Serer creation myth

3197: 7990: 4969: 953: 494: 4576: 44: 4099:. It is also the way the Serers wish each other happy New Year. As well as an expression, it also a religious prayer. The first rain of the season is a pact between the transcendent power and humanity. It is a sign of life which continues to be transmitted by this tutelary power, which has long respected the pact. Custom dictates that, the first three steps on the damp earth of the first rain to be made barefooted in order to connect with mother nature. The father or the mother of the family would be given a 49: 2738: 2295: 3572: 4955: 4941: 940: 429: 417: 4983: 4927: 6920: 5248: 3658:, standing up with their heads held high, their hands raised, which symbolizes work and prayer. The star is spread across the heavens and on Earth figuratively, symbolizing the sign of the supreme deity (Roog or Koox) and the image of man. In Serer-numbers, three important numbers came into play at the time of the initial creation: number 3, number 4 and number 7. Number 3 represents the 4723:"As today a Moslem Head of state will consult the "sacred wood", and offer in sacrifice an ox or a bull, I have seen a Christian woman, a practicing medical doctor, consult the sereer "Pangol" . In truth, everywhere in Black Africa, the "revealed religions" are rooted in the animism which still inspires poets and artists, I am well placed to know it and to say it " 2693:

tree in the wider Serer mythology and legend. Newborns were also presented to the Saas in order to bring good luck, long life, good health and prosperity to the child's life. In similarity, if an animal went near Saas it was destined to live a long life. According to the myth, the Saas loved human beings and perhaps too much. It would sometimes lower its

4228:. Guarded by the elders, it is shaped like a bench. It is believed that, when YAAB and YOP were born to Roog in its Empyrean Heaven, they were deposited in an ark and carried down to Earth. YAAB was the first to arrive as she was the first born then followed by YOP. When they arrived on Earth, the original twins made contact with Mother Earth who would 3413:. At the final stages of the gestation of the eggs and embryos that were within it, the animal ripped apart and released all the species within it. The female animals were created first, some spreading on land, in water, the mythical sea, etc. After delivering these animals, the Mbocor died, but animal life which came from the 4566:

Humans were the least affected. The only thing they have lost was their original size and duration of life. Along with being giants, the first humans were believed to have had larger eyes and bigger bones than the present. Roog did not touch the human spirit. Instead, it allowed them to develop their

3835:

witnessed the hatching eggs. After the departure of the ostrich with her offspring, he came to the scene and discovered the star engraved on the spot where the eggs hatched. He understood that the star protected the eggs of the ostrich with the assistance of the supreme deity. It is for this reason

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according to some). This is why it is not named, but only by allusion. The jackal was the first intelligent creature on earth, before the arrival of humans. It is believed that will still remain on earth after human beings have returned to the divine. The Serers believe that, not only does it know in

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is reported to have infused with the acacia seed vital for energy, and the Saas played a pivotal role in the transmission of life. It is believed that, the Saas was once a living tree. The narrative went on to say that, women who wanted to give birth went to it because it was considered to be a lucky

1474:

in Serer primordial time. A major competing myth, also based on chaos, postulates that, there was originally a series of explosions. However, it agrees pretty much with the accepted view that trees and animals were the first to be created. Explosion first arose in the vegetable kingdom and the first

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Animals were also severely affected by Roog's judgement. Although rendered wild and "mad", they still retain their instinct, though their relations with humans would be changed forever. Some became human pets others retained their freedom away from human habitation. Despite this separation, animals

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of the water of the first rain, for the whole family to drink. This water is holy and is viewed as sacred which would protect them from all misfortunes that may occur during the rainy season. Under the Saas tree, containers were placed under it to collect the water that touches the tree. This water

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was determined to have its offspring. Feeling powerless against the beast before her, the ostrich asked for Roog's protection and the supreme deity intervened by creating the stars, which inspired her to take her first stroke. Inspired by the powers of the deity, the ostrich drew five trails on the

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The narrative provides a second indication of the behavior of the jackal during the crisis of the first creatures created by Roog. As one of the first animals on Earth that sprang out of first divine placenta, it desicicated the subsequent placenta from which the next phase of Roog's creation where

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where humans, animals and plants fought against each other, Roog intervened and punished them all. The tradition states that, Roog was the father and mother of its creation who initially afforded some freedom to its first creation. However, after the first disorder, Roog organised the world on new

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The relic is believed to exist to the present which is well respected. Most Serer houses have in their possession ancient relics from the past including furniture which are jealousy guarded. Some are religious while others are secular. The ark of Yaabo-Yabo is in wood, believed to be made from the

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for disobeying the laws of the divine. In one narrative, the myth does not mention it by name, but only allude to it or when it does, the negative connotations are made obscure, because of its former closeness to the divine before it was disgraced for disobeying the laws of Roog from whose womb it

2902:

was the first tree created by the supreme being. However, it grew and kept growing until it reached the supreme being. The creator deity got angry with it, cut off its head and said: "Tree of mbos, return to Earth". Shamed by the words of the deity, the mbos tree quickly returned to earth with its

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was chosen. The ritual demands the branch to be placed at the top of the enclosure when the child is asleep, whilst the person performing the ritual cite the appropriate prayers. A small stick of Saas is also worn on the waist by young boys and girls in order to preserve their future fertility. At

4671:, which spreads worldwide. The supreme being is the source of all life in the cosmos as well as human beings. In the world of Roog, certain entities and elevated humans are afforded sacredness and called upon to live with Roog. They form the demi-gods, saints and ancestral spirits (Pangool), etc. 4550:

decision of divine intervention in the events of life, as in the destiny of nations and human kind. Roog will be present in the activities of humans and the cosmos. Though the trees were the hardest hit by their immobility, trees were afforded special status, such as the tree of life, ability to

3159:

and deposited in the Somb, brought forth by Roog, were projected into space at the time of the explosion of Somb. This is how the Earth began to be covered with grass, plants and trees. Thus the vegetable seeds were modeled within the supreme being (Roog) and its outputs ex utero. The primordial

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Senghor, Léopold Sédar, Préface: "Un Regard Neuf pour l’Afrique Noire"; "A New Look at Black Africa"; Alexandre, Pierre, "LES AFRICAINS" (1981); Camara, Fatou Kiné (PhD) & Seck, Abdourahmane (PhD), "Secularity and Freedom of Religion in Senegal: Between a Constitutional Rock and a Hard

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The narrative reflects human hostility towards animals especially the lion, "the savage beast". The original cause of the war also identifies the monkey, whose predecessors in that ancient past is believed to be closer to humans, like all animals and plant, from the same divine placenta."

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to sprang out of. The text is deliberately obscure. Respect for the supreme being and all the entities incurred in the genesis of the Universe is key in Serer religion and tradition as well as the jackal myth which was close to Roog before being transformed into the dog of the forest (or

7006: »; "A New Look at Black Africa"; Alexandre, Pierre, "LES AFRICAINS" (1981); Camara, Fatou Kiné (PhD) & Seck, Abdourahmane (PhD), "Secularity and Freedom of Religion in Senegal: Between a Constitutional Rock and a Hard Reality", pp. 2–3 (860 & 859), (11/26/2010) 3732:

ground representing the stars of the heavens. The ostrich then invaded this space and deposited her eggs inside the star, covering them with sand. After that act, it cited the following prayer, placing herself and her offspring under the protection of the divine:

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was not the tree that grew within the primordial swamp and therefore, not the original tree. However, Saas is afforded religious and medicinal status useful for overall bodily health and is viewed as one of the ancient trees but not the original tree. Like the

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who came from the transcendence and maintains links with it. Although believed to be rejected in the bush by other animals and deprived of its original intelligence, it is still respected because it dared to resist the supreme being who still keeps it alive.

3231:, and in accordance with the prevailing Serer view. Though there are differences in the interpretation, they converge on certain points in the wider understanding of the jackal's significance in Serer mythology. In one aspect, the jackal can be viewed as an 2757:. These fertilizing components may only be abstracted by the use of its own symbol, communicated through prayer. At the birth of a child, a branch of Saas was deposited at the top of an enclosure where the child and his/her mother remains in seclusion for 6919:. For the name of Serer medicinal plants and their corresponding Latin names, see Nqaul is spelt Ngaul (p. 8), Mbos (pp. 5 & 8), Somb (p. 8), Ngud (p. 8), Nalafun (p. 8), Ngol (p. 8), Saas is spelt Sas (pp. 5, 9), 2452:

is afforded high spiritual and medicinal status as one of the ancient trees, and form part of Serer representation of the Universe. However, it was not the original tree, and it was the tree that fell in "disgrace" after it tried to "abuse its powers".

6815:"Serere-English / English-Serere Dictionary", Compiled by PCVs: Bethany Arnold (Khady Diouf), Chris Carpenter (Ndiouma Diome), Guy Pledger (Arfon Sarr), and Jack Brown (Babakar Ndiaye), p. 8, (May 2010), First Edition, Peace Corps - Senegal 2255:. Sometimes they are raised steles supported by three rods and sometimes they are just green trees. There symbolism can be celestial or terrestrial depending on the arrangement of rods that surround them. If there are twelve rods arranged in a 6887:

Gravrand, Henry, "Le Symbolisme sereer : Mythe du Saas et symboles", « Revue de Psycho-Pathologie » vol. 9 N 2 Dakar (1971) (Published and reviewed under the title "Le symbolisme serer" Psychopath. Afric. 1973, IX, 2, 237–265

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1180:

There are slightly different and competing versions of the myth. However, there are more similarities than differences, and the differences complement each other in the greater understanding of Serer creation mythology. They all posits that,

5859:"Serere-English / English-Serere Dictionary", Compiled by PCVs: Bethany Arnold (Khady Diouf), Chris Carpenter (Ndiouma Diome), Guy Pledger (Arfon Sarr), and Jack Brown (Babakar Ndiaye), p. 8, (May 2010), First Edition, Peace Corps - Senegal 4260:), they form a fundamental part of Serer mythology. The legend agrees pretty much with the general consensus that a female was created first then a male. But in this narrative, it attempts to place Unan and Ngoor as the first human couple. 3698:, because they share the same number with the divine who created the Universe through its feminine principle. For the Serer men, their number is 4. Fixed to the four cardinal points of the Earth, they were the "Masters of the Earth" (the 2721:. The Myth of Saas still retains a certain degree of importance especially when it concerns the need for vital energy such as: during growth, at the time of marriage, in sickness and after death. It is also viewed by many as the 2705:. It healed the wounded by its barks being rubbed on the bleeding wound. The Saas eventually became exhausting for people when it started to abuse its supernatural powers. It is generally viewed as the tree that fell in disgrace. 6844:. Dept. of Archaeology, Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Society of Africanist Archaeologists, "Newsletter of African archaeology, Issues 47-50", Dept. of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 1997, pp. 27, 58 1427:

Before the existence of the Universe, Roog existed by itself. There was nothing but silence and darkness. The Serer notion of balance and perfection illustrates the creation of the higher spiritual order and corresponds to the

6285:. Dept. of Archaeology, Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Society of Africanist Archaeologists, "Newsletter of African archaeology, Issues 47−50", Dept. of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 1997, pp. 27, 58 4117:

Before humans existed, there were three stages in the creation of the Universe and each of these steps followed a consistent order. The first phase was the first three elements: air, earth and water. The mythical words of

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growth. At that time, trees moved and talked. They were migratory trees. They sank deep into the underworld during the day and reappeared at night. The tree is seen as the "tree of luck and good health". In the village of

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offer guidance based on the primordial seed. This has been a matter of interpretation, and such, there are competing versions as to which trees were first created and the order in which they appeared. In Serer society,

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foundations. That reorganisation was not a second creation but it would have profound effects on the Universe and particularly on Earth. Roog manifested its powers and will continue to manifest it. Serer phrases such as

5649:

Potel, Anne-Marie, « Les plantes médicinales au Sénégal ». Study report of Anne-Marie Potel, accomplished at Nguekokh (Senegal), 2002. Registered in the chapter "Grey Littérature" of the PRELUDE data bank

4387:

and moved the woman to a more comfortable place when she complained about her discomfort. It shows that he is always available to his children. The appearance of the man initially surprised the woman, whom she named

4134:(which means "The Mother") - mother of all animals except the jackal. In each of these phases, and before the creation of the first human couple, the supreme deity did not directly create each species, but only the 8526: 2394:), guardians of Serer religion, sciences and ethics, still cannot agree on which tree was first created on Earth nor the order in which the first trees appeared. These differences are probably due to the vast areas 6726:

Madiya, Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji, "Canadian Museum of Civilization", Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, "International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition", (Louvain, Belgium), pp 27, 155,

6904:, "Mythe de la création du monde selon les sages sereer", pp. 45–50, 59-61 "Enracinement et Ouverture" – "Plaidoyer pour le dialogue interreligieux", Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (23 and 24 June 2009), Dakar 3139:. The Somb seed penetrated the earth, the placenta of Roog where it took root and grew. Growing from this placenta, it kept all the plant species within its trunk. When it became a big tree, its trunk swelled 2203:

where the supreme deity is said to have given way to the first elements. In the myth, Roog is portrayed as the mythical deity who somehow "turned its self on". As the deity rotate in space, its rapid motions

4126:, led to the formation of the heavens, earth and the sea. The second phase of the creation was the primordial trees (i.e. Somb, Nqaul, Nquƭ, etc.,). The third phase was the creation of the animal world: the 2958:

before cutting the tree down. In the myth, the baobab is seen as a "migratory tree" and thus linked to the first trees on Earth. It can also be an altar and in certain circumstances, a sacred burial place.

2946:) also holds great religious significance among the Serers and in Serer religion. Like most revered trees in Serer mythology, before this tree can be cut (which is very rare), it is customary to cite the 1225:. Planet Earth was not created until long after the creation of these worlds. The contentious points are, which of the main sacred trees in Serer society (below) grew not just first, but also within the 4455:

pointed it out as the culprit. A war broke out between the human population, the non-human animals and the trees. The humans were victorious and drove the animals in the bush except the dog who became

4146:, Roog went through a gestation phase which signalled the gestation of man and woman, paired within the divine placenta. Through its maternal nature, Roog projected a female and male human being as in 6916:

Lericollais, André, « La gestion du paysage ? Sahélisation, surexploitation et délaissement des terroirs sereer au Sénégal », Afrique de l'ouest, Dakar (21–26 November 1988), ORSTOM,

6910:

Thiaw, Issa Laye, "La Religiosite de Seereer, Avant et pendant leur Islamisation". Ethiopiques no: 54, Revue semestrielle de Culture Négro-Africaine, Nouvelle série, volume 7, 2e Semestre (1991)

1314:

and their genesis are addressed in their relevant sections. Being the first tree does not necessarily equate to being the first living thing on Earth. In the creation myth, animals such as the

4192:

after their creation by the supreme deity (Roog). This relic is believed to be under the guardianship of Yaabo-Yabo, one of the sacred villages in Serer religion. However, it is one of the

3420:

Although Mbocor was sacrificed in order to bring animal life on Earth, the narrative is imprecise on the identity of this animal. Some postulates that it was probably the largest animal in

4791: 4253: 5769:). Although Serer religion dictates that every Serer is entitled to a pyramid burial with grave goods, pyramid burial was reserved primarily for the upper echelons of Serer society (see 6663:

Kellog, Day Otis, and Smith, William Robertson, "The Encyclopædia Britannica: latest edition. A dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature", Volume 25, p. 64, Werner (1902)

6880:, « La prière sérèer », Expérience et language religieux "Religions africaines et christianisme", Colloque international de Kinshasa (1978), vol. 1, Kinshasa (1979), 106s. 6683:, Frobenius-Institut, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kulturmorphologie, Frobenius Gesellschaft, "Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Volumes 43-44", F. Steiner (1997), pp. 144–5, ( 4702:

is the abode where the souls of the dead go. Their star is not the sun (the star which illuminates the diurnal world), but the moon which illuminates the activities of the night and

7252: 5010:

Kellog, Day Otis, and Smith, William Robertson, "The Encyclopædia Britannica: latest edition. A dictionary of arts, sciences and general literature", Volume 25, p. 64, Werner (1902)

3537:. As they transform themselves into snakes, they hide in trees. A snake hiding in a tree has two main symbolic meanings. It can either mean that a person has died and his soul has 7579: 3293:

advance who will die, but it traces the tracks in advance of those who will go to funerals. The movements of the jackal are carefully observed, because the animal is viewed as a

6540:

threw down their caps in the circle with aphonic shouts and my sisters danced like leaping flames / Téning-Ndyaré and Tyagoum-Ndyaré, brighter now than copper from across the sea

5353:, Frobenius-Institut, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kulturmorphologie, Frobenius Gesellschaft, "Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Volumes 43−44", F. Steiner (1997), pp 144-5, 4525:

and the talking tree. This disorder led to Roog's direct intervention and its reorganisation of the Universe which the narrative says would have repercussions for Planet Earth.

3115:, Roog first plotted the shapes of all the trees or plant species yet to come. Through the mythical words, Roog fashioned its placenta on the primordial seed − the seed of the 1330:

figure prominently in the competing creation narrative. In some narratives, trees and animals merge in order to justify their legitimacy. These mythical animals may be seen as

7738: 7589: 5294:

Faye, Amade, " La beaute Seereer : Du modele mythique au motif poetique", Ethiopiques, n° 68, revue négro-aricaine de littérature et de philosophie (1er semestre 2002)

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rendered the darkness, and the waters of the heavens first littered by the wind, splashed in every direction, before turning into regular, refreshing and nourishing showers.

3401:

and reproductive energies. After the gestation period, Roog projected the embryo of the Mbocor on Earth, which carried all the animals species on Earth. The embryo of Mbocor

7202: 6925:

Faye, Amade, "La beaute Seereer : Du modele mythique au motif poetique", Ethiopiques, n° 68, revue négro-aricaine de littérature et de philosophie (1er semestre 2002)

4679:

The diurnal terrestrial world is represented around a network of topical or utopian transcendence. Topically, it is centred around the sacred, people or accessible places.

3839:

Apart from evoking the ostrich, the myth plays a significant role in the adoption of the new religious symbol (the star) and its transmission to humankind. It is above all "

3365:) and told it: "You are rude. Go! Turn around and go back to where you've just came from". After that event, the nalafun never grew tall as it once did and was always bent. 1767:. The language here is symbolic. The Serer religion and oral tradition confers to Roog some rather realistic aspects of the initial creation. There were three phases in the 8185: 5773:). Some Serer griots weren't given a pyramid burial. Fama Diagne Sène portrayed this prejudice in one of her works and practically alienated the Serer priestly class. See 1387: 7594: 4521:

subsequent to the initial creation. Not only did men hunted animals, but trees cut down those closest to them and animals killed each other, as found in the myth of the

7024: 6580: 5790: 4379:. The narrative evokes the first humans created by Roog with a female being the first, and the trials they had faced. It also evokes the name of Roog, regarded as the 1354:

in general. The significance of trees in the Serer creation myth does not mean the dwelling place of the supreme deity, neither do they mean the dwelling place of the

7187: 7207: 6184:

For creation from chaos, see Leonard, Scott A, & McClure, Michael, "Myth and Knowing – an introduction to world mythology", McGraw-Hill (2004), pp. 32, 63-172,

7584: 7574: 4072:. According to this myth, the first event was the opening of the heavens by Roog. When the heavens were opened, the sky threatened with heavy and shadowy clouds. 6697:

Niangoran-Bouah, Georges, "L'univers Akan des poids à peser l'or : les poids dans la société", Les nouvelles éditions africaines - MLB, (1987), p. 25,

5204:

Lericollais, André, « La gestion du paysage ? Sahélisation, surexploitation et délaissement des terroirs sereer au Sénégal », Afrique de l'ouest,

3397:. Roog then placed in the embryo of this animal, which was the largest of the creation, which included the eggs or seeds of all animals to come, including their 984: 8513: 8506: 8494: 5379:

Niangoran-Bouah, Georges, "L'univers Akan des poids à peser l'or : les poids dans la société", Les nouvelles éditions africaines - MLB, (1987), p. 25,

5950:

Kalis, Simone, "Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination ches les Seereer Siin du Sénégal" – La connaissance de la nuit, L’Harmattan, 1997, p. 329,

6881: 5275:

Kalis, Simone, "Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination ches les Seereer Siin du Sénégal" – La connaissance de la nuit, L’Harmattan, 1997, p 291,

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as well as humans, and number 7 represents the divine in human beings, which is the perfect number and represents balance or harmony. Number 3 evokes the

5969:

Kalis, Simone, "Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination ches les Seereer Siin du Sénégal" – La connaissance de la nuit, L’Harmattan, 1997, p 48,

2412: 2303: 1285: 343: 3304:'s "myth de la creation de sereers" provides a further account on the jackal. In this myth, it is named and damned but the narrative is still obscure: 3590:

also holds significance in Serer mythology. The cayman is the guardian of the secrets of the past whilst the manatee holds the secrets of the future.

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in particular, holds great significance in this reincarnation process. This tree supports the dual serpent-man, beneath which is a big hole where the

3389:, Roog planned this new creation, the animal world. By the mythical words, Roog realized the divine placenta and the internal gestation of the animal 338: 7247: 3727:, it was immobilized due to the threats posed to its offspring. Each time it had managed to hide its eggs from other animals but on this occasion, a 4138:

who then went on to populate the world with all the species of plant and animal life. The same was the case at the creation of the first humans. By

2235:, symbolizing the steles of Roog. In the Serer home, sometimes in the courtyard, they represent the most sacred place of the house servicing as the 1440:

principle entity, becoming the embodiment of an androgynous Godfather and Godmother. However, it is from the female component of the supreme being:

8247: 924: 2070:. After the damage, the people who escaped returned to assess the damage and commiserated each other. They recalled an ancient myth − the myth of 2066:. Serer tradition states, on one occasion, the flooding caused severe damage resulting in many people losing their homes, crops and food they had 7504: 3196: 5670:

A tree that has the supernatural powers to relocate from one place to another. See Thiaw, "Mythe de la création du monde selon les sages sereer"

4451:. The lion fearing for the punishment that it may receive from these men, refused to identify itself as the one responsible for the act until a 2911:- the great or elder), these ancient beings according to the myth hid under the mbos tree. After the creation of these beings, Roog created the 4607:. The invisible world from above is the source of energies and life. The diurnal Earthly world (e.g. the sun) is divided into two strands: the 4551:

heal, homes to certain spiritual entities and ability to hear humans beings even the Pangool. They are the object of respect in Serer society.

4252:, with Unan being the woman and Ngoor the man. Although not the first human couple that the supreme deity Roog (or Koox) had created, like the 4157: 4020:

These secret prayers are only revealed to young Serers on their journey to another country. It is only recited in the morning and at night, at

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creation myth in terms of behaviour and judgement, and any scholar of Serer mythology on the origins of life cannot overlook the importance of

7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7310: 7160: 2807:) in their tomb helps them in their journey to the next life. When Serer men finish off burying the dead, they used to wash their hands in a 6895:

Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité sérères : l’exemple de la région de Thiès", Éthiopiques, no. 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991

5035:

Ndiaye, Ousmane Sémou, "Diversité et unicité sérères : l’exemple de la région de Thiès", Éthiopiques, no. 54, vol. 7, 2e semestre 1991

3678:

of Roog symbolizes the space enveloped by the powers of the divine. Number 3 is thus the symbolic number of Roog whilst number 4 evokes the

2819:, the Saas is green throughout the dry and rainy seasons. In effect, the Saas was and still is considered by the Serers as a tree of life. 907: 6782:

Burke, Andrew, & Else, David, "The Gambia & Senegal", 2nd edition - September 2002, Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd, p. 13

3824:

were unable to act against the offspring of the ostrich enclosed by the star thanks to Roog, who offered them total protection. Powerful

2863: 2034:

and have parallels with this Nqaul. The foundation of Serer villages, towns, homes, etc., in many cases, began with a swamp, even today.

977: 6710:, Environment Training Programme, "African environment, Volume 11, Issues 1-2", Environment Training Programme ( 2002), pp 104 & 117 6327:« Legend of Unan & Ngoor » narrated by « Ndofen Ndour » of Njagamba Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - 6831:

Leonard, Scott A, & McClure, Michael, "Myth and knowing − an introduction to world mythology", McGraw-Hill (2004), pp 32, 63-172,

3533:(the abode of good souls). The transformation into snakes (usually a black snake) is one of the first phases of their effort to reach 7964: 7212: 5545:

Descamps, Cyr, "Contribution a la Préhistoire de l'Ouest-sénégalais, thèse, Paris, p. 315. (inédit : unpublished version, p 126)

4217: 2859: 2795: 493: 8392: 6998: 6558: 5554:

Burke, Andrew, & Else, David, "The Gambia & Senegal", 2nd edition - September 2002, Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd, p 13

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and the invisible, living far away from human beings with their own paths and dwelling place. These invisible people, reside in the

8232: 7678: 6931: 6271: 3513:

are the masters of the cult. In Serer mythology, there is a relationship between trees and the serpent. In the Serer religion, the

460: 6917: 5209: 2002:

was not one of the first primordial worlds to be formed. It will take a long time before the waters and the Earth were separated.

7693: 7619: 7237: 6942:

Potel, Anne-Marie, « Les plantes médicinales au Sénégal ». Study report of Anne-Marie Potel, accomplished at Nguekokh (

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grow so tall that it headed towards the sky. The supreme being considered that an affront and gave it a sharp flick on the head (

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for survival. After the initial trees were created, then came other trees. These new trees would send their roots to the closest

1516: 1470:

uttered by the supreme being. All the competing versions attest to that. This myth is the general consensus and represents the

7783: 7688: 7673: 7668: 7102: 3476: 2228: 2047: 970: 943: 477: 8382: 4823: 4188:. It is said that the first humans on Earth (YAAB and YOP - female and male respective) boarded this ark when they left the 2972: 2786: 7995: 7793: 6930:

Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer", Dakar (1993), CNRS - ORS TO M.

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weddings, a stick of the plant is deposited under the bed of the newlywed in order to improve the fertility of the couple.

957: 705: 3836:

Serer mums evoke the ostrich in their prayers for the protection of their children on their departure to another country.

3405:

to the earth, feeding on grass and water. It grew rapidly reaching a considerable proportion, as it carried within it the

4974: 4806:). The Sangomar legend also inspired president Senghor to name the Senegalese presidential plane purchased in 1978 after 1164:) and earth. Roog is the creator and fashioner of the Universe and everything in it. The creation is based on a mythical 7075: 6649: 8471: 6525:

In honour of his two twin sisters Téning-Ndyaré and Tyagoum Ndyaré, based on the Serer myth of the dead (the dead lose

2811:

placed at the entrance of the house. This calabash contained branches of Saas soaked in water. Unlike the trees of the

1512: 121: 3258:

and the jackal. The following narrative provide further information on the behaviour of the jackal though obsecurely:

1424:

and perfection, something the Serers try to achieve in their daily lives and the environment they find themselves in.

43: 7788: 6965: 6826: 6790: 6766: 6752: 6732: 6721: 6675: 6387: 6363: 6336: 6316: 6225: 6087: 6068: 6035: 6013: 5997: 5974: 5955: 5936: 5587: 5460: 5407: 5280: 4599:. There were three worlds: the invisible world from above; the diurnal terrestrial world and the nocturnal world. A 3828:

also came to devour the eggs but they could not cross the lines engraved on the sand. The myth went on to say that a

6978: 6502: 6270:

Becker, Charles, "Vestiges historiques, témoins matériels du passé dans les pays sereer", CNRS-ORSTOM, Dakar, 1993,

2803:

of the dead are believed to remain in the living world to the dismay of the living. A stick of Saas (with the Serer-

1572:(so it was in the beginning), before narrating the event. From a global perspective, the two roughly corresponds to 6990: » Fraser, Robert, "West African Poetry: A Critical History", Cambridge University Press (1986), p. 51, 917: 912: 333: 6680: 5350: 7037: 7030: 6896: 6707: 6605: 6592: 5036: 3898:

in simple Serer means the Sun. In a religious sense, it means "one who is bound to come". The Sun itself being a

6926: 6779:

Descamps, Cyr, "Contribution a la Préhistoire de l'Ouest-sénégalais, thèse, Paris, p 315. (inédit : p. 126)

5295: 3902:, it is attached to the Serer creation myth. The oldest and most secret prayer is devoted to the Sun (excerpt): 2263:

symbolizes the earthly world. They are always built based on the tenets of Serer symbolism, and form the family

8482: 7447: 7442: 7072: 6995: 6975: 6865: 6836: 6803: 6702: 6692: 6646: 6555: 6499: 6189: 5384: 5358: 4751: 3529:

in Serer culture to kill snakes. The Serer religion posits that, the souls of the dead must make their way to

3001:

is one of the largest and most mysterious trees found in Serer country. Its wood is very hard and resistant to

2919:, whom they found hidden under the mbos tree. From that day on, the mbos tree became much in demand for making 2379: 1520: 252: 8018: 2903:

branches intertwined so that no one can climb it or pass under its shadow. When Roog created the ancestors of

116: 8262: 8155: 8103: 7957: 6785:

Arbonnier, M., "Arbres, arbustes et lianes des zones sèches d'Afrique de l'Ouest", CIRAD, Montpellier (2000)

6008:

Faye, Louise Diène, "Mort et Naissance le monde Sereer", Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1983. pp. 17-25.

5582:

Arbonnier, M., "Arbres, arbustes et lianes des zones sèches d'Afrique de l'Ouest", CIRAD, Montpellier (2000)

4775: 1719:

is attributed to the feminine world. This number is the ingredient of the creation process. There were three

485: 6059:

Madiya, Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji, "Canadian Museum of Civilization", Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies,

3716:

looking around the wooded savannah that stretched around her. Feeling that the time had come to perform the

2213: 7989: 6716:, "Mort et Naissance le monde Sereer", Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1983), pp. 9–10, 17–25, 44, 4968: 4912: 4759: 4427:

and trees in harmony. However, this peaceful habitation of the Earth came to an abrupt end when one of the

2694: 1885:, but only when the mythical word was uttered and what was uttered by the supreme being, which is found in 952: 453: 5117:, "Mythe de la création du monde selon les sages sereer", pp. 45−50, 59−61 "Enracinement et Ouverture" – 8028: 4847: 3549:) or a person may die. If the latter is the case, then killing a snake would trigger their early death. 3151:. From this event, it opened up all the plant species found on Earth, and the rotational movement of the 2790: 6970:

Armes, Roy, "African Filmmaking: North And South of the Sahara", Indiana University Press (2006), p 80,

3460:

was. In any case, the Ɓoxo-koƥ (i.e. the jackal) is believed by most Serers who adhere to the tenets of

351: 8563: 8545: 7494: 7489: 7330: 7095: 6983: 6961: 6847: 6579: » de FAMA DIAGNE SENE : Une confrontation entre la tradition et la modernité", PiccMi.com 6547: 6513: 4779: 4747: 4728: 3161: 1603:

1. the structure which sets the basis of the narrative and the significance of the mythical word cited

902: 672: 159: 3705:

The origins of the stars offers a somewhat contradictory account, and is linked to a pact between the

2588:, the tree appeared one night and everyone saw it. Someone tried to cut it down and he ended up dead. 1785:, Roog developed the forms and beings to create. It laid the foundations and signs for things to come. 8302: 8013: 7683: 7457: 4410: 3883: 3033:

and are still intact in spite of the passage of time. In 1976–8, Descamp and his team carried out an

2706: 2395: 2205: 2039: 1471: 528: 305: 300: 257: 169: 48: 3349:) was created to whom the deity told: "Go and keep the ngud tree company, it is lonely". During the 2838:

increases millet production. The leaves fertilize the soil, the branches and fruit act as a sort of

8532: 8417: 8407: 8212: 7950: 7733: 7007: 6950: 6666:

Kalis, Simone, "Médecine traditionnelle, religion et divination ches les Seereer Siin du Sénégal" –

6491: 6472: 5654: 5122: 4755: 4667:

The invisible world represents the vital energies which originates from the transcendent powers of

4575: 3647: 3037: 2879: 2689: 2669:

tree, many of the original narratives have been lost to history. In these contrasting views, some

2456:

Apart from being the first tree and linked to Earth's creation, many of the original narratives of

2059: 700: 5451:

Kalis, Simone, "Médicine traditionnelle religion et divination chez les Seereer Siin du Senegal",

1665:

and the first male and female couple whose children and descendants went on to populate the world;

8589: 8584: 8422: 8307: 8242: 7804: 7514: 7499: 7170: 6350:« John Ballo Diouf » and « Armand Diouf » of Ndimaag, recitation from « 4514: 3041: 2383: 2093:

tree which grew within the original swamp. This tradition is still retained by the Serers as the

2062:

archaeological dating have shown that, many of the places they had chosen to settle next to were

446: 433: 397: 23: 6905: 6889: 6773: 5129: 8539: 8402: 8362: 8347: 8332: 8287: 8227: 8048: 7703: 7698: 7634: 7472: 7389: 7267: 6537: 4917: 4754:. Some of the most revered art in Senegambia, particularly in Senegal where the Serers make up 4221: 3695: 3687: 3494: 2871: 2867: 2770: 2461: 2180: 2176: 2158: 2098: 2031: 1037: 753: 392: 295: 8519: 8175: 7452: 4881: 8352: 7778: 7120: 7088: 6841: 6282: 4827: 4795: 4352:

The talismans were to protect them from the supernatural being that had entered their realm.

4257: 3891: 3682:(the visible world). This Earthly world is represented by two crossed lines facing the four 3350: 2968: 2778: 2444:

thereby making them the first trees on Earth according to the Serer creation mythology, with

2268: 1421: 1339: 1102: 723: 421: 402: 6860:, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", KARTHALA Editions (1994), p. 54, 6798:, "New African yearbook", Volumes 1999−2000, Africa Book Centre Limited, 2000, p. 391, 3514: 3341:

became the first tree and the second thing created by Roog. After the creation of ngud, the

2874:). In spite of the allegations levied against it by the ancients, many Serers still believe 2701:. Anyone who saw that immediately knew the Saas wanted their company. It did not move until 2371: 2208:

with the primordial world it had first created. Roog's motion also affected the axis of the

1752: 1051: 8550: 8457: 8432: 8277: 8272: 8252: 8222: 8207: 8083: 7743: 7624: 7192: 7064: 6638: 6212:« Genesis of YAAB & YOP » narrated by « Armand Diouf » of Ndimaag ( 4859: 4851: 3852: 3605: 3204: 2928: 1310:

The importance of these trees are crucial to the formation of Earth, at least in the Serer

1030: 846: 374: 7060: 6821:, "The African origin of civilization: myth or reality" L. Hill (1974), pp. 196–197, 6634: 6516:, « Chants pour Signare », in Nocturnes : poèmes, Éd. du Seuil, Paris, 1961 6030:, "Mort et Naissance Le Monde Sereer", Les Nouvelles Edition Africaines (1983), pp. 9−10, 5744:

A tree with special powers that has the supernatural ability to relocate to another place.

4855: 4375:

man. These names denote the function of the woman and the man but they are not their real

3456:(the dog of the forest − "jackal"). However, at present, nobody knows what kind of animal 3378: 2183:

points representing the axis of the world. One of the lines depicts the axis running from

2133:, is also thought to have been the first tree. However, the general consensus is that the 1881:" . The Serer oral tradition does not speak of Roog's gestation, probably due to cultural 8: 8500: 8466: 8442: 8412: 8397: 8377: 8367: 8357: 8322: 8317: 8267: 8217: 8192: 7728: 4604: 4583:. The three worlds: the invisible world, the terrestrial world and the nocturnal world. ( 3860: 3848: 3615: 3599: 3506: 3334: 3200: 2521: 2221: 1712: 1711:

The source of the Universe is attributed to the feminine and maternal nature of Roog. In

1668:

9. the crisis that befell Planet Earth and the separation of man and animal, and why the

1581: 1395: 1367: 1255: 1114: 7016: 6964:, "Chants d'ombre" "Selected poems of LEOPOLD SEDAR SENGHOR", CUP Archive, pp 103, 125 6737:

Kesteloot, Lilyan, "Introduction aux religions d'Afrique noire", s.n., 2007, p. 50,

6713: 6027: 5774: 4811: 4150:. The first human was a female, named YAAB. The second human was a male named YOP (var: 3377:

Another narrative indicates that, all animals (non-humans) were created by some form of

3076:

view. In the creation myth, it is the only tree that provides a strong challenge to the

1140:. The Earth was not formed until long after the creation of the first three worlds: the 323: 8452: 8447: 8387: 8337: 8297: 8197: 8133: 8108: 8073: 8043: 8038: 7973: 7723: 5765:

Fama Diagne Sène which attracted great controversy among the Serer priestly class (the

4668: 4142:, the supreme deity planned for the creation of human beings (a female and a male). By 4119: 3683: 3119:

tree. Within this seed, Roog placed all the plant species including their reproductive

3010: 3006: 2939: 1676: 1429: 1063: 677: 655: 621: 535: 184: 7287: 1970:) began to take shape. The first to be created was the deep sea waters (waters of the 1735:"Roog a binda adna noo tiig tew" (Roog has created the world of its feminine nature)." 111: 68: 8488: 8427: 8372: 8327: 8312: 8292: 8282: 8257: 8202: 8160: 8123: 8098: 8053: 7922: 7663: 7360: 7135: 7068: 6991: 6971: 6861: 6857: 6832: 6822: 6799: 6786: 6762: 6748: 6728: 6717: 6698: 6688: 6671: 6642: 6551: 6495: 6383: 6359: 6332: 6312: 6221: 6185: 6064: 6031: 6009: 5993: 5970: 5951: 5932: 5735:

It is a sacred tree. See Thiaw "Mythe de la création du monde selon les sages sereer"

5583: 5456: 5403: 5380: 5354: 5276: 4960: 4897: 4892: 4843: 4596: 4477: 4069: 3667: 3144: 2990: 2855: 2633: 2260: 2236: 2106: 1680: 1553: 1433: 1263: 1239: 1169: 783: 616: 580: 555: 285: 189: 6956: 6937: 5660: 5601: 4680: 4640: 4493:

That is why the trees no longer see, no longer move, no longer speak, but they hear.

3690:, it is for this religious reason why Serer women are allowed to participate in all 1950:

The mythical words established the three worlds (water, air and earth) based on the

8437: 8342: 8237: 8128: 8113: 8003: 7714: 7524: 7432: 6911: 6818: 4875: 3935: 3627: 3448:

in old Serer) − mother of all animals except the jackal. It is also probable that

3382: 2749:

The Saas is believed to possess fertilizing qualities which is concentrated in its

2624: 2441: 2334: 2179:, the diagram depicts two crossed lines representing the rotational motion and the 2142: 1793: 1588:. They form the structure and sources under which the creation narrative is based. 1436:. Its creation was the union of male and female principles, with Roog, the supreme 1194: 1067: 793: 590: 570: 565: 513: 237: 4040:. The supreme being is represented by the Sun. The Sun's bright light is just the 2555:. After waiting out the winter months, the nourishment they had received from the 1105:, whilst the latter is for a more developed myth. Broadly, they are equivalent to 682: 8170: 8138: 8093: 8088: 8023: 7653: 7529: 7427: 7140: 6901: 5211:

For the name of Serer medicinal plants and their corresponding Latin names, see:

5114: 4988: 4715: 4683:, it resides in the imagination. There are two types of people on Earth: visible 4205: 3856: 3717: 3402: 3301: 3135:

of Somb" which became the bearer of all the plant species found on earth and the

1720: 1437: 798: 632: 595: 585: 290: 174: 4439:, a half man-half beast. The male society of this distant past were furious and 2448:

taking precedence as it grew within the primordial swamp. In the creation myth,

8143: 8118: 8068: 8063: 8058: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7462: 7232: 6946:), 2002. Registered in the chapter "Grey Littérature" of the PRELUDE data bank 6877: 6808: 6740: 6684: 5985: 5852: 5770: 5395: 5342: 4932: 4584: 4164:

according to the narrative. The ancient and sacred village of Yaabo-Yabo (var:

4095:(rain in peace! Sow in peace) is the first word Serer farmers utter during the 3916: 3623: 3546: 3461: 3362: 3104: 3069: 3034: 3018: 2653: 2620: 2560: 2358: 2354: 1983: 1845:(the first tree, first animal and the first human couple - female, then male). 1764: 1515:

for several centuries had resulted in their migration to and fro. In spite of

1453: 1371: 1078: 1074: 1022: 611: 575: 550: 545: 540: 523: 518: 144: 35: 7067:& Schwartz, Ros, "Theo's Odyssey", Arcade Publishing (1999), p. 459, 3517:

is a strongly held belief. When the dead leave the world of the living, their

3155:

scattered them all over the world. Thus, the vegetable seeds fashioned in the

106: 8578: 8008: 7644: 7539: 7534: 7437: 7402: 4946: 4652: 4552: 4517:

of the slaughtering of animals by humans, accompanied by their dogs in their

4444: 3093: 2904: 2851: 2737: 2552: 1585: 1541: 1480: 1118: 1033:

are included in the narratives contained herein but are not limited to them.

1002: 879: 828: 758: 560: 508: 328: 7045: 6613: 6346: 6344: 6331:", vol. 2. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp. 204−5, 6311:", vol. 2. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp. 204−5, 5931:", vol. 2. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp. 205−8, 4076:

occurring in a straight line, swept through everything in its path, bearing

2294: 1731:

of Roog and the cosmos is also found in women as the Serer myth relates it:

7927: 7856: 7614: 7397: 7155: 7150: 7130: 7111: 6761: : les origines", vol. 1, Nouvelles Editions africaines (1983), p 33, 5402:", vol. 2. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), pp. 125−6, 4906: 4771: 4741: 4684: 4612: 4456: 4033: 3829: 3429: 3425: 3294: 3243:

The creation of the original animals comes from the myth of Ɓoxo-koƥ (var:

3208: 3169: 3100: 3065: 2698: 2649: 2596: 2573: 2543:

In the Serer narrative, the roots of the tree were believed to move in the

2528:

properties and is used for curing different kinds of illnesses, wounds and

2493: 2363: 2338: 2330: 2252: 2231:, the Serer people have represented the axis of the world in the form of a 1933: 1687: 1629: 1508: 1363: 1209:, the air including the higher world and earth. These three were the first 1201:

which the first tree grew within. The first three worlds created through a

1182: 1141: 1129: 1006: 788: 606: 280: 247: 194: 31: 3571: 2317:(2012). The barks, leaves and roots of the tree are used in many parts of 8165: 7917: 7912: 7851: 7826: 7821: 7773: 7763: 7350: 6341: 6220:", vol. 2. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), p. 204, 5758: 4810:. Other works influenced by Serer mythology, legend and culture include: 4380: 3887: 3663: 3509:). Fangool, the singular of Pangool means serpent in Serer language. The 3414: 3410: 3232: 3165: 3057: 3045: 2947: 2924: 2827: 2782: 2766: 2678: 2318: 2086: 1625:

of the primordial myth based on three key elements: water, air and earth;

1615: 1488: 1411: 1226: 1059: 626: 6641:& Schwartz, Ros, "Theo's Odyssey", Arcade Publishing (1999), p 459, 6382:", vol. 2. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), p. 209, 6358:", vol. 2. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), p. 209, 3674:. As in the Serer home, the twelve rods arranged in a circle around the 3254:

In the first narrative, the creation was marked by the emergence of the

3215:

There are two main varying versions regarding the creation of the first

2171:. The Serers were able to symbolize the Earth's axis and the whirl in a 1456:), that the divine brought forth the ancestors of modern humans, with a 7365: 7345: 7145: 6166:

Gravrand, Henry, La civilisation sereer - "Pangool", vol. 2. pp. 164–65

5762: 4688: 4547: 4432: 4331: 4317: 4295:

The woman responded: "I do not know what I eat :because I'm not hungry.

4147: 4096: 4041: 3659: 3433: 3177: 3156: 3140: 3136: 2923:. In Serer symbolism, the mbos is the symbol of protection. Mbos means 2915:(the younger). These new beings, wondered the earth trying to find the 2846:

from starvation. There is also a relationship between Saas density per

2816: 2758: 2604: 2544: 2469: 2350: 2168: 1971: 1812: 1796:

and provided everything by word for the smooth realization of its plan.

1744: 1695: 1648: 1640: 1593: 1375: 1206: 1202: 1165: 1145: 1018: 813: 803: 728: 650: 3317:), the jackal was the first living thing created by the supreme deity 2113:

was the first tree on Earth, the Serer oral tradition states that the

1962:, it gives the order in which they were created and elaborated on it. 1089:. The specifics of the myth are also found in two main Serer sources: 149: 7942: 6795: 6086:"Selected poems of LEOPOLD SEDAR SENGHOR", CUP Archive, pp. 103, 125 6061:"International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition" 5682:

Gravrand, Henry, "Revue de Psychopathologie africaines", Dakar (1971)

4834:(widening the circle) for the 2001 Senegalese election campaign, the 4818:(a controversial play which alienated the Serer priestly class - the 4763: 4484: 4393: 4229: 4085: 4037: 4029: 3840: 3346: 3148: 3108: 3073: 3017:

that are still intact for over a thousand years. The pegs lining the

2823: 2742: 2722: 2529: 2485: 2481: 2421: 2366:

and some trees are afforded higher religious status depending on the

2314: 2309: 2248: 2172: 2138: 1940: 1862: 1841:

the three essential elements (air, earth and water) and the top four

1830: 1826: 1782: 1768: 1699: 1683:

in the various stages of the creation and after the initial disorder;

1504: 1343: 1311: 1296: 1291: 1210: 1122: 1086: 748: 662: 5992:: les origines", vol.1, Nouvelles Editions africaines (1983), p 33, 3861:

religious, medicinal and nationalistic connotations among the Serers

3851:

in the Serer religion. Its five branches are marked and observed in

3131:. Through its feminine principle, Roog opened up and "projected the 2428:

which was supposed to have come about as a result of a primordial a

2424:

and prevailing Serer view, hence in the myth of Earth's creation, a

1599:

The creation of the Universe is based on several parts (see below):

8033: 7768: 7417: 7375: 7277: 7242: 5766: 5444: 4982: 4819: 4600: 4580: 4345: 4249: 4189: 4165: 4135: 4100: 3832: 3825: 3724: 3691: 3643: 3437: 3406: 3398: 3152: 3132: 2994: 2895: 2831: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2754: 2533: 2525: 2489: 2465: 2391: 2322: 2285: 2240: 2200: 2152: 2125:

is attributed to one of the sacred trees useful for overall-bodily

2055: 2043: 1967: 1951: 1870: 1808: 1636: 1622: 1492: 1416: 1406: 1400: 1379: 1303: 1269: 884: 823: 778: 763: 232: 204: 73: 3464:

to be the first living thing that the deity Roog (or Koox) put on

2850:

and the demographic pressure per hectare. An abundant Saas allows

1358:. They are dwelling places for the sanctified ancestral spirits ( 356: 8078: 7836: 7320: 7227: 7217: 6943: 6526: 6490:

Armes, Roy, "African Filmmaking: North And South of the Sahara",

6213: 4902: 4767: 4748:

Serer religion has influenced the religious beliefs of Senegambia

4518: 4448: 4440: 4416: 4335: 4173: 4139: 4077: 4073: 4021: 3720: 3706: 3587: 3578:, symbol of the Universe in Serer cosmology. common known as the 3498: 3484: 3386: 3236: 3216: 3173: 3112: 3088:

since it grew within the primordial swamp, the Somb tree, is the

3053: 3030: 3002: 2847: 2569: 2537: 2473: 2367: 2326: 2067: 1904:

details the scene of the primordial time in the following terms:

1874: 1866: 1834: 1803:- through its maternal nature, Roog opened-up and projected the 1686:

11. Serer representation of the Universe – the three worlds: the

1655: 1327: 1046: 1041: 1010: 874: 743: 733: 600: 227: 101: 83: 6747:", vol. 2. Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Senegal (1990), 4459:. However, the crisis did not end there, as this narrative from 2251:. In the home, these steles are made of wooden slabs, forming a 7886: 7881: 7831: 7599: 7422: 7407: 7340: 7315: 7222: 7080: 4835: 4703: 4656: 4651:(the sacred abode of the departed souls). After a sacrifice of 4436: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4193: 4127: 4025: 3875: 3821: 3713: 3699: 3671: 3635: 3631: 3579: 3557: 3480: 3421: 3390: 3313: 3255: 3224: 3220: 3181: 3128: 3120: 3056:, took its name from this tree. The Somb tree is the symbol of 3026: 3014: 2920: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2702: 2600: 2536:

specializing in snakebites often use the dried powder in their

2425: 2375: 2289: 2264: 2256: 2217: 2209: 2126: 2094: 1822: 1804: 1748: 1728: 1724: 1691: 1568:

and the creation itself, introducing the myth with the phrase:

1537: 1458: 1391: 1351: 1347: 1335: 1331: 1315: 1128:

The creation myth of the Serer people is intricately linked to

1082: 1026: 1014: 773: 768: 738: 222: 164: 154: 78: 6854: », in Nocturnes : poèmes, Éd. du Seuil, Paris, 1961 6374:« Armand Diouf » of Ndimaag, recitation from « 3709:

and the divine. According to the myth, the ostrich stood on a

3099:

The creation of Somb by the supreme being is found within the

1479:, according to this myth, bursted, which the seeds of all the 7816: 7609: 7604: 7370: 5754: 5205: 5126: 4886: 4839: 4560: 4534: 4522: 4424: 4420: 4327: 4274: 4185: 4161: 4081: 4065: 3679: 3675: 3655: 3651: 3565: 3526: 3502: 3490: 3465: 3228: 3085: 3022: 2822:

The Saas tree has an economic value to the Serers. Its dual

2799:(the abode of souls). If this ritual was not performed, the 2750: 2657: 2497: 2477: 2429: 2244: 2232: 2196: 2192: 2164: 2063: 2051: 2027: 2026:). In this myth, the formation of the Earth was started by a 2015: 1999: 1995: 1926: 1882: 1878: 1877:

until the pre-existent being, Roog, began the genesis of the

1662: 1577: 1565: 1484: 1463: 1383: 1355: 1323: 1319: 1198: 1137: 1133: 1110: 1055: 869: 851: 818: 667: 199: 4854:), etc. From a global perspective, they include the work of 4399: 3525:

transforms into an animal, usually a snake, hence why it is

2005: 7846: 7841: 7412: 7355: 7292: 7282: 7257: 6546:

Fraser, Robert, "West African Poetry: A Critical History",

5316: 5314: 4787: 4659:

to the Pangool and ancestors, vital energies are returned.

4620: 4428: 4376: 4289:

A man finds her and asks: "What do you eat? From the earth?

4143: 4061: 3899: 3855:. It is a Serer star and the symbol of the Serer people of 3728: 3710: 3611: 3518: 3354: 3326: 3322: 3251:) which translates to: the dog of the forest (the jackal). 3124: 3089: 3049: 2976: 2935:(I locked myself in the Mbos), a song with hidden meaning. 2800: 2718: 2714: 2592: 2585: 2346: 2188: 2184: 1991: 1966:

posits that, with the words of Roog, the three worlds (the

1848: 1842: 1706: 1644: 1573: 1557: 1467: 1447: 1161: 1157: 1106: 1098: 808: 262: 179: 139: 63: 2259:, they symbolize the celestial world, four rods forming a 1378:

also played a crucial role in the creation process of the

1205:

and under the principles of chaos were: the waters of the

4452: 3879: 2955: 1987: 1975: 1669: 1519:, the Serer people have the richest cosmogony of all the 1153: 1149: 5311: 4528: 2301:: Known by various name, its current scientific name is 1544:. Two Serer terms expresses the mythical creation word: 1113:

respectively, especially when communicating fundamental

6882:

Bénézet, "Introduction à la théologie africaine", p. 22

5678: 5676: 4196:

Serer relics which holds great religious significance.

3586:

Like the serpent and other animals, the cayman and the

3497:

and mythology. The serpent itself is the symbol of the

3381:, except the jackal. In this myth, Roog went through a 3321:. The jackal circled the world in a day and two of its 3040:

of these ancient sites. Gold, silver, armour (a golden

2725:

tree. In the Serer representation of the Universe, the

6096: 6094: 6053: 4714:, their aim is to return to earth for a new course of 4615:

and human beings assisted by the nocturnal world (the

4323:

He said to them: "I can make iron, so you can work" .

3593: 2927:, as in the song chanted at night by the initiates in 1552:. The former is a short narrative for a short myth or 1197:), and the creation of Planet Earth was a result of a 5802: 5800: 5798: 4313:

for the man is he who comes to the woman for company.

2050:

were often surprise when the first rainfalls brought

1536:

The Serers relates the creation myth and the role of

1487:

with life. In all versions, Roog appears as both the

7985: 7021:

Une confrontation entre la tradition et la modernité

6422: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6378: » Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - 6354: » Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5787:

Une confrontation entre la tradition et la modernité

5673: 5633: 5532: 5530: 4922: 4383:, whom through his paternal nature, acted as a good 3371:"The smallest animals were those who resisted Roog." 2386:

are also associated with certain Pangool (singular:

1125:-Serer sources, they set the structure of the myth. 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6162: 6160: 6091: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5426: 5424: 5304: 5302: 4735: 4505:

Through his spirit, he dominated all these beings."

4264:"The first human being created by Roog was a woman. 4184:The ark of Yaabo-Yabo is believed to be an ancient 2274: 2167:was not static, but animated by a whirl around the 7038:"Rémi Jegaan Dioh: Sur un air culturel et cultuel" 6606:"Rémi Jegaan Dioh: Sur un air culturel et cultuel" 6368: 6108: 6106: 5795: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 3311:(dog of the forest or "wild dog" (figuritively) - 2671:scholars of Serer tradition on the origins of life 1483:in the world sprang out (from its trunk) covering 673:Index of African mythology and creation narratives 6670:, L’Harmattan, 1997, pp. 48, 291, 293, 329, 6413: 6401: 5761:. This culture sparked criticism from the Serer 5757:were once buried inside an open baobab tree with 5389: 4804:"Aux tirailleurs Sénégalais morts pour la France" 4662: 4570: 3187: 3168:of these seeds, carrying their own principles of 2109:). Whilst some Serer sources postulates that the 8576: 6471:Reality", pp. 2−3 (860 & 859), (11/26/2010) 6288: 6230: 6157: 6150: 6148: 6129: 6127: 5894: 5809: 5703: 5610: 5557: 5507: 5421: 5299: 4694: 4674: 4595:In Serer cosmogony, the Universe is represented 4476:He reduced the size of men, who were originally 4392:(virile), yet, they later became companions and 3029:in their tombs have not been not eaten away by 2781:funerals. As well as accompanying the dead with 2584:tree in the shape of a pot). At the time of the 2153:Rotational movement around the axis of the world 1893:, the first mythical words spoken by Roog were: 925:Traditional African religion and other religions 7032:Womad.org "artists", by Andy Morgan (July 2003) 6594:Womad.org "artists", by Andy Morgan (July 2003) 6216:), Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - 6208: 6206: 6103: 5156: 5134: 5040: 4619:). The nocturnal world depicts the role of the 4470:Trees, animals and men were killing each other. 3662:as well as the divine; number 4 represents the 3235:sent to Earth by Roog, in another, as a fallen 3048:were found in these burial chambers. The town 2551:in order to feed from it before starting their 2496:and fever, etc. The barks are also applied to 2163:According to the Serer narrative, this initial 1611:2. the creation process based on Serer-numbers; 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 4627:(ancient Serer saints and ancestral spirits), 4603:representation of these three worlds form the 4104:was used for bathing as a sign of protection. 4002:That which can delay thee, take power over me! 2789:. The purpose of this ritual was to help the 1513:Religious and ethnic persecution of the Serers 1097:. The former is a short narrative for a short 1021:. Many Serers who adhere to the tenets of the 403:Index of all articles relating to Serer people 7958: 7096: 6392: 6145: 6124: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 2559:prior to their overwintering increased their 2046:were plentiful, during the rainy season, the 1821:Roog did not create, nor did it engender all 1462:, being the first to be created. There was a 978: 454: 6936:"Prelude Medicinal Plant Database" Metrafo 6203: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 4830:, Papa Amadou Fall and Cheikhou Coulibaly's 4267:She lived naked, where Roog had placed her. 3642:(Sirius) is the Serer representation of the 2973:Mummification and the Cult of Upright Stones 2048:founders of ancient Serer villages and towns 1580:, especially when communicating fundamental 706:List of African deities and mythical figures 398:Index of articles relating to Serer religion 6457: 6455: 6453: 6443: 6441: 6307:Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - 6078: 6076: 5927:Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - 5323: 5119:"Plaidoyer pour le dialogue interreligieux" 5019:Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - 4567:minds and put their own branding on Earth. 4559:are respected and would form part of Serer 4107: 3794:Who sees, his eyes will be closed forever! 3610:The Serer account regarding origins of the 3470: 3068:by most Serers who adhere to the tenets of 2878:to be the tree of life, the sacred and the 2660:. Others reject that view, and posits that 2121:(the original tree in the swamp). Instead, 1526: 393:Index of articles relating to Serer history 7965: 7951: 7103: 7089: 6757:Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation sereer, 5848: 5846: 5722: 5720: 4758:are based on Serer mythology, legends and 4176:) also derives its name from this couple. 4068:. This narrative describes the event in a 3779:"Who opens his mouth will close it again! 3172:. Fertalized by these germs of life, the 2981:After the ancients lost confidence in the 2372:ancient Serer saints and ancestral spirits 1771:of the creatures within the devine being: 1152:which included the higher world (i.e. the 985: 971: 461: 447: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6263: 6261: 6259: 5883: 5881: 5483: 5481: 5060: 4579:Serer cosmogonical representation of the 4467:"A conflict broke out between all beings. 4400:Crisis and reorganization of the Universe 3013:. It is the same wood found in the Serer 2842:which saves air thereby preventing Serer 2500:in order to improve the healing process. 2492:and to stimulates the intestines against 1073:Serer creation myth developed from Serer 7679:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof 7002:Senghor, Léopold Sédar, Préface: « 6450: 6438: 6073: 5602:"Prelude Medicinal Plant Database" (in) 4574: 4307:The man followed her for several years . 4044:. The prayer has mystical connotations. 3782:Who closes his mouth will open it more! 3570: 3195: 2736: 2293: 2081:(You start like the beginning of Nqaul). 1853:The genesis of the Universe is found in 1849:Genesis of the Universe (mythical words) 1707:Process of the creation (Serer-number 3) 1136:by Roog. Earth's formation began with a 7694:Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof 6048:"La civilisation sereer : Pangool" 5891: » Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 202−3 5867: 5865: 5843: 5717: 5504: » Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 195−6 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 4995: 4555:in Serer country is almost unheard of. 4032:. Beyond the star is the master of the 8577: 7972: 7784:The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof 7689:Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh 7674:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof 7669:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof 6687:, "La civilisation Sereer -Pangool" ) 6476: 6256: 5878: 5478: 5368: 5366: 4750:, Serer mythology has also influenced 4487:and rendered the trees dumb and blind. 4473:Roog intervened and punished them all. 4341:The Pangool came and spoiled the work. 4160:were the first humans that walked the 3791:Who closes his eyes, that means more! 3477:States headed by ancient Serer Lamanes 3227:is believed to be the first animal on 2765:ceremony). The ritual was to ward of 2436:tree grew within the swamp whilst the 2380:medicinal and spiritual value to Serer 1743:is attributed to the feminine body of 1584:relating to the supreme deity and the 1029:. Some aspects of Serer religious and 7946: 7084: 7036:Sy, Abdourahmane (28 February 2010). 6604:Sy, Abdourahmane (28 February 2010). 5465: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5001: 4762:. Some of these include the works of 4639:, the disembodied souls in search of 4529:Roog's reorganisation of the Universe 4235: 4112: 3866: 3800:Without issue and without remission! 2729:forms part of the geometric diagram. 2607:and share the same fate and destiny. 2159:Serer religion § Serer cosmology 1213:created by the supreme being through 1185:and everything in it were created by 7996:Traditional African religions portal 7794:The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof 5875: » Gravrand, "Pangool", p. 201 5862: 5182: 4344:The blacksmith made them protective 4179: 4047: 3905: 3803:I enclose you, in the name of Roog! 3735: 3274:The messenger went around the Earth. 2480:, hypertension and to stimulate the 2101:. It is a different kind of tree to 1998:; and third was earth. However, the 1825:of all kinds. It simply created the 7004:Un Regard Neuf pour l’Afrique Noire 6100:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 21 and 468 6063:, (Louvain, Belgium), pp. 27, 155, 5785: » de Fama Diagne Sène : 5363: 5026: 4975:Traditional African religion portal 4544:"We all come from the hand of Roog" 4502:But man's spirit was the cleverest. 4310:She gave the name Ngoor to the man, 3947:In your light, everything is right! 3594:Origin of the stars (Serer numbers) 3271:To which it will bring all mankind. 2364:trees are viewed as sacred entities 2006:First swamp and creation of Earth ( 1564:) is more advanced and details the 1531: 13: 7035: 6892:) - (Link retrieved: 21 July 2012) 6871: 6776:) - (Link retrieved: 21 July 2012) 6603: 6435:Gravrand, Henry, "Pangool", p. 216 5253: 4824:Yandé Codou, la griotte de Senghor 4431:impregnated a girl causing her to 4301:He asks her name. She say: "Unan." 4064:(the essence of life) appeared on 4028:. The second verse is a prayer of 3797:Earth! Engulfed them in the dark! 3769:Wagerna Roog, ba waag na mi tig!" 3060:in Serer religious symbolism. The 2834:Serers. A Saas tree in a field of 2815:that lose their leaves during the 2267:devoted to the supreme being (see 2149:grew inside the primordial swamp. 1632:and the formation of Planet Earth; 1175: 1117:such as the supreme being and the 1052:Serer saints and ancestral spirits 352:Serer views on interfaith marriage 14: 8601: 7789:The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof 6952:Prelude Medicinal Plant Database 5656:Prelude Medicinal Plant Database 4304:She leaves him to live elsewhere. 4270:She slept on the ground at night, 3806:They are powerless against Roog! 3329:. The supreme being gave it the 3268:Roog sent his messenger to Earth. 2777:Saas also played a major role in 2769:and as such, a small Saas from a 2732: 2713:, a name which has two meanings: 2677:narrative seems to fit the wider 2390:). The Serer priestly class (the 2137:which has the properties to cure 1954:of the Serer genesis provided by 1747:and is equivalent to the general 1606:by the supreme being (see above); 683:Serer astronomy (the star Sirius) 663:Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius) 8527:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 8248:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7988: 7110: 5418:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 194−218 4981: 4967: 4953: 4939: 4925: 4838:which originated from the Serer 4792:the legend of Jambooñ and Agaire 4736:Influence in Senegambian culture 4490:But he did not render them deaf. 4363:, figuratively, "the norisher". 4283:Roog moved her to another place. 4204:tree. In the Serer pre-colonial 3788:Who goes, he will return again! 3044:in particular), metal and other 2398:once inhabited. At present, the 2275:Creation of trees and vegetation 1404:symbolizing the feminine world, 951: 939: 938: 492: 428: 427: 416: 415: 47: 42: 6708:International African Institute 6657: 6628: 6597: 6585: 6566: 6519: 6507: 6464: 6429: 6410:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 210−11 6321: 6276: 6194: 6178: 6169: 6136: 6115: 6040: 6018: 6002: 5979: 5960: 5941: 5840:Gravrand, "Pangool" pp. 201−203 5747: 5738: 5729: 5694: 5685: 5664: 5640: 5592: 5573: 5548: 5539: 5494: 5433: 5412: 5285: 5208:(21–26 November 1988), ORSTOM, 4220:(a former territory of Sine in 3785:Who comes, he will not return! 3600:Cosmology in the Serer religion 2787:inside the tomb of a dead Serer 2745:with Serer grave diggers (1821) 2199:. Simultaneously, they are the 1025:believe these narratives to be 7448:Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune 7443:States headed by Serer Lamanes 6461:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 217−8 6426:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp 212-14 6253:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 208−9 6121:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp 99-100 5637:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 198−9 5570:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 197−8 5491:» Gravrand, "Pangool", p. 195 5475:» Gravrand, "Pangool", p. 195 5455:, L'Harmattan (1997), p 293, 5430:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 195−6 5308:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp 457–58 5153:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp. 193−4 5013: 4756:the third largest ethnic group 4663:The invisible world from above 4571:Representation of the Universe 4496:Roog rendered the animals mad. 4298:I do not have water to drink." 3999:Thou, light! Me in your light! 3670:world and is represented by a 3650:. Its five branches symbolize 3262:"The , was the first on Earth. 3160:mythical tree − Somb, was the 2591:The Serers believed that, all 2476:. The leaves are used against 2378:) affiliated with them, their 1837:, but seven archetypes namely 1727:and three worlds. This triple 357:Serer views on heaven and hell 318:Relations with other religions 253:States headed by Serer Lamanes 16:Creation myth from West Africa 1: 8156:Traditional African religions 7029:"Pape and Cheikh" biography 6681:Universität Frankfurt am Main 6591:"Pape and Cheikh" biography 6447:Gravrand, "Pangool", p. 215−6 6175:Gravrand, "Pangool", p. 164−5 5806:Gravrand, "Pangool pp 199-200 5351:Universität Frankfurt am Main 5179:Gravrand, "Pangool", pp 194-5 4816:"Mbilem ou le baobab du lion" 4695:The nocturnal world (Jaaniiw) 4675:The diurnal terrestrial world 3884:ancestors of the Serer people 3630:) more commonly known as the 3092:that produced it and all the 2785:, a stick of Saas was placed 2460:has been lost to history. In 2333:mainly in frequently flooded 2216:it had emitted, rotated in a 1058:), but one supreme deity and 897:Relation with other religions 486:Traditional African religions 7739:Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof 7656:(ancient kings / landowners) 6743:, "La Civilisation Sereer - 6398:Gravrand, "Pangool", p. 2101 6112:Gravrand, Pangool, pp. 98–99 5536:Gravrand, Pangool, pp. 196−7 5398:, "La Civilisation Sereer - 4913:Traditional African religion 4533:After the initial crisis on 4286:At that time, she was alone. 4254:legend of Jambooñ and Agaire 4005:But what can not delay thee, 3996:You! Illuminate, illuminate! 3853:the classical Ndut teachings 3809:Nothing can be against me!" 3417:, spread through the world. 2220:motion thereby creating the 2129:. Another sacred tree − the 2032:Serer culture and traditions 1978:including the high heavens ( 1498: 7: 8308:Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) 8029:Traditional Berber religion 7013:MBILEM OU LE BAOBAB DU LION 6577:MBILEM OU LE BAOBAB DU LION 6542:». Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 6200:Gravrand, "Pangool", p. 101 6154:Gravrand, "Pangool", p. 164 6142:Gravrand, "Pangool", p. 165 5988:, "La civilisation sereer, 5783:MBILEM OU LE BAOBAB DU LION 5700:Gravrand, "Panfool", p. 231 5345:, "La civilisation Sereer - 4869: 4499:The smallest resisted Roog. 4248:probably dates back to the 3980:Ndaa kuu Waageeroonga gulin 3843:" of the ostrich. The Star 3680:human and terrestrial world 3307:According to the legend of 2524:) is highly prized for its 2353:are preserved in the Serer 2038:is also significant in the 1811:in a similar fashion as in 1036:The Serer people have many 10: 8606: 8564:African diaspora religions 7715:Queens & Queen Mothers 6890:Psychopathologie africaine 6774:Psychopathologie africaine 6668:La connaissance de la nuit 6548:Cambridge University Press 6133:Gravrand, "Pangool", p 100 5726:Gravrand, "Pangool", p 284 5691:Gravrand, "Pangool", p 126 5453:La connaissance de la nuit 5443:, which translates to the 5320:Gravrand, "Pangool", p 189 4842:tradition, popularised by 4776:first president of Senegal 4739: 4706:of the night. Flying from 4447:in order to determine the 4408: 4292:What do you drink? Water?" 4060:) narrates the first time 3890:– many still do (see also 3603: 3597: 3474: 3096:that populated the world. 2966: 2345:The creation of the first 2283: 2156: 1698:terrestrial world and the 1388:Serer philosophy of beauty 903:African diaspora religions 324:Serer views on incarnation 8560: 8465: 8184: 8014:Ancient Egyptian religion 7980: 7906: 7899: 7802: 7752: 7712: 7684:Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof 7642: 7633: 7567: 7513: 7480: 7471: 7458:Timeline of Serer history 7388: 7329: 7301: 7266: 7178: 7169: 7119: 7077:(Retrieved: 13 June 2012) 6913:(Retrieved: 25 May 2012)) 6651:(Retrieved: 13 June 2012) 5792:(Retrieved: 10 May 2012). 5439:The original source says 4587:, La civilisation sereer 4404: 3841:the beginning of the eggs 3618:, especially the Star of 3223:). In both versions, the 2568:(now part of present-day 2472:plant for curing various 2321:for human and veterinary 2030:. Swamps are integral to 1861:. Which posits that: "In 1542:formation of the Universe 1521:Senegambian ethnic groups 1396:Serer religious symbolism 1227:primordial swamp on Earth 306:Index of Serer matriarchs 301:Index of Serer patriarchs 258:Timeline of Serer history 170:Senegambian stone circles 8233:Central African Republic 7193:Classical Ndut teachings 7026:(Retrieved: 10 May 2012) 6980:(Retrieved: 25 May 2012) 6967:(Retrieved: 3 June 2012) 6958:(Retrieved: 3 June 2012) 6939:(Retrieved: 3 June 2012) 6933:(Retrieved: 25 May 2012) 6907:(Retrieved: 25 May 2012) 6898:(Retrieved: 10 May 2012) 6884:(Retrieved: 25 May 2012) 6582:(Retrieved: 10 May 2012) 6504:(Retrieved: 25 May 2012) 6492:Indiana University Press 6273:(Retrieved: 25 May 2012) 6082:Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 5607:(Retrieved: 3 June 2012) 5131:(Retrieved: 25 May 2012) 5123:Konrad Adenauer Stiftung 4848:other Senegalese artists 4108:Creation of human beings 3471:The tree and the serpent 3265:And it will be the last. 2929:Ndut classical teachings 2279: 2018:is based on the myth of 1586:creation of the Universe 1527:Creation of the Universe 1386:. This is linked to the 1119:creation of the Universe 701:Index of African deities 6922:(Retrieved 3 June 2012) 5250:(Retrieved 3 June 2012) 5125:(23 and 24 June 2009), 3993:You! Who is never late! 3444:means "The Mother" (or 3143:and opened up as if by 3084:was the first three on 2962: 2885: 2858:such as the triangular 2826:role benefits both the 2610: 2503: 2464:, it is used both as a 2085:This phrase evokes the 2079:"Ko adoox a adax Nqaul" 1946:the earth in his hands. 1556:and is equivalent to a 1121:. In addition to being 668:Dogon astronomy (Nommo) 434:Serer religion category 7704:Maad Semou Njekeh Joof 7699:Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof 6984:Senghor, Léopold Sédar 6962:Senghor, Léopold Sédar 6848:Senghor, Léopold Sédar 6514:Senghor, Léopold Sédar 4918:List of creation myths 4725: 4643:or reincarnation) and 4592: 3941:You rise in the light! 3766:Wegoram a nun a Roog, 3583: 3515:reincarnation of souls 3325:were transformed into 3212: 3021:of the Serer notables 2746: 2709:called it by the name 2342: 2227:Since the time of the 1899: 1761:"out of a female womb" 1566:mythical creation word 1517:this turbulent history 1507:is not as rich as the 296:Maad Semou Njekeh Joof 117:Intercession of saints 8393:São Tomé and Príncipe 8383:Republic of the Congo 7779:Joos Maternal Dynasty 6842:University of Calgary 6529:in Serer mythology): 6283:University of Calgary 4862:and Ros Schwartz's - 4796:the Point of Sangomar 4784:"Chants pour Signare" 4780:Léopold Sédar Senghor 4729:Léopold Sédar Senghor 4721: 4611:tree symbolizing the 4578: 4513:It also represents a 4443:all the animals to a 4411:Cosmogony of the Ndut 4320:found Unan and Ngoor. 4258:the Point of Sangomar 4224:) where it is called 4058:"Ngam jam, o yas jam" 4042:epiphany of its being 4008:has no power over me! 3989:In English (verse 2) 3977:Fat a waag na mi tig! 3974:Kuu waagoonga gullin, 3944:You set in the light! 3892:Serer ancient history 3745:"Xu xabatna, ba mup! 3574: 3347:combretum paniculatum 3277:It came back saying": 3199: 3188:Creation of animals ( 2969:Serer ancient history 2952:jat, muslaay, leemaay 2890:Based on the myth of 2740: 2673:postulates that, the 2652:, and therefore, the 2644:postulates that, the 2297: 2284:Further information: 2269:Serer ancient history 2229:ancient Serer Lamanes 2157:Further information: 2040:history of the Serers 1921:Which translates to: 1895: 1781:- within the living 1723:, three parts of the 1554:proverbial expression 1420:(3 + 4) representing 1103:proverbial expression 918:Persecution of Serers 913:Persecution of Dogons 724:Bandiagara Escarpment 422:Serer people category 7744:Serer maternal clans 4996:Notes and references 4852:Ndut initiation rite 4540:"Roog alone is king" 4423:lived together with 4415:Originally, all the 4280:She could not sleep. 3606:Ndut initiation rite 3353:of the nalafun, the 3205:Kruger National Park 3005:. It is harder than 2640:Serer advocates for 2420:tree represents the 2307:, part of the genus 2097:is so widespread in 1925:The Words leap into 1908:"A leep à joon maaga 1675:10. intervention of 1672:became man's friend; 1289:, part of the genus 375:Ndut initiation rite 8149:Serer creation myth 7734:Lingeer Ngoné Dièye 7729:Lingeer Ndoye Demba 7453:Battle of Logandème 7418:Kingdom of Biffeche 6852:Chants pour Signare 5023:", pp. 180, 305–402 4882:Mandé creation myth 4752:Senegambian culture 4742:Worship of Kokh Kox 4655:and/or offering of 4359:means one who pile 4093:Ngam jam, o yas jam 3983:Baa waag na mi tig! 3965:Tu! Dunare! Dunare! 3962:Gulooxar! Gulooxar! 3760:Adna, kitim kiris! 3558:celtis integrifolia 3383:period of gestation 3335:guiera senegalensis 3283:Only the remains." 3201:Side-striped jackal 2997:) was adopted. The 2896:gardenia ternifolia 2697:ends so people can 2582:guiera senegalensis 2522:guiera senegalensis 1911:a roxondox o maaga, 1897:WATER! AIR! EARTH! 1792:- Roog started the 1681:divine intervention 1679:and the process of 1661:8. the creation of 1654:7. the creation of 1582:religious education 1304:Gardenia ternifolia 1256:Guiera senegalensis 1170:principles of chaos 1115:religious education 1001:is the traditional 999:Serer creation myth 243:Serer creation myth 160:Index of holy sites 8134:Malagasy mythology 8044:Bushongo mythology 7974:Religion in Africa 7724:Lingeer Fatim Beye 7061:Clément, Catherine 6858:Dupire, Marguerite 6635:Clément, Catherine 5223:(pp. 5 & 8), 5057:Pangool, pp. 125–6 4593: 4371:) is a name for a 4236:Historical figures 4113:First human couple 3867:The Sun (Gulooxar) 3757:Xu ga'na, ba nut! 3751:Xu garna, ba ret! 3748:Xu retna, ba gar! 3696:royal institutions 3584: 3280:"Nothing is there. 3213: 3176:was carpeted with 2747: 2688:In this myth, the 2343: 2022:(a type of tree - 1974:); the second was 1917:a saay'a lang ke." 1721:essential elements 1643:, the creation of 1639:motion around the 1570:"Naaga reetu reet" 656:African divination 8570: 8569: 8476:other territories 8263:Equatorial Guinea 8161:Tumbuka mythology 8124:Lugbara mythology 8109:Khoe/San religion 8054:Dahomean religion 7940: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7923:Toucouleur people 7895: 7894: 7664:Lamane Jegan Joof 7563: 7562: 7423:kingdom of Saloum 7384: 7383: 7361:Point of Sangomar 7048:on 2 January 2013 6819:Diop, Cheikh Anta 6714:Faye, Louis Diène 6616:on 2 January 2013 6028:Faye, Louis Diène 5714:Pangool, p. 126−7 4961:Mauritania portal 4898:Dahomey mythology 4893:Ashanti mythology 4856:Catherine Clément 4180:Ark of Yaabo-Yabo 4172:, in present-day 4048:First rain (Ngam) 4017: 4016: 3817: 3816: 3686:. In addition to 3507:ancestral spirits 3184:came into being. 3145:caesarean section 3064:is viewed as the 3052:, in present-day 2991:prosopis africana 2921:protective charms 2856:intensive farming 2413:mitragyna inermis 2304:Mitragyna inermis 2237:centre of gravity 2222:celestial objects 2191:, the other from 2169:axis of the world 2042:. At a time when 2024:Mitragyna inermis 1943:on his shoulders, 1641:axis of the world 1446:"out of a female 1286:Mitragyna inermis 1264:Prosopis africana 1211:primordial worlds 995: 994: 784:Point of Sangomar 471: 470: 286:Lamane Jegan Joof 190:Point of Sangomar 8597: 8186:Sovereign states 8129:Maasai mythology 8114:Lotuko mythology 8004:Akamba mythology 7998: 7993: 7992: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7944: 7943: 7904: 7903: 7640: 7639: 7478: 7477: 7433:Serer prehistory 7176: 7175: 7105: 7098: 7091: 7082: 7081: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7044:. Archived from 7017:Fama Diagne Sène 6955: 6949: 6902:Thiaw, Issa laye 6814: 6652: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6612:. Archived from 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6574: 6570: 6564: 6544:"Chants d'ombre" 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6459: 6448: 6445: 6436: 6433: 6427: 6424: 6411: 6408: 6399: 6396: 6390: 6372: 6366: 6348: 6339: 6325: 6319: 6305: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6254: 6251: 6228: 6210: 6201: 6198: 6192: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6155: 6152: 6143: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6122: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6101: 6098: 6089: 6084:"Chants d'ombre" 6080: 6071: 6057: 6051: 6044: 6038: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6006: 6000: 5983: 5977: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5925: 5892: 5885: 5876: 5869: 5860: 5858: 5850: 5841: 5838: 5807: 5804: 5793: 5780: 5775:Fama Diagne Sène 5751: 5745: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5727: 5724: 5715: 5712: 5701: 5698: 5692: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5671: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5555: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5505: 5498: 5492: 5485: 5476: 5469: 5463: 5450: 5437: 5431: 5428: 5419: 5416: 5410: 5393: 5387: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5361: 5340: 5336: 5321: 5318: 5309: 5306: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5274: 5270: 5251: 5203: 5199: 5180: 5177: 5154: 5151: 5132: 5115:Thiaw, Issa laye 5113: 5109: 5058: 5055: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4943: 4942: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4876:Faro (mythology) 4828:Yandé Codou Sène 4812:Fama Diagne Sène 4800:"Chants d'ombre" 4731: 4653:domestic animals 4546:are examples of 3906: 3849:religious symbol 3754:Xu nutna ba ga! 3736: 3694:, political and 3568:take residence. 3440:, etc. The word 2625:Cangin languages 2603:out of the same 2396:the proto-Serers 2382:life, etc. Some 2087:primordial swamp 2014:The creation of 1794:gestation period 1630:primordial ocean 1618:of the Universe; 1592:, the logos, is 1532:A nax and A leep 1364:cult of the tree 1346:worldly-view of 1068:Cangin languages 1066:(or Koox in the 987: 980: 973: 956: 955: 942: 941: 794:Sangha Ogol Leye 496: 473: 472: 463: 456: 449: 431: 430: 419: 418: 238:Serer prehistory 217:Related articles 51: 46: 19: 18: 8605: 8604: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8566: 8556: 8475: 8470: 8461: 8180: 8171:Yoruba religion 8139:Mbuti mythology 8094:Isoko mythology 8024:Bantu mythology 7994: 7987: 7976: 7971: 7941: 7932: 7891: 7810: 7808: 7798: 7757: 7755: 7748: 7717: 7708: 7657: 7652: 7629: 7580:Chere (or saay) 7559: 7509: 7467: 7428:Kingdom of Sine 7413:Kingdom of Baol 7380: 7325: 7297: 7288:Kopé Tiatie Cac 7268:Supreme deities 7262: 7165: 7115: 7109: 7051: 7049: 7023:, PiccMi.com 6953: 6947: 6874: 6872:Further reading 6812: 6741:Gravrand, Henry 6660: 6655: 6633: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6550:(1986), p. 51, 6524: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6494:(2006), p. 80, 6487: 6486: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6451: 6446: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6425: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6393: 6373: 6369: 6349: 6342: 6326: 6322: 6306: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6266: 6257: 6252: 6231: 6211: 6204: 6199: 6195: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6099: 6092: 6081: 6074: 6058: 6054: 6045: 6041: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6007: 6003: 5986:Gravrand, Henry 5984: 5980: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5926: 5895: 5886: 5879: 5870: 5863: 5856: 5851: 5844: 5839: 5810: 5805: 5796: 5789:, PiccMi.com 5778: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5686: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5657: 5651: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5611: 5598: 5597: 5593: 5579: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5558: 5553: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5535: 5508: 5499: 5495: 5486: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5448: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5396:Gravrand, Henry 5394: 5390: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5338: 5337: 5324: 5319: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5272: 5271: 5254: 5201: 5200: 5183: 5178: 5157: 5152: 5135: 5111: 5110: 5061: 5056: 5041: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5018: 5014: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4989:Religion portal 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4945: 4940: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4872: 4744: 4738: 4733: 4727: 4716:human evolution 4697: 4677: 4665: 4641:re-hominisation 4573: 4531: 4457:man's companion 4413: 4407: 4402: 4238: 4208:, it is called 4206:Kingdom of Sine 4190:Empyrean Heaven 4182: 4115: 4110: 4050: 4018: 3888:worship the Sun 3878:devoted to the 3869: 3818: 3763:Mending meles! 3684:cardinal points 3664:masculine world 3638:and symbolism. 3616:Serer cosmology 3608: 3602: 3596: 3562:a mboy xa nafad 3501:(ancient Serer 3495:Serer cosmology 3487: 3473: 3452:is the same as 3302:Issa Laye Thiaw 3194: 2979: 2967:Main articles: 2965: 2888: 2735: 2613: 2605:divine placenta 2572:), the tree is 2506: 2374:represented by 2292: 2282: 2277: 2243:and one of the 2241:divine energies 2201:Empyrean Heaven 2177:Serer cosmology 2161: 2155: 2012: 1932:He carried the 1889:. According to 1851: 1713:Serer symbolism 1709: 1560:. The latter ( 1534: 1529: 1501: 1464:mythical speech 1412:masculine world 1275:4. Nqual (var: 1178: 1176:Common elements 1130:the first trees 1075:oral traditions 1054:represented by 1031:Ndut traditions 991: 962: 950: 930: 929: 898: 890: 889: 865: 857: 856: 842: 834: 833: 719: 711: 710: 696: 688: 687: 646: 638: 637: 504: 467: 408: 407: 388: 380: 379: 370: 362: 361: 319: 311: 310: 291:Issa Laye Thiaw 276: 275:Notable figures 268: 267: 218: 210: 209: 185:Tassili n'Ajjer 135: 127: 126: 97: 89: 88: 69:Kopé Tiatie Cac 59: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8603: 8593: 8592: 8590:Creation myths 8587: 8585:Serer religion 8568: 8567: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8548: 8546:Western Sahara 8543: 8536: 8530: 8523: 8517: 8510: 8504: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8483:Canary Islands 8479: 8477: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8188: 8182: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8144:Serer religion 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8119:Lozi mythology 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8069:Efik mythology 8066: 8064:Dogon religion 8061: 8059:Dinka religion 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8034:Bono mythology 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7984: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7970: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7938: 7937: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7907: 7901: 7900:Related people 7897: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7803: 7800: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7760: 7758: 7753: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7660: 7658: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7571: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7475: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7465: 7463:Western Sahara 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7394: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7117: 7116: 7108: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7058: 7033: 7027: 7009: 7000: 6988:Chants d'ombre 6981: 6968: 6959: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6923: 6914: 6908: 6899: 6893: 6885: 6878:Henry Gravrand 6873: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6855: 6845: 6839: 6829: 6816: 6806: 6793: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6769: 6755: 6738: 6735: 6724: 6711: 6705: 6695: 6685:Henry Gravrand 6678: 6664: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6627: 6596: 6584: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6518: 6506: 6475: 6463: 6449: 6437: 6428: 6412: 6400: 6391: 6367: 6340: 6320: 6287: 6275: 6255: 6229: 6202: 6193: 6177: 6168: 6156: 6144: 6135: 6123: 6114: 6102: 6090: 6072: 6052: 6039: 6017: 6001: 5978: 5959: 5940: 5893: 5877: 5861: 5842: 5808: 5794: 5771:Serer religion 5746: 5737: 5728: 5716: 5702: 5693: 5684: 5672: 5663: 5639: 5609: 5591: 5572: 5556: 5547: 5538: 5506: 5493: 5477: 5464: 5432: 5420: 5411: 5388: 5362: 5343:Henry Gravrand 5322: 5310: 5298: 5284: 5252: 5181: 5155: 5133: 5059: 5039: 5025: 5012: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4978: 4964: 4950: 4936: 4933:Senegal portal 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4879: 4871: 4868: 4864:Theo's Odyssey 4844:Youssou N'Dour 4737: 4734: 4720: 4696: 4693: 4676: 4673: 4664: 4661: 4631:(proper, var: 4585:Henry Gravrand 4572: 4569: 4530: 4527: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4350: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4324: 4321: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4273:bitten by the 4271: 4268: 4265: 4240:The legend of 4237: 4234: 4181: 4178: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4070:chaotic manner 4049: 4046: 4015: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3932: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3913: 3912: 3904: 3868: 3865: 3815: 3814: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3743: 3742: 3734: 3660:feminine world 3632:Star of Sirius 3598:Main article: 3595: 3592: 3580:Star of Sirius 3547:Serer language 3472: 3469: 3462:Serer religion 3375: 3374: 3373: 3372: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3245:"o ɓoox o koƥ" 3193: 3186: 3180:and the first 3105:Serer religion 3072:. That is the 3070:Serer religion 3035:archaeological 3019:burial chamber 2964: 2961: 2887: 2884: 2734: 2733:Fertility tree 2731: 2654:origin of life 2612: 2609: 2578:xu'doox o'baal 2532:. Traditional 2512:tree (proper: 2505: 2502: 2384:Serer families 2359:Serer religion 2355:oral tradition 2313:in the family 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2214:vital energies 2154: 2151: 2083: 2082: 2011: 2004: 1986:) such as the 1948: 1947: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914:a gad'wa roog, 1912: 1909: 1850: 1847: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1797: 1786: 1759:translates to 1737: 1736: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1703: 1684: 1673: 1666: 1659: 1652: 1633: 1626: 1619: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1500: 1497: 1472:absolute truth 1442:"Noo tiig tew" 1438:transcendental 1382:and the first- 1376:feminine world 1372:Serer religion 1308: 1307: 1299: 1295:of the family 1273: 1259: 1245:2. Nquƭ (var: 1243: 1233:1. Saas (var: 1177: 1174: 1079:Serer religion 1023:Serer religion 993: 992: 990: 989: 982: 975: 967: 964: 963: 961: 960: 948: 935: 932: 931: 928: 927: 922: 921: 920: 915: 905: 899: 896: 895: 892: 891: 888: 887: 882: 877: 872: 866: 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 849: 843: 840: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 720: 717: 716: 713: 712: 709: 708: 703: 697: 694: 693: 690: 689: 686: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 659: 658: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 630: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 532: 531: 526: 516: 511: 505: 502: 501: 498: 497: 489: 488: 482: 481: 469: 468: 466: 465: 458: 451: 443: 440: 439: 438: 437: 425: 410: 409: 406: 405: 400: 395: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 371: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 354: 349: 348: 347: 341: 331: 326: 320: 317: 316: 313: 312: 309: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 219: 216: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 145:Cekeen Tumulus 142: 136: 133: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 98: 96:Main doctrines 95: 94: 91: 90: 87: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 60: 57: 56: 53: 52: 39: 38: 36:Serer religion 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8602: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8573: 8565: 8559: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8303:Guinea-Bissau 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8177: 8176:Zulu religion 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8079:Igbo religion 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8009:Akan religion 8007: 8005: 8002: 8001: 7997: 7991: 7986: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7961: 7956: 7954: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7898: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7806: 7801: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7754:Dynasties and 7751: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7711: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7505:Serer country 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7438:Serer history 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7403:Cekeen Tumuli 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7387: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7302:Other deities 7300: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7198:Creation myth 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7168: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7094: 7092: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7059: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6960: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6828: 6827:1-55652-072-7 6824: 6820: 6817: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6791:2-87614-431-X 6788: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6770: 6768: 6767:2-7236-0877-8 6764: 6760: 6756: 6754: 6753:2-7236-1055-1 6750: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733:0-660-15965-1 6730: 6725: 6723: 6722:2-7236-0868-9 6719: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6676:2-7384-5196-9 6673: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6588: 6581: 6578: 6569: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6522: 6515: 6510: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6473: 6467: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6444: 6442: 6432: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6395: 6389: 6388:2-7236-1055-1 6385: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6364:2-7236-1055-1 6361: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6338: 6337:2-7236-1055-1 6334: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6317:2-7236-1055-1 6314: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6227: 6226:2-7236-1055-1 6223: 6219: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6197: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6172: 6163: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6139: 6130: 6128: 6118: 6109: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6088: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6070: 6069:0-660-15965-1 6066: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6036:2-7236-0868-9 6033: 6029: 6021: 6015: 6014:2-7236-0868-9 6011: 6005: 5999: 5998:2-7236-0877-8 5995: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5976: 5975:2-7384-5196-9 5972: 5963: 5957: 5956:2-7384-5196-9 5953: 5944: 5938: 5937:2-7236-1055-1 5934: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5723: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5697: 5688: 5679: 5677: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5643: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5606: 5605: 5595: 5589: 5588:2-87614-431-X 5585: 5576: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5503: 5497: 5490: 5484: 5482: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5461:2-7384-5196-9 5458: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5427: 5425: 5415: 5409: 5408:2-7236-1055-1 5405: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5369: 5367: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5305: 5303: 5296: 5288: 5282: 5281:2-7384-5196-9 5278: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5037: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5004: 5000: 4990: 4984: 4979: 4976: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4951: 4948: 4947:Gambia portal 4937: 4934: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4732: 4730: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4597:schematically 4590: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4568: 4564: 4562: 4556: 4554: 4553:Deforestation 4549: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519:hunting camps 4516: 4511: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4277:of the earth. 4276: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222:Serer country 4219: 4216:), except in 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4136:primogenitors 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4105: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3987: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3909: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3700:Lamanic class 3697: 3693: 3689: 3688:Serer culture 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648:transcendence 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3493:is linked to 3492: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3415:creator deity 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3291: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3240:grew out of. 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3095: 3094:plant species 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2993:a species of 2992: 2988: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2933:Wagoxaam Mbos 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905:modern humans 2901: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2880:transcendence 2877: 2873: 2872:Serer country 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852:crop rotation 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2779:ancient Serer 2775: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753:branches and 2752: 2744: 2739: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699:give it a hug 2696: 2691: 2690:transcendence 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2636: 2635: 2634:acacia albida 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2553:overwintering 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2534:Serer healers 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2516:, variation: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462:Serer country 2459: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107:acacia albida 2104: 2100: 2099:Serer country 2096: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863:the beginning 1860: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:"No tiig tew" 1755:. The phrase 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481:plant species 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340:Serer totemic 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1306: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1267:a species of 1266: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1241: 1240:Acacia albida 1236: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003:creation myth 1000: 988: 983: 981: 976: 974: 969: 968: 966: 965: 959: 954: 949: 947: 946: 937: 936: 934: 933: 926: 923: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 909: 906: 904: 901: 900: 894: 893: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 861: 860: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 838: 837: 830: 829:Youga Dogorou 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 759:Mount Hombori 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 718:Sacred places 715: 714: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 692: 691: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 657: 654: 653: 652: 649: 648: 642: 641: 634: 631: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 530: 527: 525: 522: 521: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 506: 500: 499: 495: 491: 490: 487: 484: 483: 479: 475: 474: 464: 459: 457: 452: 450: 445: 444: 442: 441: 436: 435: 426: 424: 423: 414: 413: 412: 411: 404: 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 384: 383: 376: 373: 372: 366: 365: 358: 355: 353: 350: 345: 344:By Christians 342: 340: 337: 336: 335: 332: 330: 329:Serer history 327: 325: 322: 321: 315: 314: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 278: 272: 271: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 214: 213: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 134:Sacred places 131: 130: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 99: 93: 92: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 61: 55: 54: 50: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 30: 29: 25: 21: 20: 8572: 8538: 8525: 8512: 8467:Dependencies 8418:South Africa 8408:Sierra Leone 8213:Burkina Faso 8148: 8049:Christianity 8019:Baháʼí Faith 7928:Wolof people 7857:Maad a Sinig 7809:royal titles 7756:royal houses 7648: 7530:Lehar/Laalaa 7473:Demographics 7398:Amar Godomat 7331:Sacred sites 7197: 7050:. Retrieved 7046:the original 7041: 7020: 7012: 7003: 6987: 6954:(in English) 6851: 6813:(in English) 6758: 6744: 6667: 6658:Bibliography 6630: 6618:. Retrieved 6614:the original 6609: 6599: 6587: 6576: 6568: 6543: 6535: 6521: 6509: 6488:(in English) 6466: 6431: 6394: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6355: 6351: 6328: 6323: 6308: 6278: 6217: 6196: 6180: 6171: 6138: 6117: 6083: 6060: 6055: 6047: 6042: 6020: 6004: 5989: 5981: 5962: 5943: 5928: 5888: 5872: 5857:(in English) 5786: 5782: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5696: 5687: 5666: 5658:(in English) 5642: 5603: 5599:(in English) 5594: 5575: 5550: 5541: 5501: 5496: 5488: 5472: 5467: 5452: 5440: 5435: 5414: 5399: 5391: 5377:(in English) 5346: 5339:(in English) 5287: 5247:(p. 5), and 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5118: 5028: 5020: 5015: 5008:(in English) 5003: 4863: 4831: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4790:inspired by 4783: 4774:), works of 4772:Kaddu Beykat 4746:Just as the 4745: 4726: 4722: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4698: 4685:human beings 4678: 4666: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4613:tree of life 4608: 4594: 4588: 4565: 4557: 4543: 4539: 4535:Planet Earth 4532: 4512: 4508: 4460: 4425:human beings 4414: 4389: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4245: 4241: 4239: 4225: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4198: 4183: 4169: 4158:YAAB and YOP 4156: 4151: 4131: 4123: 4116: 4092: 4091:The proverb 4090: 4066:planet earth 4057: 4053: 4052:The myth of 4051: 4034:Solar System 4019: 4011: 3988: 3957: 3933: 3914: 3895: 3894:). The word 3882:-god as the 3871: 3870: 3844: 3838: 3819: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3704: 3639: 3619: 3614:is found in 3609: 3585: 3575: 3561: 3553: 3551: 3542: 3539:reincarnated 3538: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3511:Yaal Pangool 3510: 3488: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3430:hippopotamus 3424:, perhaps a 3419: 3403:acclimatized 3394: 3379:world parent 3376: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3300: 3289: 3286: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3214: 3209:South Africa 3189: 3170:reproduction 3141:diminutively 3116: 3101:hermeneutics 3098: 3081: 3080:tree. While 3077: 3066:Tree of Life 3061: 2998: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2951: 2944:mbudaay-baak 2943: 2937: 2932: 2925:miscarriages 2916: 2912: 2908: 2899: 2891: 2889: 2875: 2828:agricultural 2821: 2794: 2791:dead move on 2776: 2767:evil spirits 2762: 2748: 2727:Myth of Saas 2726: 2710: 2707:The ancients 2687: 2682: 2679:West African 2674: 2666: 2661: 2650:tree of life 2645: 2641: 2639: 2632: 2628: 2616: 2614: 2597:human beings 2590: 2581: 2577: 2565: 2556: 2548: 2542: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2507: 2494:hypertension 2457: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2440:grew on the 2437: 2433: 2417: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2387: 2344: 2339:flood plains 2308: 2302: 2298: 2226: 2181:intersection 2175:diagram. In 2162: 2146: 2141:grew on the 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2102: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2035: 2023: 2019: 2016:Planet Earth 2013: 2007: 1979: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1936:on his head, 1920: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1886: 1865:, there was 1858: 1854: 1852: 1838: 1820: 1800: 1789: 1778: 1760: 1756: 1753:Mother Earth 1740: 1738: 1716: 1710: 1598: 1589: 1569: 1561: 1549: 1545: 1535: 1502: 1485:Planet Earth 1476: 1466:− the first 1457: 1445: 1441: 1426: 1415: 1405: 1399: 1359: 1309: 1302: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1268: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1238: 1234: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1203:mythical egg 1190: 1186: 1183:the Universe 1179: 1134:Planet Earth 1127: 1094: 1090: 1072: 1045: 1035: 1007:Serer people 998: 996: 944: 432: 420: 281:Amar Godomat 248:Serer people 242: 195:Thiouthioune 8423:South Sudan 8166:Waaqeffanna 7918:Lebu people 7913:Jola people 7877:Sene family 7872:Sarr family 7867:Njie family 7862:Ngum family 7852:Maad Saloum 7827:Joof family 7822:Faye family 7774:Joof family 7764:Faye family 7590:Inheritance 7351:Sine-Saloum 7311:Kumba Njaay 7293:Roog (main) 7015: » de 6948:(in French) 6573:(in French) 6538:tirailleurs 6268:(in French) 6025:(in French) 5967:(in French) 5948:(in French) 5779:(in French) 5759:grave goods 5753:Some Serer 5652:(in French) 5647:(in French) 5580:(in French) 5449:(in French) 5373:(in French) 5292:(in French) 5273:(in French) 5202:(in French) 5112:(in French) 5033:(in French) 4832:Yatal Gueew 4381:Omnipotence 3411:animal life 3337:) and thus 3233:Earth-diver 3166:transmitter 3058:immortality 3046:grave goods 2948:incarnation 2940:baobab tree 2783:grave goods 2566:Lang o Maak 2335:river banks 2325:. Found in 2319:West Africa 2253:sacred wood 2173:geometrical 1739:The phrase 1132:created on 1087:cosmogonies 908:Persecution 754:Kanem–Bornu 627:Waaqeffanna 334:Persecution 8579:Categories 8562:See also: 8553:(Tanzania) 8540:Somaliland 8533:St. Helena 8497:(Portugal) 8472:autonomies 8403:Seychelles 8363:Mozambique 8348:Mauritania 8333:Madagascar 8288:The Gambia 8228:Cape Verde 8084:Irreligion 7495:Mauritania 7366:Tattaguine 7346:Sine River 7179:Key topics 7073:1559704993 7065:Cox, Steve 6996:052131223X 6986:, « 6976:0253218985 6866:2865374874 6837:076741957X 6804:0905268636 6796:Rake, Alan 6703:2723614034 6693:3515028420 6647:1559704993 6639:Cox, Steve 6556:052131223X 6500:0253218985 6190:076741957X 6046:Gravrand, 5763:playwright 5441:"Adna fee" 5385:2723614034 5359:3515028420 4909:fairytale) 4740:See also: 4689:souterrain 4605:Serer star 4548:conscience 4433:give birth 4409:See also: 4394:procreated 4318:blacksmith 4148:childbirth 4097:first rain 3928:Dun a jof! 3925:Mudaa dun! 3922:Wataa dun! 3820:The other 3775:In English 3718:immemorial 3604:See also: 3554:ngaan mbul 3475:See also: 3434:rhinoceros 3351:life cycle 3249:"boxo-kob" 3178:vegetation 3157:divine egg 3137:underworld 3109:traditions 3038:excavation 3007:cailcedrat 2870:(parts of 2817:dry season 2761:days (the 2545:underworld 2530:snakebites 2470:veterinary 2442:river bank 2351:vegetation 2249:coronation 2143:river bank 2060:Calibrated 1972:underworld 1829:, not the 1827:archetypes 1813:childbirth 1783:divine egg 1745:motherhood 1741:"Tiig Tew" 1692:from above 1649:plant life 1637:rotational 1390:and Serer- 1301:5. Mbos - 1261:3. Somb - 1207:underworld 1193:among the 1166:cosmic egg 1146:underworld 1019:Mauritania 864:Priesthood 814:Tattaguine 804:Sine River 729:Benin City 678:Philosophy 651:Divination 339:By Muslims 112:Divination 8353:Mauritius 7981:Religions 7515:Languages 7481:By region 7248:Symbolism 7208:Festivals 7203:Criticism 6850:, « 5767:Saltigues 5243:is spelt 5215:is spelt 4878:(Bambara) 4860:Steve Cox 4820:Saltigues 4778:the late 4764:Safi Faye 4681:Utopianly 4645:"Jaaniiw" 4601:geometric 4515:microcosm 4485:paralyzed 4355:The name 4346:talismans 4170:YABO-YABO 4122:found in 4086:lightning 4084:. Bright 4030:adoration 3958:In Serer 3859:. It has 3826:predators 3692:religious 3668:celestial 3428:such as: 3426:pachyderm 3399:organisms 3149:explosion 3023:mummified 2954:) to the 2864:Ngayokhem 2771:crossroad 2743:graveyard 2723:fertility 2631:) is the 2623:and some 2619:tree (in 2595:are like 2574:venerated 2538:therapies 2526:medicinal 2486:decoction 2482:intestine 2466:medicinal 2402:(proper: 2392:Saltigues 2315:Rubiaceae 2310:Mitragyna 2139:snakebite 1941:firmament 1831:prototype 1769:gestation 1700:nocturnal 1688:invisible 1505:cosmogony 1499:Cosmogony 1394:found in 1338:, in the 1312:worldview 1297:Rubiaceae 1292:Mitragyna 1042:goddesses 841:Education 749:Igbo-Ukwu 645:Doctrines 503:Religions 369:Education 122:Rainmaker 107:Astronomy 8551:Zanzibar 8522:(France) 8514:Puntland 8503:(France) 8458:Zimbabwe 8433:Tanzania 8278:Ethiopia 8273:Eswatini 8253:Djibouti 8223:Cameroon 8208:Botswana 8074:Hinduism 8039:Buddhism 7805:Families 7769:Guelowar 7595:Marriage 7376:Yaboyabo 7278:Kokh Kox 7243:Saltigue 7233:Religion 7171:Religion 7141:Niominka 7019: : 6575:"« 5873:Ɓoxo-koƥ 5445:Universe 5239:(p. 8), 5235:(p. 8), 5231:(p. 8), 5227:(p. 8), 5219:(p. 8), 4870:See also 4808:Sangomar 4649:"Honolu" 4581:Universe 4441:summoned 4250:Iron Age 4166:Yaboyabo 4132:"Mbocor" 4101:calabash 3971:Mee dun! 3896:Guloxaar 3886:used to 3872:Guloxaar 3833:shepherd 3741:In Serer 3725:its kind 3646:and the 3644:Universe 3634:, Serer- 3620:"Yoonir" 3523:"double" 3454:Ɓoxo-koƥ 3446:"Mother" 3438:elephant 3309:Ɓoxo-koƥ 3290:pale fox 3190:Ɓoxo-koƥ 3153:Universe 3121:energies 3074:orthodox 3042:pectoral 3031:termites 3027:interred 2995:prosopis 2950:prayer ( 2832:pastoral 2824:economic 2813:savannah 2809:calabash 2805:viaticum 2755:moisture 2741:A Serer 2586:ancients 2490:diuretic 2474:ailments 2422:orthodox 2323:medicine 2286:Saltigue 2206:expanded 2117:was not 2089:and the 2056:Saltigue 2052:flooding 2044:rainfall 1994:and the 1968:Universe 1952:prologue 1871:darkness 1859:"A leep" 1833:of each 1809:placenta 1765:ex utero 1717:number 3 1623:prologue 1590:"A leep" 1550:"A leep" 1493:demiurge 1454:ex utero 1417:number 7 1407:number 4 1401:number 3 1380:Universe 1368:symbolic 1344:sentient 1270:Prosopis 1168:and the 1160:and the 945:Category 885:Saltigue 824:Yaboyabo 764:Nri-Igbo 536:Bushongo 478:a series 476:Part of 387:See also 233:Saltigue 205:Yaboyabo 74:Kokh Kox 24:a series 22:Part of 8520:Réunion 8509:(Spain) 8507:Melilla 8501:Mayotte 8495:Madeira 8491:(Spain) 8485:(Spain) 8443:Tunisia 8413:Somalia 8398:Senegal 8378:Nigeria 8368:Namibia 8358:Morocco 8323:Liberia 8318:Lesotho 8268:Eritrea 8243:Comoros 8218:Burundi 8193:Algeria 8104:Judaism 8099:Jainism 7837:Lingeer 7654:Lamanes 7635:Royalty 7568:Culture 7500:Senegal 7390:History 7321:Tiurakh 7228:Pangool 7218:Junjung 7213:Jaaniiw 7121:Peoples 7011:« 6944:Senegal 6745:Pangool 6527:melanin 6380:Pangool 6356:Pangool 6329:Pangool 6309:Pangool 6218:Pangool 6214:Senegal 5929:Pangool 5887:« 5871:« 5781:« 5604:Metrafo 5500:« 5447:, see: 5400:Pangool 5347:Pangool 5233:Nalafun 5021:Pangool 4903:Yumboes 4889:(Dogon) 4768:Mossane 4760:culture 4708:Jaaniiw 4700:Jaaniiw 4691:world. 4625:Pangool 4617:Pangool 4591:(1990). 4589:Pangool 4463:shows: 4449:culprit 4445:hearing 4417:animals 4336:machete 4230:nourish 4218:Diohine 4174:Senegal 4140:thought 4080:in the 4078:thunder 4074:Tornado 4036:who is 4022:sunrise 3968:We dun! 3954:Verse 2 3936:English 3911:Verse 1 3822:animals 3721:gesture 3707:ostrich 3636:numbers 3588:manatee 3535:Jaaniiw 3531:Jaaniiw 3499:Pangool 3491:serpent 3485:Pangool 3393:called 3387:thought 3343:nalafun 3237:prophet 3217:animals 3182:forests 3174:wetland 3113:thought 3054:Senegal 2898:), the 2860:Diohine 2848:hectare 2836:millets 2796:Jaaniiw 2648:is the 2627:, var: 2601:animals 2570:Senegal 2484:; bark 2406:, var: 2388:Fangool 2368:Pangool 2329:to the 2327:Senegal 2247:of the 2145:whilst 1980:Kuul na 1875:silence 1867:nothing 1855:"A nax" 1835:species 1779:thought 1696:diurnal 1656:animals 1635:6. the 1628:5. the 1621:4. the 1616:genesis 1614:3. the 1546:"A nax" 1540:in the 1489:creator 1422:balance 1398:, with 1392:numbers 1362:). 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