1196:
1188:
701:
2633:
574:
975:. Calls to immediately "indigenize" the bureaucracy were resisted, and the government retained foreign expatriates working in the bureaucracy until suitably qualified locals could be found to replace them. Khama and his people also drew on international advisers and consultants. Mining companies were encouraged to search the country for more resources, leading to the discovery of additional copper,
1653:
pointed out to the
Cabinet in 1949, the 'demand for this transfer might become more insistent if we disregard the Union government's views'. He went on, 'indeed, we cannot exclude the possibility of an armed incursion into the Bechuanaland Protectorate from the Union if Serestse were to be recognised
994:
between
Botswana and South Africa was renegotiated in 1969, with the government of Botswana securing for itself a greater share of the mining revenue. In 1975, after it had become clear how productive these mines were, the government again renegotiated the diamond mining agreement to guarantee itself
897:
At the time of its independence in 1966, Botswana was the world's third-poorest country, poorer than most other
African countries. Its infrastructure was minimal, with only 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) of paved roads; and few of its people had formal education, with only 22 university graduates and 100
1131:
elections. In
Botswana, candidates for the National Assembly declare whom they endorse for president when they lodge their nomination papers, and the presidential candidate with a majority of endorsements is automatically elected. He governed with very large majorities for his entire tenure, never
1724:
Since, in their opinion, friendly and co-operative relations with South Africa and
Rhodesia were essential to the well-being of the Bamangwato Tribe and the whole of the Protectorate, Serestse, who enjoyed neither, could not be deemed fit to rule. They concluded: 'We have no hesitation in finding
837:
In 1956, both Khama and his wife were allowed to return to
Bechuanaland as private citizens, after he had renounced the tribal throne. Khama began an unsuccessful stint as a cattle rancher. He became involved in local politics, being elected to the tribal council in 1957 as its secretary. In the
2509:"If you bring this white woman, the tribe will scatter and you will be the Chief only of the bare poles in the market places." So spoke Bathoen, a sub-chief, who, like my uncle, Tshekedi, believed that I should forfeit my position as Chief-Designate rather than bring a white queen to our land.
51:
458:, their king. The name Seretse means "the clay that binds". He was named this to celebrate the recent reconciliation of his father and grandfather; this reconciliation assured Seretse's own ascension to the throne with his aged father's death in 1925. At the age of 4, Seretse became
1611:'s Nationalist Government was playing up the theme of the protectorates, and that it was within the Union's power to apply economic sanctions at any time. (The latest available figures show that more than half the cattle exported from Bechuanaland go to the Union ...)
810:, "but for his unfortunate marriage", which prevented good relations with neighbouring apartheid regimes. The government ordered that the report be suppressed (it would remain so for thirty years) and exiled Khama and his wife from Bechuanaland in 1951.
782:, could not afford to lose cheap South African gold and uranium supplies. They also feared that South Africa might take more direct action against Bechuanaland, either economic sanctions or a military incursion. London based Black civil rights leader
417:
gained independence and Khama was elected as its first president. During his presidency, the country underwent rapid economic and social progress. Khama served as
President until his death in 1980, and was succeeded in office by
562:, travelling with her new husband, proved similarly popular. Admitting defeat, Tshekedi Khama left the Bamangwato reserve for voluntary exile in the Bakwena reserve while Khama returned to London to complete his studies.
805:
The
British government conducted a judicial enquiry into Khama's fitness for the chieftainship. The investigation did not disapprove of interracial marriage as such and reported that he was eminently fit to rule the
2176:
2158:
2021:
1046:, gaining prices far above world levels. Khama also spearheaded a national fundraising campaign to build Botswana's first institute of higher education, which resulted in the establishment of the
1076:
Due to Khama's dedication to development, very little was spent on defence, and a small military police force was initially formed in place of an army. However, following repeated incursions by
1042:
as the sole seller of beef in the country, setting prices and selling beef to regional and international markets. With Khama's direct intervention, it negotiated a lucrative trade deal with the
826:, the minister responsible for the decision. A deputation of six Bamangwato travelled to London to see the exiled Khama and Lord Salisbury, in an echo of the 1895 deputation of three Batswana
798:
on the decision by the Labour government to banish
Seretse Khama from his homeland, while withholding recognition of him as the Chief of the Bamangwato people, because he had married
2754:
2719:
1096:
The Khama government had authority to do so by virtue of the 1963 Prevention of
Violence Abroad act, and a week after independence, Sir Seretse Khama announced before the
834:, but met with no success. However, when ordered by the British High Commission to find a suitable candidate to replace Khama, the Bamangwato rebuffed the order.
2714:
1113:
743:
However, the international ramifications of his marriage were not so easily resolved. Having banned interracial marriage in 1949 under the apartheid system,
2264:
1140:
For a number of years leading up to his death, Khama's health deteriorated. He suffered from heart and kidney ailments. In 1960 he had been diagnosed with
667:
2744:
2521:
747:'s government opposed having an interracial couple ruling just across their northern border. The couple was banned from entering South Africa, including
56:
40:
2621:
1725:
that, but for his unfortunate marriage, his prospects as Chief are as bright as those of any native in Africa with whom we have come into contact'.
823:
2180:
2162:
1891:
725:
2739:
1650:
1288:
2599:
1163:
Khama died in his sleep on 13 July 1980 in the presence of his wife in Botswana. Following his death, Khama was succeeded by Vice President
786:, who served as the Joint Secretary of the Seretse Khama Fighting Committee, wrote a letter defending Khama which was then published in the
36:
1261:
as Ruth Williams. Furthermore, it has also been suggested that Sir Seretse's relationship with Lady Khama influenced the writers of the
2769:
2734:
2025:
1467:
1373:
1796:
with especial force: ... "For the nation's good, Lord Salisbury's first deed as Commonwealth Relations Secretary should be his last."
399:
1092:
front, Khama was careful politically and did not allow militant groups to operate from within Botswana. According to Richard Dale,
2724:
1982:
Acemoglu, D., S. Johnson and J.A. Robinson. 2003. “An African Success Story: Botswana.” Chapter 4 in 14 in D. Rodrik (Ed.). 2003.
2764:
2749:
2729:
2558:
1233:
1199:
693:
121:
1485:
2689:
818:
The British government's decision concerning Khama immediately proved controversial, both in Britain and Bechuanaland. Several
1699:
1649:
Under the provisions of the South Africa Act of 1909, the Union laid claim to the neighbouring tribal territories and, as the
1624:
2502:
2392:
1537:
924:, the bane of so many other newly independent African nations. Unlike other countries in Africa, his administration adopted
2614:
901:
Khama set out on a vigorous economic programme intended to transform the nation into an export-based economy, built around
718:
680:
2637:
1875:
616:
611:
70:
535:(racial segregation), and the tribal elders of the Bamangwato, who were angered he had not chosen one of their women.
2759:
2464:
2441:
2418:
2290:
2222:
480:
1195:
853:. His exile gave him an increased credibility with an independence-minded electorate, and the BDP swept aside its
1187:
1100:
his government’s policy to insure that Botswana would not become a base of operations for attacking any neighbour.
2694:
2607:
1267:
1062:
986:
Between 1960 and 1980 Botswana had the fastest-growing economy in the world. This growth was primarily driven by
1219:
1128:
1124:
1120:
711:
631:
626:
621:
1957:
1018:
system, resulting in further economic development. In particular, the government invested in other sources of
2629:
1737:
850:
1156:
for medical treatment. In June 1980, while receiving treatment in London, Khama was diagnosed with terminal
1097:
2709:
1176:
1077:
1043:
886:
843:
819:
2411:
We Shall Not Fail: Values In The National Leadership Of Seretse Khama, Nelson Mandela And Julius Nyerere
2315:
1895:
869:, Khama continued to push for Botswana's independence while based in the newly established capital of
2238:
1081:
1054:
752:
606:
439:
410:
375:
247:
198:
1039:
878:
764:
406:
387:
1808:
1668:
842:, he was recognised for his services as tribal secretary by his appointment as an Officer of the
496:
488:
394:
and which led to a controversy resulting in the British government making him stay in England in
352:
319:
314:
2494:
2485:
2053:
1293:
1085:
1047:
874:
748:
2133:
1471:
2581:
1826:
1608:
839:
528:
360:
1321:
767:
immediately tried to exert pressure on the UK to have Khama removed from his chieftainship.
2704:
2699:
2214:
929:
921:
524:
520:
371:
1399:
8:
1415:
799:
787:
559:
516:
383:
259:
2359:
2320:
2115:
2107:
1997:"Botswana facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Botswana"
1579:
1105:
1070:
1003:
914:
657:
2668:
2498:
2460:
2437:
2414:
2388:
2351:
2218:
2119:
2099:
1871:
1864:
1571:
1419:
1334:
1276:
1223:
1157:
953:
775:
348:
293:
2091:
1711:
1636:
1442:
1411:
1253:, told the story of the controversies that surrounded Khama's marriage. It starred
1241:
1172:
941:
795:
492:
435:
382:
and then in the United Kingdom. While in Britain, he married an Englishwoman named
1996:
1913:
2382:
1785:
1602:
1104:
Shortly before his death, Khama played major roles in negotiating the end of the
1019:
791:
771:
1296:. Mma Ramotswe, the series' protagonist, greatly admires him, compares him with
409:
and the transition from British rule into an independent nation. He founded the
1300:
and very much regrets the fact of his not being so well known internationally.
1297:
1280:
1089:
1027:
1007:
996:
964:
960:
in the midst of a region embroiled in civil war, racial enmity and corruption.
925:
877:, and on 30 September 1966, Botswana gained its independence. As prescribed by
862:
858:
831:
783:
539:
473:
465:
25:
2095:
2683:
2537:
2433:
2355:
2103:
1792:
1575:
1423:
1272:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1066:
1023:
991:
662:
451:
990:, and the government acted to gain a greater percentage of its revenue. The
2658:
2653:
2591:
1707:
1632:
1215:
1168:
1164:
1145:
882:
866:
779:
756:
744:
700:
500:
484:
419:
391:
379:
367:
142:
113:
1607:
The British government knew well enough, throughout the dispute, that the
2529:
2206:
1745:
1512:
1250:
1246:
1011:
972:
968:
957:
949:
2363:
2335:
1583:
1119:
Khama was reelected three times by virtue of the BDP easily winning the
1053:
The Botswana Development Corporation was established in 1970 to attract
1443:"IFES Election Guide | Elections: Botswana Parliamentary Election 2009"
1031:
945:
937:
807:
447:
443:
306:
2111:
2079:
1160:. He returned home after it was determined that no cure was possible.
552:(public meetings), he was reaffirmed by the elders in his role as the
495:
in 1944. He travelled to the United Kingdom and studied for a year at
2663:
1932:
1236:, Botswana's main airport, was named after Khama and opened in 1984.
1211:
1149:
1015:
854:
543:
532:
504:
455:
423:
332:
288:
2522:
Penguin Books – A piece by Susan Williams, author of
2449:
50:
2632:
2473:. Connah's Quay, Flintshire, Wales, GB: I & D Books/ the author
1203:
1141:
1109:
870:
414:
356:
237:
214:
2430:
A Marriage of Inconvenience: Persecution of Ruth and Seretse Khama
2205:
1984:
In Search of Prosperity: Analytical Narratives on Economic Growth.
1022:. The cattle industry was heavily subsidised, with the government
2239:"Botswana's Khama steps down as president after a decade at helm"
1842:
1840:
1167:. Forty thousand people paid their respects to Khama as his body
1058:
1035:
967:
was transformed into an efficient and relatively corruption-free
910:
573:
2080:"Botswana Votes: Parties and Elections in an African Democracy"
1227:
1191:
The first Daimler limousine used by President Sir Seretse Khama
1153:
987:
976:
906:
760:
548:
546:
of the marriage. Khama did return to Serowe. After a series of
469:
226:
194:
2187:
1837:
1171:
in Gaborone. He was buried in the Royal Cemetery on a hill in
2381:
Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012).
933:
554:
460:
395:
1088:
was formed in 1977 as a small professional military. On the
881:, Khama became its first President. Ten days prior to this,
1486:"Botswana issues arrest warrant for ex-President Ian Khama"
1374:"Seretse Khama Centenary: A profile of our first president"
980:
902:
426:, served as Botswana's fourth president from 2008 to 2018.
1958:"Mmegi Online :: A glimpse of Seretse Khama's legacy"
2316:"Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies"
738:
2755:
Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo
2134:"President Seretse Khama | South African History Online"
1538:"We pay homage to Botswana Presidents – past to present"
1335:"Sir Seretse Khama | president of Botswana | Britannica"
1222:
he won a landslide victory. That year, his younger son,
378:, he was educated abroad in the neighbouring country of
2524:
Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation
2486:"Chapter 22 – An African Abdication – by Seretse Khama"
2054:"Biography of the African Statesman: Sir Seretse Khama"
1892:"Economic Freedom, Not More Aid, will Transform Africa"
1768:
Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation
751:, which then operated as the administrative capital of
2387:. Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press USA.
1846:
995:
50% of the revenues. By the mid-1970s, Botswana had a
1654:
forthwith, while feeling on the subject is inflamed'.
1562:
Benson, Mary (1976). "Tshekedi Khama as I Knew Him".
1114:
Southern African Development Co-ordination Conference
2720:
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
849:
In 1961, Khama returned to politics by founding the
413:
in 1962 and became Prime Minister in 1965. In 1966,
2291:"How accurate is David Oyelowo's A United Kingdom?"
2177:"The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search"
2159:"The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search"
1782:
Ruth and Seretse: "A Very Disreputable Transaction"
1599:
Ruth and Seretse: 'A Very Disreputable Transaction'
2484:
2040:Botswana's Search for Autonomy in Southern Africa.
1986:Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 80–119.
1863:
2476:Parsons, N., Henderson, W. & Tlou, T. (1995)
1738:"Sir Seretse Khama – first President of Botswana"
1517:University of Botswana History Department website
538:On being informed of the marriage, Khama's uncle
363:, a post he held from 1966 to his death in 1980.
2681:
1914:"Botswana and Zimbabwe: A Tale of Two Countries"
2482:
2380:
2193:
1108:and the resulting creation and independence of
1038:, and cattle fence construction. It set up the
523:. After a year of courtship, they married. The
1911:
1317:
1315:
1313:
794:, a British Labour MP, forced a debate in the
2615:
2344:Mosaic: An Interdisciplinary Critical Journal
2022:"Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archive Search"
1790:Some sections of the press attacked him, the
1700:"The 'Unfortunate Marriage' of Seretse Khama"
1651:Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
1625:"The 'Unfortunate Marriage' of Seretse Khama"
1324:. Chapter 4, Part I, Constitution of Botswana
1144:. In 1976, he underwent a heart operation in
719:
2715:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
1861:
542:demanded his return to Bechuanaland and the
2209:; Parsons, Neil; Henderson, Willie (1995).
1468:"The Presidency – Republic of South Africa"
1310:
1230:North West. Ian Khama left office in 2018.
1030:and building two more, heavily subsidising
889:, appointing him a Knight Commander (KBE).
861:rivals to dominate the 1965 elections. As
778:-led government, then heavily in debt from
2745:Botswana expatriates in the United Kingdom
2622:
2608:
1780:Redfern, John (1955). "The mean marquis".
726:
712:
429:
405:After the end of his exile, Khama led his
49:
2288:
2265:"Sir Seretse Khama International Airport"
1397:
920:Khama instituted strong measures against
479:After being educated in his youth at the
355:(1 July 1921 – 13 July 1980) was a
134:3 March 1965 – 30 September 1966
83:30 September 1966 – 13 July 1980
2427:
2333:
2077:
1894:. Fraser Institute. 2002. Archived from
1825:
1815:(Supplement). 2 June 1961. p. 4164.
1807:
1682:
1666:"Letters to the Editor: Seretse Khama".
1400:"Seretse Khama: A Personal Appreciation"
1226:, was elected as a parliamentarian from
1218:as the fourth president of Botswana; in
1210:Twenty-eight years after Khama's death,
1194:
1186:
873:. A 1965 constitution delineated a new
755:. Since Bechuanaland was then a British
503:in London in 1946, to study to become a
2408:
1907:
1905:
1779:
1596:
1234:Sir Seretse Khama International Airport
1200:Sir Seretse Khama International Airport
1132:facing more than seven opposition MPs.
16:First President of Botswana (1921–1980)
2682:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1561:
1371:
1152:. From then on, he frequently flew to
1006:to heavily invest in the expansion of
739:Impact on U.K.-South African relations
581:This article is part of a series about
2603:
2530:University of Botswana History Dept:
2084:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1950:
1697:
1622:
813:
510:
442:. He was the son of Queen Tebogo and
2740:Botswana expatriates in South Africa
2269:Civil Aviation Authority of Botswana
1933:"An African Success Story: Botswana"
1902:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1416:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a098278
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
527:sparked a furore, alarming both the
345:Sir Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama
2314:Brozan, Nadine (16 February 2006),
2289:Fullerton, Huw (25 November 2016).
2042:Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995: 50
1920:
1833:. 23 September 1966. p. 10295.
1704:The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003
1629:The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003
1597:Redfern, John (1955). "An appeal".
1510:
359:politician who served as the first
13:
2402:
2338:The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency
1398:Henderson, Willie (January 1990).
1289:The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency
1286:Khama is frequently referenced in
822:made calls for the resignation of
434:Seretse Khama was born in 1921 in
14:
2781:
2770:20th-century presidents in Africa
2735:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
2515:
2051:
1430:
1352:
491:there, graduating with a general
481:Tiger Kloof Educational Institute
2631:
2483:Murdock Larsson, Clotye (1965).
1322:The President and Vice President
932:. Khama promised low and stable
699:
572:
182:Seretse Goitsebeng Maphiri Khama
2725:Botswana independence activists
2384:Dictionary of African Biography
2327:
2308:
2282:
2257:
2231:
2199:
2169:
2151:
2126:
2071:
2045:
2032:
2014:
1989:
1976:
1884:
1855:
1819:
1801:
1773:
1760:
1730:
1691:
1676:
1659:
1616:
1590:
1555:
407:country's independence movement
268:
2765:Nansen Refugee Award laureates
2750:Deaths from cancer in Botswana
2730:University of Fort Hare alumni
2491:Marriage across the Color Line
2374:
2336:"Detecting Outside History in
2211:Seretse Khama, 1921–1980
1912:Marian L. Tupy (14 May 2008).
1530:
1504:
1478:
1460:
1391:
1327:
1069:was introduced, replacing the
1050:in 1982, after Khama's death.
885:had promoted Khama within the
531:, which had established legal
122:Prime Minister of Bechuanaland
1:
2690:Deaths from pancreatic cancer
1303:
944:. He maintained low marginal
892:
851:Bechuanaland Democratic Party
446:, the paramount chief of the
2493:. Johnson Pub. Co. pp.
1847:James Haskins, Jim Haskins.
1742:BBC – Radio 4 Making History
1372:Ramsay, Jeff (1 July 2021).
1268:Guess Who's Coming to Dinner
898:secondary school graduates.
489:Fort Hare University College
400:U.K.-South African relations
386:, a decision opposed by the
7:
2194:Akyeampong & Gates 2012
2078:Polhemus, James H. (1983).
1685:A Marriage of Inconvenience
1672:. 18 March 1950. p. 6.
1044:European Economic Community
887:Order of the British Empire
844:Order of the British Empire
10:
2786:
2559:Prime Minister of Botswana
2471:The Shadow of a Great Rock
2428:Dutfield, Michael (1990).
1683:Dutfield, Michael (1990).
1564:Botswana Notes and Records
1112:, and the creation of the
1073:as the national currency.
952:and corruption. He upheld
2644:
2588:
2579:
2576:Himself as Prime Minister
2573:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2409:Mungazi, Dickson (2004).
2217:Boleswa. pp. 391–2.
2096:10.1017/S0022278X00023491
1220:the 2009 general election
1182:
440:Bechuanaland Protectorate
411:Botswana Democratic Party
388:white-minority government
366:Born into an influential
338:
328:
305:
278:
253:
248:Botswana Democratic Party
243:
233:
221:
204:
199:Bechuanaland Protectorate
177:
172:
168:
158:
148:
138:
127:
119:
107:
103:Himself as Prime Minister
97:
87:
76:
68:
64:
48:
23:
2760:20th-century politicians
2334:Counihan, Clare (2011).
2058:Africanhistory.about.com
1135:
1040:Botswana Meat Commission
915:Orapa's diamond deposits
913:. The 1967 discovery of
765:South African government
515:In June 1947, Khama met
2532:Seretse Khama 1921–1980
2455:Williams, Susan. 2006.
1766:Williams, Susan, 2006,
1669:The Manchester Guardian
497:Balliol College, Oxford
464:(king), with his uncle
438:, in what was then the
430:Childhood and education
320:Balliol College, Oxford
315:University of Fort Hare
2695:Presidents of Botswana
2638:Presidents of Botswana
2413:. Africa World Press.
1866:The Shackled Continent
1687:. London: Unwin Hyman.
1294:Alexander McCall Smith
1207:
1192:
1102:
1086:Botswana Defence Force
1048:University of Botswana
917:aided this programme.
519:, an English clerk at
454:, and the grandson of
2582:President of Botswana
2450:film of the same name
1862:Robert Guest (2004).
1698:Rider, Clare (2003).
1623:Rider, Clare (2003).
1447:www.electionguide.org
1198:
1190:
1094:
1057:in crop agriculture,
936:to mining companies,
840:1961 Birthday Honours
694:International Airport
639:President of Botswana
529:Union of South Africa
499:. He next joined the
370:of what was then the
361:President of Botswana
71:President of Botswana
2568:Himself as President
2469:Seager, Alan. 2005.
2138:www.sahistory.org.za
1002:The government used
930:economic development
926:free-market-friendly
879:the new constitution
790:. On 28 March 1950,
525:interracial marriage
372:British protectorate
164:Himself as President
154:Position established
2538:Royalty in Botswana
2183:on 24 January 2016.
2165:on 24 January 2016.
2028:on 2 November 2015.
1513:"Sir Seretse Khama"
1106:Rhodesian civil war
1026:the country's lone
971:with workers hired
928:policies to foster
875:Botswana government
788:Manchester Guardian
645:1965-1966,1966-1980
560:Ruth Williams Khama
260:Ruth Williams Khama
55:Sir Seretse Khama,
2710:People from Serowe
2546:Political offices
2321:The New York Times
2295:www.radiotimes.com
1831:The London Gazette
1813:The London Gazette
1339:www.britannica.com
1208:
1193:
1071:South African rand
1055:foreign investment
820:British newspapers
814:Return to politics
658:Orapa diamond mine
511:Marriage and exile
398:so as to not sour
2677:
2676:
2669:Mokgweetsi Masisi
2598:
2597:
2589:Succeeded by
2566:Succeeded by
2504:978-0-87485-014-7
2394:978-0-19-538207-5
2052:Boddy, Alistair.
1937:Economics.mit.edu
1277:Katharine Hepburn
1224:Tshekedi Khama II
1158:pancreatic cancer
1098:National Assembly
954:liberal democracy
942:personal freedoms
938:liberalized trade
736:
735:
648:
612:1961 Bechuanaland
599:
598:
521:Lloyd's of London
487:, Khama attended
342:
341:
294:Tshekedi Khama II
59:, in January 1970
2777:
2636:
2635:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2574:Preceded by
2551:Preceded by
2543:
2542:
2511:
2488:
2447:
2424:
2398:
2368:
2367:
2331:
2325:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2213:. Braamfontein:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2179:. Archived from
2173:
2167:
2166:
2161:. Archived from
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:. Archived from
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:Encyclopedia.com
1993:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1929:
1918:
1917:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1898:on 20 July 2009.
1888:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1710:. Archived from
1695:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1635:. Archived from
1620:
1614:
1613:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1492:. 2 January 2023
1482:
1476:
1475:
1474:on 20 July 2009.
1470:. Archived from
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1369:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1271:, which starred
1242:A United Kingdom
1177:Central District
1063:secondary sector
940:, and increased
796:House of Commons
728:
721:
714:
703:
642:
595:
594:
593:
591:
583:
582:
576:
569:
568:
565:
564:
444:Sekgoma Khama II
285:Jacqueline Khama
272:
270:
225:Royal Cemetery,
211:
191:
189:
173:Personal details
161:
151:
132:
110:
100:
90:
81:
53:
43:
21:
20:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2640:
2630:
2628:
2594:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2518:
2505:
2444:
2421:
2405:
2403:Further reading
2395:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2332:
2328:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2245:. 31 March 2018
2237:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2050:
2046:
2038:Dale, Richard.
2037:
2033:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1964:. 26 April 2007
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1910:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1870:. Smithsonian.
1860:
1856:
1845:
1838:
1824:
1820:
1806:
1802:
1788:. p. 189.
1786:Victor Gollancz
1778:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1717:
1715:
1714:on 19 July 2006
1696:
1692:
1681:
1677:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1642:
1640:
1639:on 19 July 2006
1621:
1617:
1605:. p. 221.
1603:Victor Gollancz
1595:
1591:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1511:Parsons, Neil.
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1404:African Affairs
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1249:and written by
1185:
1138:
1065:. In 1976, the
1020:economic growth
948:rates to deter
895:
816:
792:Fenner Brockway
772:Attlee ministry
741:
732:
698:
685:
672:
649:
647:
636:
589:
587:
586:
585:
584:
580:
579:
513:
432:
324:
301:
274:
271: 1948)
266:
262:
244:Political party
213:
209:
193:
187:
185:
184:
183:
159:
149:
133:
128:
108:
98:
88:
82:
77:
60:
44:
35:
33:
30:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2527:
2517:
2516:External links
2514:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2459:. Allen Lane.
2453:
2448:From the 1990
2442:
2425:
2419:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2350:(2): 101–118.
2326:
2307:
2281:
2256:
2230:
2223:
2198:
2196:, p. 359.
2186:
2168:
2150:
2125:
2090:(3): 397–430.
2070:
2044:
2031:
2013:
1988:
1975:
1949:
1919:
1901:
1883:
1877:978-1588342140
1876:
1854:
1851:. p. 126.
1849:African Heroes
1836:
1818:
1800:
1772:
1759:
1748:. 22 July 2010
1729:
1690:
1675:
1658:
1615:
1589:
1554:
1529:
1503:
1477:
1459:
1429:
1410:(354): 27–56.
1390:
1351:
1326:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1298:Nelson Mandela
1281:Sidney Poitier
1265:-winning film
1245:, directed by
1239:The 2016 film
1184:
1181:
1137:
1134:
1090:foreign policy
1028:slaughterhouse
1008:infrastructure
1004:these revenues
997:budget surplus
973:based on merit
965:public service
894:
891:
863:Prime Minister
859:Pan-Africanist
832:Queen Victoria
824:Lord Salisbury
815:
812:
784:Billy Strachan
740:
737:
734:
733:
731:
730:
723:
716:
708:
705:
704:
697:
696:
684:
683:
671:
670:
665:
660:
643:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
601:
600:
597:
596:
577:
540:Tshekedi Khama
512:
509:
466:Tshekedi Khama
431:
428:
340:
339:
336:
335:
330:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
311:
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258:
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212:(aged 59)
206:
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136:
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125:
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117:
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111:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
91:
89:Vice President
85:
84:
74:
73:
66:
65:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
34:
31:
26:His Excellency
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2687:
2685:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Seretse Khama
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2625:
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2606:
2605:
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2526:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2478:Seretse Khama
2475:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:0-7139-9811-3
2462:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2443:0-04-440793-9
2439:
2435:
2434:HarperCollins
2431:
2426:
2422:
2420:1-59221-250-6
2416:
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2311:
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2240:
2234:
2226:
2224:99912-60-31-5
2220:
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2190:
2182:
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2089:
2085:
2081:
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2059:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1908:
1906:
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1887:
1879:
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1843:
1841:
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1814:
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1797:
1795:
1794:
1793:Daily Express
1787:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1713:
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1299:
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1290:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:Spencer Tracy
1270:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1259:Rosamund Pike
1257:as Khama and
1256:
1255:David Oyelowo
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
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1197:
1189:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:to install a
1147:
1143:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:South African
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:Botswana pula
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1024:nationalising
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
993:
992:customs union
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
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966:
961:
959:
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951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
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904:
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888:
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876:
872:
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860:
856:
852:
847:
845:
841:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
811:
809:
803:
801:
800:Ruth Williams
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
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758:
754:
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746:
729:
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661:
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656:
655:
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646:
641:
640:
633:
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628:
625:
623:
622:1969 Botswana
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
603:
602:
592:
590:Seretse Khama
578:
575:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
561:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Ruth Williams
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
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486:
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477:
475:
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457:
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403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:Ruth Williams
381:
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369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
337:
334:
331:
327:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
310:
308:
304:
298:Anthony Khama
297:
295:
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287:
284:
283:
281:
277:
261:
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
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222:Resting place
220:
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96:
92:
86:
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72:
67:
63:
58:
52:
47:
42:
38:
32:Seretse Khama
27:
22:
19:
2659:Festus Mogae
2654:Quett Masire
2648:
2592:Quett Masire
2580:
2557:
2531:
2523:
2508:
2490:
2477:
2470:
2456:
2429:
2410:
2383:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2319:
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2294:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2268:
2259:
2247:. Retrieved
2242:
2233:
2210:
2207:Tlou, Thomas
2201:
2189:
2181:the original
2171:
2163:the original
2153:
2141:. Retrieved
2137:
2128:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2026:the original
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1961:
1952:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1896:the original
1886:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1770:, Allen Lane
1767:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1741:
1732:
1723:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1708:Inner Temple
1703:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1667:
1661:
1648:
1641:. Retrieved
1637:the original
1633:Inner Temple
1628:
1618:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1542:YourBotswana
1541:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1506:
1494:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1472:the original
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1378:Mmegi Online
1377:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1329:
1287:
1285:
1266:
1240:
1238:
1232:
1216:Festus Mogae
1209:
1169:lay in state
1165:Quett Masire
1162:
1146:Johannesburg
1139:
1118:
1103:
1095:
1084:forces, the
1075:
1052:
1001:
985:
962:
919:
900:
896:
883:Elizabeth II
867:Bechuanaland
848:
836:
827:
817:
804:
780:World War II
774:, Britain's
769:
757:protectorate
753:Bechuanaland
745:South Africa
742:
687:
686:
674:
673:
651:
650:
644:
638:
637:
588:
553:
547:
537:
514:
501:Inner Temple
485:South Africa
478:
459:
450:clan of the
433:
420:Quett Masire
404:
392:South Africa
380:South Africa
376:Bechuanaland
368:royal family
365:
344:
343:
210:(1980-07-13)
208:13 July 1980
160:Succeeded by
143:Elizabeth II
129:
114:Quett Masire
109:Succeeded by
93:Quett Masire
78:
18:
2705:1980 deaths
2700:1921 births
2375:Works cited
2063:27 February
2006:27 February
1968:27 February
1942:27 February
1827:"No. 44120"
1809:"No. 42370"
1752:6 September
1746:BBC Radio 4
1570:: 121–128.
1251:Guy Hibbert
1247:Amma Asante
1212:his son Ian
1012:health care
969:bureaucracy
950:tax evasion
422:. His son,
234:Nationality
192:1 July 1921
150:Preceded by
99:Preceded by
2684:Categories
2586:1966–1980
2563:1965–1966
2553:New office
2457:Colour Bar
1784:. London:
1601:. London:
1304:References
1214:succeeded
1206:, Botswana
1061:, and the
1034:services,
1032:veterinary
1014:, and the
983:deposits.
963:The small
958:non-racism
946:income tax
922:corruption
893:Presidency
808:Bamangwato
652:Government
448:Bamangwato
329:Profession
307:Alma mater
229:, Botswana
217:, Botswana
188:1921-07-01
2664:Ian Khama
2356:0027-1276
2274:4 October
2215:Macmillan
2120:154524876
2104:0022-278X
1576:0525-5090
1424:1468-2621
1292:books by
1150:pacemaker
1082:Rhodesian
1016:education
855:Socialist
558:in 1949.
544:annulment
533:apartheid
505:barrister
456:Khama III
424:Ian Khama
333:Barrister
289:Ian Khama
130:In office
79:In office
2364:44029511
1962:Mmegi.bw
1718:6 August
1643:6 August
1584:40979462
1522:28 April
1204:Gaborone
1142:diabetes
1110:Zimbabwe
1036:vaccines
911:diamonds
871:Gaborone
749:Mafeking
681:Mangwato
474:guardian
415:Botswana
357:Botswana
279:Children
238:Botswana
215:Gaborone
2495:173–182
2243:Reuters
1496:16 June
1490:AP NEWS
1059:tourism
846:(OBE).
763:), the
759:(not a
549:kgotlas
468:as his
273:
265:
139:Monarch
2501:
2463:
2440:
2417:
2391:
2362:
2354:
2300:22 May
2249:22 May
2221:
2143:22 May
2118:
2112:160817
2110:
2102:
1874:
1582:
1574:
1547:24 May
1452:22 May
1422:
1383:22 May
1344:22 May
1228:Serowe
1183:Legacy
1173:Serowe
1154:London
988:mining
979:, and
977:nickel
907:copper
828:kgosis
776:Labour
761:colony
688:Legacy
470:regent
452:Tswana
436:Serowe
254:Spouse
227:Serowe
195:Serowe
2360:JSTOR
2116:S2CID
2108:JSTOR
1609:Union
1580:JSTOR
1263:Oscar
1202:near
1136:Death
934:taxes
675:Other
668:SADCC
555:kgosi
461:kgosi
396:exile
267:(
263:
39:
2499:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2438:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2352:ISSN
2302:2022
2276:2023
2251:2022
2219:ISBN
2145:2022
2100:ISSN
2065:2017
2008:2017
1970:2017
1944:2017
1872:ISBN
1754:2017
1720:2006
1645:2006
1572:ISSN
1549:2020
1524:2012
1498:2023
1454:2022
1420:ISSN
1385:2022
1346:2022
1279:and
1129:1979
1127:and
1125:1974
1121:1969
1080:and
981:coal
956:and
909:and
903:beef
857:and
770:The
663:pula
632:1979
627:1974
617:1965
493:B.A.
472:and
205:Died
178:Born
120:1st
69:1st
2092:doi
1412:doi
865:of
830:to
607:BDP
483:in
390:of
374:of
353:KBE
349:GCB
57:KBE
41:KBE
37:GCB
29:Sir
2686::
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2497:.
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