Sergei Korolev - Knowledge

1850: 1577:-4. On 26 May 1954, six days after being tasked to lead the R-7 ballistic missile program, Korolev submitted a proposal to use the R-7 to launch a satellite into space, naming a technical report from Tikhonravov and mentioning similar work being carried out by Americans. After receiving lukewarm support from the Soviet leadership, Korolev initiated a modest satellite research project in coordination with Tikhonravov. To intensify his lobbying efforts, Korolev, along with other like-minded engineers, began writing speculative articles for Soviet newspapers on space flight. They were picked up by the press in the United States and the CIA, influencing American authorities to start their own satellite programs. On 29 July 1955, the 2123: 2135: 1729:. The first three lunar probes launched in 1958 all failed in part because of political pressure forcing the launches to be rushed with an inadequate budget to test and develop the hardware properly before they were ready to fly. Korolev thought political infighting in Moscow was responsible for the lack of sufficient funding for the program, although the US space program at this early phase also had a scarcely enviable launch record. Once, when pressured to beat the US to a working lunar probe, Korolev allegedly exclaimed: "Do you think that only American rockets explode!?" The 2786: 2103:. Their animosity was due to the intolerable persona of both men, and their desire for leadership at any cost. The two never said a harsh word about each other either in public or in private, but toppled each other's projects in any way possible. Instead of dividing competencies and responsibilities and cooperating in order to pursue the same goal, the two struggled for leadership in the space program. According to Khrushchev, who worked for Chelomey and knew both men well, they both would have preferred the Americans to land on the Moon first rather than their rival. 1585:. While the US government debated the idea of spending millions of dollars on this concept, Korolev suggested the international prestige of launching a satellite before the United States. On 5 August, he sent another proposal with American newspaper articles about the US program attached. Three days later, the Soviet leadership approved his plan. On 30 August, Korolev met with members of the Soviet defense and scientific communities. As a result, he was allowed to use the R-7 rocket to launch satellites, and his project also gained support from the 1600:", it would be the fifth type of payload built for the R-7 missile. Despite earlier work done by Tikhonravov, much of its design, such as pressurized equipment, long-range communications systems, automated switches, and a metal construct to work in space, had little precedent. By mid-1956, Korolev had finalized the modifications to the R-7 ICBM for a satellite launch, but the project as a whole was falling behind schedule. He feared that the United States would launch a satellite before he could. This was heightened by reports of the American 2295:

secure funding and support of leadership to the cause that was only vaguely defined (space exploration), create a shared vision to sell the idea to an extended set of disparate stakeholders, create an entirely new segment of science and, finally, deliver a concrete value that defied imaginations. This genre of program management and its ability to make a profound impact, found parallels and support in the Silicon Valley of the 1990's where Korolev enjoys a cult following and remains an inspiration as the "startup CEO."

2146:. During his convalescence, it was also discovered that he was suffering from a kidney disorder, a condition brought on by his detention in the Soviet prison camps. He was warned by the doctors that if he continued to work as intensely as he had, he would not live long. Korolev became convinced that Khrushchev was only interested in the space program for its propaganda value and feared that he would cancel it entirely if the Soviets started losing their leadership to the United States, so he continued to push himself. 1125:

excellent memory with abilities in mathematics, reading and writing. His mother divorced Pavel in 1915 and in 1916 married Grigory Mikhailovich Balanin, an electrical engineer who had been educated in Germany but who had to attend the Kiev Polytechnic University because German engineering diplomas were not recognized in Russia. Grigory was an excellent step-father, positively influencing Korlev's manners and study habits. After getting a job with the regional railway, Grigory moved the family to

2612: 335: 2283: 1177:'s aviation branch in 1924 while living with his uncle Yuri, and earned money for his courses by doing odd jobs. His curriculum included engineering, physics and mathematics classes. He met and became attracted to a classmate, Xenia Vincentini, who would later become his first wife. In 1925 he was accepted into a limited class on glider construction, and suffered two broken ribs flying the training glider they built. He continued courses at Kiev until he was accepted into the 2112: 1198: 42: 1492:, with Korolev as management lead for the project. Numerous German engineers also participated in the tests. A total of 11 V-2 rockets were launched, with 5 reaching their designated targets. In September 1948 testing of the R-1 began at Kapustin Yar, where Korolev was a formal member of the "State Commission for testing the R-1". No Germans participated in these tests, which launched 9 rockets between September and November 1948. 1496: 2584: 1062: 1161: 1146: 1054: 1806:, and even had spacecraft ready to reach both. The United States was also working towards reaching these planets, so it was a race to see who would be successful. Korolev's two initial Mars probes suffered from engine failures, and the five probes the Soviet Union launched in hopes of reaching Venus all failed between 1961 and 1962, Korolev himself supervised the launches of all probes. 2095:

1958 for a different purpose and with a limited payload of about 70 tons. His philosophy was, let's not work by stages , but let's assemble everything and then try it. And at last it will work. There were several attempts and failures with Lunnik . Sending man to the moon is too complicated, too complex for such an approach. I think it was doomed from the very beginning.

2598: 3757:"In 1954 . . . because they knew a lot of Soviet journalists, they flooded the Soviet media with speculative articles on space flight .. cited a lot in the Washington Post and New York Times. July 1955, the Eisenhower administration announces they're going to launch a satellite in a couple of years, it's going to be a scientific satellite 1516:

security concerns, German specialists were not allowed knowledge or access to any Soviet missile design and in December 1948 work on the G-1 proposal was terminated. The Ministry of Defence decided to dissolve the German team in 1950 and repatriated the German engineers and their families between December 1951 and November 1953.

1289:. "Rocket Flight in Stratosphere" was published by Korolev in 1934. On 10 April 1935, Korolev's wife gave birth to their daughter, Natalya; and they moved out of Sergei's parents' home and into their own apartment in 1936. Both Korolev and his wife had careers, and Sergei always spent long hours at his design office. 1388:

was likely the cause of the lifelong animosity between the two men. The design bureau was handed over from NKVD control to the government's aviation industry commission. Korolev continued working with the bureau for another year, serving as deputy designer under Glushko and studying various rocket designs.

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simply "Chief". For those on the space program there was no authority higher. Korolev had the reputation of being a man of the highest integrity, but also of being extremely demanding. Everyone around him was on tenterhooks, afraid of making a wrong move and invoking his wrath. He was treated like a god.

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performed the world's first spacewalk. The flight very nearly ended in disaster, as Leonov was just barely able to re-enter through the airlock, and plans for further Voskhod missions were shelved. In the meantime the change of Soviet leadership with the fall of Khrushchev meant that Korolev was back

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was designed as an incremental improvement on the Vostok to meet Khruschev's goal. As a single capsule would be ineffective for proper travel to the Moon, the vehicle needed to be able to hold more people. Khrushchev ordered Korolev to launch three people on the Voskhod capsule quickly, as the United

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into space. Korolev served as capsule coordinator, and was able to speak to Gagarin who was inside the capsule. The first human in space and Earth orbit returned to Earth via a parachute after ejecting at an altitude of 7 kilometres (23,000 ft). Gagarin was followed by additional Vostok flights,

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as a payload. The entire vehicle was designed from scratch within four weeks, with no time for testing or quality checks. It was successfully launched on 3 November and Laika was placed in orbit. There was no mechanism to bring the dog back to Earth; the dog died from heat exhaustion after five hours

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Korolev returned from Germany in February 1947 and took up his duties as chief designer and Head of Department No 3 of NII-88, initially tasked with reproduction of the V-2. The Soviets were only able to obtain parts to assemble approximately a dozen V-2 rockets, so the decision was made to replicate

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In 1923 he joined the Society of Aviation and Aerial Navigation of Ukraine and the Crimea (OAVUK). He had his first flying lesson after joining the Odessa hydroplane squadron and had many opportunities to fly as a passenger. In 1924 he designed an OAVUK construction project glider called the K-5 when

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His career also contributed to instability in his personal life. About 1946, the marriage of Korolev and Vincentini began to break up. Vincentini was heavily occupied with her own career, and about this time Korolev had an affair with a younger woman named Nina Ivanovna Kotenkova, who was an English

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to allow him to breathe freely, but his jaws, injured during his time in a Gulag, had not healed properly and impeded the installation of the breathing tube. Korolev died without regaining consciousness. According to Harford, Korolev's family confirmed the cancer story. His weak heart contributed to

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The lead designer of Object PS was Mikhail S. Khomyakov, and its deputy designer was Oleg G. Ivanovskiy. It was constructed in less than a month by the Tikhonravov group, while Korolev personally managed the assembly at a hectic pace. The satellite was a simple polished metal sphere no bigger than a

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in the far east of Siberia, where he spent several months in a gold mine before word reached him of his retrial. Work camp conditions of inadequate food, shelter, and clothing killed thousands of prisoners each month. Korolev sustained injuries, including possibly a heart attack and lost most of his

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who emigrated to the USSR from France in the 1920s. He did not stand out in this group, but while so employed he also worked independently to design a glider capable of performing aerobatics. In 1930 he became interested in the possibilities of liquid-fueled rocket engines to propel airplanes, while

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Korolev studied specialized aviation topics until 1929, while living with his family in the typically crowded conditions of Moscow. Korolev enjoyed opportunities to fly gliders and powered aircraft during this part of his education. He designed a glider in 1928, and flew it in a competition the next

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Long before we met him, one man dominated much of our conversation in the early days of our training; Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, the mastermind behind the Soviet space program. He was only ever referred to by the initials of his first two names, SP, or by the mysterious title of "Chief Designer", or

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craft able to dock with other craft in orbit and exchange crews. He was directed by Khrushchev to cheaply produce more 'firsts' for the piloted program, including a multi-crewed flight. Korolev was reported to have resisted the idea as the Vostok was a one-man spacecraft and the three-man Soyuz was

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launch, Korolev was interested in getting to the Moon. He came up with the notion to modify the R-7 missile in order to carry a package to the Moon. However, it was not until 1958 that this idea was approved, after Korolev wrote a letter explaining that his current technology would make it possible

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Korolev rarely talked about his experience in the Gulag, and lived under constant fear of being executed for the military secrets he possessed. He was deeply affected by his time in the camp, becoming reserved and cautious as a result. He later learned that Glushko was one of his accusers, and this

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and only 20 percent oxygen. The capsule had an escape mechanism for problems prior to launch, and a soft-landing and ejection system during the recovery. The spacecraft was spherical, just like the Sputnik design, and Korolev explained his reasoning for this by saying "the spherical shape would be

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make the call. Because no one wanted to risk losing the prestige to the United States, Korolev's satellite launch was finally approved. In September, a second successful flight of the R-7 was made, and 6 October was established as the target date for launching PS-1, the first of the Object PS-type

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in April 1947, but faced competition from a proposal from the Germans, called the G-1. Whilst the German proposal was initially supported by Soviet management, Korolev opposed utilising German specialists for personal reasons and basically ignored their suggestions and advice. Due to political and

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His father moved to Zhytomyr to be a teacher of the Russian language. Three years after Sergei's birth the couple separated due to financial difficulties. Although Pavel later wrote to Maria requesting a meeting with his son, Sergei was told by his mother that his father had allegedly died. Sergei

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Korolev's passion for his work was a characteristic that made him a great leader. He was committed to training younger engineers to move into his space and missile projects, even while consumed with his own work. Korolev knew that students would be the future of space exploration, which is why he

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I think Russia had no chance to be ahead of the Americans under Sergei Korolev and his successor, Vasili Mishin. ... Korolev was not a scientist, not a designer: he was a brilliant manager. Korolev's problem was his mentality. His intent was to somehow use the launcher he had . It was designed in

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Under a policy initiated by Stalin and continued by his successors, the identity of Korolev was not revealed until after his death. The purported reason was to protect him from foreign agents from the United States. As a result, the Soviet people did not become aware of his accomplishments until

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The resulting Voskhod was a stripped-down vehicle from which any excess weight had been removed; although a backup retrofire engine was added, since the more powerful Voskhod rocket used to launch the craft would send it to a higher orbit than the Vostok, eliminating the possibility of a natural

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rocket program. One of the difficulties in the design of the Voskhod was the need to land it via parachute. The three-person crew could not bail out and land by parachute. So the craft would need much larger parachutes in order to land safely. Early tests with the craft resulted in some failures

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On 15 May 1960 an uncrewed prototype performed 64 orbits of Earth, but the reentry maneuver failed. On 28 July 1960, two dogs by the names of Chaika and Lishichka were launched into space, but the mission was unsuccessful when an explosion killed the dogs. However, on 19 August, the Soviet Union

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made a brief announcement about the ICBM's success, but it was largely ignored or dismissed by members of the American public and media. Because of Korolev's success with the R-7 and because the Soviet Union had successfully created the ICBM before the United States of America, he was nationally

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To add power to his request, he added a folder containing a bunch of recent articles from the American media, all properly translated, all communicating that the United States was giving priority to its own satellite program. The attached folder clinched the deal: a little over a week after the

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Korolev, ultimately, will be remembered for the new genre of science and innovation management, a program manager, an idea that was not fully understood or realized until the 1990s. Korolev, an engineer by training, was able to navigate the unpredictable and dangerous Soviet politics of Moscow,

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spacecraft was launched initially on 27 April 1958, but the satellite had a failure with the engine which caused the satellite to fall back down to Earth in separate pieces. On 15 May 1958, Sputnik 3 was successfully launched into orbit. The tape recorder that was to store the data failed after

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commenced with social unrest in the Kiev area. No one had time for the seven year old Korolev during this period and he was noted as being stubborn, persistent, and argumentative. Korolev began reading at an early age from his grandfather's newspapers, and his pre-school teacher noted he had an

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were successfully launched into space on a Vostok spacecraft and they completed eighteen orbits. Following this, the Soviet Union sent a total of six dogs into space, two in pairs, and two paired with a dummy. Unfortunately, not all the missions were successful. After gaining approval from the

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mission on 2 January 1959 was intended to impact the surface, but missed by about 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi). Nevertheless, this probe became the first to reach escape velocity and the first to go near the Moon, as well as becoming the first man-made object to orbit the Sun. A subsequent

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an impressive distance of 7,000 kilometres (4,300 mi). During the summer of 1957, the first three launches of the R-7 all failed, severely demoralizing Korolev and his colleagues. The failures also jeopardized his position and dream of using an R-7 to launch an artificial satellite in the

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Although Korolev trained as an aircraft designer, his greatest strengths proved to be in design integration, organization and strategic planning. Arrested on a false official charge as a "member of an anti-Soviet counter-revolutionary organization" (which would later be reduced to "saboteur of

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spacecraft that was intended to carry crews to LEO and to the Moon. As well, Korolev was designing the Luna series of vehicles that would soft-land on the Moon and make robotic missions to Mars and Venus. Unexpectedly, he died in January 1966, before he could see his various plans brought to

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through the decree signed by Stalin, and Ustinov appointed Korolev as chief designer of long-range missiles at Department No. 3 of NII-88. During this period Korolev demonstrated his organisation and management capabilities by organising a "Council of Chief Designers", which assisted in

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beach ball, containing batteries that powered a transmitter using four external communication antennas. Korolev moved the launch date two days early, fearing a last minute launch of its own by the United States. PS-1 was successfully launched into space on 4 October 1957 as

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in 1945; his first military decoration was the Badge of Honor, awarded in 1945 for his work on the development of rocket motors for military aircraft. On 8 September 1945, Korolev was brought to Germany along with many other experts to recover the technology of the German

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severely damaged RNII, with Director Kleymyonov and Chief Engineer Langemak arrested in November 1937, tortured, made to sign false confessions and executed in January 1938. Glushko was arrested in March 1938 and with many other leading engineers was imprisoned in the

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Short of stature, heavily built, with head sitting awkwardly on his body, with brown eyes glistening with intelligence, he was a skeptic, a cynic and a pessimist who took the gloomiest view of the future. 'We are all going to be shot and there will be no obituary'

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heavy bomber. Korolev earned his pilot's license in 1930 and explored the operational limits of the aircraft he piloted, wondering what was beyond his plane's altitude limit and how he could get there. Many believe this was the start of his interest in space.

1473:. However Korolev was overruled and was ordered to assemble what V-2s they had for flight testing, then create the R-1 using Soviet infrastructure and materials. NII-88 also incorporated 170+ German specialists – including Helmut Gröttrup and 1828:

Korolev's group was also working on ambitious programs for missions to Mars and Venus, putting a man in orbit, launching communication, spy and weather satellites, and making a soft-landing on the Moon. A radio communication center needed to be built in the

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program. In 1972, Mishin was fired and then replaced by a rival, Valentin Glushko, after all four N-1 test launches failed. By that time, the rival Americans had already made it to the Moon, and so the program was canceled by CPSU General Secretary

1120:. Korolev's mother also had a sister Anna and two brothers Yuri and Vasily. Maria Koroleva was frequently away attending Women's higher education courses in Kiev, so Sergei was often by himself and grew up a lonely child with few friends. In 1914 2572:, the divergence point of the alternate timeline was that Korolev instead survives the surgery in 1966, which leads to the Soviets landing on the moon first. Korolev then also appears in the second season, where he is portrayed by Endre Hules. 1662:—initially bored with the idea of another Korolev rocket launch—was pleased with this success after the wide recognition, and encouraged launch of a more sophisticated satellite less than a month later, in time for the 40th anniversary of the 2266:

interpreter in the Podlipki office. Vincentini, who still loved Korolev and was angry over the infidelity, divorced him in 1948. Korolev and Kotenkova were married in 1949, but he is known to have had affairs even after this second marriage.

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By 1962, Korolev's health problems were beginning to accumulate and he was suffering from numerous ailments. He had a bout of intestinal bleeding that led to him being taken to the hospital in an ambulance. In 1964 doctors diagnosed him with

1996:). The two spacecraft approached each other to 6.5 km. This was based on precise calculations already at launch and not on steering (maneuvering) of the spacecraft. During the flight, at Korolev's request, Popovich sang the Ukrainian song " 1557:

recognized by the Soviet Union, although his name was kept secret. However, despite the Soviet R-7 initial success, it experienced later failures as it was not intended to be a practical weapon. On 19 April 1957 Korolev was declared fully "

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projects including the first human Earth orbit mission by Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961. Korolev's unexpected death in 1966 interrupted implementation of his plans for a Soviet crewed Moon landing before the United States 1969 mission.

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For security reasons, the names of chief individuals in the Soviet space program became a secret. They were allowed to prepare a report detailing the design and construction of Sputnik 1, however, which was published anonymously by

2787: 1384:. Korolev was isolated from his family until 27 June 1944 when he—along with Tupolev, Glushko and others—was finally discharged by special government decree, although the charges against him were not dropped until 1957. 2158:. The mounting pressure of his workload was also taking a heavy toll, and he was suffering from a lot of fatigue. Korolev was also experiencing hearing loss, possibly from repeated exposure to loud rocket-engine tests. 1189:

year. The Communist Party accelerated the education of engineers in 1929 to meet the country's urgent need for their skills. Korolev obtained a diploma by producing a practical aircraft design by the end of the year.

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would be lower than projected and thus insufficient for Object D's specifications. Korolev sent a revised plan calling for a simpler payload of approximately 100 kilograms. It was approved on 25 January 1957 as

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Only following his death in 1966 was his identity revealed, and he received the appropriate public recognition as the driving force behind Soviet accomplishments in space exploration during and following the

1157:. He made an independent study of flight theory, and worked at the local glider club. A detachment of military seaplanes had been stationed in Odessa, and Korolev took a keen interest in their operations. 1523:

doubled the range of the V-2, and was the first design to utilize a separable warhead. This was followed by the R-3, which had a range of 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi), and thus could target England.

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Korolev and close associate Mstislav Keldysh wished to up the ante of building a second, larger satellite by proposing the idea of putting a dog on board, which sufficiently caught the interest of the

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assumed unchallenged power in 1920. Local schools were closed and young Korolev had to continue his studies at home, where he suffered from a bout of typhus during the severe food shortages of 1919.

4789: 1947:. But Russian Space Web describes this demand by Khrushchev as a legend and Challenge to Apollo says that the evidence that Khrushchev would have ordered these missions does not survive scrutiny. 1620:

Despite having achieved one successful flight of the R-7 rocket, Korolev still faced opposition from some officials to his plan of launching a satellite. In August 1957, he proposed letting the

2181:. Another version states that the operation was going well and no one was predicting any complications. Suddenly, during the operation, Korolev started to bleed. Doctors tried to provide 2169:. He entered the hospital on 5 January 1966 for somewhat routine surgery, but died nine days later. It was stated by the government that he had what turned out to be a large, cancerous 1222:

Korolev married Xenia Vincentini on 6 August 1931. He had first proposed marriage to her in 1924, but she then declined so she might continue her higher education. In 1931, Korolev and

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several years away from being able to fly. Khrushchev was not interested in technical excuses and let it be known that if Korolev could not do it, he would give the work to his rival,

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to control the spacecraft. Many of these projects were not realized in his lifetime, and none of the planetary probes performed a completely successful mission until after his death.

1469:. Initially Korolev opposed this decision as he thought it was a waste of time and they should move immediately to manufacture a more advanced version, which had been designated the 1721:

to get to the Moon. A modified version of the R-7 launch vehicle was used with a new upper stage. The engine for this final stage was the first designed to be fired in outer space.

2222:, a quite competent engineer who had served as his deputy and right-hand man. After Korolev died, Mishin became the Chief Designer, and he inherited what turned out to be a flawed 1153:

Korolev received vocational training in carpentry and academics at the Odessa Building Trades School (Stroyprofshkola No. 1). Enjoyment of a 1913 air show inspired interest in

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Nikita Khrushchev, explained in an interview some of the shortcomings he discerned in Korolev's approach, which in his opinion was why the Soviets didn't land on the Moon:

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some 200 kilometres (120 mi) from Moscow. The Germans provided a variety of support to the Soviet efforts, particularly on assembling the V-2 and creating the R-1.

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before being returned to Moscow in late 1939. When he reached Moscow, Korolev's sentence was reduced to eight years. However, due to the intervention by his old mentor,

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Stalin made rocket and missile development a national priority upon signing a decree on 13 May 1946, and a new institute called Scientific Research Institute No. 88 (

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prison to extract a confession. Glushko and Korolev had reportedly been denounced by Andrei Kostikov who became the head of RNII after its leadership was arrested.

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successfully impacted the surface on 14 September 1959, giving the Soviets another first. This was followed just one month later by an even greater success with

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spy satellite useful for photographic reconnaissance and Vostok had its defense importance acknowledged by the military. Korolev planned to move forward with

1437:. Many of the leading German rocket scientists, including Dr. von Braun himself, surrendered to Americans and were transported to the United States as part of 910: 1974:

I could not see his face, but he had a short neck and large head. He wore the collar of his dark-blue overcoat turned up and the brim of his hat pulled down.

1206: 4764: 4744: 4271: 1417:. In February 1946 the Institute Nordhausen was formed, with Korolev as Chief Engineer, Glushko as head of Engine assembly and propulsion systems and German 1313:

on 27 June 1938 after being accused of a variety of charges, including false charges extracted from Kleymyonov, Langemak and Glushko. He was tortured in the

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dive bomber. The group was moved several times during the war, the first time to avoid capture by advancing German forces. Korolev was moved in 1942 to the

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committee attempted to award Korolev but the award was turned down by Khrushchev in order to maintain harmony within the Council of Chief Designers.

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Although he had conceived of the idea as early as 1948, Korolev's planning for the piloted mission began in 1958 with design studies for the future

1277:, however in 1934, following a disagreement over the direction of RNII, Korolev was demoted to section chief of winged missiles and was replaced by 2485: 2375:

was established in 1975 in the house where Korolev lived from 1959 till 1966 (Moscow, 6th Ostankinsky Lane,2/28). In 1976 he was inducted into the

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Contains recording from the unveiling of Yuri Gagarin Statue event in London on 14 July 2011, includes Natalya Koroleva speaking about her father.

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decay of the orbit and reentry in case of primary retrorocket failure. After one uncrewed test flight, this spacecraft carried a crew of three

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After graduation, Korolev worked with some of the best Soviet designers at the 4th Experimental Section aircraft design bureau OPO-4 headed by

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circumnavigating the bureaucratic hierarchy of the Soviet missile industry. This group eventually assumed engineering control over the early

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He glanced down a list of our names and called on us in alphabetical order to introduce ourselves briefly and talk about our flying careers.

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all crashed on the Moon. It was not until after Korolev's death that the Soviet Union successfully achieved a soft landing on the Moon with

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in September 1940. These were labor camps where scientists and engineers worked on projects assigned by the Communist party leadership. The

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assassination attempts by the United States. Even some of the cosmonauts who worked with him were unaware of his last name; he only went by

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newspaper on 16 January 1966, showing a photograph of Korolev with all his medals. Korolev's ashes were interred with state honors in the

4889: 4347: 2960: 2127: 4884: 4779: 4661: 4403:"'For All Mankind': Ronald D. Moore on Season 2 Tragedies, Season 3 Hints, and the Official Reason Why Russia Beat America to the Moon" 2042:, the Soviets decided to trump them again by performing a spacewalk on the second Voskhod launch. After rapidly adding an airlock, the 1574: 903: 351: 4667: 4255: 3511: 1243: 4834: 4804: 4799: 2352: 2161:

The actual circumstances of Korolev's death remain somewhat uncertain. In December 1965, he was supposedly diagnosed with a bleeding

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was one of Korolev's students, who Korolev hired to do dissertation work before later becoming an engineer and working on the R-2.

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is the Russian word meaning "dream", and this is the name Korolev called his moon ships. Officially, the Soviet Union called them

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OKB-16 under Glushko. Korolev and Glushko designed the RD-1 kHz auxiliary rocket motor tested in an unsuccessful fast-climb

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11.01.1934. the position of deputy head of the RNII was eliminated, and instead of it the post of chief engineer was introduced.

2154:. In February he spent ten days in the hospital after a heart problem. Shortly after, he was suffering from inflammation of his 4784: 1605: 1262: 1231: 2390:

in honour of Korolev in 1996. There is now an oversized statue of Korolev located in the town square. The town is the home of

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Glushko couldn't obtain the required thrust from the R-3 engines, so the project was canceled in 1952; and Korolev joined the

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Korolev grew up in Nizhyn, under the care of his maternal grandparents Nikolay Yakovlevich Moskalenko who was a trader of the

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labour camp. Following his release he became a recognized rocket designer and the key figure in the development of the Soviet

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mother. His mother, Maria Nikolaevna Koroleva (Moskalenko/Bulanina), was a daughter of a wealthy merchant from the city of

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In April 1948 the go ahead for "scientific and experimental work" was approved, which led to the creation of the R-2. The

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The Luna missions were intended to make a successful soft landing on the Moon, but Korolev was unable to see a success.

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Korolev was keenly aware of the orbital possibilities of the rockets being designed as ICBMs, ideas that were shared by

2376: 1578: 1536: 1211: 995: 4319: 85: 4794: 4759: 4595: 4577: 4536: 4483: 4435: 3843: 3777: 3474: 1356:(CKB-29, ЦКБ-29) of the NKVD, served as Tupolev's engineering facility, and Korolev was brought here to work. During 125: 3817: 1169:

he was 17 years old. He briefly trained in gymnastics until his academic work suffered. Korolev hoped to attend the

4200: 3381: 3006:В Житомире сто лет назад появился на свет Сергей Королев. ФОТО / Культура / Журнал Житомира / Zhitomir City Journal 2315: 1825:, which was the first impact of Venus. It was not until after Korolev's death that the Soviet Union impacted Mars. 1752:. It was launched only two years after Sputnik 1, and on 7 October 1959 was the first spacecraft to photograph the 2993: 2981: 4864: 4384: 4152:"The Moon Landing through Soviet Eyes: A Q&A with Sergei Khrushchev, son of former premier Nikita Khrushchev" 2401: 2356: 2322: 1702:

satellites. Sputnik 3 left little doubt with the American government about the Soviets' pending ICBM capability.

59: 20: 92: 4819: 1582: 1042: 63: 3242:"Hybrid rocket propulsion technology for space transportation revisited - propellant solutions and challenges" 2702: 927: 183: 2055: 1332:

chose to retry Korolev on reduced charges in 1939; but by that time Korolev was on his way from prison to a

1234:(GIRD), one of the earliest state-sponsored centers for rocket development in the USSR. While there, he met 4729: 2473: 2311: 368: 74: 27: 3345:"The Space Age Turns 50 - Ideas of Space Flight from the Early 20th Century Korolev, the R-7, and Sputnik" 1129:

in 1917, where they endured hardships with many other families through the tumultuous years following the

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American announcement, on August 8, 1955, the Soviet Politburo approved a satellite project under Korolev

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future. The fourth test, completed on 21 August 1957, was finally able to deliver a dummy payload to the

1543:. This was a two-stage rocket with a maximum payload of 5.4 tons, sufficient to carry the Soviets' bulky 1109:

never saw his father after the family break-up, and Pavel died in 1929 before his son learned the truth.

1003: 2122: 4849: 4809: 2666: 2656: 2440: 1174: 1130: 967: 384: 243: 4586:"Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ignited the Space Age", – Matthew Brzezinski, 4454: 1413:

to understand and replicate the rocket technology, placing a priority on recreating the entire German

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International Space Hall of Fame :: New Mexico Museum of Space History :: Inductee Profile

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Korolev was rarely known to drink alcoholic beverages, and chose to live a fairly austere lifestyle.

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on 9 October. Korolev also began writing other articles under the pseudonym "Professor K. Sergeyev".

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Towards the latter part of Korolev's life, he had been working on projects for reaching the planets

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on the other side of the street (vulytsia Dmytrivska) from the house where Korolev was born is the

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military technology"), he was imprisoned in 1938 for almost six years, including a few months in a

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Another reason the Soviet crewed lunar program didn't succeed was the rivalry between Korolev and

4704: 2765: 2538: 2334: 2252:, Хлопнут без некролога – i.e. "we will all vanish without a trace") was his favorite expression. 2197: 2116: 1596:

The original plan for the satellite called for a sophisticated scientific laboratory. Nicknamed "

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announced the intention of the United States to launch "small Earth-circling satellites" for the

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Biography, with a few photographs, by James Harford, adapted, in part, from the author's book.

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Korolev continued to lobby for the design and construction of the R-2, including meeting with

3455:", AIR International, Bromley, Kent, U.K., November 1976, Volume 11, Number 5, pages 245–246. 2143: 1890: 1474: 1430: 1074: 931: 827: 812: 619: 607: 193: 4237: 2430: 2134: 99: 4714: 4709: 4252: 3503: 3253: 2478: 1924: 1458: 1429:

until late 1946, when 2,000+ German scientists and engineers were sent to the USSR through

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The Practical Significance of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's Proposals in the Field of Rocketry

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Quite a large number of streets exist with his name in Russia as well as in Ukraine. In

1977:"Sit down, my little eagles," he said as he strode into the room where we were waiting. 1433:. Most of the German experts, Gröttrup being an exception, had not worked directly with 1265:(RNII), which brought together the best of the Soviet rocket talent, including Korolev, 4473: 4407: 4080: 3800: 3752: 3271: 2913: 2817: 2793: 2631: 2589: 2460: 2151: 2014: 1989: 1934:

Korolev proposed communications satellites and the Vostok craft was a spinoff from the

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Korolev was sent to prison, where he wrote many appeals to the authorities, including

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The Soviet government initially had a low-key response to the success of the launch.

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The Soviet émigré Leonid Vladimirov related the following description of Korolev by

4689: 4555:. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA History Div 4187: 3714: 3261: 2897: 2780: 2756: 2651: 2603: 2533: 2330: 2287: 2240: 2174: 2162: 1939: 1901:

became the first to successfully recover living creatures back to Earth. The dogs,

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Growing military interest in this new technology caused GIRD to be merged with the

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was electrifying and tumultuous, however, which the Soviets later capitalized on.

4649: 4608:— 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL 4601: 4370: 4351: 4259: 2901: 2740: 2671: 2661: 2559: 2271: 2228: 2166: 2070: 2008: 1753: 1711: 1531:

that year to request money from the government for future projects including the

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into orbit on 12 April 1961, which was before the United States was able to put

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Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon

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later reported that he actually died due to a poorly performed operation for

2047: 2022:. Korolev accepted, on the condition that more backing would be given to his 1951: 1470: 1466: 1321: 1297: 979: 939: 930:

30 December 1906] – 14 January 1966) was the lead Soviet

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Biography, with several historic photographs provided by Natalya Koroleva.

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The first portrayal of Korolev in Soviet cinema was made in the 1972 film

2439:

A visual phenomenon iconic to a type of rocket staging event is named the

2211:. Like von Braun, Korolev had to compete continually with rivals, such as 2051:

in favor and given charge of beating the US to landing a man on the Moon.

1477: – with approximately half based at Branch 1 of NII-88 on 4520: 4511:

Mishin, Vassily P. (12 November 1991). "Why Didn't We Fly to the Moon?".

3964:"Declassified documents offer a new perspective on Yuri Gagarin's flight" 2345: 2303: 2155: 2023: 1967:

I was looking out of the window when he arrived, stepping out of a black

1880:, and be fully automated. The space suit, unlike the United States' pure 1593:

officially approved the satellite project in its decree number 149-88ss.

1532: 1448:) was created for that purpose, in the suburbs of Moscow. Development of 1301: 1223: 1121: 663: 473: 305: 19:

This article is about the Soviet aerospace engineer. For other uses, see

3745:"Sixty Years Later, Sputnik Declassifications Offer Primer in Fake News" 2509:

on Korolev's life – its premiere was from 16 April to 7 May 2011, in an

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spacecraft had six times the mass of the Sputnik 1, and carried the dog

1499:"Chief Designer" Korolev (left) with "father of the Soviet atomic bomb" 1173:

in Moscow, but he did not meet the academy's standards. He attended the

4274: 4177:] (in Russian). Moscow: Vremya. pp. 210–225, 245–291, 553–576. 3772:, Gainesville, Florida. The University of Florida Press, 2003, p. 176. 3005: 2706: 2502: 2447: 2394:, the largest space company in Russia. RSC Energia was also renamed to 2208: 2182: 2178: 2032: 1877: 1834: 1695: 1655: 1608:, Florida. Meanwhile, testing of the R-7 rocket engine showed that its 1520: 1414: 1406: 1336: 1134: 1102: 1094: 935: 875: 3289: 2886:"Historical aspects of the early Soviet/ Russian crewed space program" 1963:

Leonov recalled the first meeting between Korolev and the cosmonauts.

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A street in Moscow was named after Korolev in 1966 and is now called

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The first Soviet tests of V-2 rockets took place in October 1947 at

1246:, and on November 25, 1933, the Soviet's first liquid-fueled rocket 1061: 41: 4549:

Challenge to Apollo: the Soviet Union and the space race, 1945-1974

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government, a modified version of Korolev's R-7 was used to launch

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was recruited directly by Korolev to be the principal designer for

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On August 11, 1962, Korolyov launched the first group flight with

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and Maria Matveevna Moskalenko (née Fursa), a daughter of a local

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Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology

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and although communications failed, was the first to complete a

1561:", as the government acknowledged that his sentence was unjust. 1181:(MVTU, BMSTU) in July 1926, having the famous aircraft designer 4227:. Episode 13. 39 minutes minutes in. Washington Post Podcasts. 4034:[The first song that sounded in space was Ukrainian!]. 3707:"Sputnik remembered: The first race to space (part 1) (page 1)" 3679:"Sergei Korolev: Father of the Soviet Union's success in space" 2192: 1881: 1830: 1811: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1748: 1742: 1730: 1643: 1512: 1445: 1341: 1247: 1126: 1098: 991: 963: 560: 216: 3599: 3411:

Into that Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961–1965

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tr. "Sergey Korolev was born in Zhitomir a hundred years ago"

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until use of stronger fabric improved parachute reliability.

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more stable dynamically". Beginning with work on the Vostok,

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NASA History Division: Sputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age

2961:"Late great engineers: Sergei Korolev – designated designer" 2329:

postage stamps honoring Korolev. In addition he was made an

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Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race

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Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"

1809:

On 1 November 1962, the Soviet Union successfully launched

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Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov – The Genius of the 20th Century

4003: 3223:"Korolev, Sputnik, and The International Geophysical Year" 2929: 2927: 26:"The Chief Designer" redirects here. For the novella, see 4105: 4032:"Перша пісня, яка пролунала в космосі, була українською!" 3312: 3310: 2489: 436: 419: 4299:

These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame

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Zhzh.info (12 January 2007). Retrieved on 30 April 2011.

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States was already doing unmanned tests of the 2 person

1954:

described the authority Korolev commanded at this time.

3382:"Sergei Korolev: the rocket genius behind Yuri Gagarin" 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 2924: 2807: 4497:. Moscow: State Military Publishers (Гос. воен. изд.). 3782: 3504:"Soviet rocket research in Germany after World War II" 3307: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3102: 2975: 1690:

launch. As a result, the discovery and mapping of the

1085:). His father, Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev, was born in 1018:

Before his death he was officially identified only as

4320:"The memorial home-museum of akademician S.P.Korolev" 4201:

Sergei Korolev: the rocket genius behind Yuri Gagarin

3647: 3635: 3563: 3483: 3322: 3066: 3027: 3015: 2862: 2770: 4248: 4246: 3534:"Sputnik Biographies--Sergei P. Korolev (1906-1966)" 3114: 2579: 2373:

The memorial home-museum of akademician S.P.Korolyov

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Korolev's successor in the Soviet space program was

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Korolev sitting in the cockpit of glider "Koktebel."

3495: 3407:French, Francis; Colin Burgess; Paul Haney (2007). 3126: 2190:after his death. His obituary was published in the 2038:With the Americans planning a spacewalk with their 66:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4685:Detailed biography at Centennial of Flight website 4619:S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity 4519: 3408: 3290:"GIRD (Gruppa Isutcheniya Reaktivnovo Dvisheniya)" 4662:"Korolev, Mastermind of the Soviet Space Program" 4243: 2396:S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia 4696: 4354:. Hampstead Theatre. Retrieved on 30 April 2011. 3229:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2984:Отец, Москва Наука, 2007, accessed 18 April 2021 2481:is a fictionalized account of Korolev's career. 2058:, Korolev's staff started to design the immense 4735:Bauman Moscow State Technical University alumni 4531:. with Christine Toomey. St. Martin's Griffin. 4459:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 4434:Baker, David; Zak, Anatoly (9 September 2013). 4279: 2747:and adopted by James Harford for his biography. 2298:Among his awards, Korolev was twice honored as 2142:On 3 December 1960, Korolev suffered his first 1133:and continuing internecine struggles until the 1057:Korolev with his nanny Varvara Marchenko (1907) 157: 2270:made such an effort to communicate with them. 1927:as the first woman cosmonaut in space aboard 1658:of the accomplishment continued for decades. 1425:, as General Director. The work continued in 1023: 966:to make contact with another celestial body, 904: 151: 4765:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 4745:Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute employees 4175:Nikita Khrushchev: The Birth of a Superpower 4112: 3958: 3701: 3699: 2069:. He also was working on the design for the 4750:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members 1465:a Soviet version, which was designated the 4567: 4382: 4168: 4118: 3671: 3469:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 46. 2353:International Air & Space Hall of Fame 1819:of Mars. Later, the Soviet Union launched 1273:. Korolev was appointed deputy head under 1185:as his mentor, who was a professor there. 911: 897: 4209:, 13 March 2011, retrieved 21 March 2011. 3696: 3265: 2933:Scott and Leonov, p. 53. Harford, p. 135. 1876:. It was to hold a single passenger in a 1452:was placed under the military control of 1324:himself. Following the fall of NKVD head 126:Learn how and when to remove this message 4670:Biography by Phil Delnon dated May 1998. 4572:. David Floyd (trans.). The Dial Press. 4501: 4492: 4433: 3415:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 3331: 3239: 2453: 2281: 2133: 2121: 2110: 1919:culminating with 81 orbits completed by 1848: 1494: 1196: 1179:Bauman Moscow State Technical University 1159: 1144: 1060: 1052: 1006:, overseeing the early successes of the 946:in the 1950s and 1960s. He invented the 248:Bauman Moscow State Technical University 4545: 4471: 4452: 4437:Race for Space 1: Dawn of the Space Age 4009: 3788: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3557: 3489: 3464: 3439: 3368: 3316: 3220: 3181: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3084: 3072: 3060: 3048: 3036: 3021: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2868: 2856: 2781:[sʲɪrˈɡʲejˈpavləvʲɪtɕkərɐˈlʲɵf] 2382:The town of Kaliningrad (historic name 2351:In 1990, Korolev was inducted into the 2325:. In 1969 and 1986, the USSR issued 10 1998:Watching the sky and thinking a thought 1971:limousine. He was taller than average; 954:, and was involved in the launching of 551:Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories 4880:Ukrainian people of Belarusian descent 4740:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis 4697: 4510: 4188:Sergei Khrushchev talks to Echo Moskvy 4094: 4081:"Kosmos-47: The Final test of Voskhod" 4040:(in Russian). 12 August 1962. 1:05 min 3938:"Spaceflight mission report: Vostok 5" 3770:Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 2818:[serˈɦijˈpɑu̯lowɪtʃkoroˈlʲɔu̯] 1604:and a secret 1956 missile launch from 1263:Reactive Scientific Research Institute 1232:Group for the Study of Reactive Motion 257:Rocket engineer, lead designer of the 4383:Billington, Michael (21 April 2011). 4219:Lillian Cunningham (13 August 2019). 3970:from the original on 13 December 2020 3514:from the original on 14 February 2016 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 2816: 2779: 2425:Korolev Memorial Astronautical Museum 2277: 1391: 883:List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts 16:Soviet aerospace engineer (1907–1966) 4825:Russian people of Belarusian descent 4656:Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907–1966) 4171:Никита Хрущев: Рождение сверхдержавы 2936: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2306:winner in 1971, and was awarded the 1844: 1281:. Korolev supervised development of 1230:participated in the creation of the 64:adding citations to reliable sources 35: 4895:Ukrainian people of Russian descent 4840:Russian people of Ukrainian descent 4506:. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences. 2344:Sergei Khrushchev claimed that the 2046:was launched on 18 March 1965, and 1350:prison for scientists and engineers 934:and spacecraft designer during the 13: 4890:Ukrainian people of Polish descent 4373:. RSC. Retrieved on 30 April 2011. 4364:Cast and creatives – Little Eagles 3917:"Landing of the Vostok spacecraft" 3221:Siddiqi, Asif A. (29 March 2023). 3187: 2302:, in 1956 and 1961. He was also a 2004:) the first song from outer space. 1537:intercontinental ballistic missile 1503:(centre) and "Chief Theoretician" 1396:Korolev was commissioned into the 1214:(TsAGI) as a lead engineer on the 1212:Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute 996:Intercontinental ballistic missile 14: 4906: 4885:Ukrainian people of Greek descent 4780:Kyiv Polytechnic Institute alumni 4636: 4495:Rocket Flight in the Stratosphere 2996:Отец, page 19, Москва Наука, 2007 2874: 2464:, in which Korolev was played by 2207:as the leading architects of the 1269:, and former GDL engine designer 4835:Russian people of Polish descent 4805:Recipients of the Order of Lenin 4800:Military personnel from Zhytomyr 4301:. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. 3717:. 2 October 2017. Archived from 3240:Okninski, Adam (December 2021). 2884:West, John B. (1 October 2001). 2610: 2596: 2582: 2377:International Space Hall of Fame 2357:San Diego Air & Space Museum 2234: 2138:Korolev on a 1989 Romanian stamp 1633:, becoming the first artificial 1564: 1069:Korolev was born in the city of 333: 196:, Russian Empire (now Zhytomyr, 167: 40: 4830:Russian people of Greek descent 4427: 4395: 4376: 4357: 4338: 4312: 4291: 4265: 4231: 4212: 4193: 4181: 4162: 4149: 4143: 4102:The Soviet manned Lunar program 4073: 4052: 4024: 4015: 3982: 3952: 3930: 3909: 3888: 3862: 3836: 3810: 3794: 3737: 3526: 3501: 3458: 3445: 3400: 3374: 3337: 3282: 3233: 2999: 2994:Наталия Королева – С.П. Королев 2987: 2982:Наталия Королева – С.П. Королев 2830: 2408:on the far side of the Moon, a 2371:(Academician Korolyov Street). 2323:Academy of Sciences of the USSR 1853:Korolev (right) with cosmonaut 1694:was left to the United States' 1292: 1192: 1032:, to protect him from possible 998:program. He later directed the 51:needs additional citations for 21:Sergei Korolev (disambiguation) 4870:Soviet space program personnel 4720:20th-century Russian engineers 4456:Rockets and People Volumes 1-4 3453:Last of the Wartime Lavochkins 2750: 2726: 2695: 2321:In 1958 he was elected to the 1583:International Geophysical Year 1411:worked with German specialists 1309:. Korolev was arrested by the 1043:International Geophysical Year 1: 4785:Recipients of the Lenin Prize 4643:Episode 47 of astrotalkuk.org 4297:Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. 3990:"Voskhod: Mission impossible" 2890:Journal of Applied Physiology 2843: 2703:Eastern Slavic naming customs 2386:, Moscow region) was renamed 2115:Korolev's tomb (left) in the 1864:, before Gagarin's launch in 1740:) failed at launch, and then 1421:, who previously worked with 1105:, Greek and Polish heritage. 1048: 4755:Early spaceflight scientists 2902:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1501 2362: 2312:Order of the Badge of Honour 2077: 1337:forced labour camp in Kolyma 1285:and a crewed rocket-powered 1140: 369:Soviet crewed lunar programs 7: 4815:Russian aerospace engineers 4568:Vladimirov, Leonid (1971). 4169:Khrushchev, Sergei (2010). 4109:. Accessed: 4 October 2011. 2808: 2771: 2642:List of aerospace engineers 2575: 2501:In 2011 the British writer 2446:Aeroflot named a brand new 2402:Astronomical features named 1705: 10: 4911: 4855:Soviet aerospace engineers 4775:Heroes of Socialist Labour 4668:"Sergei Pavlovich Korolev" 4623:RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev 4621:– edited by C. A. Lopota, 3896:"Crimean space connection" 2701:In this name that follows 2667:Timeline of the Space Race 2657:Robert Ludvigovich Bartini 2404:after Korolev include the 2369:Ulitsa Akademika Korolyova 2186:his death during surgery. 2006: 1709: 1671:Soviet Academy of Sciences 1589:. On 30 January 1956, the 1587:Soviet Academy of Sciences 1175:Kiev Polytechnic Institute 1004:Soviet Academy of Sciences 579:Expendable launch vehicles 385:Human spaceflight programs 244:Kiev Polytechnic Institute 25: 18: 4679:Encyclopedia Astronautica 4478:. John Wiley & Sons. 4275:Image of 1986, 10k stamp. 4272:Image of 1969, 10k stamp. 3465:Parrish, Michael (1996). 3267:10.1016/j.fpc.2021.11.015 2809:Serhii Pavlovych Koroliov 2797: 2772:Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov 2760: 2549:in the 2017 Russian film 2536:in the 2013 Russian film 2517:, with Korolev played by 2316:Medal "For Labour Valour" 2290:on a 2007 Ukrainian stamp 2203:Korolev is comparable to 2067:liquid fuel rocket engine 1692:Van Allen radiation belts 1591:USSR Council of Ministers 1579:Eisenhower administration 1552:. The Soviet news agency 1024: 1002:and was made a Member of 970:, the first human being, 341: 329: 319: 311: 299: 291: 286: 282: 274: 264: 253: 239: 228: 205: 178: 166: 158: 152: 149: 142: 4795:Scientists from Zhytomyr 4760:Employees of RSC Energia 4676:— detailed biography at 4648:9 September 2011 at the 4502:Korolyov, S. P. (1957). 4493:Korolyov, S. P. (1934). 4385:"Little Eagles – review" 4369:25 February 2011 at the 4125:Encyclopedia Astronautix 4060:"From Vostok to Voskhod" 4021:Scott and Leonov, p. 54. 3807:, accessed 18 April 2021 2798:Сергій Павлович Корольов 2688: 2300:Hero of Socialist Labour 2106: 1354:Central Design Bureau 29 1348:, he was relocated to a 1240:hybrid propellant rocket 1155:aeronautical engineering 978:, and the first person, 924:Sergei Pavlovich Korolev 4570:The Russian Space Bluff 4472:Harford, James (1997). 4453:Chertok, Boris (2005). 2761:Сергей Павлович Королёв 2539:Gagarin: First in Space 2450:after Korolev in 2021. 2117:Kremlin Wall Necropolis 1912:Yuri Alexeevich Gagarin 1884:system, was 80 percent 1656:Political ramifications 1255:Gas Dynamics Laboratory 926:(12 January 1907 [ 270:Nina Ivanovna Kotenkova 233:Kremlin Wall Necropolis 4865:Soviet rehabilitations 4588:Henry Holt and Company 4546:Siddiqi, Asif (2000). 4286:Air and Space Magazine 3711:www.thespacereview.com 3608:, p. 36-38 Vol 2. 2492:co-produced docudrama 2291: 2260: 2250:Khlopnut bez nekrologa 2139: 2131: 2119: 2097: 1982: 1961: 1897:spaceflight vehicles. 1869: 1652:International reaction 1606:Patrick Air Force Base 1529:Soviet Communist Party 1508: 1261:in 1933 to create the 1202: 1165: 1150: 1066: 1058: 783:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky 186:30 December 1906] 182:12 January 1907 [ 4820:Russian glider pilots 4350:21 March 2011 at the 2562:, the creator of the 2454:Portrayals in fiction 2443:in honor of Korolev. 2285: 2245: 2137: 2125: 2114: 2092: 1965: 1956: 1891:Konstantin Feoktistov 1852: 1685:The instrument-laden 1498: 1475:Fritz Karl Preikschat 1431:Operation Osoaviakhim 1200: 1163: 1148: 1075:Volhynian Governorate 1064: 1056: 828:Konstantin Feoktistov 813:Alexander Kemurdzhian 312:Years of service 194:Volhynian Governorate 4345:What's On Main Stage 4258:30 June 2017 at the 4240:— 1973 (in Russian). 3801:"Sputnik-2 in orbit" 3332:Baker & Zak 2013 2545:He was portrayed by 2243:at about this time: 2173:in his abdomen, but 1925:Valentina Tereshkova 1754:far side of the Moon 1459:Soviet space program 1000:Soviet space program 818:Valentina Tereshkova 360:Soviet space program 259:Soviet space program 60:improve this article 4730:Baikonur Cosmodrome 4156:Scientific American 4119:Wade, Mark (2015). 3962:(12 October 2015). 3850:on 29 December 2016 3824:on 27 December 2016 3755:. 10 October 2017. 3632:, p. 57 Vol 2. 3258:2021FPhCh...1..260O 2745:Library of Congress 2618:Soviet Union portal 2552:The Age of Pioneers 2412:, and the asteroid 2286:Korolev (left) and 2062:in 1961, using the 1550:Kamchatka Peninsula 1439:Operation Paperclip 1236:Mikhail Tikhonravov 1025:Главный Конструктор 833:Mikhail Tikhonravov 546:Astron (spacecraft) 427:(lunar Soyuz 7K-L1) 4875:Ukrainian Cossacks 4845:Russian scientists 4725:Aviation inventors 4221:"Inside the Gulag" 4100:Lindroos, Marcus. 4012:, p. 384-385. 3768:Siddiqi, Asif A.. 3753:Fordham University 2859:, pp. 25, 94. 2632:History of rockets 2590:Spaceflight portal 2513:production at the 2505:produced the play 2474:The Chief Designer 2461:Taming of the Fire 2292: 2278:Awards and honours 2152:cardiac arrhythmia 2140: 2132: 2120: 1990:Andriyan Nikolayev 1923:and the launch of 1870: 1664:October Revolution 1509: 1450:ballistic missiles 1392:Ballistic missiles 1364:designed both the 1203: 1166: 1151: 1131:Russian Revolution 1067: 1059: 1020:Glavny Konstruktor 354:of articles on the 29:The Chief Designer 4850:Sharashka inmates 4810:Rocket scientists 4631:978-5-906674-04-3 4614:978-5-8135-0510-2 4307:978-1-57864-397-4 4262:nmspacemuseum.org 4238:Tupolev's Sharaga 4131:on 25 August 2016 3876:on 20 August 2016 3805:Russian Space Web 3508:Russian Space Web 3467:The Lesser Terror 3426:978-0-8032-1146-9 2806: 2769: 2682:Vladimir Chelomey 2564:alternate history 2532:He was played by 2515:Hampstead Theatre 2484:He was played by 2337:and received the 2310:three times, the 2213:Vladimir Chelomey 2205:Wernher von Braun 2128:1969 Soviet stamp 2101:Vladimir Chelomey 2084:Sergei Khrushchev 2002:Mykhailo Petrenko 1945:Vladimir Chelomey 1874:Vostok spacecraft 1862:Kirill Moskalenko 1845:Human spaceflight 1660:Nikita Khrushchev 1622:Central Committee 1479:Gorodomlya Island 1435:Wernher von Braun 1423:Wernher von Braun 1400:with the rank of 1207:Paul Aimé Richard 1171:Zhukovsky Academy 1073:, the capital of 968:Belka and Strelka 964:human-made object 921: 920: 848:Vladimir Chelomey 416: 345: 344: 268:Ksenia Vincentini 136: 135: 128: 110: 4902: 4583: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4554: 4542: 4516: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4380: 4374: 4361: 4355: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4326:on 13 March 2005 4322:. Archived from 4316: 4310: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4250: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4216: 4210: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4150:Das, Saswato R. 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4127:. Archived from 4116: 4110: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3940:. 11 August 2020 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3872:. Archived from 3870:"Korolev bureau" 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3846:. Archived from 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3820:. Archived from 3814: 3808: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3749:Fordham Newsroom 3741: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3726: 3721:on 24 April 2019 3715:The Space Review 3703: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3675: 3669: 3668:, p. 57-61. 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3620:, p. 61-62. 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3596:, p. 55-56. 3591: 3585: 3584:, p. 41-49. 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3560:, p. 40-41. 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3538:history.nasa.gov 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3442:, p. 11-14. 3437: 3431: 3430: 3414: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3378: 3372: 3371:, p. 10-12. 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3269: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3218: 3185: 3179: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3099:, p. 29-34. 3094: 3088: 3087:, p. 25-28. 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3063:, p. 22-23. 3058: 3052: 3051:, p. 17-19. 3046: 3040: 3034: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2963:. 6 January 2021 2957: 2934: 2931: 2922: 2921: 2896:(4): 1501–1511. 2881: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2837: 2834: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2754: 2748: 2730: 2724: 2699: 2652:Mstislav Keldysh 2620: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2604:Biography portal 2601: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2534:Mikhail Filippov 2435: 2432: 2398:in later years. 2331:Honorary Citizen 2288:Valentin Glushko 2258: 2241:Valentin Glushko 2175:Valentin Glushko 2086:, son of former 1716:Even before the 1610:specific impulse 1602:Project Vanguard 1573:then working at 1505:Mstislav Keldysh 1328:, the new chief 1271:Valentin Glushko 1228:Friedrich Zander 1027: 1026: 913: 906: 899: 843:Valentin Glushko 793:Mstislav Keldysh 788:Friedrich Zander 526:Lunokhod program 414: 347: 346: 337: 301: 212: 171: 162: 161: 160: 155: 154: 140: 139: 131: 124: 120: 117: 111: 109: 75:"Sergei Korolev" 68: 44: 36: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4860:Soviet colonels 4770:Gulag detainees 4695: 4694: 4650:Wayback Machine 4639: 4580: 4558: 4556: 4552: 4539: 4513:JPRS-Usp-91-006 4486: 4462: 4460: 4443: 4441: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4414: 4412: 4411:. 23 April 2021 4401: 4400: 4396: 4381: 4377: 4371:Wayback Machine 4362: 4358: 4352:Wayback Machine 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4296: 4292: 4288:airspacemag.com 4284: 4280: 4270: 4266: 4260:Wayback Machine 4251: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4199:McKie, Robin, " 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4167: 4163: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4117: 4113: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3877: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3853: 3851: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3767: 3763: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3724: 3722: 3705: 3704: 3697: 3687: 3685: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3389: 3388:. 13 March 2011 3380: 3379: 3375: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3238: 3234: 3219: 3188: 3180: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3043: 3035: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2937: 2932: 2925: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2825: 2813: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2755: 2751: 2741:transliteration 2731: 2727: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2672:Yuri Kondratyuk 2662:Soviet rocketry 2616: 2611: 2609: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2569:For All Mankind 2560:Ronald D. Moore 2471:The 2001 story 2456: 2427: 2365: 2280: 2272:Arkady Ostashev 2259: 2256: 2237: 2229:Leonid Brezhnev 2167:large intestine 2109: 2080: 2011: 2009:Voskhod program 1847: 1714: 1712:Soviet Moonshot 1708: 1666:on 3 November. 1567: 1539:(ICBM) was the 1454:Dmitriy Ustinov 1419:Helmut Gröttrup 1394: 1382:Lavochkin La-7R 1368:bomber and the 1295: 1283:cruise missiles 1279:Georgy Langemak 1275:Ivan Kleymyonov 1267:Georgy Langemak 1210:working at the 1195: 1164:Korolev in 1927 1149:Korolev in 1925 1143: 1065:Korolev in 1912 1051: 1038:Chief Designer. 982:, to conduct a 932:rocket engineer 917: 888: 887: 878: 868: 867: 778: 777:Notable figures 770: 769: 581: 571: 570: 541:Marsnik program 481:Sputnik program 476: 466: 465: 387: 287:Military career 269: 246: 224: 214: 210: 209:14 January 1966 201: 187: 174: 173:Korolev in 1934 159:Сергій Корольов 156: 150: 145: 132: 121: 115: 112: 69: 67: 57: 45: 34: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4908: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4705:Sergei Korolev 4693: 4692: 4690:Family history 4687: 4682: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4638: 4637:External links 4635: 4634: 4633: 4616: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4565: 4543: 4537: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4484: 4469: 4450: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4394: 4375: 4356: 4337: 4311: 4290: 4278: 4264: 4242: 4230: 4211: 4192: 4180: 4161: 4142: 4111: 4093: 4072: 4051: 4023: 4014: 4002: 3981: 3951: 3929: 3908: 3887: 3861: 3835: 3809: 3793: 3791:, p. 151. 3781: 3761: 3736: 3695: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3525: 3502:Zak, Anatoly. 3494: 3482: 3475: 3457: 3444: 3432: 3425: 3399: 3373: 3361: 3336: 3321: 3319:, p. 7-8. 3306: 3281: 3252:(4): 260–271. 3232: 3186: 3125: 3113: 3111:, p. 122. 3101: 3089: 3077: 3065: 3053: 3041: 3026: 3014: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2935: 2923: 2873: 2871:, p. xvi. 2861: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2749: 2725: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2677:Mikhail Yangel 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2627:Hermann Oberth 2623: 2622: 2621: 2607: 2593: 2577: 2574: 2547:Vladimir Ilyin 2519:Darrel D'Silva 2486:Steve Nicolson 2455: 2452: 2410:crater on Mars 2406:crater Korolev 2364: 2361: 2308:Order of Lenin 2279: 2276: 2254: 2236: 2233: 2108: 2105: 2088:Soviet Premier 2079: 2076: 2040:Gemini program 2007:Main article: 1994:Pavel Popovich 1986:Vostok 3 and 4 1846: 1843: 1737:Luna E-1A No.1 1710:Main article: 1707: 1704: 1637:of the Earth. 1566: 1563: 1507:(right), 1956 1501:Igor Kurchatov 1409:. The Soviets 1393: 1390: 1370:Petlyakov Pe-2 1346:Andrei Tupolev 1330:Lavrenti Beria 1326:Nikolai Yezhov 1294: 1291: 1194: 1191: 1183:Andrei Tupolev 1142: 1139: 1093:soldier and a 1079:Russian Empire 1050: 1047: 1030:Chief Designer 974:, into space, 919: 918: 916: 915: 908: 901: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 879: 874: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 838:Mikhail Yangel 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 798:Sergei Korolev 795: 790: 785: 779: 776: 775: 772: 771: 768: 767: 766: 765: 760: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 733: 723: 718: 713: 708: 707: 706: 701: 696: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 660: 659: 654: 649: 644: 634: 629: 628: 627: 617: 616: 615: 605: 604: 603: 593: 588: 582: 577: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 536:Phobos program 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 477: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 454: 445: 440: 434: 433:(Moon landing) 428: 422: 417: 409: 404: 399: 394: 388: 383: 382: 379: 378: 377: 376: 371: 363: 362: 356: 355: 343: 342: 339: 338: 331: 327: 326: 321: 317: 316: 313: 309: 308: 303: 297: 296: 293: 289: 288: 284: 283: 280: 279: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 255: 251: 250: 241: 237: 236: 230: 226: 225: 223:, Soviet Union 215: 213:(aged 59) 207: 203: 202: 188: 180: 176: 175: 172: 164: 163: 153:Сергей Королёв 147: 146: 144:Sergei Korolev 143: 134: 133: 48: 46: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4907: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4602:A.I. Ostashev 4600: 4597: 4596:0-8050-8858-X 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4579:0-85468-023-3 4575: 4571: 4566: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4538:0-312-30866-3 4534: 4530: 4526: 4525:Alexei Leonov 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4485:0-471-14853-9 4481: 4477: 4476: 4470: 4458: 4457: 4451: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4410: 4409: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4249: 4247: 4239: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4190:(in Russian). 4189: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4082: 4076: 4061: 4055: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4018: 4011: 4006: 3991: 3985: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3955: 3939: 3933: 3918: 3912: 3897: 3891: 3875: 3871: 3865: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3790: 3785: 3779: 3778:0-8130-2627-X 3775: 3771: 3765: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3733: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3656:, p. 82. 3655: 3650: 3644:, p. 63. 3643: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3590: 3583: 3578: 3572:, p. 47. 3571: 3566: 3559: 3554: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3492:, p. 16. 3491: 3486: 3478: 3476:0-275-95113-8 3472: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3412: 3403: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3122: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3075:, p. 25. 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3045: 3039:, p. 19. 3038: 3033: 3031: 3024:, p. 16. 3023: 3018: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2983: 2978: 2962: 2956: 2954: 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