Seljuk Empire - Knowledge

16388:, Routledge, 2006, p. 149: "If we wish to sketch, in broad outline, the civilization created by the Seljuks of Anatolia, we must recognize that the local—i.e., non-Muslim, element was fairly insignificant compared to the Turkish and Arab-Persian elements, and that the Persian element was paramount. The Seljuk rulers, to be sure, who were in contact with not only Muslim Persian civilization, but also with the Arab civilizations in al-jazlra and Syria—indeed, with all Muslim peoples as far as India—also had connections with {various} Byzantine courts. Some of these rulers, like the great 'Ala' al-Dln Kai-Qubad I himself, who married Byzantine princesses and thus strengthened relations with their neighbors to the west, lived for many years in Byzantium and became very familiar with the customs and ceremonial at the Byzantine court. Still, this close contact with the ancient Greco-Roman and Christian traditions only resulted in their adoption of a policy of tolerance toward art, aesthetic life, painting, music, independent thought—in short, toward those things that were frowned upon by the narrow and piously ascetic views {of their subjects}. The contact of the common people with the Greeks and Armenians had basically the same result. the Turkmens had been in contact with many nations and had long shown their ability to synthesize the artistic elements that they had adopted from these nations. When they settled in Anatolia, they encountered peoples with whom they had not yet been in contact and immediately established relations with them as well. Ala al-Din Kai-Qubad I established ties with the Genoese and, especially, the Venetians at the ports of Sinop and Antalya, which belonged to him, and granted them commercial and legal concessions. Meanwhile, the Mongol invasion, which caused a great number of scholars and artisans to flee from Turkmenistan, Iran, and Khwarazm and settle within the Empire of the Seljuks of Anatolia, resulted in a reinforcing of Persian influence on the Anatolian Turks. Indeed, despite all claims to the contrary, there is no question that Persian influence was paramount among the Seljuks of Anatolia. This is clearly revealed by the fact that the sultans who ascended the throne after Ghiyath al-Din Kai-Khusraw I assumed titles taken from ancient Persian mythology, like Kai-Khusraw, Kai-Ka us, and Kai-Qubad; and that. Ala' al-Din Kai-Qubad I had some passages from the Shahname inscribed on the walls of Konya and Sivas. When we take into consideration domestic life in the Konya courts and the sincerity of the favor and attachment of the rulers to Persian poets and Persian literature, then this fact is undeniable. With regard to the private lives of the rulers, their amusements, and palace ceremonial, the most definite influence was also that of Iran, mixed with the early Turkish traditions, and not that of Byzantium." 16597:(Peter B. Golden. Otto Harrasowitz, 1992). p. 386: "Turkic penetration probably began in the Hunnic era and its aftermath. Steady pressure from Turkic nomads was typical of the Khazar era, although there are no unambiguous references to permanent settlements. These most certainly occurred with the arrival of the Oguz in the 11th century. The Turkicization of much of Azarbayjan, according to Soviet scholars, was completed largely during the Ilxanid period if not by late Seljuk times. Sumer, placing a slightly different emphasis on the data (more correct in my view), posts three periods which Turkicization took place: Seljuk, Mongol and Post-Mongol (Qara Qoyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu and Safavid). In the first two, Oguz Turkic tribes advanced or were driven to the western frontiers (Anatolia) and Northern Azarbaijan (Arran, the Mugan steppe). In the last period, the Turkic elements in Iran (derived from Oguz, with lesser admixture of Uygur, Qipchaq, Qaluq and other Turks brought to Iran during the Chinggisid era, as well as Turkicized Mongols) were joined now by Anatolian Turks migrating back to Iran. This marked the final stage of Turkicization. Although there is some evidence for the presence of Qipchaqs among the Turkic tribes coming to this region, there is little doubt that the critical mass which brought about this linguistic shift was provided by the same Oguz-Turkmen tribes that had come to Anatolia. The Azeris of today are an overwhelmingly sedentary, detribalized people. Anthropologically, they are little distinguished from the Iranian neighbors." 4052: 3375: 2509: 2200: 3262: 3738: 3629: 2991: 2983: 2872: 18473:, p. 98: "Paradoxically, however, while the style commonly attributed to the Seljuqs is that of the left-buttoning aqbiya turkiyya, or “Turkish” cut, and although this is the prevailing style of robe in illustrations from contemporary manuscripts, there is perhaps only a single complete robe attributed to the Seljuq period that closes (...) Taken within the context of adab, however, it becomes possible that the adoption of the “Tatar-style” coat was a conscious decision on the part of the affluent sedentary Persian population, as it was less identifiable with the Seljuq Turks. These associations would have been increasingly acute toward the end of the Seljuq period, as a result of the Khwarazm Shah invasions and perhaps exacerbated by the westward migrations of nomadic groups at the start of the Mongol invasion." 17102:

Military Governorship of Basra together with Baghdad and Iraq in 1127. The reason behind such assignments was to attempt to impede Abbasid Caliph al-Mustarshid (1118–1135) who then wished to build a worldwide dominance. Indeed, the efforts of Zangi in the fight of Mahmūd, whom Sanjar urgently sent to Baghdad, against the Caliph ensured the Sultān became victorious, and he contributed to the efforts in damaging the sole authority and dominance claims of the Caliph. Following the deaths of Mosul Governor Aq-Sunqur el-Porsuqi and his successor and son Mas'ud in the same year in 1127, Zangi was appointed Governor of Mosul. He was also in charge of al-Jazeera and Northern Syria, and Sultān Mahmūd approved him being assigned as the Atabeg of his two sons, Farrukh shāh and Alparslan. Thus the Atabegdom of Mosul was formed.

3594: 3407: 3354: 3551: 16367:", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..." • Josef W. Meri, "Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, 2005, p. 399 • Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World", Council on Foreign Relations (May 1994), p. 79 • Jonathan Dewald, "Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World", Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks." 3175: 16380:, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkmen must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time). The process of Persianization accelerated in the thirteenth century with the presence in Konya of two of the most distinguished refugees fleeing before the Mongols, Bahā' al-Dīn Walad and his son Mawlānā Jalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, whose 2500: 3166: 3940:. There is some scholarly debate about the patronage of these objects, with some suggesting that the growth in production is explainable by the growth of a bourgeoisie in Khorasan which had the means to afford such costly craftsmanship. This is attested in part by inscriptions naming merchant owners, but most surviving objects are nonetheless attributed by their inscriptions to sultans, royal household members, or state officials. In the early 13th century, this expansion of metalwork art and patronage also occurred further west, in the Levant and Mesopotamia, under the successors of the Great Seljuks (the Zengids, the Artuqids, and the Anatolian Seljuks), spurred in part by the immigration of metalworkers from Iran. 17348:, p. xiii: "While one could quibble that the art could not be Seljuq if their dynasty was no longer in power, we argue that the twenty-five years after the end, in 1194, of the Great Seljuq dynasty in Iran marked a continuation of the styles and techniques in various media that had been established during Seljuq rule. Likewise, through their architecture and luxury objects, the Seljuqs of Rum and their atabegs and successors in Anatolia, the Jazira, and Syria had a lasting impact on the art of those areas until the early fourteenth century. Their distinctive choice of iconography is found on all forms of the visual arts associated with them, revealing the strength of their cultural contribution." 3614: 3993: 3532:

reconstruction process of several cities. Many works of Seljuk art continued to be produced following the decline of the empire in the late 12th century. In this regard, the timeline associated with the production of Seljuk art does not entirely match the political events pertaining to the empire and its eventual fall. Nonetheless, relatively little art can be correctly dated and ascribed to a Great Seljuk context. Much of the material deemed to be Seljuk in world museums in fact belongs to the period A.D. 1150–1250, after the fall of the Great Seljuk Empire, when there seems to have been a sudden burst in artistic production, apparently to a great extent unrelated to court patronage.

3645: 16614:"The eastern Caucasus came under Saljuq control in the middle years of the 5th/11th century, and in c. 468/1075–56 Sultan Alp Arslān sent his slave commander ʿEmād-al-dīn Savtigin as governor of Azerbaijan and Arrān, displacing the last Shaddadids. From this period begins the increasing Turkicization of Arrān, under the Saljuqs and then under the line of Eldigüzid or Ildeñizid Atabegs, who had to defend eastern Transcaucasia against the attacks of the resurgent Georgian kings. The influx of Oghuz and other Türkmens was accentuated by the Mongol invasions. Bardaʿa had never revived fully after the Rūs sacking, and is little mentioned in the sources." (C.E. Bsowrth, Arran in 3906: 2747: 18128:

illustrations from the copy of Varqa wa Golšāh already mentioned, as well as in frontispieces to the volumes of Abu'l-Faraj Eṣfahānī's Ketāb al-aḡānī dated 614–16/1217–19 and to two copies of Ketāb al-deryāq (Book of antidotes) by Pseudo-Galen, dated 596/1199 and ascribed to the second quarter of the 7th/13th century respectively (Survey of Persian Art V, pl. 554A-B; Ateş, pls. 1/3, 6/16, 18; D. S. Rice, 1953, figs. 14-19; Ettinghausen, 1962, pp. 65, 85, 91). The last three manuscripts, all of them attributed to northern Mesopotamia, show that the stiff coat with diagonal closing and arm bands was also worn in that region from the end of the 6th/12th century.

3805: 2815: 3682: 4021: 3734:(dispersed folio, Arthur M. Stackler Gallery of Art, District of Columbia, S1986.65a-b). This manuscript's folios are illuminated with a gold border and thin, spiraled illustration, featuring vegetal motifs. Despite the generous illumination, the four lines of Qur'anic text on the folio are exceptionally legible. Created between the years 1170–1200, this particular folio demonstrates the evolution of New Style, as both vocalized cursive and diacritical dots appear in this later version of the script. Only during the 13th century would New Style be replaced by the curvier proportional scripts for regular use. 4009: 24683: 1802: 4137: 24367: 202: 13417: 4033: 4083: 4123: 14808:, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time)." 3433: 3487: 2573: 14470:"...renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran …", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia – no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace." 2685: 36: 1808: 16601:

domains, the expansion of Turk-ruled empires served to expand the territorial domain of written Persian into the conquered areas, notably Anatolia and Central and South Asia. Secondly, the influx of massive Turkish-speaking populations (culminating with the rank and file of the Mongol armies) and their settlement in large areas of Iran (particularly in Azerbaijan and the northwest), progressively turkicized local speakers of Persian, Kurdish and other Iranian languages"

16624:"Iranian influence on Caucasian languages. There is general agreement that Iranian languages predominated in Azerbaijan from the 1st millennium b.c. until the advent of the Turks in a.d. the 11th century (see Menges, pp. 41–42; Camb. Hist. Iran IV, pp. 226–228, and VI, pp. 950–952). The process of Turkicization was essentially complete by the beginning of the 16th century, and today Iranian languages are spoken in only a few scattered settlements in the area." 29151: 26857: 1295: 26881: 29161: 26845: 1474: 25735: 26893: 17372:, pp. 126, 127, 155 p. 126: “Official” Turkish figures wear a standard combination of a sharbūsh, a three-quarters length robe, and boots. Arab figures, in contrast, have different headgear (usually a turban), a robe that is either full-length or, if three-quarters length, has baggy trousers below, and they usually wear flat shoes or (...) go barefoot (...) p. 127: Reference has already been made to the combination of boots and 2413: 4212:) and short close-fitting tunics, most other figures are depicted with ‘Arab’ or ‘Semitic’ facial features, and dressed in long robes and turbans. Apparently in keeping with the contemporary political and social makeup of the region in which these manuscripts were produced, a visual distinction was made along ethnic and social lines, between the non-Arab Turkish ruling elite and the indigenous Arab bourgeoisie. 26869: 1663: 3463:. Overall, the architecture attributed to the Seljuk period is characterized by elaborate decoration, much like the other arts produced under Seljuk rule. Decoration was primarily executed in elaborate brickwork and in the use of colorful glazed tiles. The most important innovations of this period occurred in the form of mosques, as first seen in the renovations of the 3764:

manuscript is large, with seventeen lines of text per two-hundred and fifteen sheets of paper. Though not all of the Qur'an is illuminated, both the beginning and the end boast elaborate illustration, with blue, gold, and white hues. Ettinghausen describes the subsequent visual effect as "brilliant". The inscriptions feature detailed rosettes, vines, medallions, and

3079:. Tughril Beg entered Baghdad in 1055 and was the first Seljuk ruler to style himself Sultan and Protector of the Abbasid Caliphate. From that time, the Abassids were only "puppets" in the hands of the Seljuks. In 1058, the Abassid Caliph granted to Tughril the title of "King of East and West", officially becoming the temporal protector of Abassid Caliph 3045:. At the capital, Isfahan, Malik-shah had constructed a madrasa, a citadel and a castle near Dizkuh. Following Malik-Shah's death, the familial civil war drew attention away from religious patronage, slowing the building of madrasas and mosques. Although, in 1130, the Seljuk sultan Sanjar ordered the construction of the Quthamiyya madrasa in Samarkand. 3471:. This was attested in some earlier buildings, but under the Seljuks it turned into a common characteristic of mosques, madrasas, and caravanserais in Iran and Central Asia, eventually influencing architecture in Syria, Mesopotamia, and Anatolia as well. Another major innovation was the creation of monumental domes over the space in front of the 16465:: "Not only did the inhabitants of Khurasan not succumb to the language of the nomadic invaders, but they imposed their own tongue on them. The region could even assimilate the Turkic Ghaznavids and Seljuks (eleventh and twelfth centuries), the Timurids (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries), and the Qajars (nineteenth–twentieth centuries) ..." 4051: 3982:, real and mythological animals, and even scenes of human figures such as musicians and horsemen. Arabic inscriptions are found on almost all metalwork art objects. An innovation of this period, almost exclusive to metalwork, is the rendering of Arabic script into figurative forms. The earliest example of this is found on the so-called 3710:) Qur'an created c. 1050, produced by only one calligrapher and illuminator (Freer Gallery of Art, District of Columbia, F2001.16a-b). As paper had just been introduced to the Islamic world, this piece is an early Islamic paper manuscript. This Qur'an is bound in brown leather, dyed in pink, decorated with gold, and offers an intricate 3374: 3776:, a historiographical and literary account of the Seljuk period written in 1200 by Imād al-Dīn (Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, London). Meanwhile, the scientific manuscripts produced during the Seljuk period oftentimes pertained to geography, physics, mechanics, mathematics, and astronomy. The former Seljuk city of 3661:

and illuminators were responsible for the creation of these manuscripts, though sometimes calligraphers mastered the art of both writing and illustration. By the end of the 10th century, both illuminators and calligraphers were beginning to employ various colors, styles, and writing techniques in the

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with him. They said, "This land is ruined, there is neither food nor fodder here and we have no funds left. We cannot stay on the backs of horses. What if our families, horses and beasts come, but our absence becomes drawn out? We must visit our families, so we are asking for permission to return to

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In 985, the Seljuks migrated to the city of Jend where they converted to Islam. The arrival of the Seljuk Turks into Persia, and their patronage of constructing madrasas, allowed for Sunni Islam to become the dominant sect of Islam. Until the death of Sultan Sanjar, the Seljuks were pious Sunnis, and

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was used by lesser princes of the Seljuk family. Like the caliphate, the Seljuks relied on a refined Persian bureaucracy. The settlement of Turkic tribes in the northwestern peripheral parts of the empire, for the strategic military purpose of fending off invasions from neighboring states, led to the

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Much of the ideological character of the Seljuk Empire was derived from the earlier Samanid and Ghaznavid kingdoms, which had in turn emerged from the Perso-Islamic imperial system of the Abbasid caliphate. This Perso-Islamic tradition was based on pre-Islamic Iranian ideas of kingship molded into an

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Historian Andrew Peacock demonstrates an interest in the Seljuks of Anatolia's focus on occult themes and its manifestation in the book arts. Peacock describes this finding as something that challenges the reigning view that the Seljuks were exclusively the "pious defenders of Islam" when it came to

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technique, a painted and enameled polychrome overglaze for ceramics. The glazes on the Seljuk ceramics produced often ranged from a brilliant turquoise to a very dark blue. The art of Seljuk mosaic tile decorating would continue to dominate the interior of many Anatolian mosques following the period

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In 1056, Tughril built a Friday mosque with a newly constructed quarter in Baghdad which was surrounded by a wall. The new quarter separated the Shia community from the Sunnis, since there had been frequent outbreaks of violence. Through the influence of Tughril's vizier, al-Kunduri, a Hanafi Sunni,

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features Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers." See Daniel Pipes: "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East" in Michael Mandelbaum, "Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkemenistan and the World", Council on Foreign

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The actual fighting in Khorasan at this time was largely between the Ghurids and Tekeš's brother Solṭānšāh, who had carved out for himself personally a principality in western Khorasan, until in 586/1190. Ḡīāṯ-al–Dīn and Moʿezz-al-Dīn defeated Solṭānšāh near Marv in 588/1192, captured him, and took

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script, another early Arabic script that replaced Kufic. However, some Kufic calligraphy is embedded in the chapter headings. This aspect speaks to how the inclusion of Kufic in Qur'ans became more of a decorative element overtime, often included in headings as opposed to the main body of text. The

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Various art forms were popularized during the Seljuk period, as evidenced by the vast amount of surviving artifacts. Most Seljuk arts are known to have been produced in what is modern-day Iran. However, the Seljuk sultans also encouraged artists to settle in Anatolia as part of a recolonization and

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on August 12, 1121, the Seljuks were routed, being run down by pursuing Georgian cavalry for several days afterward. The battle helped the Crusader states, which had been under pressure from Ilghazi's armies. The weakening of the main enemy of the Latin principalities also benefitted the Kingdom of

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In a number of these manuscripts a careful distinction is made between royal and non-royal figures, both in terms of physical appearance and dress. Whereas princes and governors are commonly represented with the same ‘Asiatic’ or ‘Oriental’ facial features, and dressed in Turkish military garments

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Script", attests to the shift from the geometric Kufic script to a more legible calligraphic style, which occurred in the 10th century. Scattered remnants of Kufic, used primarily to indicate volume and page number, also appear in the text. The verticality of the paper in this manuscript speaks to

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were created and embellished during the period of Seljuk control. Congregational mosques were either repaired, re-built, or constructed in their entirety. The Seljuk sultan also commissioned numerous madrasas to promote the teaching of orthodox Islamic sciences. These developments in architectural

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Starting around the middle of the 12th century, there appears to have been a major increase in the number of artistic metalwork objects produced in the eastern Islamic world (roughly Iran and Central Asia). More of these objects have survived from after the 1140s than from before this period. The

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Sanjar's as well as the Seljuks' rule collapsed as a consequence of yet another unexpected defeat, this time at the hands of the Seljuks' own tribe, in 1153. Sanjar was captured during the battle and held in captivity until 1156. It brought chaos to the Empire – a situation later exploited by the

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Internally, the most prominent development of Malik Shah's rule was the continuous increase in the power of the Nizām al-Mulk. Some contemporary chroniclers refer to the period as "al-dawla al-Nizamiyya", the Nizam's state, while modern scholars have mentioned him as "the real ruler of the Seljuq

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In the tenth century, these and other nomadic tribes, often collectively referred to as Turkomans, migrated out of Central Asia and into Iran. Turkish tribes initially served as mercenary soldiers for local rulers but soon set up their own kingdoms in Iran, some of which grew into Empires – most

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and Iraq saw an "explosion of figural art" from the 12th to 13th centuries, particularly in the areas of decorative art and illustrated manuscripts. This occurred despite religious condemnations against the depiction of living creatures, on the grounds that "it implies a likeness to the creative

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on September 9, 1141. While Sanjar managed to escape with his life, many of his close kin including his wife were taken captive in the battle's aftermath. As a result of Sanjar's failure to deal with the encroaching threat from the east, the Seljuk Empire lost all its eastern provinces up to the

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as markers of official status (...) the combination is standard, even being reflected in thirteenth-century Coptic paintings, and serves to distinguish, in Grabar’s formulation, the world of the Turkish ruler and that of the Arab. (...) The type worn by the official figures in the 1237 Maqāmāt,

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John Perry: "We should distinguish two complementary ways in which the advent of the Turks affected the language map of Iran. First, since the Turkish-speaking rulers of most Iranian polities from the Ghaznavids and Seljuks onward were already Iranized and patronized Persian literature in their

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Farther east, medieval Turco-Iranian military patronage states, such as those of the Ghaznavids, Seljuks, Timurids, and early Ottomans, appear to have been more directly affected by the banner traditions of the nomadic Turkic and Mongol populations of the Central Asian steppes, who in turn were

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in the Islamic world. The use of durable paper increased the production of compact, single-volume Qur'an's, whereas parchment codexes often contained multiple volumes of Qur'anic text. Despite this development, parchment would remain popular for the production of some Qur'an's, and multi-volume

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Turkmens were difficult to manage, and they were susceptible to undisciplined pillaging. The greatest issue, however, was their dependence on pasturelands for their livestock. A great number of regions that constituted the Seljuk state were ecologically ill-suited for supporting a nomadic army.

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Many depictions of military figures are known from the period immediately following the Seljuk Empire (which ended in 1194), as illustrated manuscripts started to enjoy a major boom from circa 1200. Seljuk styles of military equipment continued during the 13th century in the Turkic post-Seljuk

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in 1119, which opened the way for Sanjar (1119–1157) to accede to the throne of Great Seljuk Empire, Mahmūd was assigned to the Iraqi Seljuk Sultānate (1119–1131), continuing his rule there. In 1124, Sultān Mahmūd granted the city of Wasit to Imad al-Din Zangi as a ıqta, and conferred him the

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renaissance", with styles going back to the Sasanian or Sogdian period. Seljuk fabrics are often distinguished by the representation of nature, by minimal ornamental details, and by the combination of colorful linens giving an interchangeable color effect to the fabric. Many realistic natural

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Nevertheless, the most distinctive feature of late Saljuq and post-Saljuq male dress was the popularity of patterned textiles for these garments. (...) That these patterns do not merely represent ceramic conventions is clear from the rendering of garments in fragmentary wall paintings and in

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In many manuscripts of the period, great care is taken to distinghuish the clothing of figures of power and authority in Seljuk style, from that of the otherwise omnipresent figures in Arabic or local style with their long robes, turbans and bare or sandalled feet. According to Snelders:

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in 1272. The latter text captures an interest in magic and spells, with a particular focus on calling upon spiritual beings, such as angels, through ritualistic acts (Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, Persan 174). The text was written by a man who wrote under a pen name, "Nasiri".

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the Ash'ari and Ismaili Shi'ites were exiled from Khurasan and cursed at Friday sermons in Seljuk mosques. Al-Kunduri's vizierate persecuted Ash'aris and Sharifis, although this ended with the vizierate of Nizam al-Mulk. It was under the vizierate of al-Kunduri that the Islamic scholar,

16419:", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..." 15157:", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..." 3780:

not only boasted twelve libraries that contained a total of twelve thousand volumes, but also had an observatory where scholars could record their astrological findings. Secular manuscripts from the Seljuk empire bear illuminations that often relate to the alignment of planets and the

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The name 'Seljuk is a political rather than ethnic name. It derives from Selčiik, born Toqaq Temir Yally, a war-lord (sil-baši), from the Qiniq tribal grouping of the Oghuz. Seljuk, in the rough and tumble of internal Oghuz politics, fled to Jand, c. 985, after falling out with his

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were produced during the Seljuk period. These pieces are now limited in availability, considering their ultimate susceptibility to damage overtime. But those manuscripts that have survived over the centuries provide insight into the Seljuk's involvement in the arts of the book.

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depicted, for example, on fol. 59r,67 consists of a gold cap surmounted by a little round top and with fur trimming creating a triangular area at the front which either shows the gold cap or is a separate plaque. A particular imposing example in this manuscript is the massive

3318:, but there is almost no information directly relating to the Seljuks. The chief source of mamluks was most probably forays to the steppe. The alternative to raids was buying them from slave traders and various dealers as evidenced from a slave dispute between a merchant and 1619:

who had started to carve out an independent state in Anatolia. Nevertheless, despite various attempts to bring afterwards the various Turkish warlords in Anatolia under control, they largerly maintained their independence. Malikshāh was the one who moved the capital from

3737: 2199: 3759:. This piece was written in 1164 by Mahmud Ibn Al-Husayn and contains the entirety of the Qur'an (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia, NEP27). Unlike the two Seljuk Qur'ans discussed prior, this manuscript primarily contains 3505:, a form of three-dimensional geometric decoration. Some interpretations maintain that the earliest known examples of muqarnas were constructed during the period of Seljuk hegemony, though it also remains possible that they were being developed at the same time in 1443:

on 10 September 1048. The devastation left behind by the Seljuk raid was so fearful that the Byzantine magnate Eustathios Boilas described, in 1051–1052, those lands as "foul and unmanageable... inhabited by snakes, scorpions, and wild beasts." The Arab chronicler

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The cultural influence of the Turco-Persian Seljuks long outlasted their political control of Anatolia, and the Turkish principalities that succeeded them starting in the late thirteenth century continued to look to that tradition for models of refinement and

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era. Their first invasions were more of a great nomadic migration accompanied by their families and livestock rather than planned military conquests. They were not a professional army; however, warfare was a way of life for nearly all of adult male Turkmens.

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Vizier Nizam al-Mulk, the greatest advocate of Iranian orientation for the Seljuk empire, admitted the debt dynasty owed to the Turkmens. After the establishment of the Seljuk state, Turkmens continued to be the driving force behind the Seljuk expansion in

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with copper and silver. This latter technique had fallen out of fashion in previous centuries but it underwent a revival that probably originated in Khorasan during this period. The forms produced include both traditional Khorasani types, such as fluted

2904:, all of the Seljuk sultans had a liking for poetry, which is also demonstrated by the large compilation of Persian verses written under their patronage. This had already started under Tughril, who was praised in Arabic and Persian by poets such as 3800:

astrological images inspired by manuscripts. Occult knowledge persisted in manuscripts produced after the decline in the Seljuk's political power in the late 12th century, as the Seljuk sultanate's influence on the book arts continued in Anatolia.

3669:'s produced during the period of Seljuk rule evidence developments in calligraphy and other changes in how the holy text was divided. Uniquely, calligraphers during this period frequently combined several scripts on one page of the Qur'an, such as 1485:

Alp Arslan, the son of Chaghri Beg, expanded significantly upon Tughril's holdings by adding Armenia and Georgia in 1064 and invading the Byzantine Empire in 1068, from which he annexed almost all of Anatolia. Arslan's decisive victory at the

3568:), a few years before the end of the Seljuk Empire in 1194. Scene of poetic recitation, with poetic verses inscribed on the rim: "If the beloved leaves me, what am I to do? If s/he does not see the wisdom of our union, what am I to do?". 3286:

Long campaigns had to be discontinued due to Turkmens' insistence on returning home, and conquests had to be scheduled to satisfy the demands of Turkmens. The short-term needs of Turkmens made a longer term military plans unachievable.

4231:

The dynasty brought revival, energy, and reunion to the Islamic civilization hitherto dominated by Arabs and Persians. The Seljuks founded universities and were also patrons of art and literature. Their reign is characterized by

3974:. To create some shapes, multiple metal sheets were carefully soldered together, with the seams made invisible by various means, such as by camouflaging them under decorative friezes. The wide range of ornamental motifs include 1202:; it also bore witness to in the creation and expansion of multiple artistic movements during this period By the 1140s, the Seljuk Empire began to decline in power and influence, and was eventually supplanted in the east by the 15972:

over his territories (Jūzjānī, I, 303–304, tr. I, pp. 246–247). When Tekeš died in 596/1200 (Ebn al-Aṯīr, Beirut, XII, pp. 156–58), Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was able to take over most of the towns of Khorasan as far west as Besṭām in Qūmes.

2960:. Seljuk ceremonies were based on the Abbasid model, but sometimes ancient Iranian ceremonies were observed. During a night in 1091, all of Baghdad was lit with candles under the orders of Malik-Shah I, which resembled the 3122:

was formed. The Seljuk control of the Abassids ended in 1135, with direct military confrontation between the Abassids and the Seljuks: after rebuilding the walls of Baghdad and recreating a Caliphal after many centuries,

15211:

Persianate zone (...) The rise of Persianized Turks to administrative control (...) The Turko-Persian tradition developed during the Seljuk period (1040–1118) (...) In the Persianate zone, Turkophones ruled and Iranians

3771:

Manuscript production during the Seljuk period was not limited to religious texts. Beyond these religious manuscripts, scientific, literary, and historical pieces were created. One example of a secular manuscript is the

3628: 17309:

The Islamic world witnessed, in the twelfth to thirteenth centuries, an explosion of figural art. (...) The making of it is forbidden under every circumstance, because it implies a likeness to the creative activity of

3509:. The layering of multiple embellished cells with divergent profiles in muqarnas creates a dome that has a seemingly-insubstantial interior. The play of light on the surface enhances this visual effect. Art historian 3748: 1364:

governor, Harun, who hoped to utilise Seljuks for his efforts to seize Khorasan from his sovereign. When Harun was assassinated by Ghaznavid agents in 1035, they again had to flee, this time heading south across the

4755: 1733:

victorious Turkmens, whose hordes would overrun Khorasan unopposed, wreaking colossal damage on the province and prestige of Sanjar. Sanjar eventually escaped from captivity in the fall of 1156, but soon died in

1419:, forcing him to abandon most of his western territories. Afterwards, Turkmens employed Khorasanians and set up a Persian bureaucracy to administer their new polity with Tughril as its nominal overlord. By 1046, 2459:. The Kara-Khanids turned to their Seljuk overlords for assistance, to which Sanjar responded by personally leading an army against the Kara-Khitai. However, Sanjar's army was decisively defeated by the host of 1369:. First, they made their way to the important city of Merv, but perhaps due to its strong fortification, they changed their route westwards to take refuge in Nasa. Finally, the Seljuks arrived on the edges of 3021:

and preachers for these madrasas. By 1063, there were twenty-five madrasas scattered throughout Persia and Khorasan, founded by Seljuk princes. In the 12th century there were over thirty madrasas in Baghdad.

2929:, could speak Arabic alongside Persian, however, they still used Turkic among themselves. The most significant evidence of the importance of Turkic language is the extensive Turkic–Arabic dictionary, or the 2375:

was also intermittent, and after the First Crusade increasingly independent atabegs would frequently ally with the Crusader states against other atabegs as they vied with each other for territory. At Mosul,

16384:, composed in Konya, constitutes one of the crowning glories of classical Persian literature." • Mehmed Fuad Köprülü, "Early Mystics in Turkish Literature", Translated by Gary Leiser and 2769:

between 1040 and 1157. For most of its history, the empire was split into a western and eastern half and did not have a single capital or political center. In the east, the chief seat of Seljuk rule was

2541:, were only nominally under the Seljuk Sultan, and generally controlled Syria independently. When Sanjar died in 1157, the empire fractured even further and rendered the Atabegs effectively independent. 4032: 3048:

While the Seljuk sultans were prodigious builders of religious buildings, Seljuk viziers were no different. The Seljuk vizier, Nazim al-Mulk, founded the first madrasa in Baghdad, in 1063, called the

2918:, which was most likely dedicated to Tughril III, indicates that the Seljuk family now used Persian to communicate, and even were taught about the achievements of their forefathers in that language. 14832:, Ed. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, (Elsevier Ltd., 2009), 1110; "Oghuz Turkic is first represented by Old Anatolian Turkish which was a subordinate written medium until the end of the Seljuk rule." 3678:

pieces continued to be produced. Illuminated borders continued to distinguish the Qur'ans produced during the Seljuk period and relative consistency was maintained with regard to their structure.

14381: 4880: 3406: 3353: 14623: 3714:. These elements imply the care that went into the production of this text and indications of frequent usage confirm that it was appreciated. It is primarily written in the vertical "New-Style" 1632:

at Baghdad were established by Nizām al-Mulk, and the reign of Malikshāh was reckoned the golden age of "Great Seljuk". The Abbasid caliph titled him "The Sultan of the East and West" in 1087.

2851:. During this period, these type of books consciously made use of Islamic and Iranian traditions, such as an ideal government based on the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his successors, or the 20567:

Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2015). "The Kings of the East and the West: The Seljuk Dynastic Concept and Titles in the Muslim and Christian sources". In Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur (eds.).

13034: 2508: 15221:, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks." 15098:, Vol. IV: "The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century", Part One: "The Historical, Social and Economic Setting". Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 3866:

terms and themes. For example, while incorporating a Sufi poem, the occult text speaks of supernatural bodies and disputes what Islam considers to be the accepted number of names for God.

3593: 3299:. While also of Turkic and often nomadic origin, dependence on pasturelands was non-existent for mamluks as they did not live a nomadic life. Previously, mamluks had constituted the later 27653: 3788:

Whether secular or non-secular, Seljuk illuminated manuscripts had enough influence as to inspire other relevant art forms, such as brass or bronze metal objects. For example, the large

3580:

Among other ceramics, the manufacture of polychrome ceramic tiles, often used as decor in architecture, were popularized during the Seljuk dynasty. The Seljuks pioneered the use of the

2316:

made peace with the Crusaders. In 1121 he went north towards Georgia and with supposedly up to 250,000 – 350,000 troops, including men led by his son-in-law Sadaqah and Sultan Malik of

4008: 4829: 2245:, the fractured states of the Seljuks were generally more concerned with consolidating their own territories and gaining control of their neighbours than with cooperating against the 15465:, p. 32: "Later sources also play down the role of a third Seljuk, Musa Yabghu, who certainly occupied an equal position to Tughril and Chaghri, and possibly even a senior one." 22543: 1648:

started to become a force during his era, however, and they assassinated many leading figures in his administration; according to many sources these victims included Nizām al-Mulk.

1490:

in 1071 effectively neutralized the Byzantine resistance to the Turkish invasion of Anatolia, although the Georgians were able to recover from Alp Arslan's invasion by securing the

3131:

in battle. The caliph lost and was taken prisoner, and died in captivity in 1135, but conflicts continued with Al-Mustarshid's successors. Mas'ud briefly recaptured Baghdad in the

3217:, a standing army, infantry and the sultan's personal guard. Nizam al-Mulk also estimated Malik-Shah's forces at 400,000 men, and often opposed cost-cutting plans (instituted by 4188:

On the other hand, the affluent sedentary Persian population seems to have adopted different robe styles, with a front opening closing diagonally from left to right, called the

3613: 4440: 2798:, who mostly ruled from Marv, and was known by the title of al-sultān al-a'zam, 'the Greatest Sultan'. The Seljuk rulers of Iraq were often mentioned as the 'Lesser Seljuks'. 27643: 22588: 5193: 5144: 20243:

Arjomand, Said Amir (1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century".

14374: 4794: 2455:

in the east. The advancing Kara-Khitais first defeated the Eastern Kara-Khanids, then followed up by crushing the Western Kara-Khanids, who were vassals of the Seljuks at

2081:

When Malikshāh I died in 1092, the empire split as his brother and four sons quarrelled over the apportioning of the empire among themselves. At the same time, the son of

16188:

In the painting the facial cast of these Turks is obviously reflected, and so are the special fashions and accoutrements they favored. (p. 162, commentary on image p. 91)

3747:(Kitāb suwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita), by ‛Abd al-Rahman ibn ‛Umar al-Ṣūfī, dated 1125 CE, Baghdad (controlled by the Seljuks from 1055 to 1135). Doha Museum of Islamic Art 3673:

and New Style. In addition to these changes in the text, the dawn of the Seljuk empire coincided with a newfound increase in the popularity of paper as a replacement for

25689:

These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.

3587:

of Seljuk rule. The Seljuks also created ceramic house models, while other ceramic forms in the Seljuk period included pottery figurines, some of them children's toys.

5370: 5202: 1051: 1037: 1023: 1009: 995: 981: 967: 953: 939: 925: 911: 897: 883: 869: 855: 841: 816: 802: 788: 774: 760: 746: 732: 718: 704: 16398:. Cambridge University Press, 1991. p. 123: "For the Seljuks and Il-Khanids in Iran it was the rulers rather than the conquered who were "Persianized and Islamicized" 17603: 15145:, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143; "Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model k..." 5102: 4192:

or "Tatar style", but actually also characteristic of Persian caftans from the last decades of the Sasanian dynasty. The fabrics represent what could be called a "

26737: 14367: 11064: 4874: 4834: 4821: 4790: 4651: 4641: 3261: 12397: 22623: 22593: 20482:

In 1194, Togrul III would succumb to the onslaught of the Khwarizmian Turks, who were destined at last to succeed the Seljuks to the empire of the Middle East.

5303: 4760: 4165:, or long robe or decorated caftan with “Turkish” cut, with a front opening closing diagonally from right to left. Patterned textiles were used, together with 17132:

Heidemann, Stefan; De Lapérouse, Jean-François; Parry, Vicki (2014). "The Large Audience: Life-Sized Stucco Figures of Royal Princes from the Seljuq Period".

1599:

and Tāj al-Mulk, the Seljuk state expanded in various directions, to the former Iranian border of the days before the Arab invasion, so that it soon bordered

20274: 5169: 3998:"A demonstration of the excellence achieved in metalwork under the Seljuqs": bronze incense burner shaped like lion, with removable head, dated 1181–82 CE, 16426: 15186:) has served as the political and cultural center of the Persianate world: during the reign of the Seljuks (1038–1194) and that of the Safavids (1501–1722) 4501: 20825:

Tor, Deborah (2012). "The Long Shadow of Pre-Islamic Iranian Rulership: Antagonism or Assimilation?". In Bernheimer, Teresa; Silverstein, Adam J. (eds.).

29185: 5180: 5108: 17072: 2738:

state'. Under this organization, the leading member of the paramount family assigned to family members portions of his domains as autonomous appanages.

28812: 27665: 5097: 4718: 4507: 4414: 4409: 17097:(1118–1119), remaining loyal to him to the end. With the new era introduced with the defeat of Sultān Mahmūd in the Sāveh battle he engaged his uncle 1494:. The Byzantine withdrawal from Anatolia brought Georgia in more direct contact with the Seljuks. In 1073 the Seljuk Amirs of Ganja, Dvin and Dmanisi 28918: 22613: 19617: 17553: 17414: 5117: 4338: 22628: 10413: 4496: 12710: 12694: 10394: 28332: 28323: 28067: 27579: 25863: 22633: 20922: 10435: 6312: 5174: 5154: 4869: 4785: 4646: 3893:. This synthesis seems to point to a common pictorial tradition which developed from circa 1180 CE in the region, which was highly influenced by 2611:

began to become a regional power and extended its borders at the expense of the Great Seljuk Empire. The same was true during the revival of the

15296:

A particularly interesting text, which reveals the socio-religious mood of the Turco-Persian world from Seljuk times, is the Abù Muslim romance.

2794:. These western lands were known as the Sultanate of Iraq. After 1118, the Seljuk rulers of Iraq recognized the suzerainty of the Seljuk sultan 27564: 22618: 22598: 22553: 20792: 17233: 5363: 5290: 5244: 5185: 4660: 23212: 17049: 13416: 2734:. Their rule was modelled after the tribal organization common among Turkic and Mongol nomadic cultures, resembling a 'family federation' or ' 2533:

In 1153, the Oghuz Turks rebelled and captured Sanjar. He managed to escape after three years but died a year later. The Atabegs, such as the

26400: 25273: 22583: 14425: 4431: 1636:

empire". The 14-century biographer Subki claimed that Nizām al-Mulk's vizierate was "not just a vizierate, it was above the sultanate". The

27855: 26563: 25942: 25658: 15379:

Under his leadership, the Nezāris mounted a decentralized revolutionary effort against the militarily superior Turko-Persian Saljuq empire.

9526: 8944: 6324: 4398: 4324: 2472:, and vassalage of the Western Kara-Khanids was usurped by the Kara-Khitai, otherwise known as the Western Liao in Chinese historiography. 27633: 22080: 20970: 15484: 14405: 4774: 3604: 18118: 29195: 28001: 27517: 26536: 25937: 24640: 22015: 20773:

Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633–1055

18531:"The Maqamat of al-Hariri. Two Illustrated Mamluk Manuscripts at the British Library MS Or.9718 and Ms.Add.22114.pdf (MA Thesis, SOAS)" 9713: 4177:

type, often including a fur lining. These styles continued during the 13th century in the smaller Turkic successor states, such as the

4020: 3890: 2908:

and Bakharzi, albeit he could not understand the verses. The last Seljuk sultan Tughril III was well known for his Persian poetry. The

1801: 20816:

Tor, D.G. (2011). "'Sovereign and Pious': The Religious Life of the Great Seljuq Sultans". In Lange, Christian; Mecit, Songul (eds.).

20370:

A World of Beasts: A Thirteenth-Century Illustrated Arabic Book on Animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' Tradition

22233: 11450: 5356: 4197:

elements characterize the composition of the fabrics, such as animals and plants, forming patterns consisting of arabesque elements.

2811:. The populace of the Seljuk Empire would have considered this Perso-Islamic tradition more significant than that of steppe customs. 2654: 2329: 1781: 16481:

Relations, p. 79. Exact statement: "In Short, the Turko-Persian tradition featured Persian culture patronized by Turcophone rulers."

15983:

C. Edmond Bosworth, "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)," Camb. Hist. Iran V, 1968, pp. 94–185

14628: 3183:

Princely figures related to the Seljuk sultan or one of his local vassals or successors, Seljuk period, Iran, late 12th–13th century

2871: 1706:(Persia), and eventually in 1118, the sole ruler of the Great Seljuk Empire, but with a subordinate Sultan in Iraq in the person of 201: 26334: 22368: 20710:

The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam: Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry (Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks)

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Here, Iraq is meant in its medieval sense, which incorporated western Iran (historic 'Iraq al-'Ajam or Persian Iraq, also known as

2925:

and Persian into Turkic for him, and Oghuz songs were sung at the wedding of Tughril to the caliph's daughter. Later sultans, like

2156:

proclaimed himself Sultan and established a capital in Baghdad, until 1131 when he was finally officially deposed by Ahmad Sanjar.

2072: 1329:, initially at the invitation of the local rulers, then under alliances and conflicts. Contemporary sources mention places such as 1129:(989–1060), both of whom co-ruled over its territories; there are indications that the Seljuk leadership otherwise functioned as a 17604:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262096804_The_Anatolian_Seljuk_City_An_Analysis_on_Early_Turkish_Urban_Models_in_Anatolia

15100: • Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). 15070: • Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). 2990: 2982: 29215: 29190: 27552: 25723: 25691: 24355: 21104: 14420: 6449: 4343: 3080: 2837:, even exporting Persian culture to Anatolia. Under the Seljuks, Persian was also used for books lecturing about politics in the 1424: 511: 20848:

Van Renterghem, Vanessa (2015). "Baghdad: A View from the Edge on the Seljuk Empire". In Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (eds.).

3755:

A final example of a Seljuk Qur'an that has entered into scholarship is a manuscript studied in-depth by the late art historian

28177: 28028: 27791: 26826: 25968: 25915: 22335: 15713: 3956:, and newe shapes, such as penboxes with rounded ends and candlesticks with drum-like bodies. Many metal vessels also featured 3513:

argues that the effect of muqarnas domes embodies Qur'anic water symbolism. Examples of muqarnas also appear in the niches of

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Tabbaa, Yasser (2007). "Architecture". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).

17463: 17032: 17002: 16181: 15880: 15673: 15505: 15442: 15419: 15397: 15372: 15347: 15313: 15289: 15259: 15236: 15204: 15175: 14784: 14751: 14400: 8964: 16449:

F. Daftary, "Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khorasan, and Trasoxania during Umayyad and Early Abbasid Times", in

3879:

activity of God". The origins of this new pictorial tradition are uncertain, but Arabic illustrated manuscripts such as the

29240: 29210: 27685: 27675: 25846: 25701: 17291:

George, Alain (February 2012). "Orality, Writing and the Image in the Maqamat : Arabic Illustrated Books in Context".

15134:, Vol. 54, (2004), 97; "With the growth of Seljuk power in Rum, a more highly developed Muslim cultural life, based on the 6684: 4477: 4265: 1737:

in 1157. After his death, Turkic rulers, Turkmen tribal forces, and other secondary powers competed for Khorasan. In 1181,

317: 312: 24071: 2145:

respectively and contested with each other as well, further dividing Syria amongst emirs antagonistic towards each other.

28883: 28833: 28559: 28093: 26293: 26008: 25834: 22290: 20915: 20617:

Studies in Caucasian History I. New Light on the Shaddadids of Ganja II. The Shaddadids of Ani III. Prehistory of Saladin

20319:

Bosworth, C.E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Boyle, J.A. (ed.).

17679:

Graves, Margaret S. (2008). "Ceramic House Models from Medieval Persia: Domestic Architecture and Concealed Activities".

15303: 3792:

influenced some of the inscriptions on Seljuk ceramic wares. Even mirrors, candlesticks, coins, and jugs manufactured in

3644: 1118:

in the south, and it spanned the time period 1037–1308, though Seljuk rule beyond the Anatolian peninsula ended in 1194.

49: 17665:

Ceken, Muharrem. "Materials, Techniques, and Kilns Used in the Production of Seljuk and Beylik Period Glazed Tiles". In

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was the Sultan of all Seljuk lands except for Anatolia. He spent his reign conquering cities, destroying the citadel of

29230: 28108: 28097: 28042: 27990: 27845: 27648: 26784: 26324: 26314: 25381: 24217: 23217: 22285: 21286: 3455:

practice are coherent with the Seljuk dynasty's focus on Islam and the promotion of Muslim orthodoxy, the combining of

3118:

together with Baghdad and the whole of Iraq in 1126. In 1127, Imad al-Din Zengi was named Governor of Mosul, where the

2519: 24333: 15601:

Paul, Jurgen (2008). "The Role of Khwarazm in Seljuq Central Asian Politics, Victories and Defeats:Two Case Studies".

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Durand-Guédy, David (2015). "Goodbye to the Türkmen? The Military Role of Nomads in Iran after the Saljuq Conquest".

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in the process, but was unable to hold any cities long enough to rebuild them. Toghrul III, however, was defeated by

161: 28372: 22648: 15244:

notably the Great Seljuk Empire. In the meantime, many Turkic rulers and tribespeople eventually converted to Islam.

1741:, a pretendent to the Khwarezmian throne, managed to take control of Khorasan, until 1192 when he was defeated near 1179:

in 1071 marking a decisive turning point in the conflict in favour of the Seljuks, undermining the authority of the

29225: 29220: 29003: 28569: 26762: 26447: 26246: 26170: 25958: 20624:

Mirbabaev, A.K. (1992). "The Islamic lands and their culture". In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; Asimov, M. S. (eds.).

20178: 20142: 20106: 20070: 20034: 19848: 19592: 19556: 19520: 19484: 19448: 19412: 19341: 19305: 19269: 19226: 19190: 19139: 19094: 19047: 19011: 18944: 18903: 18854: 18805: 18764: 18725: 18609: 18432: 16721:

Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan (2011). "The Friday Mosque at Isfahan". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.).

15064: • Bosworth, C. E. (2001). Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi". 15002:

The Cambridge History of Islam (Volume IA): The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War

7342: 3573: 2499: 2134: 1749:, who captured his territories. The Ghurids then took control of all Khorasan following the death of his successor 22691: 20865: 15354:

The Seljuk Empire was another Turco-Iranian state, and its creation was unexpected even by the Seljuks themselves.

14659: 4252:

became the language for historical recording, while the center of Arabic language culture shifted from Baghdad to

3277:) ordered his soldiers to prepare and to send to bring their tents, children and families to Iraq and to head to 1455:, under a commission from the Abbasid caliph. Iraq would remain under the control of the Seljuk Turks until 1135. 29250: 28513: 28053: 27889: 27884: 27623: 27250: 26442: 25890: 24982: 23843: 22548: 22295: 21565: 20945: 20752: 17798:

edited by Sheila R. Canby, D. Beyazit, and Martina Rugiadi, 163–176. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020.

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Bloom, Jonathan N.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Architecture; V. c. 900–c. 1250; A. Eastern Islamic lands.".

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reports that Ibrahim brought back 100,000 captives and a vast booty loaded on the backs of ten thousand camels.

227: 23005: 16423: 1275:. The Seljuks supported the last Samanid emir against the Kara-Khanids before establishing an independent base. 29118: 28943: 28823: 28807: 28293: 28228: 28129: 28078: 27850: 27801: 27786: 27690: 27680: 27660: 27452: 27111: 26584: 26281: 26236: 26150: 26128: 26041: 25434: 22330: 22275: 21525: 20908: 20605: 15075: 3165: 28751: 27522: 27462: 28977: 28418: 28401: 28308: 28283: 28139: 28047: 28037: 26673: 26390: 26111: 25653: 25268: 24682: 24281: 21819: 21281: 18042:, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A16920765/ITOF?u=mlin_m_wellcol&sid=ITOF&xid=4ee5f15f. Retrieved 3 May 2021. 17220:

Mir'āt al-Zamān fī Ta'rīkh al-A' yan: al-Óawādith al-khā' a bi-ta'rīkh al-Salājiqa bayna al-sanawāt 1056–1086

14395: 14127: 14120: 12495: 12107: 10454: 8215: 8173: 6038: 1098:. The empire spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from 17: 16152: 14654: 6069: 2945:. However, besides the Diwan, no works written in Turkic language survive from the Seljuk Empire. While the 1140:

During the formative phase of the empire, the Seljuks first advanced from their original homelands near the

28981: 28817: 28533: 28273: 28263: 28011: 27867: 27467: 26885: 26757: 26452: 26083: 26063: 25316: 24276: 24160: 22361: 22280: 17860:

Hillenbrand, Robert. "The Relationship Between Book Painting and Luxury Ceramics in 13th-Century Iran". In

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with much more fur than usual that is worn by the princely official on the right frontispiece on fol. 1v.}}

16462: 15228:

Possessors and Possessed: Museums, Archaeology, and the Visualization of History in the Late Ottoman Empire

3727:

the historic shift away from the horizontal use of paper in many Qur'ans, also a 10th-century development.

2661: 2384:

as atabeg and successfully began the process of consolidating the atabegs of Syria. In 1144 Zengi captured

28747: 3690: 2930: 28772: 28766: 28717: 28528: 28358: 28237: 27862: 26712: 26339: 26319: 26241: 26165: 25910: 25716: 24348: 24286: 23323: 22603: 22508: 18660: 17204:

Nomadic Military Power: Iran and Adjacent Areas in the Islamic Period, in K. Franz and W. Holzwarth (eds)

14410: 13041: 11129: 11089: 10737: 8293: 7891: 7862: 7833: 7821: 7804: 7775: 7531: 7452: 7419: 5163: 3831:

larger systems of belief. Some of the occult sciences that the Seljuks took special interest in included

3730:

Another example of a religious manuscript produced closer to the end of the period of Seljuk Rule is the

2905: 2612: 2225: 1725:. He suffered his first defeat in his long career, and as a result lost all Seljuk territory east of the 20488:

Gardet, Louis (1970). "Religion and Culture". In Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (eds.).

15252:

Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 10 Ottoman and Safavid Empires (1600–1700)

4219:

Identity and Christian-Muslim interaction : medieval art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul area

2152:

took over the empire. His nephew, the son of Muhammad I, did not recognize his claim to the throne, and

29200: 28987: 28448: 28313: 27781: 27559: 27457: 26435: 26410: 26288: 26138: 25975: 25963: 25829: 25202: 21545: 20628:. Vol. IV: Part Two: The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century. Unesco. 6309: 6047: 3979: 1400:(1037–1038). Later they repeatedly raided and traded territory with Mahmud's successor, Mas'ud, across 15705:

Paul A. Blaum (2005). Diplomacy gone to seed: a history of Byzantine foreign relations, A.D. 1047–57.

15041:

Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens".

8241: 6366: 3768:, some exclusively as decoration and others to indicate the end of particular lines of Qur'anic text. 3068:

The region of Iraq was under the control of the Seljuk Empire from 1055 to 1135, since the Oghuz Turk

2746: 29091: 28682: 28452: 28233: 28159: 28021: 27996: 27919: 27670: 27569: 27512: 26924: 26613: 26251: 26231: 25878: 24244: 23392: 22956: 22469: 21781: 21075: 17094: 11104: 10725: 7929: 7879: 7510: 7407: 4687: 3427: 3088: 2926: 2706:

had to acknowledge the overlordship of the Seljuks. Seljuk dominion was established over the ancient

2616: 2153: 1707: 1172: 20808: 18550:"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus" 16171: 15906:(the official history of the Khitan Dynasty) cited by Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-Sheng (1949) 15427:

influenced by the traditions of the various empires and kingdoms that ruled China, Japan, and Korea.

12290: 9809: 7753: 7353: 6994: 6345: 3905: 3056:

and Malik-shah's widow, Terken Khatun, patronized the building of a madrasa to compete with Nazim's

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Identity and Christian-Muslim Interaction: Medieval Art of the Syrian Orthodox from the Mosul Area

20635:

Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382: From the Islamic Sources

17957:

The Art of the Saljuqs in Iran and Anatolia: Proceedings of a Symposium Held in Edinburgh in 1982,

17598:Özcan, Koray. "The Anatolian Seljuk City: An Analysis of Early Turkish Urban Models in Anatolia". 14489:) as well as 'Iraq al-Arab (Arab Iraq), roughly the central and southern parts of present-day Iraq 12402: 12365: 12336: 6663: 3843:. A relevant occult manuscript from a later period of Seljuk influence in the 13th century is the 3804: 3189:

The army of the earliest Seljuks was not similar to the renowned Turkic military of the classical

3143:(1136–1160) managed to restore a high degree of independence and successfully resisted the Seljuk 29245: 29033: 29007: 28998: 28868: 28828: 28432: 28368: 28328: 28063: 27914: 27771: 27730: 26988: 26873: 26160: 26133: 26078: 26073: 25925: 25058: 25002: 24749: 24745: 24585: 24403: 24398: 24269: 24150: 23691: 23644: 23587: 23286: 23230: 22978: 22569: 22354: 22325: 22213: 22090: 21995: 21839: 21721: 21130: 21080: 20931: 20347: 18391: 18357: 16477: 15710: 14530: 13976: 12047: 11784: 11483: 11457: 10115: 9529: 7906: 6327: 3681: 3144: 3132: 3006:

represented a re-establishment of Sunni Islam in Iraq and western Persia since the 10th century.

2834: 2548: 2346: 1969: 1738: 1702:

by his brother Muhammad I. Over the next several years, Ahmad Sanjar became the ruler of most of

1629: 1313:

Oghuz Turks (also known as Turkmens at the time), led by Seljuk's son, Musa and his two nephews,

1083: 1030: 63: 25920: 17566: 17427: 17273:

Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History

4059: 3969: 1780:, who sacked the city of Merv in 1221, killing 700,000 people according to contemporary sources 1360:, which served as one of their traditional pastures, but they were also encouraged by the local 1190:

The Seljuk Empire united the fractured political landscape in the non-Arab eastern parts of the

29205: 29123: 28762: 28503: 28458: 28182: 28144: 27872: 27628: 26668: 26608: 26596: 26489: 26346: 25839: 25762: 25709: 25295: 24653: 24630: 24445: 24341: 24291: 24192: 24187: 23875: 23823: 23743: 23676: 23580: 23565: 23458: 23225: 23179: 23020: 22907: 22748: 22724: 22498: 22401: 22305: 22065: 21090: 21025: 20404: 20167: 20095: 20059: 20023: 19966: 19925: 19873: 19837: 19796: 19729: 19683: 19581: 19509: 19473: 19437: 19401: 19330: 19294: 19179: 19128: 19083: 19036: 19000: 18933: 18794: 18655: 18598: 14905: 14743: 14737: 14273: 14138: 13939: 11800: 10473: 10096: 8918: 8310: 7312: 5789: 4779: 3965: 3961: 2915: 2778:. In the west, various cities, where the Seljuk rulers lived periodically, served as capitals: 2608: 2385: 2366: 2082: 1616: 1554: 1468: 1435:, uterine brother of Tughril, made their first incursion into the Byzantine frontier region of 807: 339: 294: 133: 119: 112: 105: 98: 91: 84: 70: 26663: 20131: 19545: 19258: 19215: 18892: 18843: 18753: 18313: 18155: 17970: 17022: 15870: 15165: 14695: 4128:

Seljuk period silk robe in Persian style, with birds motifs in medallions (11th–12th century).

3862:

challenges prevailing Islamic understandings of God while encouraging piety and invoking both

126: 28411: 28363: 28338: 28058: 27806: 27584: 27502: 27119: 27076: 26816: 26601: 26591: 26558: 26298: 26121: 25525: 25479: 25087: 24222: 24182: 23995: 23870: 22934: 22924: 22883: 22854: 22478: 22140: 22115: 22025: 21656: 21490: 20585:

Lambton, A.K.S. (1968). "The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire". In Boyle, J.A. (ed.).

20268: 17997: 16992: 16435: 16411: 16359: 16117: 15360: 15194: 15149: 14776: 14769: 14510: 13852: 12330: 11998: 10765: 8337: 7519: 6691: 5033: 4482: 3923:

and the year 540, i.e. 1144. he work of (san‘at) Yunis b. al-Husayn al-Asturlabi year 539".

2833:

in culture and language, the Seljuks also played an important role in the development of the

2807:

Islamic framework. Little of the public symbolism used by the Seljuks was Turkic, namely the

2098: 890: 534: 25731: 24110: 20461:. Vol. 4: The Period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge University Press. 15666:

Routledge Revivals: Trade, Travel and Exploration in the Middle Ages (2000): An Encyclopedia

15226: 15196:

Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan

2623:

also began to reassert the authority of the caliph and allied himself with the Khwarezmshah

1416: 143: 28962: 28864: 28757: 28697: 28672: 28651: 28631: 28604: 28406: 28348: 28243: 28006: 27971: 27735: 26917: 26752: 26747: 26732: 26678: 26623: 26507: 26366: 26351: 26199: 26116: 25930: 25678: 24741: 24460: 24415: 24315: 24145: 24115: 23990: 23921: 23892: 23811: 23145: 22983: 22973: 22719: 22714: 22671: 22075: 21922: 21457: 21255: 17955:

Allan, James. "Manuscript Illumination: A Source for Metalwork Motifs in Saljuq Times". In

15497: 13626: 8253: 8230: 4144: 4142:

Figures in Arab dress, with long robes, turbans and bare or sandalled feet, reading books.

4108: 4064: 3810: 3756: 3436: 2175:

dynasty founded a state in eastern Anatolia and northern Syria and contested land with the

2130: 1769: 1671: 1499: 1495: 1412: 1342: 602: 24095: 22778: 20395:

El-Azhari, Taef (2019). "The Seljuqs from Syria to Iran: The Age of Khatuns and Atabegs".

16008: 15282:

Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid Period

6005: 5744: 3928:

major centers of production were initially concentrated in the Khorasan region, including

3814:, is dated 1198, around the end of the Seljuk dynasty, and is generally attributed to the 3234:. After the rule of Malik-Shah I, however, there are very few mentions of Turkmens in the 2889:(King of Kings), and even used the old Buyid title of "Shahanshah of Islam." The title of 1538: 8: 28702: 28391: 28124: 28016: 27615: 27610: 27574: 27507: 27356: 27044: 26628: 26579: 26512: 26462: 26361: 26271: 26219: 26032: 26013: 25799: 25419: 25038: 24663: 24485: 24007: 23887: 23853: 23755: 23575: 23570: 23382: 23101: 23037: 22912: 22897: 22315: 22249: 22105: 21530: 21520: 21250: 21175: 18373: 18339: 18288: 17756: 17742: 17114: 16700: 16540: 16340: 15404:

The Seljuq Empire is nevertheless the foremost example of a Turko-Persian Islamic empire.

15335: 15270:-based music in the early 11th-century, in the period of the Turko-Persian Seljuk Empire. 14106: 13716: 12688: 11700: 9826: 8492: 7757: 7357: 6796: 6700: 6697: 6349: 6075: 5113: 4971: 4768: 4517: 4490: 4171:

bands on the upper sleeves. Clothing included tall boots, as well as various hats of the

4136: 3949: 3886: 3743: 3695: 2838: 2822: 2325: 2254: 2250: 1823: 1758: 1714: 1514: 1487: 1478: 1260: 1176: 793: 615: 351: 303: 23723: 23713: 22758: 10321: 4014:

Gold roundel, 11th century Iran. It "exemplifies the refinement of Seljuq goldsmithing".

2949:

was compiled from Turkic oral accounts, it was written in Persian and Arabic languages.

2404:, created an alliance in the region to oppose the Second Crusade, which landed in 1147. 2076:

The Seljuk Empire and the Sultanate of Rum, with contemporary Asian polities circa 1100.

834: 29066: 29028: 28973: 28968: 28873: 28788: 28428: 28288: 28248: 28088: 28083: 27981: 27966: 27725: 27527: 27348: 27317: 27210: 26967: 26799: 26742: 26722: 26635: 26524: 26467: 26263: 26185: 25851: 25772: 25767: 25414: 25263: 25236: 24470: 24363: 24120: 24100: 24083: 24034: 23899: 23708: 23659: 23592: 23510: 23451: 23446: 23441: 23397: 23367: 23259: 23157: 23025: 23000: 22704: 22265: 22218: 22085: 22000: 21985: 21942: 21897: 21761: 21550: 21336: 21225: 21185: 21110: 20955: 20578:

Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Underdevelopment

20418: 20256: 19622: 18634: 18511: 18503: 18449: 18237:

Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Metalwork; III. c. 1100–c. 1500.".

18203: 18201: 18094: 17840: 17712: 17704: 17469: 17227: 17157: 16442:

M. Ravandi, "The Seljuq court at Konya and the Persianisation of Anatolian Cities", in

15937: 14968: 14862: 14223: 14094: 12034: 11344: 10379: 7717: 6420: 6356: 6024: 4122: 4082: 3699: 3344: 3102:(1118–1135), who wanted to acquire world dominance, in 1124 Mahmūd granted the city of 3031: 2942: 2771: 2751: 2660:

The Sultanate of Rum, the last remnants of the Seljuks in Anatolia, ended too with the

2321: 1889: 1682:

and initially took part in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew:

1612: 1440: 1338: 1203: 1153: 876: 654: 265: 18186: 17959:

edited by Robert Hillenbrand, 119–126. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh press, 1994.

10418: 8186: 8143: 8107: 4063:

work. Inlaid with silver, copper, and black bitumen. Late 12th century, Afghanistan. (

3913:. The globe mentions: "This globe includes all the stars mentioned in the book of the 29160: 29076: 28993: 28899: 28889: 28798: 28707: 28692: 28687: 28656: 28646: 28636: 28626: 28613: 28468: 28172: 27986: 27924: 27899: 27879: 27829: 27749: 27597: 27226: 27218: 27143: 27095: 26897: 26844: 26806: 26769: 26655: 26640: 26457: 26395: 26382: 26356: 26224: 26155: 26099: 26018: 25811: 25786: 25747: 25555: 25474: 25227: 24974: 24648: 24560: 24535: 24525: 24520: 24490: 24430: 24229: 24125: 24061: 24056: 23985: 23882: 23597: 23525: 23520: 23362: 23291: 23274: 23269: 23264: 23064: 23015: 22406: 22320: 21429: 21271: 21245: 21240: 21140: 21125: 21015: 21010: 20980: 20960: 20882: 20834: 20798: 20777: 20756: 20722: 20694: 20675: 20656: 20601: 20544: 20504: 20471: 20437: 20422: 20408: 20353: 20296: 20260: 20209: 20182: 20146: 20110: 20074: 20038: 19986: 19945: 19893: 19852: 19816: 19749: 19703: 19596: 19560: 19524: 19488: 19452: 19416: 19345: 19309: 19273: 19230: 19194: 19143: 19098: 19051: 19015: 18948: 18907: 18858: 18809: 18768: 18729: 18613: 18515: 18319: 18244: 18161: 18086: 18003: 17976: 17832: 17723: 17716: 17696: 17522: 17492: 17459: 17304: 17149: 17093:

in 1118, Zangi then entered the service of the Sultān's son and the new Seljuk ruler

17028: 16998: 16726: 16272: 16217: 16177: 15941: 15911: 15886: 15876: 15730: 15669: 15501: 15438: 15415: 15393: 15368: 15343: 15331: 15309: 15285: 15255: 15232: 15200: 15171: 14917: 14866: 14780: 14747: 14701: 14538: 14082: 13848: 13779: 12421: 12308: 11467: 11399: 10399: 9457: 8396: 8245: 8157: 8137: 8121: 8100: 7467: 7372: 7143: 6444: 6042: 5444: 4041:, a bronze cauldron decorated with human figures. From 1163 CE, Herat, Afghanistan. ( 3881: 3815: 3723: 3711: 3526: 3361: 3255: 3107: 2669: 2643: 2639: 2489: 2377: 2341: 2317: 2253:

arriving in 1096, but they could not stop the progress of the army of the subsequent

2213: 2203: 1878: 1762: 1750: 1526: 1420: 1349: 1330: 1161: 1044: 848: 779: 709: 492: 245: 18198: 15365:

High Culture: Drugs, Mysticism, and the Pursuit of Transcendence in the Modern World

12715: 12699: 10440: 8202: 2600:; upon his death, Saladin married his widow, captured most of Syria and created the 29047: 29038: 28948: 28938: 28894: 28734: 28722: 28676: 28621: 28438: 28303: 28134: 28103: 27948: 27929: 27638: 27258: 26727: 26695: 26517: 26472: 26415: 26068: 25991: 25806: 25520: 25500: 25278: 25054: 25042: 25034: 25022: 24998: 24990: 24978: 24959: 24912: 24814: 24777: 24668: 24605: 24600: 24565: 24515: 24440: 24420: 24380: 24078: 23865: 23860: 23816: 23803: 23733: 23701: 23696: 23560: 23555: 23537: 23498: 23431: 23414: 23355: 23345: 23340: 23281: 23237: 23207: 23167: 23150: 23133: 23096: 22847: 22783: 22734: 22638: 22524: 22464: 22396: 22310: 22238: 21859: 21746: 21555: 21540: 21389: 21235: 21195: 21150: 21135: 20536: 20400: 20374: 20248: 18495: 18078: 17692: 17688: 17562: 17423: 17330: 17300: 17141: 17090: 17080: 15493: 15327: 15277: 15054: 14960: 14854: 14458: 14430: 14200: 14070: 13893: 13796: 13707: 13698: 13689: 13662: 13617: 13608: 13591: 12418: 11667: 10351: 8644: 7063: 6772: 6757: 6742: 6095: 5565: 4631: 4319: 4042: 4038: 3983: 3854: 3366: 3319: 3136: 3084: 3030:

was forced to flee to Mecca and Medina. In 1065, Alp Arslan campaigned against the

2647: 2597: 2553: 2464: 2417: 2397: 2389: 2309: 2176: 2118: 2090: 2049: 1793: 1722: 1699: 1695: 1637: 1604: 1550: 1445: 1428: 1401: 1385: 1370: 1326: 1215: 1180: 1145: 1079: 751: 641: 422: 347: 343: 285: 274: 216: 25510: 24410: 18157:

The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843–1261

18016: 12449: 9778: 6625: 5295: 5249: 3432: 3331:

successor states (generally included under the term "Seljuk period"), such as the

2646:, and the Seljuk Empire finally collapsed in 1194. Of the former Empire, only the 1521:

loyal to him. Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the

1517:

generals to carve their own principalities out of formerly Byzantine Anatolia, as

29081: 29018: 28953: 28928: 28913: 28852: 28641: 28493: 28383: 28205: 27904: 27840: 27744: 27592: 27494: 27266: 27242: 27178: 27159: 27151: 27127: 27012: 26954: 26861: 26794: 26774: 26705: 26700: 26645: 26618: 26529: 26502: 26180: 26145: 25674:

Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)

25356: 25333: 25306: 25046: 25018: 25014: 24986: 24955: 24892: 24849: 24832: 24658: 24620: 24555: 24540: 24510: 24505: 24500: 24495: 24480: 24475: 24465: 24455: 24435: 24425: 24393: 24296: 24264: 24137: 24105: 24088: 24044: 24039: 24017: 24012: 23970: 23963: 23938: 23798: 23793: 23634: 23515: 23409: 23404: 23372: 23197: 23187: 23081: 23074: 23069: 23054: 23010: 22892: 22878: 22808: 22768: 22300: 22243: 22183: 22173: 22135: 21877: 21570: 21369: 21326: 21308: 21145: 21115: 21020: 20995: 20950: 20746: 20595: 20498: 20431: 18315:

Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art

18238: 17902: 17456:

Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane

16430: 16416: 16364: 15964: 15931: 15385: 15154: 14596: 14287: 14259: 13957: 13770: 13761: 13743: 13680: 13653: 13644: 12984: 12359: 11029: 10668: 4347: 4193: 3919:

after modifying them in proportion with the interval between the calculations of

3685: 3486: 3315: 2952:

Steppe traditions influenced Seljuk marriages, with Tughril marrying his brother

2922: 2852: 2372: 2298: 2270: 2266: 1160:, filling up the power vacuum that had been caused by struggles between the Arab 1149: 988: 932: 434: 56: 23718: 18499: 18269: 18257: 17386: 14771:

Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-year History of War, Profit and Conflict

11754: 11050: 11012: 9794: 6981: 4237: 3634:

Bowl with enthroned figure and horsemen (Late 12th, early 13th centuries, Iran).

3483:), which also became characteristic of later mosques in this region and beyond. 2986:

Panel of al-Khatun (the lady) Fatima bint Zahir al-Din, 11th–12th century, Iran.

2572: 1557:, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of 28923: 28443: 28268: 27756: 27720: 27383: 27301: 27234: 27060: 26717: 26497: 26420: 26053: 25821: 25782: 25668: 25565: 25545: 25439: 25424: 25389: 25290: 25062: 25050: 25026: 25006: 24967: 24916: 24877: 24782: 24772: 24691: 24625: 24610: 24590: 24575: 24570: 24545: 24530: 24450: 24388: 24371: 24239: 24234: 24197: 24172: 24155: 24066: 24051: 24022: 23980: 23828: 23788: 23783: 23738: 23664: 23624: 23614: 23604: 23419: 23298: 23192: 23059: 22941: 22818: 22753: 22661: 22493: 22377: 22260: 22223: 22045: 21980: 21854: 21706: 21691: 21661: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21379: 21230: 21220: 21180: 20965: 19648: 18722:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Supplement 2 (Kâfûr, Ebü'l-Misk – Züreyk, Kostantin)

18717: 16385: 15850: 14946: 14942: 14454: 14415: 14280: 13879: 13869: 13752: 13734: 13725: 13671: 13635: 13429: 13405: 11704: 11077: 11001: 10019: 8979: 7792: 6335: 5781: 5731: 5583: 5004: 4241: 4233: 3760: 3694:("Compendium of the languages of the Turks"), a Turkish-Arab dictionary by the 3582: 3541: 3468: 3210: 3119: 2673: 2362: 2358: 2086: 2007: 1907: 1867: 1834: 1645: 1491: 1436: 1366: 1256: 1199: 1134: 960: 862: 256: 77: 20540: 20378: 20346:

Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (2016).

20252: 17473: 17145: 16604:(John Perry. "The Historical Role of Turkish in Relation to Persian of Iran". 14858: 2684: 2653:

The Khwarazmian Empire took over as the dominant power in the region, but the

29179: 29154: 29058: 29043: 29013: 28958: 28838: 28793: 28742: 28712: 27415: 27274: 26996: 26849: 26789: 26690: 26430: 26425: 26058: 26003: 25601: 25591: 25394: 25283: 25182: 25137: 25010: 24932: 24928: 24898: 24842: 24827: 24792: 24699: 24615: 24595: 24580: 24320: 24207: 24002: 23975: 23948: 23926: 23904: 23671: 23639: 23483: 23436: 23424: 23350: 23242: 23116: 23111: 23086: 22968: 22798: 22608: 22503: 22459: 22255: 22208: 22100: 21932: 21917: 21849: 21608: 21374: 21346: 21331: 21291: 21190: 21045: 21030: 20985: 18090: 17907:

The Art of the Qur'an: Treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts.

17836: 17700: 17153: 16393: 15717: 15412:

A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen

15161: 14921: 14842: 14666: 14636: 14534: 14347: 14336: 13929: 13528: 13261: 12843: 12767: 12427: 11712: 11407: 10780: 10366: 10066: 8949: 7850: 7387: 7325: 7115: 6002: 5836: 5741: 5087: 4602: 4149: 4113: 3910: 3894: 3875: 3202: 3124: 3099: 3076: 2977: 2897: 2855: 2848: 2242: 2232: 1980: 1691: 1596: 1452: 1334: 1299: 1232: 1195: 1184: 1165: 1091: 946: 737: 628: 427: 23748: 23728: 20528: 20368: 17864:. edited by Robert Hillenbrand, 134–139. Costa mesa: Mazda Publishers, 1994. 17627: 16021:

Tertius Chandler & Gerald Fox, "3000 Years of Urban Growth", pp. 232–236

14964: 14568: 3501:

Another architectural form that flourished during the Seljuk period was the

1473: 29086: 29071: 29023: 28932: 28477: 28343: 27766: 27715: 27423: 27407: 27391: 27333: 26821: 26779: 26405: 25856: 25580: 25366: 24994: 24936: 24920: 24882: 24734: 24704: 24212: 23953: 23943: 23909: 23838: 23833: 23760: 23550: 23532: 23493: 23488: 23468: 23463: 23335: 23328: 23318: 23313: 23308: 23202: 23140: 23121: 23106: 23042: 22828: 22773: 22558: 22473: 22444: 22178: 22145: 22125: 22030: 21937: 21892: 21869: 21786: 21681: 21598: 21588: 21480: 21215: 21210: 21200: 21160: 21100: 21065: 20990: 17098: 15890: 14579:) and he acceded to the throne on May 1, 1257 again after the departure of 14310: 14022: 13989: 13918: 13483: 13365: 13318: 13010: 12029: 12015: 10797: 10743: 10718: 10707: 9765: 9547: 9216: 8906: 8299: 7936: 7895: 7866: 7837: 7808: 7779: 7535: 7456: 7425: 7148: 7098: 7083: 6716: 6102: 5817: 5764: 5282: 4925: 4745: 4709: 4700: 4467: 3706:

One example of a manuscript created during Seljuk rule is a thirty-volume (

3565: 3506: 3300: 3206: 3190: 3092: 3083:. Iraq remained under the control of the Great Seljuks during the reign of 2901: 2795: 2775: 2762: 2727: 2424: 2217: 2149: 2114: 2038: 1998: 1989: 1929: 1807: 1679: 1666: 1657: 1588: 1578: 1432: 1317:

and Chaghri, were one of several groups of the Oghuz who made their way to

1252: 1191: 1115: 1111: 331: 20900: 17084: 15058: 14947:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 11758: 4185:, where many more illustrations are available, especially in manuscripts. 2305:, who had recaptured it in 1098 just before its capture by the crusaders. 1506:. A retaliatory strike by the Seljuk Amir Ahmad defeated the Georgians at 29164: 29128: 28879: 28564: 28487: 28318: 26685: 25996: 25570: 25222: 25167: 24872: 24802: 23931: 23916: 23765: 23478: 23387: 23377: 23303: 22951: 22946: 22813: 22533: 22513: 22411: 22270: 22203: 22155: 22120: 22095: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22040: 22035: 21990: 21970: 21962: 21791: 21776: 21726: 21716: 21671: 21628: 21404: 21399: 21364: 21165: 21120: 21060: 20589:. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press. 20330:

The History of the Seljuq Turks: The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishpuri

20323:. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press. 16739: 15081: 14580: 13961: 13447: 12392: 11379: 11117: 10997: 10810: 9201: 8279: 7949: 7919: 6084: 5992: 5845: 5812: 5330: 5257: 5232: 4422: 4359: 4332: 4249: 3957: 3658: 3510: 3460: 3332: 3218: 3069: 3053: 3014: 2999: 2961: 2953: 2910: 2843: 2830: 2766: 2731: 2631: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2164: 2016: 1898: 1546: 1534: 1353: 1322: 1264: 1236: 1130: 1126: 1095: 1087: 1002: 974: 566: 454: 355: 354:

became a vassal state in 1089, for half a century, before falling to the

18507: 17844: 17708: 17374: 17161: 16654: 16230: 15915: 3718:

script, a sharp, vertical script. The dominant use of New Style in this

2101:

was proclaimed sultan but his reign was contested by his three brothers

28518: 27909: 27431: 27399: 27325: 27293: 27103: 25550: 25515: 25371: 25351: 25346: 25341: 25212: 24550: 23958: 23775: 23649: 23609: 23542: 22803: 22793: 22538: 22483: 22439: 22150: 21975: 21907: 21902: 21829: 21811: 21771: 21756: 21736: 21701: 21686: 21648: 21638: 21623: 21613: 21580: 21467: 21394: 21170: 21070: 21000: 20312:

The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800

18289:"Incense Burner of Amir Saif al-Dunya wa'l-Din ibn Muhammad al-Mawardi" 18098: 18066: 15435:

Fictional Storytelling in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond

14972: 14572: 14564: 14551: 14514: 14298: 14247: 14174: 14034: 12684: 12465: 12325: 12304: 11989: 11722: 10820: 10753: 10053: 9491: 9240: 8704: 8351: 8330: 7959: 7473: 7440: 7377: 7125: 7043: 6677: 6396: 6370: 5211: 5159: 5060: 4978: 4938: 4934: 4885: 4859: 4573: 4388: 4245: 3653: 3619: 3545: 3314:

The process of mamluk recruitment are well known from other periods in

3308: 3140: 3027: 2938: 2885: 2699: 2517:

Seljuk warrior figurine (12th century), and Turkoman soldiers from the

2460: 2172: 2126: 2102: 1947: 1687: 1584: 1522: 1464: 1381: 1361: 1294: 1268: 1183:

in the remaining parts of Anatolia and gradually enabling the region's

1107: 1016: 904: 723: 25177: 21354: 20879:

The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History

20653:

The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East

17332:

Clothing viii. In Persia from the Arab conquest to the Mongol invasion

16214:

The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods

15305:

Empire of Salons: Conquest and Community in Early Modern Ottoman Lands

14527: 14046: 12379: 12052: 3847:, otherwise known as the "Rules of Astrologers", while another is the 3648:

Pages from a Seven-part Quran, Iran, late 11th cen. Khalili Collection

2883:

In most of their coins, the Seljuk sultans used the Sasanian title of

2698:

Seljuk power was indeed at its zenith under Malikshāh I, and both the

1757:

in the ancient region of Qūmes. The province was finally conquered by

1231:

The founder of the dynasty was Seljuk, a warlord, who belonged to the

27644:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

27364: 27341: 27135: 27068: 27036: 25596: 25575: 25540: 25535: 25484: 25444: 25429: 25399: 25302: 25253: 25162: 24924: 24837: 24797: 24718: 24714: 23848: 23619: 23503: 23473: 23254: 23128: 22919: 22788: 22743: 22676: 22454: 22434: 22070: 22020: 21952: 21887: 21834: 21824: 21796: 21731: 21676: 21666: 21603: 21593: 21439: 21316: 21276: 21205: 21055: 20771: 20430:

Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001).

20293:

Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040–1130

20031:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevîhânesi̇ – Mani̇sa)

19445:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 27 (Kütahya Mevlevîhânesi̇ – Mani̇sa)

17454:

Starr, S. Frederick (2013). "Tremors under the Dome of Seljuk Rule".

15770:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

15107: 14904:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).

14162: 14010: 13834: 13810: 13582: 13492: 12038: 11736: 11686: 11366: 11149: 11054: 9186: 9174: 8496: 6057: 6032: 5808: 5299: 5253: 4403: 4309: 3975: 3836: 3765: 3674: 3556: 3397: 3265: 2875:

Head with a beaded headdress, 12th–early 13th century, Seljuk period

2858: 2818: 2703: 2693: 2635: 2469: 2294: 2286: 2168: 1856: 1726: 1718: 1621: 1530: 1439:

and clashed with a combined Byzantine-Georgian army of 50,000 at the

1307: 1303: 1272: 1240: 918: 480: 470: 387: 236: 25585: 20203: 18549: 18530: 18082: 17351: 12980: 12479: 12098: 4159:

The general clothing style attributed to the Seljuks is that of the

3311:

armies. In fact, the Ghaznavid dynasty was itself of mamluk origin.

3268:(1132–1168), a Seljuk ruler in Anatolia, on horseback firing arrows. 2396:

against him. This event triggered the launch of the Second Crusade.

1784:; however, modern scholarship holds such figures to be exaggerated. 1171:

The subsequent Seljuk expansion into eastern Anatolia triggered the

28554: 27894: 27776: 27028: 26541: 25868: 25627: 25560: 25505: 25454: 25409: 25258: 25232: 25207: 25157: 25132: 24949: 24762: 24726: 24710: 23249: 23032: 22990: 22929: 22823: 22709: 22666: 22652: 22130: 22110: 21711: 21535: 21449: 21384: 21155: 20827: 19975: 19934: 19882: 19805: 19738: 19692: 19654: 16858: 16856: 15756:, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), 524. 15250:

Gencer, A. Yunus (2017). Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (eds.).

14670: 14640: 14618: 14584: 14450: 14235: 13904: 13806: 13519: 13456: 13286: 13084: 12737: 12077: 11740: 11708: 9553: 8392: 4208: 4182: 4173: 4102: 3929: 3915: 3832: 3793: 3561: 3502: 3490: 3479: 3392: 3340: 3304: 3243: 3231: 2735: 2719: 2707: 2620: 2538: 2485: 2412: 2393: 2381: 2333: 2180: 2160: 2142: 2122: 1608: 1542: 1397: 1389: 1357: 1211: 1141: 1099: 821: 765: 523: 381: 335: 26551: 22346: 20103:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇)

19517:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇)

19187:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 29 (Mekteb – Misir Mevlevîhânesi̇)

18560: 17825:

Bulletin of the American Institute for Persian Art and Archaeology

17823:

Ettinghausen, Richard (1935). "A Signed and Dated Seljuq Qur'an".

15731:"Dhu'l Qa'da 463/ August 1071 The Battle of Malazkirt (Manzikert)" 15094: • Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). (1998). 13824: 11439: 9718: 2262: 1562: 1451:

In 1055, Tughril entered Baghdad and removed the influence of the

29097: 27020: 25637: 25617: 25530: 25147: 25142: 25122: 25075: 24944: 24862: 24807: 24787: 24767: 24757: 24722: 23162: 23091: 23047: 22902: 22763: 22010: 22005: 21947: 21882: 21766: 21751: 21618: 21495: 21485: 21434: 21040: 19979: 19938: 19886: 19809: 19742: 19696: 19658: 17794:

Peacock, A. C. S. "A Seljuq Occult Manuscript and its World". In

17073:"Musul ve Halep Valisi İmâdeddin Zengi'nin Haçlılarla Mücadelesi" 15183: 14576: 14211: 13998: 13573: 13537: 13501: 13474: 13465: 13438: 13257: 12828: 12816: 12086: 11770: 11429: 11017: 10746: 10677: 10310: 10010: 9746: 8302: 7898: 7869: 7840: 7811: 7782: 7538: 7490: 7459: 7428: 6667: 4178: 3920: 3840: 3777: 3707: 3451: 3336: 3296: 3274: 3214: 3042: 3035: 3010: 2934: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2665: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2534: 2481: 2456: 2337: 2313: 2302: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2246: 2110: 1845: 1814: 1746: 1625: 1592: 1558: 1377: 1314: 1289: 1214:

in the west. The last surviving Seljuk sultanate to fall was the

1207: 1157: 1122: 553: 405: 393: 207: 22963: 20429: 18761:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 4 (Âşik Ömer – Bâlâ Külli̇yesi̇)

18488:

Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts of the City of Detroit

18393:

Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs – MetPublications

18359:

Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs – MetPublications

18275: 18263: 18207: 17392: 16853: 14845:(1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo". 3622:

great basin signed by Abu Zayd al-Kashani in 1191, Kashan, Iran.

3063: 2089:, escaped Malikshāh's imprisonment and claimed authority in the 28903: 28223: 27052: 26546: 25739: 25734: 25663: 25622: 25404: 25361: 25311: 25172: 25127: 25117: 25101: 25095: 25080: 25070: 24906: 24867: 24857: 24822: 22995: 22870: 22695: 22681: 22578: 22421: 21912: 21844: 21475: 21409: 21321: 21035: 20738:

The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca

20005: 19629: 18666: 18640: 17587:

Turkish Art and Architecture: From the Seljuks to the Ottomans.

16458: 16041: 16039: 13564: 13555: 13546: 13350: 13069: 12824: 12491: 12483: 12461: 12439: 11750: 11046: 10816: 10700: 9512: 8347: 8326: 7955: 7925: 7744: 7738: 7506: 6652: 6304: 5748: 5189: 4952: 4764: 4486: 4418: 4350: 3999: 3953: 3937: 3863: 3797: 3782: 3715: 3569: 3514: 3473: 3456: 3447: 3247: 3198: 3073: 3052:. In the madrasas he built, he patronized Shafi'is. The vizier 3017:

founded a madrasa in Merv. Tughril and Alp Arslan chose Hanafi

2808: 2624: 2561: 2444: 2436: 2401: 2258: 2184: 2138: 2094: 2060: 1773: 1754: 1662: 1566: 1518: 1103: 458: 440: 368: 26909: 20470:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 159, 161. 15519: 11348: 10325: 9461: 1477:

15th-century French miniature depicting the combatants of the

1348:

Around 1034, Tughril and Chaghri were soundly defeated by the

64:

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Court_and_Cosmos

27761: 25632: 25217: 25152: 24887: 23629: 22391: 21741: 21633: 21560: 21510: 21359: 21005: 20492:. Vol. 2B. Cambridge University Press. pp. 569–603. 20139:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇)

19553:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇)

19223:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 3 (Amasya – Âşik Mûsi̇ki̇si̇)

16299: 16297: 16216:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 188, Map 4. 15775: 15605:. Martin-Luther Universität, Halle-Wittemberg. pp. 1–17. 14486: 14150: 13838: 13820: 13510: 13335: 12820: 12487: 11425: 11006: 10830: 8430: 5423: 4253: 4167: 4096: 3944: 3933: 3819: 3719: 3670: 3666: 3278: 3238:

region of the state, especially in their traditional axis of

3235: 3209:, the sovereign had a large army at his disposal. There were 3115: 3103: 2957: 2891: 2759: 2723: 2585: 2576:

Map of the territory directly held by the Seljuks in 1180 CE.

2565: 2557: 2524: 2188: 1958: 1938: 1777: 1600: 1507: 1405: 1248: 20529:"The Schefer Ḥarīrī: A Study in Islamic Frontispiece Design" 18067:"Socializing Medicine: Illustrations of the Kitāb al-diryāq" 17796:

The Seljuqs and their Successors: Art, Culture, and History,

16484: 16176:. New York : Rizzoli. pp. 91, 92, 162 commentary. 16036: 16024: 15844: 15842: 15840: 15838: 14885: 3254:

Turkmens' limitations are adeptly described by Arab scholar

2125:

made a claim to the throne but was killed in battle against

1306:

in Iran, which serves as the tomb of the first Seljuk ruler

134:

https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/41/C41013432.pdf

120:

https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/29/C29009546.pdf

113:

https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/41/C41013431.pdf

106:

https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/27/C27008916.pdf

99:

https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/36/C36015915.pdf

92:

https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/36/C36015912.pdf

85:

https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/26/C26008628.pdf

71:

https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/25/C25008111.pdf

27541: 27004: 26940: 25673: 25449: 22165: 21927: 20975: 20719:

Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257

20397:

Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257

20159: 17240: 16514:

Bingham, Woodbridge, Hilary Conroy and Frank William Iklé,

16424:

Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries

15772:, Vol. I, ed. Alexander Mikaberidze, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 334. 15266:

Turkish music completed its transformation into completely

15219:

Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World

11416: 4161: 4090: 3823: 3494: 3440: 3239: 3111: 3091:(1118–1131) was restricted to the only rule of Iraq, while 2876: 2779: 2715: 2711: 2106: 1742: 1734: 1703: 1503: 1393: 1318: 1244: 399: 127:

https://cdn.islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dosya/3/C03001268.pdf

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TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 30 (Misra – Muhammedi̇yye)

18470: 18455: 18192: 18022: 17729: 17345: 17131: 16843: 16841: 16814: 16787: 16745: 16681: 16660: 16294: 16236: 15787: 15021: 8391:

The comparative genealogy of the Great Seljuks with their

3282:

them and to go back to the place which is assigned to us."

1373:, the province considered a jewel in the Ghaznavid crown. 28519:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

20794:

Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East

19136:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 40 (Tanzi̇mat – Teveccüh)

18051:

Peacock, Andrew. "Nusrat al-fatrah wa-usrat al-fitrah" .

16804: 16802: 16671: 16669: 16644: 16642: 15835: 15621: 15138:

of the Seljuk court, was able to take root in Anatolia."

9233:

Yûsuf, Kara Arslan, Abu Bakr, Umar, Bori & Dawlatshah

20457:

Frye, R.N. (1975). "The Samanids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.).

19266:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 5 (Balaban – Beşi̇r Ağa)

18174: 17999:

Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades

16994:

Franks and Saracens: Reality and Fantasy in the Crusades

16945: 16885: 16701:"Panel of al-Khatun (the lady) Fatima bint Zahir al-Din" 16575: 16376:*C.E. Bosworth, "Turkmen Expansion towards the west" in 16193: 15582: 15536: 15534: 15330:(2015). "Pastoral nomadic migrations and conquests". In 15143:

Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century

3853:, or the "Fine Points of Eternal Truths", dating to the 3396:

headgear, the three-quarters length robe, and boots, at

2475: 1713:

In 1141, Ahmad marched to eliminate the threat posed by

1427:

had sent Tughril a diploma recognizing Seljuk rule over

20175: