built in
610:
as a double-sized English military serpent, and survives in the
4000:
3995:
3990:
3902:
3676:
3547:
2664:
2662:
1521:
Clifford Bevan, musicologist, member of the London Serpent Trio
1266:
1258:
1131:
999:
751:
390:
3158:
Bevan, Clifford (2000). "Chapter 2: Serpents and bass horns".
1355:
Among the serpent's first appearances in orchestral scores is
4265:
List of euphonium, baritone horn and tenor horn manufacturers
4010:
3985:
3696:
658:
418:
3252:
Herbert, Trevor; Myers, Arnold; Wallace, John, eds. (2019).
2659:
1575:
The prop used for the titular horn in the 1956 British film
3799:
3205:. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Cham: ASA Press.
3162:(2nd ed.). Winchester: Piccolo Press. p. 63–126.
2722:"Serpentist Michel Godard meets Alim Qasimov: spellbinding"
1438:
1110:
995:
470:
322:
156:
3451:
Serpents bass horns and ophicleides at the Bate Collection
1391:
included serpent and ophicleide in his early revisions of
1293:("lipping down"). Proficient players can play upwards to C
1565:(retired), bass trombonist, serpent and ophicleide player
1449:
2674:
2314:"Questions and Answers: Bass Horns and Russian Bassoons"
2254:
1862:
1860:
1257:
The serpent's range typically covers the two and a half
35:
Serpent, late 18th century Italy. Civic Museum of Modena
3201:
Campbell, Murray; Gilbert, Joël; Myers, Arnold (2021).
2703:
2701:
2501:
2386:
2183:
2181:
2045:
1998:
1996:
1994:
270:
Scarborough Fair played on the serpent by Kathryn Rose
3583:
as well as bass horn, early cimbasso, and ophicleide.
3567:– an online reference for everything serpent-related.
2432:
2029:: University of Edinburgh. accession number: L 2929.
1857:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1483:
entitled "Old Dances in New Shoes". Italian composer
665:. This original traditional serpent was known as the
3200:
3105:
2698:
2525:
1908:
1667:, p. 490, Appendix 2: The Ranges of Labrosones.
1195:
The London Serpent Trio, 1989: Andrew van der Beek (
3251:
2653:
2579:(in French). Brussels: Serpent Ribo. Archived from
2444:
2293:
2178:
1991:
1881:
1751:(in French). Brussels: Serpent Ribo. Archived from
1664:
1334:
performs on a serpent in the Adrabesa Quartet, 2020
1147:In Paris in 1823, Forveille invented his eponymous
2600:
2598:
2272:
1805:
1793:
1706:(in German). Les Bois: Stephan Berger Erna Suter.
1625:
829:
2686:
2136:(CD booklet). Berlioz Historic Brass. BHB CD101.
2013:
2011:
1548:Patrick Wibart, serpent and ophicleide specialist
4277:
3027:
3025:
3023:
2844:
2791:(programme notes). schickele.com. Archived from
2774:
2456:
2403:
2401:
2305:
1887:
3254:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Brass Instruments
2595:
2414:Archives Musique, Facteurs, Marchands, Luthiers
1914:
1675:
1673:
3306:
3123:
3055:
2519:
2120:
2019:""Contrabass serpent, nominal pitch: 16-ft C""
2008:
1524:Bernard Fourtet, French early music specialist
403:Museo internazionale e biblioteca della musica
3602:
3307:Herbert, Trevor; Wallace, John, eds. (1997).
3020:
2620:
2568:
2398:
1533:Volny Hostiou, scholar and serpent specialist
1120:
1114:
1109:, then the ophicleide, early forms of valved
1078:
3310:The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments
2543:
2350:
1670:
1551:Steve Wick, tubist, professor of Serpent at
1277:. The range can easily extend downwards to A
1178:
1172:
1158:
1148:
1064:
1007:
985:
963:
817:
672:
666:
2983:
2889:
1342:; the serpent player would simply play the
1013:
969:
678:
333:from the 17th to the early 19th centuries.
3609:
3595:
3376:(4). Translated by Bevan, Clifford: 55–65.
2822:"P.D.Q. Bach and American Serpent Players"
2713:
1949:
1408:chamber ensembles. American film composer
726:Types of traditional and military serpents
3127:Frontier Psychiatrist – Official HD Video
3082:
2956:
2780:
2537:
2408:Touroude, José-Daniel (9 November 2011).
1315:approach throughout the serpent's range.
1215:brass instruments. German opera composer
1142:
3061:
2932:"A serpentine member of orchestras past"
2868:International Tuba Euphonium Association
2480:International Tuba Euphonium Association
2407:
2329:International Tuba Euphonium Association
2057:
1545:Andrew van der Beek, London Serpent Trio
1326:
1240:
1190:
837:Types of upright serpents and bass horns
560:
488:
317:by each hand. It is named for its long,
101:with fingerholes with wide conical bore)
3367:
3088:
2989:
2929:
2810:
2786:"P.D.Q. Bach: A 40-Year Rretrogressive"
2743:
2680:
2626:
2356:
2260:
2158:
1963:(in French). May 2021. pp. 26–31.
1959:[The serpent gets a new skin].
1530:, jazz musician, tubist, serpent player
1186:
4278:
3380:
3064:"Volny Hostiou, Le Serpent Imaginaire"
3062:Nussbaum, Jeffrey (31 December 2012).
2911:from the original on 26 September 2021
2850:
2465:"The Ophimonocleide: Folly or Genius?"
2462:
2438:
2311:
1957:"Le serpent se fait une nouvelle peau"
1830:
1684:"EMS Serpent in C by Early Music Shop"
769:: traditional serpent in the original
3616:
3590:
3157:
3111:
3004:from the original on 5 September 2015
2832:from the original on 14 February 2020
2749:
2707:
2629:"Trio Aenea: The Virtuoso Ophicleide"
2544:van der Beek, Andrew (20 July 1991).
2531:
2507:
2450:
2392:
2299:
2199:
2187:
2063:
2051:
2023:Musical Instruments Museums Edinburgh
2002:
1920:
1866:
1818:
1799:
1639:. Musical Instrument Museums Online.
1578:The Case of the Mukkinese Battle-Horn
1569:
1536:Phil Humphries, London Serpent Trio,
3421:
2930:Eichler, Jeremy (25 November 2008).
2752:"Top Five Snakes on a Concert Stage"
2719:
2668:
1931:St Fagans National Museum of History
1637:MIMO Hornbostel-Sachs Classification
1586:A prop was used in the 1999 film of
1035:
718:
451:St Fagans National Museum of History
3479:
3445:
2877:from the original on 15 August 2023
2692:
2140:from the original on 3 October 2023
2126:
2114:
1985:
1893:
1787:
13:
3134:from the original on 8 August 2024
3043:from the original on 8 August 2024
2962:
2556:from the original on 8 August 2024
2489:from the original on 8 August 2024
2338:from the original on 26 March 2023
2161:"Contrabass Serpent Photo Gallery"
1937:from the original on 8 August 2024
1923:"Serpent (early-mid 19th century)"
1909:Campbell, Gilbert & Myers 2021
1643:from the original on 8 August 2024
1421:Journey to the Center of the Earth
1230:historically informed performances
1099:. In Italy it was replaced by the
14:
4322:
3577:Recordings of orchestral excerpts
3540:
3393:(published March 1996): 143–179.
3089:Cochard, Alain (6 January 2018).
2750:Angel, Amanda (28 January 2013).
2654:Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019
2420:from the original on 12 July 2022
2033:from the original on 5 April 2023
1882:Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019
1665:Herbert, Myers & Wallace 2019
1542:Alan Lumsden, London Serpent Trio
1072:
397:, or sometimes softer woods like
350:historically informed performance
3579:by Jack Adler-McKean, including
3546:
3426:, Westhampnett: Chiltern Music,
3203:The Science of Brass Instruments
3130:(music video) (published 2009).
2971:from the original on 29 May 2023
2944:from the original on 31 May 2023
2574:
2096:from the original on 18 May 2023
1967:from the original on 30 May 2023
1746:
1734:from the original on 29 May 2023
1710:from the original on 29 May 2023
1690:from the original on 29 May 2023
1412:used a serpent in the scores of
990:since they were taken up by the
912:: cimbasso, early 19th century;
872:
863:
852:
843:
811:players. In England, a distinct
750:
741:
732:
369:Although closely related to the
325:, the serpent is related to the
313:arranged in two groups of three
260:
29:
3559:Serpents in the Bate Collection
3149:
3117:
2923:
2895:
2816:
2762:from the original on 9 May 2021
2627:Schmidt, Paul (26 April 2016).
2266:
2193:
2152:
957:
830:Upright serpents and bass horns
364:
91:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
4183:Drum and bugle corps (classic)
1824:
1686:. Saltaire: Early Music Shop.
1380:Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage
1219:, by the 1869 première of his
1125:), and finally by the time of
606:by Joseph and Richard Wood in
1:
4188:Drum and bugle corps (modern)
2522:, p. 150, The low brass.
2064:Pegge, R. Morley (May 1959).
1619:
1362:Music for the Royal Fireworks
1322:
917:
902:
891:
774:
600:
566:
449:has 14 keys, and survives in
2720:Hird, Alison (6 June 2019).
2546:"Obituary: Christopher Monk"
1790:, p. 128–31, "serpent".
1728:Christopher Monk Instruments
1724:"Serpents and tenor cornett"
1385:fifth "Reformation" symphony
1087:scores by composers such as
1056:fifth "Reformation" symphony
227:Christopher Monk Instruments
18:Wooden early wind instrument
7:
3093:. Paris: ConcertClassic.com
2998:Sony Computer Entertainment
2730:Radio France Internationale
336:In the early 19th century,
10:
4327:
4306:Basso continuo instruments
4250:Pitch of brass instruments
3422:Monk, Christopher (1986),
3383:The Galpin Society Journal
3319:Cambridge University Press
3258:Cambridge University Press
3039:. White Cottage Websites.
2853:"New Wine for Old Bottles"
2520:Herbert & Wallace 1997
2070:The Galpin Society Journal
1515:
1058:(1830), although when the
925:Metropolitan Museum of Art
782:Metropolitan Museum of Art
631:
433:, in two groups of three,
4291:Early musical instruments
4242:
4196:
4155:
4062:
4019:
3963:
3828:
3624:
3327:10.1017/CCOL9780521563437
3211:10.1007/978-3-030-55686-0
2758:. New York Public Radio.
2656:, p. 371, "Serpent".
2117:, p. 10, "anaconda".
2076:. Galpin Society: 53–56.
1884:, p. 373, "Serpent".
1704:"SBerger Originalserpent"
1563:Boston Symphony Orchestra
1473:Boston Symphony Orchestra
1289:tones, by slackening the
1180:diapason de la cathédrale
1051:A Midsummer Night's Dream
640:claimed in his 1743 work
412:about the same size as a
249:
244:
222:
217:
170:
165:
137:
130:
120:
113:
105:
89:
61:
47:
40:
28:
3489:Rowman & Littlefield
2990:Wintory, Austin (2013).
1502:soundtrack for the 2012
484:
3561:, University of Oxford.
3124:The Avalanches (2000).
3037:The London Serpent Trio
2967:. Paris: Babel Scores.
2374: 979-0-0065-2313-9
1597:Serpents appear in the
1581:was based on a serpent.
1222:Der Ring des Nibelungen
1077:The serpent appears as
612:University of Edinburgh
578:University of Edinburgh
4311:Orchestral instruments
4034:Marching baritone horn
3068:Historic Brass Society
2901:"Tempted by a Serpent"
2851:Kridel, Craig (2009).
2633:Historic Brass Society
2608:. Rouen: Les Meslanges
2463:Kridel, Craig (2019).
2312:Kridel, Craig (2003).
2159:Schmidt, Paul (2014).
1988:, p. 170, "worm".
1553:Royal Academy of Music
1357:George Frideric Handel
1335:
1208:
1179:
1173:
1159:
1149:
1143:Other upright serpents
1121:
1115:
1083:in early 19th century
1079:
1065:
1008:
986:
964:
943:
818:
673:
667:
580:
497:
408:The instrument uses a
344:and ultimately by the
4219:Classical trombonists
3816:Double bell euphonium
3266:10.1017/9781316841273
2965:"DiversitĂ : NO LIMIT"
1603:Frontier Psychiatrist
1601:for the 2000 single "
1555:, London Serpent Trio
1394:Symphonie fantastique
1330:
1241:Range and performance
1199:), Christopher Monk (
1194:
916:: Serpent Forveille,
901:: English bass horn,
788:or Piffault serpent (
564:
492:
3555:at Wikimedia Commons
3455:University of Oxford
3315:Cambridge Companions
3142:– via YouTube.
2784:(27 December 2005).
2370:. p. VII–VIII.
2358:Hogwood, Christopher
1836:"More Exciting News"
1611:by Australian group
1303:woodwind instruments
1187:Contemporary revival
784:, New York); French
565:Contrabass serpent,
429:The serpent has six
4301:Baroque instruments
3565:The Serpent Website
2726:World Music Matters
2583:on 21 December 2018
2564:– via Lacock.
2165:The Serpent Website
2133:Le Monde du Serpent
1933:. Accession: 91.6.
1755:on 20 December 2018
1174:diapason de l'opéra
1137:contrabass trombone
657:and bass voices of
459:composite materials
453:in Cardiff, Wales.
199:Andrew van der Beek
132:Related instruments
25:
4168:British brass band
4039:Marching euphonium
3806:Subcontrabass tuba
3571:serpent.instrument
3424:The Serpent Player
3391:William Waterhouse
1927:Collections Online
1911:, p. 382-385.
1843:Serpent Newsletter
1570:In popular culture
1538:New London Consort
1490:American composer
1415:White Witch Doctor
1336:
1209:
1009:serpent Ă pavillon
1002:-style decorative
998:and often had the
587:contrabass serpent
581:
498:
23:
4286:Brass instruments
4273:
4272:
4229:Euphonium players
3618:Brass instruments
3551:Media related to
3498:978-1-538-15966-8
3464:978-0-9930442-2-9
3336:978-1-139-00203-5
3275:978-1-316-63185-0
3220:978-3-030-55684-6
2510:, p. 83, 89.
2287:10.1093/em/cax087
2215:978-88-09-05395-3
2027:St Cecilia's Hall
1605:" from the album
1589:A Christmas Carol
1477:Potsdam, New York
1454:Rabih Abou-Khalil
1428:in his score for
1406:period instrument
1371:Gioachino Rossini
1203:), Alan Lumsden (
1150:serpent Forveille
1046:Felix Mendelssohn
1042:English bass horn
1036:English bass horn
928:
819:serpent militaire
793:
786:serpent militaire
719:Military serpents
709:chamber ensembles
668:serpent ordinaire
617:serpent ordinaire
574:St Cecilia's Hall
329:and was used for
297:developed in the
279:
278:
265:
109:Late 16th century
4318:
4224:Jazz trombonists
4204:(all) Trumpeters
4142:Axial flow valve
4054:Contrabass bugle
3611:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3587:
3550:
3534:
3476:
3442:
3418:
3389:. Translated by
3377:
3364:
3303:
3248:
3197:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3029:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3009:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2937:The Boston Globe
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2876:
2857:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2782:Schickele, Peter
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2683:, p. 61–62.
2678:
2672:
2666:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2488:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2405:
2396:
2395:, p. 86–89.
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2270:
2264:
2263:, p. 55–60.
2258:
2252:
2251:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2066:"The 'Anaconda'"
2061:
2055:
2054:, p. 77–79.
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1989:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1961:Trémolo Magazine
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1870:
1869:, p. 74–75.
1864:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1840:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1629:
1608:Since I Left You
1496:Grammy-nominated
1437:In jazz, French
1410:Bernard Herrmann
1375:Vincenzo Bellini
1182:
1176:
1162:
1152:
1135:(1887), a valve
1124:
1118:
1085:Italian operatic
1082:
1068:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
989:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
967:
936:upright serpents
922:
919:
907:
904:
896:
893:
882:
876:
867:
856:
847:
821:
813:military serpent
779:
776:
771:serpent d'Ă©glise
760:
754:
745:
736:
702:
699:
696:
692:
689:
688:ordinary serpent
686:
683:
680:
676:
674:serpent d'Ă©glise
670:
605:
602:
597:
596:
591:, nicknamed the
589:
588:
571:
568:
556:
555:
548:
547:
533:Christopher Monk
529:
528:
521:
520:
506:
505:
267:
266:
231:Early Music Shop
195:Christopher Monk
42:Brass instrument
33:
26:
22:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4238:
4209:Jazz trumpeters
4192:
4151:
4147:Harmonic series
4063:Parts/technique
4058:
4015:
3959:
3918:Soprano helicon
3888:Baroque trumpet
3883:Natural trumpet
3824:
3775:Alto/Tenor horn
3659:Fanfare trumpet
3620:
3615:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3499:
3465:
3337:
3276:
3221:
3170:
3160:The Tuba Family
3152:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3007:
3005:
2996:(Media notes).
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2963:Morleo, Luigi.
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2912:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2798:on 19 June 2021
2795:
2788:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:, Introduction.
2667:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2606:"Volny Hostiou"
2604:
2603:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2550:The Independent
2542:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2216:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1756:
1737:
1735:
1730:. Jeremy West.
1722:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1572:
1518:
1481:Gordon W. Bowie
1465:Peter Schickele
1426:Jerry Goldsmith
1424:(1959), as did
1369:, in operas by
1325:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1189:
1169:pitch standards
1145:
1075:
1054:(1826) and his
1038:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
981:
979:Russian bassoon
978:
975:
972:
960:
932:
931:
930:
929:
920:
905:
894:
879:
878:
877:
869:
868:
859:
858:
857:
849:
848:
839:
838:
832:
824:tenor saxophone
797:
796:
795:
794:
790:Scenkonstmuseet
777:
757:
756:
755:
747:
746:
738:
737:
728:
727:
721:
711:, and later in
700:
697:
694:
690:
687:
684:
681:
634:
603:
594:
593:
586:
585:
569:
553:
552:
546:soprano serpent
545:
544:
540:milling process
526:
525:
518:
517:
510:eight-foot (8′)
503:
502:
487:
367:
291:wind instrument
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
268:
261:
258:
240:
213:
177:Bernard Fourtet
161:
125:
124:
96:
85:
57:
36:
19:
12:
11:
5:
4324:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3838:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3777:
3772:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3683:Soprano cornet
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3654:Pocket trumpet
3651:
3646:
3641:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3542:
3541:External links
3539:
3536:
3535:
3497:
3477:
3463:
3443:
3419:
3378:
3365:
3335:
3304:
3274:
3249:
3219:
3198:
3168:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3116:
3114:, p. 120.
3104:
3081:
3054:
3019:
2982:
2955:
2922:
2888:
2843:
2809:
2773:
2742:
2712:
2710:, p. 125.
2697:
2685:
2673:
2658:
2646:
2619:
2594:
2575:Ribo, Pierre.
2567:
2536:
2534:, p. 122.
2524:
2512:
2500:
2455:
2443:
2441:, p. 158.
2431:
2397:
2385:
2360:, ed. (2006).
2349:
2304:
2292:
2265:
2253:
2214:
2206:Giunti Editore
2192:
2177:
2151:
2119:
2107:
2082:10.2307/841945
2056:
2044:
2007:
1990:
1978:
1948:
1913:
1898:
1886:
1871:
1856:
1834:(April 2022).
1832:Godard, Michel
1823:
1804:
1792:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1747:Ribo, Pierre.
1744:
1720:
1700:
1679:
1669:
1654:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:The Avalanches
1594:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1492:Austin Wintory
1389:Hector Berlioz
1324:
1321:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1262:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1217:Richard Wagner
1188:
1185:
1155:ophimonocleide
1144:
1141:
1074:
1073:Early cimbasso
1071:
1037:
1034:
959:
956:
895: 1825–40
881:
880:
871:
870:
862:
861:
860:
851:
850:
842:
841:
840:
836:
835:
834:
833:
831:
828:
801:military bands
759:
758:
749:
748:
740:
739:
731:
730:
729:
725:
724:
723:
722:
720:
717:
705:military bands
698:church serpent
633:
630:
486:
483:
414:tenor trombone
366:
363:
301:era. It has a
277:
276:
269:
259:
254:
253:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
242:
241:
239:
238:
237:Stephan Berger
235:
232:
229:
223:
220:
219:
215:
214:
212:
211:
206:
203:
202:Patrick Wibart
200:
197:
192:
189:
188:Phil Humphries
186:
183:
178:
175:
174:Clifford Bevan
171:
168:
167:
163:
162:
160:
159:
154:
149:
144:
138:
135:
134:
128:
127:
121:
118:
117:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
93:
87:
86:
84:
83:
78:
73:
67:
65:
63:Classification
59:
58:
56:
55:
51:
49:
45:
44:
38:
37:
34:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4323:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:Brass section
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Brass quintet
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Hand-stopping
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Slide trumpet
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3856:Tenor cornett
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Baritone horn
3768:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3169:1-872203-30-2
3165:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3092:
3085:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2926:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2695:, p. 10.
2694:
2689:
2682:
2677:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2453:, p. 82.
2452:
2447:
2440:
2435:
2419:
2416:(in French).
2415:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2302:, p. 81.
2301:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2281:(4): 657–64.
2280:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2190:, p. 65.
2189:
2184:
2182:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2111:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2005:, p. 79.
2004:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1982:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:Key; Thomas.
1917:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1821:, p. 66.
1820:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1802:, p. 64.
1801:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1754:
1750:
1749:"Fabrication"
1745:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:Michel Godard
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:PlayStation 3
1501:
1500:BAFTA-winning
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:Simon Proctor
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:composer and
1447:
1443:
1442:Michel Godard
1440:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1345:cantus firmus
1341:
1333:
1332:Michel Godard
1329:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1238:
1235:
1234:Michel Godard
1231:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1171:of the time (
1170:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
987:basson prusse
966:
955:
953:
949:
945:
944:serpent droit
941:
937:
926:
915:
911:
900:
889:
885:
875:
866:
855:
846:
827:
825:
820:
814:
810:
806:
802:
792:, Stockholm)
791:
787:
783:
772:
768:
764:
753:
744:
735:
716:
714:
710:
706:
675:
669:
664:
660:
656:
655:cantus firmus
651:
647:
643:
639:
629:
627:
623:
618:
613:
609:
598:
590:
579:
575:
563:
559:
557:
549:
541:
538:
534:
530:
522:
519:tenor serpent
513:
511:
507:
504:bass serpents
495:
491:
482:
480:
476:
475:Michel Godard
472:
468:
464:
460:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
420:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
362:
360:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
257:
248:
243:
236:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
221:
216:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
196:
193:
190:
187:
185:Volny Hostiou
184:
182:
181:Michel Godard
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
164:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
129:
119:
116:
115:Playing range
112:
108:
104:
100:
94:
92:
88:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
68:
66:
64:
60:
53:
52:
50:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
21:
16:
4260:Horn section
4214:Horn players
4173:Balkan brass
4080:Rotary valve
4075:Piston valve
4006:Tibetan horn
3929:
3873:Natural horn
3851:Mute cornett
3798:
3762:
3723:
3689:
3675:
3631:
3484:
3481:Yeo, Douglas
3450:
3447:Yeo, Douglas
3423:
3386:
3382:
3373:
3370:ITEA Journal
3369:
3309:
3253:
3202:
3159:
3150:Bibliography
3136:. Retrieved
3126:
3119:
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3067:
3057:
3045:. Retrieved
3036:
3012:– via
3006:. Retrieved
2992:
2985:
2973:. Retrieved
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2935:
2925:
2913:. Retrieved
2904:
2897:Yeo, Douglas
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2863:
2860:ITEA Journal
2859:
2846:
2834:. Retrieved
2825:
2818:Yeo, Douglas
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2793:the original
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2755:
2745:
2733:. Retrieved
2725:
2715:
2688:
2681:Hostiou 2021
2676:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2632:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2549:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2475:
2472:ITEA Journal
2471:
2458:
2446:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2413:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2362:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2324:
2321:ITEA Journal
2320:
2307:
2295:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2261:Hostiou 2021
2256:
2204:. Florence:
2201:
2195:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2132:
2128:Yeo, Douglas
2122:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2073:
2069:
2059:
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2022:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1960:
1951:
1939:. Retrieved
1926:
1916:
1896:, p. 9.
1889:
1847:. Retrieved
1842:
1826:
1795:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:the original
1736:. Retrieved
1727:
1712:. Retrieved
1692:. Retrieved
1645:. Retrieved
1636:
1627:
1606:
1587:
1576:
1507:
1489:
1485:Luigi Morleo
1458:
1436:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1399:
1392:
1387:(1830), and
1378:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1350:method books
1343:
1339:
1337:
1317:
1310:
1299:
1256:
1227:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1165:tuning slide
1154:
1146:
1130:
1107:basson russe
1106:
1100:
1076:
1059:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1023:bell serpent
965:basson russe
961:
958:Basson russe
947:
935:
933:
927:, New York)
913:
910:bottom, left
909:
898:
888:basson russe
887:
883:
812:
798:
785:
770:
766:
762:
641:
635:
616:
608:Huddersfield
592:
584:
582:
551:
543:
537:pantographic
524:
516:
514:
501:
499:
479:carbon fibre
455:
428:
423:
417:
407:
368:
365:Construction
335:
319:conical bore
295:brass family
282:
280:
245:Sound sample
191:Alan Lumsden
20:
15:
3717:Wagner tuba
3712:Vienna horn
3707:German horn
3702:French horn
3033:"Personnel"
2905:yeodoug.com
2826:yeodoug.com
2735:3 September
2439:Meucci 1996
2378:5 September
2368:Bärenreiter
2275:Early Music
2170:5 September
1929:. Cardiff:
1599:music video
1559:Douglas Yeo
1506:video game
1469:P.D.Q. Bach
1418:(1953) and
1402:film scores
1163:, a double
921: 1825
906: 1835
778: 1840
638:Jean Lebeuf
622:Douglas Yeo
604: 1840
570: 1840
494:Douglas Yeo
467:3D printing
309:, with six
299:Renaissance
287:low-pitched
256:The serpent
234:Pierre Ribo
209:Douglas Yeo
48:Other names
4280:Categories
4163:Brass band
4112:Pedal tone
4102:Mouthpiece
4097:Embouchure
4049:Sousaphone
4044:Trombonium
4029:Mellophone
3964:Indigenous
3955:Jazzophone
3945:Saxotromba
3935:Sudrophone
3925:Ophicleide
3846:Cornettino
3829:Antiquated
3780:Flugelhorn
3731:Contrabass
3639:Contrabass
3531:Q111040546
3515:1249799159
3507:2021020757
3473:Q121457145
3440:Q130238050
3415:Q111077162
3361:Q112852613
3300:Q114571908
3284:1038492212
3245:Q117322059
3229:1261747556
3194:Q111040769
3112:Bevan 2000
2708:Bevan 2000
2577:"Historie"
2532:Bevan 2000
2508:Bevan 2000
2451:Bevan 2000
2393:Bevan 2000
2366:. Kassel:
2300:Bevan 2000
2248:Q113004406
2224:2008410070
2188:Bevan 2000
2052:Bevan 2000
2003:Bevan 2000
1867:Bevan 2000
1819:Bevan 2000
1800:Bevan 2000
1620:References
1367:serpentone
1323:Repertoire
1291:embouchure
1122:bombardone
1080:serpentone
1030:ophicleide
1004:zoomorphic
948:bass horns
713:orchestras
663:plainchant
626:PVC piping
447:Thomas Key
439:intonation
431:tone holes
410:mouthpiece
377:, usually
342:ophicleide
331:bass parts
311:tone holes
307:mouthpiece
205:Steve Wick
147:Ophicleide
99:labrosones
54:Serpentone
4156:Ensembles
4137:Water key
4122:Valve oil
3878:Post horn
3811:Euphonium
3790:Kuhlohorn
3751:Superbone
3523:34132790M
3432:11213745W
3399:0072-0127
3353:34482695M
3345:460517551
3292:34730943M
3237:37312640M
3186:19533420M
3178:993463927
3097:14 August
3074:14 August
2881:15 August
2870:: 48–50.
2802:15 August
2728:. Paris:
2669:Monk 1986
2639:14 August
2612:14 August
2240:16893261M
2232:316434285
1849:15 August
1647:5 October
1312:cantabile
1281:or even F
1129:'s opera
1116:pelittone
693: or
508:built in
473:musician
383:tonewoods
381:or other
359:euphonium
166:Musicians
106:Developed
81:Aerophone
4132:Leadpipe
4021:Marching
3981:Vuvuzela
3756:Cimbasso
3725:Trombone
3664:Firebird
3553:Serpents
3527:Wikidata
3483:(2021).
3469:Wikidata
3449:(2019).
3436:Wikidata
3411:Wikidata
3357:Wikidata
3296:Wikidata
3241:Wikidata
3190:Wikidata
3132:Archived
3070:(review)
3041:Archived
3014:Bandcamp
3008:8 August
3002:Archived
2969:Archived
2942:Archived
2909:Archived
2872:Archived
2830:Archived
2760:Archived
2693:Yeo 2019
2635:(review)
2554:Archived
2484:Archived
2482:: 30–3.
2418:Archived
2333:Archived
2331:: 73–5.
2244:Wikidata
2138:Archived
2130:(2003).
2115:Yeo 2021
2094:Archived
2031:Archived
1986:Yeo 2021
1965:Archived
1941:8 August
1935:Archived
1894:Yeo 2019
1788:Yeo 2021
1732:Archived
1708:Archived
1688:Archived
1641:Archived
1446:Lebanese
1434:(1979).
1404:and new
1397:(1830).
1271:middle C
1102:cimbasso
1089:Spontini
1066:BaĂź-Tuba
1060:Overture
992:Prussian
884:Top left
805:marching
650:cornetts
595:anaconda
463:polymers
435:fingered
375:hardwood
315:fingered
303:trombone
218:Builders
152:Cimbasso
4234:Tubists
4197:Players
3971:Alphorn
3950:Bazooka
3940:Saxtuba
3930:Serpent
3913:Helicon
3908:Sackbut
3893:Buccina
3841:Cornett
3836:Clarion
3785:Fiscorn
3764:Saxhorn
3746:Soprano
3669:Flumpet
3649:Piccolo
3633:Trumpet
3581:serpent
3138:17 June
2993:Journey
2915:6 March
2836:6 March
2766:6 March
2493:12 July
2424:12 July
2342:12 July
2144:20 June
1516:Players
1509:Journey
1452:player
1267:octaves
1259:octaves
1097:Bellini
1093:Rossini
1017:
973:
952:bassoon
809:mounted
682:
646:Auxerre
632:History
371:cornett
355:bassoon
327:cornett
293:in the
283:serpent
142:Cornett
95:423.213
24:Serpent
4107:Falset
4070:Valves
4001:Sringa
3996:Shofar
3991:Carnyx
3903:Buccin
3677:Cornet
3625:Modern
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3495:
3471:
3461:
3438:
3430:
3413:
3407:842397
3405:
3397:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3333:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3272:
3243:
3235:
3227:
3217:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3166:
3047:31 May
2975:29 May
2948:31 May
2587:29 May
2560:29 May
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2212:
2100:18 May
2090:841945
2088:
2037:30 May
1971:30 May
1759:29 May
1738:29 May
1714:29 May
1694:29 May
1439:tubist
1340:per se
1287:falset
1269:below
1261:from C
1213:valved
1201:center
1132:Otello
1095:, and
1000:buccin
940:French
659:choirs
527:serpet
399:poplar
391:cherry
379:walnut
357:and a
346:valved
305:-like
289:early
4296:Horns
4243:Other
4127:Crook
4087:Mutes
4011:Wazza
3986:Nyele
3976:Nabal
3863:Cornu
3697:Bugle
3403:JSTOR
2875:(PDF)
2866:(1).
2856:(PDF)
2796:(PDF)
2789:(PDF)
2487:(PDF)
2478:(2).
2468:(PDF)
2336:(PDF)
2327:(4).
2317:(PDF)
2086:JSTOR
1839:(PDF)
1431:Alien
1205:right
1160:pompe
1127:Verdi
946:) or
914:right
899:right
767:right
761:From
550:, or
485:Sizes
424:crook
419:bocal
393:, or
387:maple
385:like
285:is a
76:Brass
4117:Bore
3868:Dord
3800:Tuba
3741:Alto
3736:Bass
3691:Horn
3644:Bass
3511:OCLC
3503:LCCN
3493:ISBN
3459:ISBN
3395:ISSN
3341:OCLC
3331:ISBN
3280:OCLC
3270:ISBN
3225:OCLC
3215:ISBN
3174:OCLC
3164:ISBN
3140:2023
3099:2024
3076:2024
3049:2023
3010:2024
2977:2023
2950:2023
2917:2021
2883:2023
2838:2021
2804:2023
2768:2021
2756:WQXR
2737:2024
2641:2024
2614:2024
2589:2023
2562:2023
2495:2022
2426:2022
2380:2024
2372:ISMN
2344:2022
2228:OCLC
2220:LCCN
2210:ISBN
2172:2024
2146:2023
2102:2023
2039:2023
1973:2023
1943:2024
1851:2024
1761:2023
1740:2023
1716:2023
1696:2023
1649:2023
1498:and
1383:and
1373:and
1273:to G
1265:two
1197:left
1177:and
1111:tuba
1040:The
1014:lit.
996:Lyon
970:lit.
763:left
679:lit.
583:The
554:worm
515:The
471:jazz
461:and
443:keys
395:pear
338:keys
323:tuba
281:The
157:Tuba
71:Wind
3323:doi
3262:doi
3207:doi
2283:doi
2078:doi
1845:: 8
1494:'s
1467:'s
1450:oud
1359:'s
1183:).
807:or
765:to
671:or
661:in
523:or
422:or
4282::
3525:.
3519:OL
3517:.
3509:.
3501:.
3491:.
3467:.
3457:.
3453:.
3434:,
3428:OL
3409:.
3401:.
3387:49
3385:.
3374:48
3372:.
3355:.
3349:OL
3347:.
3339:.
3329:.
3321:.
3317:.
3313:.
3294:.
3288:OL
3286:.
3278:.
3268:.
3260:.
3256:.
3239:.
3233:OL
3231:.
3223:.
3213:.
3188:.
3182:OL
3180:.
3172:.
3066:.
3035:.
3022:^
3000:.
2940:.
2934:.
2907:.
2903:.
2899:.
2864:37
2862:.
2858:.
2828:.
2824:.
2820:.
2754:.
2724:.
2700:^
2661:^
2631:.
2597:^
2552:.
2548:.
2476:46
2474:.
2470:.
2412:.
2400:^
2325:30
2323:.
2319:.
2279:45
2277:.
2242:.
2236:OL
2234:.
2226:.
2218:.
2208:.
2180:^
2163:.
2092:.
2084:.
2074:12
2072:.
2068:.
2025:.
2021:.
2010:^
1993:^
1925:.
1901:^
1874:^
1859:^
1841:.
1807:^
1772:^
1726:.
1672:^
1657:^
1635:.
1561:,
1456:.
1297:.
1139:.
1119:,
1091:,
1069:.
1032:.
968:,
942::
918:c.
908:;
903:c.
897:;
892:c.
890:,
886::
826:.
775:c.
715:.
707:,
601:c.
576:,
572:.
567:c.
465:,
389:,
3610:e
3603:t
3596:v
3533:.
3475:.
3417:.
3363:.
3325::
3302:.
3264::
3247:.
3209::
3196:.
3101:.
3078:.
3051:.
3016:.
2979:.
2952:.
2919:.
2885:.
2840:.
2806:.
2770:.
2739:.
2643:.
2616:.
2591:.
2497:.
2428:.
2382:.
2346:.
2289:.
2285::
2250:.
2174:.
2148:.
2104:.
2080::
2041:.
1975:.
1945:.
1853:.
1763:.
1742:.
1718:.
1698:.
1651:.
1615:.
1307:2
1295:5
1283:1
1279:1
1275:4
1263:2
1207:)
1113:(
1026:'
1020:'
1012:(
982:'
976:'
938:(
923:(
780:(
701:'
695:'
691:'
685:'
677:(
97:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
