2739: Terry Hassold, who got his PhD in human genetics, explains that students with Down syndrome have delays with cognitive ability. Their brains have a late reaction when their neurological system sends a message for any task. Because of this late reaction, they tend to take longer to complete a task than an average student. Assistive technology is crucial in helping students with Down syndrome with their writing ability. Children with Down syndrome tend to have shorter fingers and a lowered thumb making their ability to write more difficult. Also, some of the usual wrist bones are not formed, making it difficult to hold objects. Slanted desks are one type of assisted technology that can aid in the successful ability to write. A three-ring binder can be used to create a slanted desk by turning the binder sideways. Also, students with Down syndrome often try to hold their pencils by anchoring them against the thumb rather than using the tip of their thumb. Shortened pencils or triangular-shaped pencils encourage students to hold them correctly. Using any of these assistive technologies can help students with Down syndrome during their educational process.
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to these services are excluded from education and unable to attend school. Due to the need of certain services and facilities, the estimated cost of providing education for a disabled child is 2.3 times higher than a child without disabilities. Given the poverty levels in a variety of developing countries, the education of children with disabilities does not become a priority. Children with physical disabilities are less likely to attend school in comparison with students who do not have a disability and children with an intellectual ability are even less likely than children with physical disabilities. In the Global South, 90% of children with some form of disability do not receive any form of structured education. While current initiatives toward inclusive education internationally have been implemented, such as the
Education for All program, some countries in the Global South still challenge the lack of ability to provide children with disabilities access to education due to issues such as lack of resources and schools being overcrowded.
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are determined on the basis of the student's needs. Accommodations and modifications to the regular program may include changes in the curriculum, supplementary aids or equipment, and the provision of specialized physical adaptations that allow students to participate in the educational environment as much as possible. Students may need this help to access subject matter, physically gain access to the school, or meet their emotional needs. For example, if the assessment determines that the student cannot write by hand because of a physical disability, then the school might provide a computer for typing assignments, or allow the student to answer questions verbally instead. If the school determines that the student is severely distracted by the normal activities in a large, busy classroom, then the student might be placed in a smaller classroom such as a separate classroom or
1153:: In this setting, disabled students are placed in a general education classroom to learn along with their disabled peers and non-disabled peers. A general education teacher and a special education teacher work as partners in instruction. Types of co-teaching include "one teaching/one helping" in which one teacher instructs while the other circulates around the class to evaluate and offer help, "parallel teaching" in which both teachers teach the same content to two groups of students of equal size, "station teaching" in which both teachers present differing content to different groups of students simultaneously and students rotate through each station, "alternative teaching" in which one teacher works with a smaller group or individual students while the other works with the rest of the class, and "team teaching" in which both teachers plan and teach a lesson together.
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education was felt in different educational policies of
Pakistan in different times. At the first time, in its report, the Commission on National Education (1959) highlighted the importance of special education. After that the Education Policy (1972) and the National Policy and Implementation Programme (1979) gave some importance to this sector. The same was also reflected in different medium-term (five-year) plans. This was felt more seriously when the Directorate General of Special Education, Islamabad formulated a draft National Policy for Special Education in 1986 and revised it in 1988 to bring it in line with the emerging needs of the disabled population. After that a special education policy was launched in 1999. The Government of Pakistan has launched a new National Policy for Persons with Disabilities in 2002, which is dynamically being implemented.
1671:(IDEA)) approximately 2 million children with special needs were not receiving sufficient public education. Of those that were within the academic system, many were reduced to lower standards of teaching, isolated conditions, or even removal from school buildings altogether and relocated out of peer circulation. The passing of this bill effectively changed the lives of millions of special needs students, ensuring that they have free access to quality public education facilities and services. And while there are those that benefit from the turning of this academic tide, there are still many students (most of which are minorities with disabilities) that find themselves in times of learning hardship due to the unbalanced distribution of special education funding.
1053:(IDEA) is a federal law that requires every school system to provide a free and appropriate public education for every child, ages 3 to 22, regardless of how or how seriously that child may be disabled. To ensure that this federal law is obeyed, the government requires every school system provide this type of education to each student in order to receive federal funding. This changed a little in 2004 when the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) decided to update the law. After the law was updated into the Disabilities Education Improvement Act, the ability to identify special needs children and give them the appropriate education environment was improved.
1686:. Students who both are special education students and of a minority face unequal chances for quality education to meet their personal needs. Special education referrals are, in most cases in the hands of the general education teacher, this is subjective and because of differences, disabilities can be overlooked or unrecognized. Poorly trained teachers at minority schools, poor school relationships, and poor parent-to-teacher relationships play a role in this inequality. With these factors, minority students are at a disadvantage because they are not given the appropriate resources that would in turn benefit their educational needs.
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amount of money spent on one special needs child is enough to cover a large group of general education students, and sometimes even causes several students to experience budget cuts on general programs to support one child. The evidence for special education not having enough money is the lack of teachers, burnt-out teachers and a limited variety of teaching tools for each student. The argument to spend the money differently states that there is a lot of money set aside, but that it is being wasted by spending too much time on paperwork, inefficient IEP meetings or spending money on things that do not actually benefit the child.
2325:. The general objective for Statped is to give guidance and support to those in charge of the education in municipalities and county administrations to ensure that children, young people and adults with major and special educational needs are secured well-advised educational and developmental provisions. The institutions affiliated with Statped offer a broad spectrum of services. Statped consists of 13 resource centres owned by the state, and four units for special education, where Statped buys services. These centres offer special educational guidance and support for local authorities and county administrations.
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1493:, counseling services, music therapy, including rehabilitation counseling, orientation and mobility services, medical services as defined by regulations, parent counseling and training, school health services, school social work, assistive technology, other appropriate developmental or corrective support services, appropriate access to recreation and other support services. In some countries, most related services are provided by the schools; in others, they are provided by the normal healthcare and social services systems.
995:. Although the discrepancy model has dominated the school system for many years, there has been substantial criticism of this approach (e.g., Aaron, 1995, Flanagan and Mascolo, 2005) among researchers. One reason for criticism is that diagnosing SLDs on the basis of the discrepancy between achievement and IQ does not predict the effectiveness of treatment. Low academic achievers who also have low IQ appear to benefit from treatment just as much as low academic achievers who have normal or high intelligence.
1250:, which is a separate classroom dedicated solely to the education of students with special needs within a larger school that also provides general education. This classroom is typically staffed by a specially trained teacher, who provides specific, individualized instruction to individuals and small groups of students with special needs. Separate classrooms, because they are located in a general education school, may have students who remain in the separate classroom full-time, or students who are
1339:, school districts in the United States began to slowly integrate students with moderate and severe special needs into regular school systems. This changed the form and function of special education services in many school districts and special schools subsequently saw a steady decrease in enrollment as districts weighed the cost per student. It also posed general funding dilemmas to certain local schools and districts, changed how schools view assessments, and formally introduced the concept of
1571:, is debated. While many severely disabled children can learn simple tasks, such as pushing a buzzer when they want attention, some children may be incapable of learning. Some parents and advocates say that these children would be better served by substituting improved physical care for any academic program. In other cases, they question whether teaching such non-academic subjects, such as pushing a buzzer, is properly the job of the school system, rather than the health care system.
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2557:. The purposes of the plan were to create a national diagnosis of special education and to initiate programs for individuals with disabilities. In 1994, the Ministry of education put the first law into action to introduce special classes in public schools that include disabled students, called Law 115. In 2011, Colombia entered into the Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities, an agreement among the United Nations Education Scientific and Culture Organization (
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1227:. However, there will always be some children, whose learning needs cannot be appropriately met in a regular classroom setting and will require specialized education and resources to provide the level of support they require. An example of a disability that may require a student to attend a special school is intellectual disability. However, this practice is often frowned upon by school districts in the US in the light of the
2712:"visual scene displays" that are most helpful for children who are having difficulty with verbal skills, according to Jules Csillag, a speech–language pathologist who focuses on special ed tech. Apps such as SceneSpeak and Speech with Milo help autistic children develop storytelling skills with text-to-speech voice and interactive storybooks. Using apps like these in a classroom can improve autistic student's verbal skills.
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1100:. Specialized services may be provided inside or outside the regular classroom, depending on the type of service. Students may occasionally leave the regular classroom to attend smaller, more intensive instructional sessions in a separate classroom, resource room, or to receive other related services that might require specialised equipment or might be disruptive to the rest of the class, such as
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number of children meeting diagnostic criteria for learning disabilities. He has also suggested that the focus on learning disabilities and the provision of accommodations in school fails to acknowledge that people have a range of strengths and weaknesses and places undue emphasis on academics by insisting that students should be supported in this area and not in music or sports.
1468:, treats an occasional, unexpected episode of illness or incapacity caused by a disability similar to an equivalent episode of an unexpected viral infection. These students or their families should inform the teachers of the problem and turn in the missed work soon after the student is well enough to return to school (typically, one to three days after the return to class).
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disability had never been to school in 2006, but 19% of those at risk of having a hearing impairment and 51% of those who were at higher risk of mental disability had never been to school. In
Thailand, almost all 6- to 9-year-olds who had no disability had been to school in 2005–2006, and yet 34% of those with walking or moving impairments had never been to school.
2228:(school for children with severe and multiple disabilities): for children with severe and multiple disabilities who need very special care and attention. Sometimes these children are only susceptible for very basic emotional and sensory stimulation. Thus teachers at these school (as well as at schools for the deafblind) are highly specialized professionals.
1166:: Each child must have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) that distinguishes their particular needs. The child must get the services that are designed for them. These services will allow them to reach their annual goals which will be assessed at the end of each term along with short-term goals that will be assessed every few months.
1172:: A lot of research has been done regarding disabled students and the best way to teach them. Testing, IQs, interviews, the discrepancy model, etc. should all be used to determine where to place the child. Once that is determined, the next step is the best way for the child to learn. There are a number of different programs such as the
983:. The discrepancy model depends on the teacher noticing that the students' achievements are noticeably below what is expected, at which point the teacher may make the decision for the student to receive support from a special education specialist. Before doing so, the teacher must show documentation of low academic achievement. The
1332:(IDEIA) have come into fruition. School integration was supported as early as the 1970s, and teacher preparation programs in higher education have carefully taught and instructed graduates on inclusion at the classroom, individual, school, and district levels for decades resulting in dual certification of "regular teachers".
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1564:, while the student and his parents believe that the condition is adequately managed through medication and outside therapy. In other cases, students whose parents believe they require the additional support of special education services are denied participation in the program based on the eligibility criteria.
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exclusively in a separate classroom for students with various disabilities. If their special class is located in an ordinary school, they may be provided opportunities for social integration outside the classroom, such as by eating meals with non-disabled students. Alternatively, these students may attend a
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The history of special education in
Colombia can be categorized into three time periods: the period of neglect, the period of diagnosis and planning, and the emergence of special education. The period of planning ran from the years 1978 to the year 1990. The Ministry of Colombia in 1995 implemented a
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students with special needs are entitled to facilities and support that cater to their individual needs, they should not be automatically isolated from their peers or from the benefits of general education. However, according to
Fierros and Conroy, once minority children such as African Americans and
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There is a financial debate that covers the use and allotment of special education government funding. The three views on this topic are that too much money is already spent, not enough money is being spent, or that the money that is given is not spent properly. The argument for the first is that the
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Another issue would be budget cuts. Cuts can affect special education students who don't have access to proper equipment or education. The
National Coalition for Personal Shortages did a survey and almost 100% of the teachers said that they are not able to give the proper rights to disabled children.
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The practice of inclusion (in mainstream classrooms) has been criticized by advocates and some parents of children with special needs because some of these students require instructional methods that differ dramatically from typical classroom methods. Critics assert that it is not possible to deliver
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In addition to how the student is taught the academic curriculum, schools may provide non-academic services to the student. These are intended ultimately to increase the student's personal and academic abilities. Related services include developmental, corrective, and other supportive services as are
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proceeded in the US beginning in the 1970s following the exposes of the institutions, and it has taken sometime before the
Education for All Handicapped Children's Act of 1974, to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and then Individuals with Disabilities Educational Improvement Act
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Such attention to the downtrodden conditions of people with disabilities brought resulted in reforms in Europe including the re-evaluation of special schools. In the United States reform came more slowly. Throughout the mid half of the 20th century, special schools, termed institutions, were not only
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ensures students with disabilities always have opportunities to participate in extracurricular athletics equal to other students. Special education students can benefit from sports in many ways. For example, studies show it boosts self confidence and improves the participant's skills in relationship
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According to the 1993 Act on Public
Education, students with special educational needs may be exempted from standardized tests or given modified tests. They have a right to extra time, a choice of formats for the tests (e.g., oral rather than written), and any equipment that they normally use during
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are resource rooms that students with milder difficulties use part-time for specialized instruction individually in small groups. These students spend the rest of the day in the mainstream classroom. Some students with special needs are fully included in the mainstream classroom, with accommodations
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The
Federal Ministry of Education constituted a committee to develop exclusively the first broad -based National Policy on Special Needs Education (SNE) in Nigeria. The constitution of the drafting committee with the mandate to formulate a national policy on special-needs education gave birth to the
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Disabled children are often denied their right to education. However, little is known about their school attendance patterns. The collection of data on children with disabilities is not straightforward, but data are vital to ensure that policies are in place to address the constraints these children
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Scheduling accommodations: Students may be given rest breaks or extended time on tests (may be considered a modification, if speed is a factor in the test). Use a timer to help with time management. Students with a disability that can flare up unexpectedly may be allowed to turn in an assignment or
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A special school is a school catering for students who have special educational needs due to learning difficulties, physical disabilities, or behavioral problems. Special schools may be specifically designed, staffed and resourced to provide appropriate special education for children with additional
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identified as needing special education services. Poor, black and Latino urban schools are more likely to have limited resources and to employ inexperienced teachers that do not cope well with student behavior problems, "thereby increasing the number of students they referred to special education."
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Before 1978, little action was taken to educate disabled children in
Colombia. Children would be left home without much interaction with the outside world. In 1985, special education was researched across the country and education programs were created. After 1990, disabled people were given access
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Disabled children require access to services that can support them throughout their time in school, such as more individual attention from instructors. According to the United Nations Centre for Human Rights, about 2% of children with disabilities have access to these services. Those without access
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In this approach, students with special needs spend all, or most of the school day with students who do not have special needs. Due to the fact that inclusion can require substantial modification of the general curriculum, most schools use it only for selected students with mild to moderate special
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The education offered by the school must be appropriate to the student's individual needs. Schools are not required to maximize the student's potential or to provide the best possible services. Unlike most of the developed world, American schools are also required to provide many medical services,
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The most recent development of special education in Colombia was Article 11 of Law 1618, which was passed in 2013. The law states that "the Ministry of Education will define the policy and regulate the scheme of education for persons with special educational needs, promoting educational access and
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Poor people and refugees are more likely to have limited resources and to employ inexperienced teachers that do not cope well with student behavior problems, "thereby increasing the number of students they referred to special education." Teacher efficacy, tolerance, gender, and years of experience
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The education offered by the school must be appropriate to the student's individual needs. Schools are not required to maximize the student's potential or to provide the best possible services. Unlike most of the developed world, American schools are also required to provide many medical services,
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By one estimate, 93 million children under age 14, or 5.1% of the world's children, were living with a 'moderate or severe disability' in 2004. According to the World Health Survey, in 14 of 15 low and middle income countries, disabled people of working age were about one-third less likely to have
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Parents of students with a learning disability must be aware of what type of disability their child has, so they can get access to accommodations such as speech therapy, occupational therapy and adaptive physical education. For example, if a student takes an academic test and it indicates that the
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Students with all forms of special needs are assessed to determine their specific strengths and weaknesses. The earlier these students with special needs are assessed, the faster they get the accommodations that they need, and the better it is for their education. Placement, resources, and goals
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Autism is a disability that impairs the social interactions and communication skills of a person. People who are autistic tend to think and act differently from others. Many autistic children find themselves comfortable with a device in their hands. For students with autism, there are apps called
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According to the 11 February 2005 Law, all children have the right to be enrolled in their neighborhood school, although children may be placed in medico-social institutions if their personalized plan calls for it. Each student's personalized school plan describes teaching methods, psychological,
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changes or adapts the material to make it simpler. Modifications may change what is learned, how difficult the material is, what level of mastery the student is expected to achieve, whether or how the student is assessed, or any other aspect of the curriculum. For example, the school may modify a
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is a reasonable adjustment to teaching practices so that the student learns the same material, but in a format that is more accessible to the student. Accommodations may be classified by whether they change the presentation, response, setting, or scheduling of lessons. For example, the school may
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Training of disabled students, particularly at the upper-secondary level, emphasizes vocational education to enable students to be as independent as possible within society. Vocational training varies considerably depending on the student's disability, but the options are limited for some. It is
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At-risk students (those with educational needs that are not associated with a disability) are often placed in classes with disabled students. Critics assert that placing at-risk students in the same classes as disabled students may impede the educational progress of disabled people. Some special
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A special education program should be customized to address each student's needs. Special educators provide a continuum of services, in which students with various disabilities receive multiple degrees of support based on their individual needs. It is crucial for special education programs to be
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refers to a special educational needs coordinator, who usually works with schools and the children within schools who have special educational needs. The Special Educational Needs Parent Partnership Services help parents with the planning and delivery of their child's educational provision. The
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Students whose disabilities have been certified may be exempted from some standardized tests or given alternative tests. Accommodations are responsive to students' needs; for example, students with visual impairments may take oral tests, and students with hearing impairments take written tests.
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Some parents, advocates, and students have concerns about the eligibility criteria and their application. In some cases, parents and students protest the students' placement into special education programs. For example, a student may be placed into the special education programs due to a mental
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Segregation in a separate classroom or special school for students with special needs: In this model, students with special needs do not attend classes with non-disabled students. Segregated students may attend the same school where regular classes are provided, but spend all instructional time
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program. The response of the children to this intervention then determines whether they are designated as having a learning disability. Those few who still have trouble may then receive designation and further assistance. Sternberg (1999) has argued that early remediation can greatly reduce the
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It has been shown that children with a higher risk of disability are far more likely to be denied a chance to go to school. In Bangladesh, Bhutan and Iraq, children with mental impairments were most likely to be denied this right. In Iraq, for instance, 10% of 6- to 9-year-olds with no risk of
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For major exams, Canadian schools commonly use accommodations, such as specially printed examinations for visually impaired students, when assessing the achievements of students with special needs. In other instances, disabled students may receive alternative assessments or modifications that
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After independence (1947), Pakistan had to face some serious challenges, due to which no proper emphasis was given to special education and even education. Among other reasons, lack of resources, financial as well as human, was the major one in this context. The need and importance of special
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Linked to this, there is debate about the extent to which disabled students, whether in mainstream or special settings, should have a specific pedagogy, based on the scientific study of particular diagnostic categories, or whether general instructional techniques are relevant to all students
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With respect to standardized tests, special consideration procedures are in place in all states for disabled students. Students must provide documentation. Not all desired forms of accommodations are available. For example, students who cannot read, even if the inability to read is due to a
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Schools are required to provide services and resources to students with special educational needs so that they make progress and participate in school. If the local school is unable to provide appropriately for an individual student, then the student may be transferred to a special school.
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One in 21 German students attends a special school. Teachers at those schools are specially trained professionals who have specialized in special needs education while in university. Special schools often have a very favorable student-teacher ratio and facilities other schools do not have.
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Disabled students who want accommodations on national exams must provide appropriate documentation to prove that they are disabled. Accommodations, but not modifications (e.g., simpler questions) are normally approved if they are similar to the accommodations already being used in everyday
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refers to the practice of educating students with special needs in classes with non-disabled students during specific time periods based on their skills. Students with special needs are segregated in separate classrooms exclusively for students with special needs for the rest of the school
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A 2021 study that examined the impact of a sharp reduction in the provision of special education services in Texas found that this policy change substantially reduced the high school completion rates and college enrollment rates of the students who were denied access to special education.
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Correa-Montoya, Lucas and Castro-Martínez, Marta Catalina. (2016). Disability and Social inclusion in Colombia. Saldarria- ga-Concha Foundation Alternative Report to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Saldarriaga-Concha Foun- dation Press. Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
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Special schools provide individualized education, addressing specific needs. Student to teacher ratios are kept low, often 6:1 or lower depending upon the needs of the children. Special schools will also have other facilities for children with special needs, such as soft play areas,
1713:, in their study of district-level data regarding the issue of minority over-representation, have suggested that many states may be mistaken with their current projections and that disturbing minority-based trends may be hidden within the numbers. According to the Individuals with
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to public school classes. Awareness and recognition of this group's educational rights led to an increase in advocacy for accessibility for disabled children. While there have been improvements, development of special education programs and special education policy is still slow.
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Skipping subjects: Students may be taught less information than typical students, skipping over material that the school deems inappropriate for the student's abilities or less important than other subjects. For example, students with poor fine motor skills may be taught to print
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1085:, schools use different approaches to providing special education services to students. These approaches can be broadly grouped into four categories, according to how much contact the student with special needs has with non-disabled students (using North American terminology):
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places an obligation on education authorities to meet the needs of all students in consultation with other agencies and parents. In Scotland the term Special Educational Needs (SEN), and its variants are not official terminology although the very recent implementation of the
2647:, approximately 6 million children (roughly 10 percent of all school-aged children) currently receive some type of special education services. As with most countries in the world, students who are poor, ethnic minorities, or do not speak the dominant language fluently are
789:. This involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, and accessible settings. These interventions are designed to help individuals with special needs achieve a higher level of personal
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Australian Association of Special Education Inc (AASE)'s position is informed by the Disability Standards for Education 2005 which require that disabled students are treated on the same basis as other students in regards to enrollment and participation in education.
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clear that the government is aware of the necessity of broadening the range of possibilities for these students. Advancement to higher education is also a goal of the government, and it struggles to have institutions of higher learning accept more disabled students.
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tests. If the student receives modifications to the school-leaving exams, this is noted on the certificate of achievement. If they are not following the national core curriculum, then they are tested according to the goals of their individual educational program.
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Some sports even have their own organizations. For example, in baseball athletes can participate in the Miracle League or Little League Challenger Division. Another organization that soccer athletes can participate in US Youth Soccer TOPSoccer or Just for Kicks.
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Special schools are reserved for students with severe disabilities who cannot be accommodated in their local school. They do not use the same grading or marking systems as mainstream schools, but instead assess students according to their individualized plans.
3377:"Special Education Inclusion | Special Education | Resource Pages on Issues | Issues & Advocacy | WEAC | Special Education | Resource Pages on Issues | Issues & Advocacy | Wisconsin Education Association Council"
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Parents of typically developing children sometimes fear that the special needs of a single "fully included" student will take critical levels of attention and energy away from the rest of the class and thereby impair the academic achievements of all students.
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On national tests, the National Examination Center normally grants most requests for accommodations that are supported by the local school's examination committee. Legislation opposes the use of modifications that would be unfair to non-disabled students.
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In the discrepancy model, a student receives special education services for a specific learning difficulty (SLD) if the student has at least normal intelligence and the student's academic achievement is below what is expected of a student with his or her
1186:: While the IEP goals may be assessed every few months to a year, constant informal assessments must take place. These assessments will guide instruction for the teacher. The teacher will be able to determine if the material is too difficult or too easy.
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rather than reading printed books. These may be used as substitutes for the text, or as supplements intended to improve the students' reading fluency and phonetic skills. Similar options include designating a person to read to the student, or providing
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that is appropriate to the student's needs. Government-run schools provide special education in varying degrees from the least restrictive settings, such as full inclusion, to the most restrictive settings, such as segregation in a special school.
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in certain general education classes. An alternative to the separate classroom full-time for a student would be a one-to-one aide in the general education setting. In the United States, a one-on-one aide for a student with a disability is called a
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disability, cannot have the exam read to them, because the exam results should accurately show that the student is unable to read. Reports on matriculation exams do not mention whether the student received any accommodations in taking the test.
2789:, which tailors sports for students with certain disabilities. Organizations like S.T.R.I.D.E. Adaptive Sports help educational institutions in providing opportunities for special education student athletes. Some of these sports might include
1859:, 'close friends') class group in addition to the six grades, where students who struggle to adapt to mainstream classrooms are gathered and given life skills as well as completing their studies at a more adaptable pace. This is different to
1703:, African-American children are 2.88 times more likely to be labeled as "mentally retarded", and 1.92 times more likely to be labeled as emotionally disturbed than Caucasian children. This information was calculated by data gathered from the
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Turnbull, H. R., Beegle, R. & Stowe, M.J. (2007). Public policy and developmental disabilities: A 35-year retrospective and a 5-year prospective on the core concepts in disability. In: S. Odom, R.H. Horner, M.E. Snell, & J. Blacher,
2708:, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), refers to a range of conditions. These conditions involve challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication. They also involve unique strengths and differences.
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effectively two or more very different instructional methods in the same classroom. As a result, the educational progress of students who depend on different instructional methods to learn often fall even further behind their peers.
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schoolwork, with the goal of maintaining the exam's integrity while not having students unfairly disadvantaged by factors that are unrelated to what is being tested. The accommodations are listed on the Primary School Leaving Exam.
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can be designed for any students, with or without special needs; the defining trait is simply that they have reached a point of unpreparedness, regardless of why. For example, if a person's education was disrupted, for example, by
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is a difference in learning and can also benefit from specialized teaching techniques or different educational programs, but the term "special education" is generally used to specifically indicate instruction of disabled students.
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The alternative approach, response to intervention, identifies children who are having difficulties in school in their first or second year after starting school. They then receive additional assistance such as participating in a
2681:, which challenged the segregation of students with special needs. Courts ruled that unnecessary and inappropriate segregation of disabled students was unconstitutional. Congress responded to these court rulings with the federal
1507:, also is taught throughout the US university sector in schools of education. Advanced instruction is based upon community-referenced instruction, and alignment with transition to adulthood and progressive community practices.
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services, and typically with "transition to adulthood" in which multi-decade recommendations for better coordination between the school and the community service sectors have been made at the federal and university levels.
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On the system of special education in the former Soviet Union, see Barbara A. Anderson, Brian D. Silver, and Victoria A. Velkoff, "Education of the Handicapped in the USSR: Exploration of the Statistical Picture",
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Schools must take students' special education needs into account when assessing their achievements. Disabled students are normally included in their neighborhood school, although may be placed in special schools.
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932:. The IDEA law provides free appropriate education with services to individuals with disabilities. Such exclusion still affects about 23 million disabled children worldwide, particularly in poor, rural areas of
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All developed countries permit or require some degree of accommodation for students with special needs, and special provisions are usually made in examinations which take place at the end of formal schooling.
852:) and other disabilities. Disabled students are likely to benefit from additional educational services such as different approaches to teaching, the use of technology, a specifically adapted teaching area, a
5319:"Inclusive Education in the global South? A Colombian perspective: 'When you look towards the past, you see children with disabilities, and if you look towards the future, what you see is diverse learners.'"
2671:
2505:
Most students have an individual educational plan, but students may have a group plan in addition to, or instead of, an individual plan. Group plans are used when a group of students all have similar goals.
2635:
provide special education in varying degrees from the least restrictive settings, such as full inclusion, to the most restrictive settings, such as receiving special education services at home or hospital.
4067:
2547:, representing 6.3% of the country's population. According to 2010 research 90% of disabled students in Colombia did not attend a mainstream school, and only 26% of them are able to attend school at all.
2389:
Education is controlled by the 26 cantons, and so special education programs vary from place to place. However, integration is typical. Students are assessed according to their individual learning goals.
1046:(IFSP) contains information on the child's present level of development in all areas; outcomes for the child and family; and services the child and family will receive to help them achieve the outcomes.
1415:
Extended time: Students with a slower processing speed may benefit from extended time for assignments and/or tests in order to have more time to comprehend questions, recall information, and synthesize
1137:. It may also occur when a student is in hospital, housebound, or detained by the criminal justice system. These students may receive one-on-one instruction or group instruction. Students who have been
1039:"The IEP is meant to address each child’s unique learning issues and include specific educational goals. It is a legally binding document . The school must provide everything it promises in the IEP."
8658:
7847:
2453:
As with most countries in the world, students who are poor, ethnic minorities, or do not speak the dominant language fluently are disproportionately identified as needing special education services.
8485:
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3300:
2064:
Outside of the school system, children may also attend different types of medico-social institutions run by private organizations or charities paid for by the healthcare system. These include:
1738:
National Situation Analysis Report. This implies that the status has changed to a national policy on special education in 2015 (an expanded version), thereby widening its scope and activities.
1696:". At that time national averages of Caucasians labeled with the same moniker came in at 0.75%. During this period no Individual state rose over 2.32% of Caucasian students with special needs.
5081:
2685:
in 1975 (since renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)). This law required schools to provide services to students previously denied access to an appropriate education.
2565:
quality under a system based on inclusion in the educational services". The Colombian government has also made financial strides into special education, investing over $ 12.3 million in 2015.
3410:
1718:
Latinos are labeled as students with special needs they are far less likely than Caucasians to be placed in settings of inclusive learning and often receive less desirable treatment overall.
9041:
5426:
Blanchett, Wanda J. (1 July 2009). "A Retrospective Examination of Urban Education: From Brown to the Resegregation of African Americans in Special Education—It Is Time to 'Go for Broke'".
948:
Some children are easily identified as candidates for special needs due to their medical history. For example, they may have been diagnosed with a genetic condition that is associated with
2885:
1402:
Simplified assignments: Students may read the same literature as their peers but have a simpler version, such as Shakespeare with both the original text and a modern paraphrase available.
3733:
2298:
As a general rule, students with special educational needs are integrated into their regular, mainstream schools with appropriate support, under the "Going to School Together" policy (
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8475:
7453:
4902:
1270:
Seclusion is the practice of involuntarily locking a student in a isolated room, utility closet or office alone without the ability to leave until school staff allows. The use of a
1065:
student struggles with reading comprehension, parents can request speech and language support or classroom accommodations, such as extra time to complete reading and writing tasks.
5692:
5460:
Tejeda-Delgado, M. (2009). Teacher efficacy, tolerance, gender, and years of experience and special education referrals. International Journal of Special Education, 24(1), 112–119.
3791:
1574:
Another large issue is the lack of resources enabling individuals with special needs to receive an education in the developing world. As a consequence, 98 percent of children with
914:
presented without special teaching methods or supports. Sometimes special education classrooms and general special education classrooms mix. This is called an inclusive classroom.
8708:
8653:
2597:
Education in Canada is the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. As such, rules vary somewhat from place to place. However, inclusion is the dominant model.
2069:
1777:
928:
In the past, most students with special needs have been excluded from school. On November 19, 1975, The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was passed by President
4297:
1962:. Both special schools and integration into mainstream schools are options for students with special educational needs, but most disabled students are placed in special schools.
8648:
7842:
7496:
2926:
2515:
1500:, behavioral challenges, or are autistic may learn self-management techniques, be kept closely on a comfortingly predictable schedule, or given extra cues to signal activities.
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3163:
8587:
8688:
8495:
4696:
Parnes, Penny; Cameron, Debra; Christie, Nancy; Cockburn, Lynn; Hashemi, Goli; Yoshida, Karen (January 2009). "Disability in low-income countries: Issues and implications".
2313:
A strong emphasis is placed on the specific needs and positive capabilities of the individual, rather than on limitations. Disabilities are normally documented by experts.
8683:
8663:
8490:
8189:
7811:
2489:) denotes the condition of having special educational needs, the services which provide the support and the programmes and staff which implement the education. In England
2377:) for students with low abilities to attend normal education. In 2012 and 2013, the media criticized how students with disabilities that are considered more mild, such as
8500:
8194:
5756:
2719:. It is now believed that there is no single cause of autism. Research seems to suggest that autism is normally the result of both genetic and environmental influences.
1710:
418:
5135:
4083:
3467:
Affleck, James Q.; Madge, Sally; Adams, Abby; Lowenbraun, Sheila (1 January 1988). "Integrated Classroom versus Resource Model: Academic Viability and Effectiveness".
2945:
8460:
1456:
Setting accommodations: Taking a test in a quieter room. Moving the class to a room that is physically accessible, e.g., on the first floor of a building or near an
8445:
7483:
1173:
9057:
8242:
8174:
7796:
895:, educators modify teaching methods and environments so that the maximum number of students are served in general education environments. Integration can reduce
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5389:
1381:
reading assignment for a student with reading difficulties by substituting a shorter, easier book. A student may receive both accommodations and modifications.
1353:
The student can be taught in either a classroom or outside environment. Both environments can be interactive for the student to engage better with the subject.
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7479:
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2785:
and Unified Sports, the latter which pairs participants with and without intellectual disabilities on the same team. Educational institutions can also promote
4423:
VanDerHeyden, Amanda M.; Witt, Joseph C.; Naquin, Gale (1 June 2003). "Development and Validation of a Process for Screening Referrals to Special Education".
1618:, 30% of people with disabilities had completed primary school, compared with 48% of those with no disabilities. The corresponding shares were 43% and 57% in
9170:
9067:
5290:
Cuadros, Jose Hermann (May 2005). "The Status of Disability in Colombia and the Importance of Parental Perceptions on the Development of Special Education".
3432:
Smith P (October 2007). O'Brien, John (ed.). "Have we made any progress? Including students with intellectual disabilities in regular education classrooms".
2692:. In the United States, three out of five students with academic learning challenges spend the overwhelming majority of their time in the regular classroom.
1301:
In the 19th century, people with disabilities and the inhumane conditions where they were supposedly housed and educated were addressed in the literature of
4547:
7457:
2677:
1412:, can be provided during tests, to reduce lack of recall and increase chances of comprehension. Students might use a calculator when other students do not.
6043:"A Review of the Empirical Evidence Identifying Effective Interventions and Teaching Practices for Students with Learning Difficulties in Year 4, 5 and 6"
4035:
2450:
According to the Department of Education, approximately 10 percent of all school-aged children currently receive some type of special education services.
5661:
5333:
4880:
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5253:
2278:
As of 2006, disabled students received a significant bonus (eight points) on the university entrance examination, which has been criticized as unfair.
3380:
3292:
1356:
Different instructional techniques are used for some students with special educational needs. Instructional strategies are classified as being either
7197:
3769:
3643:
Bos, C. S. & Vaughn, S. (2005). Strategies for teaching students with learning and behavior problems. (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
2900:
2027:
Schools adapt the national guidelines to the needs of individual students. Students with special educational needs are given an individualized plan.
1768:
China holds the largest system of education in the world and features a state run public school system under the order of the Ministry of Education.
1692:
data shows that in 2000–2001 at least 13 states exhibited more than 2.75% of African-American students enrolled in public schools with the label of "
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863:
under the umbrella of "special education", but this pedagogical approach is different from special education because of the students' capabilities.
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5902:
4957:
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3402:
2366:
Local schools have significant autonomy, based on national guidelines. Schools are expected to help students meet the goals that are set for them.
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1948:
5031:
4169:
2019:
In Denmark, 99% of students with specific learning difficulties such as dyslexia are educated alongside students without any learning challenges.
8542:
3618:
6015:
94:
4906:
4739:
Miles, Susie; Singal, Nidhi (February 2010). "The Education for All and inclusive education debate: conflict, contradiction or opportunity?".
2964:
National Council on Disability. (1994). Inclusionary education for students with special needs: Keeping the promise. Washington, D.C.: Author.
9072:
8510:
8385:
5846:
4489:
4144:
1419:
Students can be offered a flexible setting in which to take tests. These settings can be a new location to provide for minimal distractions.
733:
6132:
2060:): within mainstream schools, students are separated in a special class and given an adapted curriculum according to their specific needs.
8910:
5684:
3795:
3579:
Teachers, Schools and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education with Bind-in Online Learning Center Card with free Student Reader CD-ROM
3554:
Teachers, Schools and Society: A Brief Introduction to Education with Bind-in Online Learning Center Card with free Student Reader CD-ROM
2620:
2543:
Statistics from the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) state that there are 2,624,898 disabled people who reside in
1668:
1328:
1232:
1050:
555:
4467:
3634:"Chapter 2, Collaboration and Teaming". EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN: an Introduction to Special Education, by WILLIAM L. HEWARD, PEARSON, 2017.
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2333:
Disabled students have a "guaranteed right" to appropriate accommodations on assessments. Schools are generally considered autonomous.
1664:
7342:
4591:
2781:
is an annual, world-wide competition held for intellectually children that want to participate in sports. Other organizations include
8693:
8505:
7182:
5715:
3354:
4253:
Greenwood, Charles R. (May 1991). "Longitudinal Analysis of Time, Engagement, and Achievement in At-Risk versus Non-Risk Students".
408:
17:
5872:
5224:"An Exploration of Inclusive Education Policies Aimed at Students with Disabilities vs. the Panorama of EFL Scenarios in Colombia"
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9296:
9160:
9062:
8435:
7786:
6034:
Birsh, Judith R., & Wolf, B., eds. (2011). Multisensory Teaching of Basic Language Skills, Third Edition. Baltimore: Brookes.
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2648:
2466:
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1429:
Response accommodations: Typing homework assignments rather than hand-writing them (considered a modification if the subject is
211:
9403:
7202:
2610:
2287:
5748:
1567:
Whether it is useful and appropriate to attempt to educate the most severely disabled children, such as children who are in a
183:
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1283:
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2110:) which are medico-social classrooms within mainstream schools for children with autism from ages 3–6 and 6–12 respectively.
1746:
White papers in 1995 and 2001 discuss special education in the country. Local schools are given some independent authority.
9129:
8019:
5165:
4810:
3652:
Turnbull, Ron (2002). "Exceptional Lives: Special Education in Today's Schools (3rd ed.) Merrill Prentice Hall. New Jersey.
519:
4979:
4636:
Eleweke, C. Jonah; Rodda, Michael (April 2002). "The challenge of enhancing inclusive education in developing countries".
1987:
Each country in Europe has its own special education support structures. Thirty-one European countries are covered by the
9372:
8325:
7949:
7806:
6160:
4042:
3201:
2236:
Some special needs children in Germany do not attend a special school, but are educated in a mainstream school such as a
2220:(school for ill children): for children who are too ill to attend school or are hospitalized for a longer period of time.
964:
190:
6037:
Wilmshurst, L., & Brue, A. W. (2010). The complete guide to special education (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
2304:). Four types of disability-specific special schools exist. The national policy is moving towards "suitable education" (
9266:
9165:
9119:
8375:
4840:
4368:
4097:
Thorson, Sue (1 November 1995). "Macbeth in the Resource Room: Students with Learning Disabilities Study Shakespeare".
1904:
1223:
In recent times, places available in special schools are declining as more children with special needs are educated in
813:
600:
563:
164:
56:
31:
5366:
1674:
In 1998 1.5 million minority children were identified with special learning needs in the US, out of that 876,000 were
1449:. Other presentation accommodations may include designating a person to take notes during lectures or using a talking
9465:
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8698:
8557:
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4533:
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1959:
1930:
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704:
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1912:
1116:. They might also leave the regular classroom for services that require privacy, such as counseling sessions with a
793:
and success in school and in their community, which may not be available if the student were only given access to a
8964:
8390:
8285:
5786:
2616:
2423:
1700:
1305:. Dickens characterized people with severe disabilities as having the same, if not more, compassion and insight in
1029:
726:
590:
428:
325:
197:
3829:
McCuen, Scott (February 1997). "Inventing the Feeble Mind: A History of Mental Retardation in the United States".
3625:(1978). "Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Education of Handicapped Children and Young People", London.
2030:
They may be exempted from some parts of school examinations, such as students with hearing impairments not taking
9367:
8903:
8877:
8440:
8258:
8156:
7969:
6456:
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5401:
4298:"Watering Up the Curriculum for Adolescents with Learning Disabilities, Part I: Goals of the Knowledge Dimension"
2381:, have been placed in special schools, saying that this may seriously hamper their chances on the labour market.
1644:
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168:
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5057:"Institut d'Education Motrice (IEM) : Tous les établissements de type Institut d'Education Motrice (IEM)"
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1865:
in that although all-school activities are regularly held together, the majority of time is spent as a class.
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Just about any sport can be altered for special education purposes. Some of the popular sports are swimming,
2628:
2476:
2435:
1714:
1545:
1478:
1228:
403:
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5223:
2659:, some researchers began to study the disparity of education amongst people with disabilities. The landmark
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Shorter assignments: Students may do shorter homework assignments or take shorter, more concentrated tests.
1259:. In the United States a part-time alternative that is appropriate for some students is sometimes called a
524:
3883:
Reisberg, Lenny; Wolf, Ron (November 1988). "Instructional Strategies for Special Education Consultants".
3765:
9139:
9114:
8943:
8643:
6647:
6201:
6196:
5816:
5195:
Bines, Hazel; Lei, Philippa (September 2011). "Disability and education: The longest road to inclusion".
4490:
http://www.unesco.org/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_C133AD0AF05E62AC54C2DE8EE1C026DABFAF3000/filename/281_79.pdf
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Students with special educational needs may be exempted from standardized tests or given modified tests.
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1101:
877:
719:
539:
534:
291:
5924:
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Mainstream school: either with a one-on-one or mutalized aid, and/or with material or technical support.
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9200:
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8041:
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6254:
5749:"Sports and Children with Special Needs - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center"
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3021:
Collaborative Teams for Students With Severe Disabilities: Integrating Therapy and Educational Services
2880:
2835:
2830:
2786:
2000:
1763:
1689:
1460:. Arranging seating assignments to benefit the student, e.g., by sitting at the front of the classroom.
841:
451:
398:
296:
5032:"Institut médico-éducatif (IME) : Tous les établissements de type Institut médico-éducatif (IME)"
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Many people with special needs are denied when they want to participate in a sport. In the U.S., the
2486:
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1256:
1251:
1208:
needs. Students attending special schools generally do not attend any classes in mainstream schools.
1124:
1113:
1000:
544:
320:
4239:
Ferguson, D. & Ferguson, P. (1987/2011). The promise of adulthood. In: M. Snell & F. Brown,
3705:
1749:
Both modifications and accommodations are recommended, depending on the student's individual needs.
9301:
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4502:
Funding Special Education. Nineteenth Annual Yearbook of the American Education Finance Association
4189:
Successful inclusion for students with autism: creating a complete, effective ASD inclusion program
2895:
2890:
1893:
1682:. African-American students were three times as likely to be labeled as special needs than that of
1033:
984:
845:
423:
110:
4387:
Professional Uncertainty, Knowledge and Relationship in the Classroom: A Psycho-social Perspective
2777:
Many competitive organizations are available for special needs student athletes. For example, the
1408:
Extra aids: If students have deficiencies in working memory, a list of vocabulary words, called a
9415:
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9357:
9286:
8465:
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2140:(special school for learning disabilities): for children who have challenges that impair learning
2031:
1897:
1295:
1138:
949:
864:
849:
821:
677:
157:
6006:
5555:
Karimi, Padideh; Kamali, Elahe; Mousavi, Seyyed Mohammad; Karahmadi, Mojgan (16 February 2017).
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4016:'s Qualifications and Curriculum Authority, Regulation & Standards Division. Archived from
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Japanese students with special needs are placed in one of four different school arrangements:
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At a young age students who have special needs in Turkey are provided special education from
1815:), or in regular classrooms. Some local areas such as Koto Ward in Tokyo are expanding these
1340:
1263:. Another alternative would be attending a separate classroom for a specific subject such as
1224:
1089:
923:
817:
794:
413:
8212:
2156:(school for emotional and social development): for children who have special emotional needs
871:
Whereas special education is designed specifically for students with learning disabilities,
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2910:
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is the special educational needs assessment service, which is part of the Local Authority.
2259:
Greek students with special needs may attend either mainstream schools or special schools.
1837:
Special classes are similar, and may vary the national curriculum as the teachers see fit.
1511:
1490:
1274:
is often misused as a form of punishment for disrespecting staff or leaving the classroom.
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8:
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4226:
Rusch, F.R., DeStefano, L., Chadsey-Rusch, J., Phelps, L.A., & Szymanski, E. (1992).
3226:
Learning Disabilities Screening and Evaluation Guide for Low- and Middle-Income Countries
2196:(school for children with physical disabilities): for children with physical disabilities
1663:" comprise yet another facet of educational inequality. Prior to the 1975 passing of the
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801:
790:
699:
348:
6126:
6094:
2974:
Swan, William W.; Morgan, Janet L (1993). "The Local Interagency Coordinating Council".
1077:
Procedure that a person must follow in order to receive special education accommodations
1025:
individualized so that they address the unique combination of needs in a given student.
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3129:
2976:
2850:
2666:
1800:
1693:
1594:
1497:
1200:
1177:
963:
On the other hand, for students with less obvious disabilities, such as those who have
933:
872:
837:
800:
Special education aims to provide accommodated education for disabled students such as
660:
281:
4937:
2047:
The different paths available for children with disabilities at school in France are:
9342:
9245:
9195:
8777:
8673:
8625:
8547:
8315:
7881:
7696:
7661:
7616:
7611:
7520:
7387:
7297:
7187:
7093:
7025:
6837:
6819:
6697:
6667:
6640:
6630:
6620:
6615:
6516:
6506:
6491:
6451:
6259:
6242:
5989:
5977:
5621:
5596:
5578:
5487:
5477:
5471:
5447:
5299:
5249:
4713:
4676:
4657:
4581:
4515:
4505:
4444:
4391:
4364:
4270:
4192:
4114:
4073:
3904:
3679:
3582:
3557:
3529:
3519:
3512:
3484:
3449:
3330:
3274:
3264:
3238:
3145:
3135:
3110:
3100:
3069:
3059:
3034:
3024:
2993:
2983:
2766:
2148:(school for cognitive development): for children with very severe learning challenges
1675:
1290:
students. The first school in U.K. for the Deaf was established 1760 in Edinburgh by
1082:
892:
500:
460:
4760:
4282:
4126:
2669:" arrangements in public schools for students of different races, paved the way for
2321:
The National Support System for Special Needs Education (Statped) is managed by the
1028:
In the United States, Canada, and the UK, educational professionals use a student's
9435:
9430:
9327:
9240:
8984:
7097:
7013:
6954:
6717:
6712:
6682:
6569:
6564:
6526:
6431:
6406:
6311:
5967:
5586:
5568:
5435:
5235:
5208:
5204:
4748:
4725:
4705:
4645:
4488:
UNESCO. (1995). Review of the present situation in special education. Webaccessed:
4436:
4432:
4339:
4262:
4106:
3892:
3838:
3671:
3496:
3476:
3441:
3230:
2809:
2782:
2778:
2716:
2370:
2204:(school for children with language disorders): for children with language disorders
1486:
1446:
1291:
1286:
in Paris, which was founded in 1784. It was the first school in the world to teach
1109:
860:
636:
631:
495:
368:
9144:
6677:
6672:
6554:
6549:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6441:
6401:
5615:
5512:
4944:
3675:
3622:
3077:
3053:
3001:
2952:
2805:
2705:
2619:(IEP) that outlines how the school will meet the student's individual needs. The
2426:(BEP) that outlines how the school will meet the student's individual needs. The
1593:
is a highly controversial practice in the special education system involving the
1302:
1032:(IEP). Another name for a student's Individualized Education Plan is a student's
470:
5169:
4802:
3556:. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. pp. 48, 49, 108, G–12.
2526:(Additional Support Needs) are used interchangeably in current common practice.
1445:
software. This is considered a modification if the purpose of the assignment is
9393:
9001:
8856:
6897:
6610:
5809:"International Paralympic Committee | IPC | International Paralympic Committee"
4266:
4110:
3896:
3663:
3480:
3224:
3191:
2875:
2444:
2128:
2044:
medical and paramedical services that the school will provide to the student.
1806:
1442:
1322:
1264:
1134:
881:
672:
646:
529:
6775:
4752:
4709:
4649:
4344:
4327:
4172:. National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. Archived from
3871:
Restructuring high school for all students: Taking inclusion to the next level
3842:
2978:
Collaborating for Comprehensive Services for Young Children and Their Families
2263:
Accommodations and modifications are noted on the certificate of achievement.
1809:, special classrooms with another school, in resource rooms (which are called
9480:
9230:
8996:
7875:
6972:
6574:
6511:
6376:
6249:
5981:
5582:
5573:
5439:
3719:
3073:
3055:
Support Networks for Inclusive Schooling: Interdependent Integrated Education
2905:
2855:
2794:
2728:
2123:
A special school for children with special emotional needs in Kötitz, Germany
1660:
1525:
1392:
1313:
1260:
1217:
1117:
1097:
1058:
1017:
896:
853:
829:
825:
786:
485:
333:
6785:
5491:
4832:
3533:
3278:
3223:
Hayes, Anne M.; Dombrowski, Eileen; Shefcyk, Allison; Bulat, Jennae (2018).
3149:
3114:
3038:
2997:
1073:
9347:
9215:
9175:
6870:
6800:
6662:
6011:
5685:"We Must Provide Equal Opportunity in Sports to Students with Disabilities"
5600:
5358:
5240:
4784:
4717:
3453:
3242:
3081:
3005:
2632:
2244:
1847:
Depending on the local authority, state elementary schools may also hold a
1683:
1557:
1213:
953:
937:
605:
549:
475:
6795:
6042:
4274:
4118:
3488:
3051:
2172:(school for the visually impaired): for children who are visually disabled
1791:
helps operate some trainable /rehabilitation and empowerment schools too.
9425:
7885:
6652:
5972:
5955:
5716:"Overcoming the Barriers of Participation for Students with Disabilities"
2840:
2695:
2238:
1598:
1464:
take a test shortly after the episode has resolved. This system, called
1373:
1321:
accepted, but encouraged. Disabled students were housed with people with
1307:
1271:
1150:
972:
929:
777:) is the practice of educating students in a way that accommodates their
641:
5778:
5082:"Les Instituts Thérapeutiques Éducatifs et Pédagogiques : les ITEP"
3178:
2188:(school for the hearing impaired): for children who are hearing impaired
910:, also known as mainstream education. General education is the standard
9420:
9235:
8933:
8919:
6625:
5111:
Enfant Différent | enfance & handicap informations & ressources
3229:. RTI Press Occasional Papers. Research Triangle Park (NC): RTI Press.
3196:
2358:
have traditionally provided significant services to disabled students.
1615:
1450:
1430:
1203:, New York exclusively for the education of students with special needs
911:
907:
782:
623:
490:
266:
2290:(NCSE) supports students with physical and intellectual disabilities.
2119:
975:, etc.), two primary methods have been used for identifying them: the
943:
9220:
6863:
6426:
6169:
3576:
3263:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. p. 122.
1652:
1482:
1477:
required to assist a student with learning disabilities and includes
1437:
1287:
1220:, which are necessary for treating students with certain conditions.
1195:
480:
4145:"The Student Accommodation Problem No Professor Wants to Talk About"
3018:
2886:
Post Secondary Transition for High School Students with Disabilities
2623:(IDEA) requires that students with special needs be provided with a
2493:
refers to the Special Educational Needs Parent Partnership Service.
2430:(ÖEKY) requires that students with special needs be provided with a
1882:
1651:
In addition to the unbalanced scale of gender disproportionality in
146:
9352:
6301:
6109:
5526:"The Technology That's Giving Students With Autism a Greater Voice"
5303:
4621:
UNESCO (2014). "Teaching and Learning: Achieving quality for all".
4519:
4228:
Transition from School to Adult Life: Models, Linkages and Policies
4186:
3551:
3127:
2544:
2405:
In order to get special education you are required certain things:
2402:, who are responsible in giving them the education that they need.
2378:
1788:
1623:
1457:
968:
805:
9078:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
6114:
5473:
The dreamkeepers: successful teachers of African American children
960:, may have visual or hearing disabilities, or other disabilities.
9031:
6496:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3351:"Special Education Articles, Current Issues In Special Education"
2601:
simplify tests, or they may be exempted from the tests entirely.
1656:
1553:
1396:
610:
286:
5505:
3581:. McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. p. 49.
2502:
Department for Education oversees special education in England.
2415:
Personal development report of the child (if already registered)
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4046:
4033:
4013:
3817:
The history of special education: From isolation to integration
2927:
Washington County Closed-Circuit Educational Television Project
2573:
In North America, special education is commonly abbreviated as
2558:
2412:
Written application by the parents to the school administration
1619:
1582:
Teachers are getting cut off from work due to the budget cuts.
1510:
Rehabilitation counseling personnel are often association with
5808:
3540:
3131:
Inclusion and School Reform: Transforming America's Classrooms
2715:
There are several controversies surrounding the diagnoses and
2551:
national plan for the development of special education called
2095:) for disabilities that do not include intellectual disability
1830:) to cover all junior high schools within the next few years.
1157:
8888:
6110:
The European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education
4695:
4007:
Assessment for disabled students: an international comparison
2640:
such as speech therapy, if the student needs these services.
2131:
that serves only children with special needs. These include:
1699:
According to Tom Parrish, a senior research analyst with the
1372:
accommodate a student with visual impairments by providing a
6138:
5554:
4767:
1042:
In the US, for children who are not yet three years old, an
1012:
6120:
6021:
Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?
4328:"The Critical Limits of Embodiment: Disability's Criticism"
3570:
3466:
3222:
2355:
2153:
Förderschule Schwerpunkt emotionale und soziale Entwicklung
2145:
Förderschule mit dem Förderschwerpunkt Geistige Entwicklung
1561:
1436:
Presentation accommodations: Examples include listening to
4673:
Special Education in Latin America: Experiences and Issues
4072:. UK: Department for Education and Skills. November 2001.
4049:'s Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. Archived from
2212:(school for the deafblind): for children who are deafblind
4552:
3446:
10.1352/0047-6765(2007)45[297:HWMAPI]2.0.CO;2
2554:
Plan Nacional para el Desarrollo de la Educación Especial
2101:
Unités d’Enseignement en Maternelle pour enfants Autistes
1989:
European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education
1433:). Having someone else write down answers given verbally.
885:
5515:
New York, NY: National Center for Learning Disabilities.
5136:"Special Needs Education in Turkey - Turkey - Angloinfo"
2735:
can help with their learning experience. Author of
2086:) for motor disabilities without intellectual disability
6127:
Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services
6040:
5469:
2310:), based on the individual's strengths and weaknesses.
1298:
people beginning in the Edinburgh and Bristol in 1765.
992:
5557:"Environmental factors influencing the risk of autism"
4980:"La scolarisation des élèves en situation de handicap"
4422:
2696:
Integrating technology in special education classrooms
1282:
One of the first special schools in the world was the
9068:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
3052:
Stainback, Susan Bray; Stainback, William C. (1996).
2057:
unités localisées pour l'inclusion scolaire à l'école
5010:
Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Jeunesse
4984:
Ministère de l'Education Nationale et de la Jeunesse
4211:
3261:
Time and learning in the special education classroom
3094:
2804:
Other sports which can be played or adapted include
2688:
In US government-run schools, the dominant model is
2678:
Mills vs. Board of Education of District of Columbia
2127:
Most students with disabilities in Germany attend a
1528:
have been criticized for a watered-down curriculum.
4863:"البرز دانش آموز ناشنوا و کم شنوای بدون سمعک ندارد"
4574:
Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?
1337:
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997
944:
Identifying students or learners with special needs
171:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
5166:"Special education needs, Special needs education"
4938:http://www.european-agency.org/country-information
3511:
3097:Integration strategies for students with handicaps
2975:
2092:instituts thérapeutiques éducatifs et pédagogiques
1776:For special needs children Education bureau has a
1518:
1376:textbook. This is a presentation accommodation. A
5387:
4671:Artiles, Alfredo J.; Hallahan, Daniel P. (1995).
3293:"Understanding Individualized Education Programs"
2901:Special Assistance Program (Australian education)
1597:of students or involuntarily locking students in
1524:education classes such as separate classroom and
936:. National Special Needs Day is celebrated every
9478:
6067:Instruction of Students with Severe Disabilities
5869:"Partners in Education | STRIDE Adaptive Sports"
5613:
5197:International Journal of Educational Development
4457:
4241:Instruction of Students with Severe Disabilities
4214:Instruction of Students with Severe Disabilities
4162:
2323:Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training
1958:Special education is regulated centrally by the
1949:List of special education institutions in Lahore
6133:Guide to Special Education Terms & Acronyms
5925:"Youth Programs for Athletes with Disabilities"
5895:"Youth Programs for Athletes with Disabilities"
4670:
4321:
4319:
3637:
3019:Beverly Rainforth; York-Barr, Jennifer (1997).
2742:
2665:decision, which declared unconstitutional the "
8722:
8272:
4955:
4191:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. pp. 38–42.
4187:Simpson, Richard L.; Sonja R. de Boer (2009).
3670:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 2721–2722,
3577:Karen Zittleman; Sadker, David Miller (2009).
3552:Karen Zittleman; Sadker, David Miller (2006).
3258:
3128:Gartner, Alan; Dorothy Kerzner Lipsky (1997).
2561:) to protect people living with disabilities.
1860:
1854:
1848:
1838:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1325:, and they were not educated much, if at all.
9073:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
8904:
6154:
4460:"A Struggle to Educate the Severely Disabled"
4004:
3329:. Boston: Pearson Education. pp. 16–19.
2772:
2552:
1277:
727:
91:The examples and perspective in this article
8827:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
6010: This article incorporates text from a
5614:Hassold, Terry J.; Patterson, David (1999).
5421:
5419:
5316:
4782:
4741:International Journal of Inclusive Education
4638:International Journal of Inclusive Education
4635:
4363:. Milton Keynes, UK: Open University Press.
4325:
4316:
4034:Busuttil-Reynaud, Gavin & John Winkley.
3882:
3601:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2737:Down Syndrome: A Promising Future, Together,
2631:that is appropriate to the student's needs.
2354:Spanish non-governmental organizations like
2223:
2215:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2105:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2055:
1145:are not considered segregated in this sense.
6115:Center for Parent Information and Resources
6065:Snell, M. E. & Brown, F. (1987, 2011).
5956:"The Long-Run Impacts of Special Education"
5953:
5617:Down Syndrome: A Promising Future, Together
4738:
4358:
3509:
3192:"Disabled children excluded from education"
3164:What the law requires for disabled students
2769:, handball, gymnastics, and weightlifting.
2621:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
2305:
2299:
2225:Förderschule für schwer mehrfach Behinderte
2107:Unité d’Enseignement en Elémentaire Autisme
2077:for intellectual disabilities and/or autism
1911:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1669:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
1453:rather than one with only a visual display.
1346:
1233:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
1158:Effective instruction for disabled students
1051:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
9461:
9262:Augmentative and alternative communication
8911:
8897:
6161:
6147:
5960:American Economic Journal: Economic Policy
4069:Special Educational Needs Code of Practice
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3873:. Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks Publishing co.
3831:Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
3518:. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.
3254:
3252:
2973:
2683:Education for All Handicapped Children Act
2655:During the 1960s, in some part due to the
2271:Special education is regulated centrally.
2164:(school for the blind): for blind children
1665:Education for All Handicapped Children Act
1645:Educational inequality § Special education
1614:completed primary school. For example, in
859:Some scholars of education may categorize
734:
720:
5971:
5590:
5572:
5476:. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
5425:
5416:
5239:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4343:
4252:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3668:Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders
3403:"The Special Education Process Explained"
1931:Learn how and when to remove this message
1637:
1343:to many educators, students and parents.
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
8524:
6014:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
5713:
5194:
3324:
2955:from New Zealand's Ministry of Education
2757:building and working as part of a team.
2418:Child's health report from the hospital.
2180:(school for the deaf): for deaf children
2118:
1194:
1072:
1011:
9297:Disproportionality in special education
7899:
7127:
7116:
6041:Nola Purdie & Louise Ellis (2005).
5954:Ballis, Briana; Heath, Katelyn (2021).
5743:
5741:
5561:Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
5289:
4504:. Corwin Press, Inc. 30 November 1998.
4142:
4096:
3661:
3431:
3249:
2467:Special education in the United Kingdom
2447:, if the student needs these services.
1068:
14:
9479:
5759:from the original on 21 September 2020
5695:from the original on 20 September 2020
5682:
5654:"Down Syndrome: Assisstive Technology"
5275:
5273:
5271:
4789:Racial Inequality in Special Education
4623:EFA Global Monitoring Report 2013-2014
4620:
4560:
4361:Special Teaching for Special Children?
4326:Breckenridge, C. A. (1 October 2001).
4304:from the original on 11 September 2009
3911:
3858:Handbook on Developmental Disabilities
3828:
3772:from the original on 22 September 2013
2982:. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes Pub. Co.
2615:All special-needs students receive an
2611:Special education in the United States
2422:All special-needs students receive an
2288:National Council for Special Education
2281:
1722:
1496:As an example, students who have poor
987:model advocates earlier intervention.
326:Individualized Education Program (IEP)
8892:
8721:
8523:
8271:
7898:
7519:
7518:
7126:
7115:
6817:
6180:
6142:
5935:from the original on 14 February 2020
5905:from the original on 14 February 2020
5726:from the original on 26 February 2021
5536:from the original on 16 December 2016
5256:from the original on 3 September 2020
5221:
5185:. The SENCO Resource Centre, part 3.
5130:
5128:
4958:"Vouchers Help the Learning Disabled"
4616:
4614:
4612:
4597:from the original on 13 November 2018
4404:from the original on 25 February 2015
4383:
4295:
4143:Schuman, Rebecca (28 November 2022).
4138:
4136:
3320:
3318:
3189:
3183:
1576:special needs in developing countries
1284:Institut National des Jeunes Aveugles
1020:is ready for his first day of school.
906:The opposite of special education is
601:Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)
27:Educating students with special needs
6047:Teaching and Learning and Leadership
5738:
5664:from the original on 12 January 2017
5369:from the original on 25 October 2018
5339:from the original on 25 October 2018
4903:"Disability standards for education"
4843:from the original on 26 October 2016
4580:. UNESCO. 2015. pp. 44, Box 6.
4060:
4027:
3503:
3357:from the original on 19 January 2021
2672:PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
1909:adding citations to reliable sources
1876:
1540:including those with special needs.
520:Social Security Disability Insurance
338:
169:adding citations to reliable sources
140:
77:
36:
9404:Disability in children's literature
8873:
5875:from the original on 10 August 2020
5819:from the original on 26 August 2019
5634:from the original on 14 August 2021
5506:The State of Learning Disabilities.
5268:
5107:"Les unités d'enseignement Autisme"
4043:Joint Information Systems Committee
4005:Pepper, David (25 September 2007).
2831:Abuse of special education students
2516:Additional Support for Learning Act
1007:
967:or specific learning difficulties (
24:
9267:Emotional or behavioral disability
6027:
5789:from the original on 13 April 2020
5714:Register, John (31 January 2017).
5390:"The History of Special Education"
5292:TEACHING Exceptional Children Plus
5125:
4883:from the original on 16 April 2021
4813:from the original on 21 March 2021
4609:
4359:Lews, Ann; Norwich, Brahm (2005).
4133:
3413:from the original on 23 March 2016
3315:
3303:from the original on 23 March 2016
3235:10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0052.1804
3162:Wolffe, Jerry. (20 December 2010)
2760:
2481:In England and Wales, the acronym
2293:
1190:
1016:A six-year-old boy in Norway with
965:borderline intellectual disability
814:emotional and behavioral disorders
564:Ontario Disability Support Program
32:Special education (disambiguation)
25:
9513:
6074:
6053:from the original on 4 March 2011
4458:Otterman, Sharon (19 June 2010).
3204:from the original on 14 June 2012
2625:Free Appropriate Public Education
2460:
2457:and special education referrals.
2432:Free Appropriate Public Education
2428:Özel Eğitim Kurumları Yönetmeliği
2201:Förderschule für Sprachbehinderte
2193:Förderschule für Körperbehinderte
2005:
1578:do not have access to education.
804:, learning difficulties (such as
52:This article has multiple issues.
9460:
9451:
9450:
8872:
8863:
8862:
8850:
8386:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7880:
7871:
7870:
7428:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
7198:Democratic Republic of the Congo
7092:
6121:Council for Exceptional Children
6069:. (7th edition). Seoul: Pearson.
6024:, 44, Box 6, UNESCO. UNESCO.
6005:
5947:
5917:
5887:
5861:
5849:from the original on 19 May 2020
5831:
5801:
5771:
5707:
5683:Duncan, Arne (25 January 2013).
5470:Ladson-Billings, Gloria (1994).
4470:from the original on 1 July 2017
4099:Journal of Learning Disabilities
4036:e-Assessment Glossary (Extended)
3860:, 15-34. London: Guilford Press.
3190:Hicks, Bill (18 November 2011).
2722:
2617:Individualized Education Program
2604:
2568:
2529:
2424:Individualized Education Program
1881:
1701:American Institutes for Research
1643:This section is an excerpt from
1604:
1030:Individualized Education Program
694:
693:
591:National Telecommuting Institute
145:
82:
41:
5676:
5646:
5607:
5548:
5518:
5498:
5463:
5454:
5381:
5351:
5347:– via www.dsgjournal.org.
5310:
5283:
5215:
5188:
5176:
5158:
5099:
5074:
5049:
5024:
4998:
4972:
4949:
4930:
4927:Vol. 39, No. 3 (1987): 468-488.
4913:
4895:
4869:
4855:
4825:
4795:
4732:
4689:
4664:
4629:
4540:
4526:
4494:
4482:
4451:
4416:
4377:
4352:
4289:
4246:
4233:
4220:
4212:Snell, M.E.; Brown, F. (2011).
4205:
4180:
4090:
4082:. DfES/581/2001. Archived from
3876:
3863:
3849:
3822:
3810:
3784:
3758:
3740:
3726:
3712:
3698:
3655:
3646:
3628:
3609:
3460:
3425:
3395:
3369:
3343:
3285:
3216:
2812:, tennis, bowling, and skiing.
2137:Förderschule für Lernbehinderte
1960:Singapore Ministry of Education
1741:
1709:Researchers Edward Fierros and
1519:Issues within special education
156:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
9282:Disability and LGBT identities
8918:
8543:Federated States of Micronesia
7838:British Indian Ocean Territory
5209:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.04.009
4956:Robert Holland (1 June 2002).
4675:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
4437:10.1080/02796015.2003.12086194
4230:. Sycamore, IL:Sycamore Press.
3885:Remedial and Special Education
3172:
3156:
3134:. Brookes Publishing Company.
3121:
3088:
3045:
3023:. Brookes Publishing Company.
3012:
2967:
2958:
2939:
2384:
2169:Förderschule für Sehbehinderte
1778:special education organization
1096:needs, which is accepted as a
1044:Individual Family Service Plan
981:response to intervention model
596:Society for Disability Studies
448:Unlicensed assistive personnel
13:
1:
9094:Services for mental disorders
6168:
4698:Disability and Rehabilitation
3706:"graphics.chicagotribune.com"
3666:, in Volkmar, Fred R. (ed.),
3095:Gaylord-Ross, Robert (1989).
2932:
2629:Least Restrictive Environment
2477:Special education in Scotland
2436:Least Restrictive Environment
2185:Förderschule für Schwerhörige
2083:instituts d'éducation motrice
1546:obsessive compulsive disorder
1479:speech and language pathology
1229:least restrictive environment
1184:Guided by student performance
763:exceptional student education
9099:Services for disabled people
8511:United States Virgin Islands
6181:
6129:U.S. Department of Education
6100:Resources in other libraries
6016:license statement/permission
4833:"China Education Center Ltd"
3676:10.1007/978-1-4419-1698-3_84
2861:Early childhood intervention
2743:Special education and sports
2511:Additional Support Needs Act
2473:Special education in England
1969:
1953:
1844:or modifications as needed.
1199:PS 721, a special school in
952:, may have various forms of
525:Supplemental Security Income
287:Ableism / Disablism
7:
9382:Arts, media, culture, sport
8273:Education in North America
5317:Kamenopoulou, Leda (2018).
5061:annuaire.action-sociale.org
5036:annuaire.action-sociale.org
3099:. Baltimore: P.H. Brookes.
2824:
2747:
2662:Brown v. Board of Education
2589:in a professional context.
2538:
2369:There are special schools (
2336:
2328:
2209:Förderschule für Taubblinde
1994:
1872:
1861:
1849:
1839:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1569:persistent vegetative state
1503:A university field, termed
1335:With the Amendments to the
1102:speech and language therapy
856:, or a separate classroom.
795:typical classroom education
540:Disabled students allowance
535:Disability Living Allowance
105:, discuss the issue on the
10:
9518:
9409:Disability in horror films
9201:Activities of daily living
8723:Education in South America
6818:
6000:
5388:Priscilla Pardini (2002).
4791:. Harvard Education Press.
4267:10.1177/001440299105700606
4111:10.1177/002221949502800907
3897:10.1177/074193258800900608
3664:"Self-contained Classroom"
3662:Spencer, Trina D. (2013),
3481:10.1177/001440298805400408
2946:What is special education?
2881:Mainstreaming in education
2836:Adapted physical education
2787:Adapted Physical Education
2773:Organizations and programs
2608:
2470:
2464:
2266:
2177:Förderschule für Gehörlose
2114:
2022:
2014:
2001:Special Education Bulgaria
1998:
1946:
1798:
1764:Special education in China
1761:
1732:
1705:US Department of Education
1690:US Department of Education
1642:
1485:, psychological services,
1447:reading skills acquisition
1424:Examples of accommodations
1278:History of special schools
1049:In the United States, the
921:
917:
842:developmental disabilities
399:Disability rights movement
29:
9446:
9381:
9315:
9254:
9188:
9153:
9107:
9086:
9050:
9024:
9017:
8957:
8926:
8844:
8801:
8728:
8634:
8611:
8530:
8486:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
8404:
8278:
8251:
8203:
8165:
7907:
7866:
7825:
7785:
7527:
7441:
7416:
7135:
7122:
7111:
7087:
7041:
7007:
6966:
6948:
6909:
6891:
6857:
6833:Early childhood education
6826:
6813:
6763:
6593:
6540:
6362:
6215:
6187:
6176:
6095:Resources in your library
5006:"Organisation de l'école"
4753:10.1080/13603110802265125
4710:10.1080/09638280902773778
4650:10.1080/13603110110067190
4345:10.1215/08992363-13-3-349
3843:10.1215/03616878-22-1-254
3325:Hallahan, Daniel (2012).
3058:. Paul H Brookes Pub Co.
2922:Vocational rehabilitation
2815:
2700:
2592:
2487:Special Educational Needs
2400:The Ministry of Education
2393:
2361:
2316:
2254:
2071:instituts médicoéducatifs
2038:
1982:
1855:
1727:
1544:health condition such as
1431:learning to write by hand
1385:Examples of modifications
1114:rehabilitation counseling
850:intellectual disabilities
545:Disabled Persons Railcard
9302:Sexuality and disability
9277:Disability and disasters
9189:Structural and assistive
8694:Northern Mariana Islands
8506:Turks and Caicos Islands
7587:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
7183:Central African Republic
5574:10.4103/1735-1995.200272
5440:10.1177/0042085909338688
4877:"Tokubetsu Shien Kyoiku"
4425:School Psychology Review
4216:(7th ed.). Pearson.
3869:Jorgensen, C.M. (1998).
2896:Response to intervention
2891:Reasonable accommodation
2345:
2248:(comprehensive school).
1794:
1757:
1667:(currently known as the
1347:Instructional strategies
1248:self-contained classroom
1034:Individual Learning Plan
985:response to intervention
846:autism spectrum disorder
558:the Severely Handicapped
514:Socioeconomic assistance
424:Sexuality and disability
18:Self-contained classroom
9416:Disability in the media
9287:Disability and religion
9226:Personal Care Assistant
8659:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
7848:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5183:Management of Inclusion
5113:(in French). 9 May 2022
4943:13 January 2014 at the
3792:"Education-Of-The-Deaf"
3621:11 January 2013 at the
3407:Special Education Guide
3259:Goodman, Libby (1990).
2754:Office for Civil Rights
2645:Department of Education
2161:Förderschule für Blinde
2032:listening comprehension
1771:
1752:
1591:restraint and seclusion
950:intellectual disability
865:Intellectual giftedness
822:osteogenesis imperfecta
810:communication disorders
751:special-needs education
678:Disability in the media
9399:Disability in the arts
9292:Disability and poverty
9231:Physical accessibility
8436:British Virgin Islands
7950:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5929:Educated Sports Parent
5899:Educated Sports Parent
5753:www.urmc.rochester.edu
5504:Cortiella, C. (2009).
5241:10.19053/2011835X.7548
4384:Mintz, Joseph (2014).
2846:Disability and poverty
2633:Government-run schools
2553:
2374:
2306:
2301:Weer Samen Naar School
2300:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2124:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2056:
1638:Educational inequality
1329:Deinstitutionalization
1204:
1174:Wilson Reading Program
1170:Research-based methods
1078:
1021:
958:developmental disorder
779:individual differences
668:Disability in the arts
486:Physical accessibility
9492:Alternative education
8990:driver rehabilitation
8637:and other territories
8376:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7343:São Tomé and Príncipe
7203:Republic of the Congo
4936:Country information:
4909:on 17 September 2010.
4837:www.chinaeducator.com
4390:. London: Routledge.
4296:Ellis, Edwin (2002).
4056:on 16 September 2012.
3748:"History of the INJA"
3514:Making Inclusion Work
3434:Intellect Dev Disabil
2791:wheelchair basketball
2657:civil rights movement
2471:Further information:
2409:Residency certificate
2122:
1947:Further information:
1294:, with education for
1198:
1076:
1015:
924:Inclusion (education)
878:internal displacement
818:physical disabilities
802:learning disabilities
759:alternative provision
414:People-first language
392:Societal implications
9497:Educational programs
9323:Models of disability
9307:Youth and disability
9272:Invisible disability
9221:Orthotics and braces
9206:Assistive technology
9018:Rights, law, support
8525:Education in Oceania
7901:Education in Europe
7762:United Arab Emirates
7129:Education in Africa
6352:Instructional design
5973:10.1257/pol.20190603
4255:Exceptional Children
4086:on 23 December 2012.
3798:on 22 September 2013
3510:Bowe, Frank (2004).
3469:Exceptional Children
3353:. 5 September 2019.
3327:Exceptional Learners
2917:Tracking (education)
2911:Supported employment
2871:Learning environment
2783:the Paralympic Games
2733:assistive technology
1905:improve this section
1512:supported employment
1491:occupational therapy
1238:An alternative is a
1106:occupational therapy
1069:Methods of provision
934:developing countries
901:academic achievement
481:Orthotics and braces
466:Assistive technology
165:improve this article
111:create a new article
103:improve this article
93:may not represent a
30:For other uses, see
8975:Learning disability
8391:Trinidad and Tobago
8286:Antigua and Barbuda
8166:States with limited
7789:limited recognition
7418:States with limited
7117:Education by region
6843:Secondary education
6755:Teaching philosophy
6658:Pedagogical pattern
6601:21st century skills
6580:Religious education
6223:Aims and objectives
6018:). Text taken from
5843:SpecialOlympics.org
5783:SpecialOlympics.org
5511:6 July 2009 at the
5404:on 18 November 2016
5400:(3). Archived from
5365:. 4 November 2014.
4923:Europe-Asia Studies
2951:12 May 2009 at the
2282:Republic of Ireland
1723:National approaches
1505:severe disabilities
1231:as mandated in the
1083:developed countries
1001:reading remediation
903:for many students.
893:developed countries
834:Sanfilippo syndrome
442:Personal assistance
349:Learning disability
180:"Special education"
9389:Disability culture
9316:Disability studies
9211:Independent living
8939:Disability studies
8857:Schools portal
8326:Dominican Republic
7521:Education in Asia
6848:Tertiary education
6786:Learning resources
6277:Education sciences
5813:www.paralympic.org
5394:Rethinking Schools
4962:School Reform News
4809:. 26 August 2019.
4464:The New York Times
4243:. Madrid: Pearson.
4176:on 5 October 2008.
4170:"Related Services"
4023:on 15 August 2011.
3708:. 24 January 2020.
2851:Disability studies
2667:separate but equal
2649:disproportionately
2125:
1801:Education in Japan
1694:mental retardation
1595:physical restraint
1466:flexible deadlines
1225:mainstream schools
1205:
1178:Direct Instruction
1079:
1022:
873:remedial education
838:muscular dystrophy
556:Assured Income for
9487:Special education
9474:
9473:
9343:Neuroqueer theory
9246:Web accessibility
9196:Accessible toilet
9184:
9183:
9037:Disability rights
9032:Ableism/disablism
8886:
8885:
8840:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8808:other territories
8717:
8716:
8709:Wallis and Futuna
8654:Clipperton Island
8612:Associated states
8519:
8518:
8408:other territories
8267:
8266:
7894:
7893:
7831:other territories
7514:
7513:
7445:other territories
7218:Equatorial Guinea
7107:
7106:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6986:
6942:
6941:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6927:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6879:
6838:Primary education
6809:
6808:
6698:Dialogic learning
6668:Teacher retention
6621:Critical thinking
6616:Class arrangement
6585:Special education
6260:Standardized test
6243:Course evaluation
6086:Special education
6081:Library resources
5845:. 3 August 2018.
5532:. 20 April 2015.
5483:978-1-55542-668-2
5222:Ochoa, D (2017).
4968:on 4 August 2012.
4783:Losen, Daniel J;
4704:(14): 1170–1180.
4682:978-0-275-94667-8
4587:978-92-3-100088-1
4534:"www.dhcs.ca.gov"
4198:978-0-470-23080-0
4079:978-1-84185-529-5
3722:. 23 August 2022.
3720:"www.justice.gov"
3685:978-1-4419-1698-3
3588:978-0-07-323007-8
3563:978-0-07-323007-8
3525:978-0-13-017603-5
3383:on 7 January 2011
3336:978-0-13-703370-6
3270:978-0-7914-0371-6
3167:The Oakland Press
3141:978-1-55766-273-6
3106:978-1-55766-010-7
3065:978-1-55766-041-1
3030:978-1-55766-291-0
2989:978-1-55766-103-6
2767:wheelchair soccer
2727:If a student has
2643:According to the
2307:passend onderwijs
2217:Schule für Kranke
1941:
1940:
1933:
1821:(or, as of 2019,
1622:; 56% and 72% in
1296:visually impaired
1244:special classroom
977:discrepancy model
908:general education
747:Special education
744:
743:
501:Web accessibility
461:Accessible toilet
344:Special education
282:Disability theory
275:Theory and models
259:
258:
251:
241:
240:
233:
215:
139:
138:
131:
113:, as appropriate.
75:
16:(Redirected from
9509:
9464:
9463:
9454:
9453:
9436:Special Olympics
9328:Inspiration porn
9241:Universal design
9042:Pejorative terms
9022:
9021:
8985:Physical therapy
8913:
8906:
8899:
8890:
8889:
8876:
8875:
8866:
8865:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8828:
8816:Falkland Islands
8730:Sovereign states
8719:
8718:
8699:Pitcairn Islands
8669:French Polynesia
8649:Christmas Island
8578:Papua New Guinea
8558:Marshall Islands
8531:Sovereign states
8521:
8520:
8476:Saint Barthélemy
8406:Dependencies and
8279:Sovereign states
8269:
8268:
8204:Dependencies and
7908:Sovereign states
7896:
7895:
7884:
7874:
7873:
7843:Christmas Island
7529:Sovereign states
7516:
7515:
7506:
7505:(United Kingdom)
7501:Tristan da Cunha
7497:Ascension Island
7489:
7476:
7467:
7443:Dependencies and
7136:Sovereign states
7124:
7123:
7113:
7112:
7096:
7044:
7043:
7039:
7038:
7014:Higher education
7010:
7009:
7005:
7004:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6955:Secondary school
6951:
6950:
6946:
6945:
6912:
6911:
6907:
6906:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6860:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6829:
6828:
6815:
6814:
6743:Student-centered
6728:Phenomenon-based
6718:Peer instruction
6683:Blended learning
6606:Bloom's taxonomy
6570:Gifted education
6565:Education reform
6397:Computer science
6178:
6177:
6163:
6156:
6149:
6140:
6139:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6009:
5994:
5993:
5975:
5951:
5945:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5891:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5839:"Unified Sports"
5835:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5775:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5764:
5745:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5711:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5611:
5605:
5604:
5594:
5576:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5522:
5516:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5423:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5385:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5338:
5323:
5314:
5308:
5307:
5287:
5281:
5277:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5243:
5228:Enletawa Journal
5219:
5213:
5212:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5172:on 6 March 2010.
5168:. Archived from
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5146:on 17 April 2017
5142:. Archived from
5132:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4976:
4970:
4969:
4964:. Archived from
4953:
4947:
4934:
4928:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4905:. Archived from
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4780:
4765:
4764:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4579:
4569:
4558:
4557:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4250:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4140:
4131:
4130:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4040:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4011:
4002:
3909:
3908:
3880:
3874:
3867:
3861:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3794:. Archived from
3788:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3754:on 20 July 2011.
3750:. Archived from
3744:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3632:
3626:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3592:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3549:
3538:
3537:
3517:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3379:. Archived from
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3187:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2981:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2943:
2779:Special Olympics
2717:causes of autism
2556:
2518:means that both
2509:In Scotland the
2309:
2303:
2275:the school day.
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2139:
2109:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2059:
1936:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1885:
1877:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1842:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1786:
1715:Disabilities Act
1676:African American
1487:physical therapy
1323:mental illnesses
1292:Thomas Braidwood
1257:paraprofessional
1246:, also called a
1110:physical therapy
1008:Individual needs
861:gifted education
791:self-sufficiency
736:
729:
722:
697:
696:
637:Paralympic Games
632:Special Olympics
496:Universal design
419:Pejorative terms
263:
262:
254:
247:
236:
229:
225:
222:
216:
214:
173:
149:
141:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9507:
9506:
9477:
9476:
9475:
9470:
9442:
9377:
9311:
9250:
9180:
9154:Activist groups
9149:
9103:
9082:
9046:
9013:
8953:
8922:
8917:
8887:
8882:
8851:
8849:
8832:
8826:
8809:
8807:
8797:
8724:
8713:
8636:
8630:
8613:
8607:
8588:Solomon Islands
8526:
8515:
8409:
8407:
8400:
8274:
8263:
8247:
8205:
8199:
8185:Northern Cyprus
8167:
8161:
8082:North Macedonia
7903:
7890:
7862:
7830:
7821:
7802:Northern Cyprus
7788:
7781:
7523:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7487:
7474:
7465:
7446:
7444:
7437:
7421:
7419:
7412:
7131:
7118:
7103:
7102:
7083:
7074:
7065:
7057:
7050:
7028:
7016:
6997:
6988:
6980:
6975:
6957:
6938:
6929:
6921:
6916:
6900:
6881:
6873:
6866:
6822:
6805:
6759:
6678:Active learning
6673:Teaching method
6648:Learning theory
6589:
6555:Autodidacticism
6550:Adult education
6536:
6477:Performing arts
6358:
6265:Teacher quality
6255:Standards-based
6211:
6183:
6172:
6167:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6072:
6056:
6054:
6030:
6028:Further reading
6003:
5998:
5997:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5936:
5931:. 12 May 2014.
5923:
5922:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5901:. 12 May 2014.
5893:
5892:
5888:
5878:
5876:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5852:
5850:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5822:
5820:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5790:
5777:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5760:
5747:
5746:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5696:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5637:
5635:
5628:
5612:
5608:
5553:
5549:
5539:
5537:
5530:Huffington Post
5524:
5523:
5519:
5513:Wayback Machine
5503:
5499:
5484:
5468:
5464:
5459:
5455:
5428:Urban Education
5424:
5417:
5407:
5405:
5386:
5382:
5372:
5370:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5220:
5216:
5193:
5189:
5181:
5177:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5134:
5133:
5126:
5116:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5013:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4954:
4950:
4945:Wayback Machine
4935:
4931:
4918:
4914:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4865:. 15 July 2023.
4861:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4844:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4781:
4768:
4737:
4733:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4669:
4665:
4634:
4630:
4619:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4588:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4561:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4512:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4456:
4452:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4398:
4382:
4378:
4371:
4357:
4353:
4324:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4294:
4290:
4251:
4247:
4238:
4234:
4225:
4221:
4210:
4206:
4199:
4185:
4181:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4141:
4134:
4095:
4091:
4080:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4009:
4003:
3912:
3881:
3877:
3868:
3864:
3854:
3850:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3623:Wayback Machine
3614:
3610:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3550:
3541:
3526:
3508:
3504:
3465:
3461:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3337:
3323:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3271:
3257:
3250:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3161:
3157:
3142:
3126:
3122:
3107:
3093:
3089:
3066:
3050:
3046:
3031:
3017:
3013:
2990:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2953:Wayback Machine
2944:
2940:
2935:
2827:
2818:
2806:track and field
2775:
2763:
2761:Types of sports
2750:
2745:
2725:
2703:
2698:
2613:
2607:
2595:
2571:
2541:
2532:
2479:
2469:
2463:
2396:
2387:
2364:
2348:
2339:
2331:
2319:
2296:
2294:The Netherlands
2284:
2269:
2257:
2117:
2041:
2025:
2017:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1985:
1972:
1956:
1951:
1937:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1902:
1886:
1875:
1807:special schools
1803:
1797:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1755:
1744:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1680:Native American
1653:formal educatio
1648:
1640:
1607:
1599:seclusion rooms
1521:
1498:impulse control
1349:
1303:Charles Dickens
1280:
1193:
1191:Special schools
1160:
1071:
1010:
946:
926:
920:
755:aided education
749:(also known as
740:
709:
683:
682:
663:
653:
652:
651:
626:
616:
615:
586:
585:
569:
568:
560:
557:
515:
507:
506:
505:
471:Assisted living
443:
435:
434:
433:
393:
385:
384:
383:
363:
355:
354:
353:
316:
308:
307:
306:
276:
255:
244:
243:
242:
237:
226:
220:
217:
174:
172:
162:
150:
135:
124:
118:
115:
100:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9515:
9505:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9472:
9471:
9469:
9468:
9458:
9447:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9418:
9413:
9412:
9411:
9406:
9396:
9394:Disability art
9391:
9385:
9383:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9319:
9317:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9258:
9256:
9252:
9251:
9249:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9192:
9190:
9186:
9185:
9182:
9181:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9168:
9163:
9157:
9155:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9111:
9109:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9096:
9090:
9088:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9047:
9045:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9028:
9026:
9019:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9010:
9009:
9004:
8994:
8993:
8992:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8961:
8959:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8930:
8928:
8924:
8923:
8916:
8915:
8908:
8901:
8893:
8884:
8883:
8881:
8880:
8870:
8860:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8830:
8823:
8818:
8812:
8810:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8734:
8732:
8726:
8725:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8689:Norfolk Island
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8644:American Samoa
8640:
8638:
8632:
8631:
8629:
8628:
8623:
8617:
8615:
8614:of New Zealand
8609:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8534:
8532:
8528:
8527:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8496:Sint Eustatius
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8441:Cayman Islands
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8412:
8410:
8405:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8275:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8259:European Union
8255:
8253:
8252:Other entities
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8209:
8207:
8206:other entities
8201:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8171:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8157:United Kingdom
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7970:Czech Republic
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7892:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7878:
7867:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7834:
7832:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7793:
7791:
7783:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7533:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7490:
7477:
7468:
7454:Canary Islands
7450:
7449:
7447:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7395:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7120:
7119:
7109:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7066:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7052:
7042:
7035:
7034:
7023:
7018:
7008:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6967:
6960:
6959:
6949:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6910:
6903:
6902:
6898:Primary school
6892:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6858:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6611:Cognitive load
6608:
6603:
6597:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6546:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6282:Evidence-based
6279:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6246:
6245:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6217:
6216:By perspective
6213:
6212:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6193:
6191:
6185:
6184:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6143:
6137:
6136:
6130:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6103:
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4332:Public Culture
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3616:Warnock Report
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1358:accommodations
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1272:seclusion room
1265:social studies
1218:swimming pools
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429:Women's health
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97:of the subject
95:worldwide view
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50:
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40:
26:
9:
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4:
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2:
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8218:Faroe Islands
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8196:
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8190:South Ossetia
8188:
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8042:Liechtenstein
8040:
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8018:
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8013:
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7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7828:
7824:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7812:South Ossetia
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7790:
7784:
7778:
7775:
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7625:
7623:
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7610:
7608:
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7598:
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7364:
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7331:
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7319:
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7309:
7306:
7304:
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7299:
7296:
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7291:
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7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7258:Guinea-Bissau
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
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7211:
7209:
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7121:
7114:
7110:
7099:
7095:
7091:
7090:
7086:
7061:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7048:Undergraduate
7046:
7045:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7003:
6984:
6978:
6974:
6973:Middle school
6971:
6970:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6947:
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6925:
6919:
6914:
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6693:Demonstration
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6688:Contemplative
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6575:Homeschooling
6573:
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6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6422:Environmental
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6347:Instructional
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6250:Psychometrics
6248:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6239:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6164:
6159:
6157:
6152:
6150:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6068:
6064:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6025:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6008:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5966:(4): 72–111.
5965:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5874:
5870:
5864:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5679:
5663:
5659:
5658:Down Syndrome
5655:
5649:
5633:
5629:
5627:9780471296867
5623:
5619:
5618:
5610:
5602:
5598:
5593:
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5580:
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5558:
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5493:
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5475:
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5445:
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5437:
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5422:
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5384:
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5320:
5313:
5305:
5301:
5297:
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5286:
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5274:
5272:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5218:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5198:
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5184:
5179:
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5167:
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5137:
5131:
5129:
5112:
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5102:
5087:
5086:www.mdph13.fr
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4908:
4904:
4898:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4864:
4858:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4790:
4786:
4785:Orfield, Gary
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4593:
4589:
4583:
4576:
4575:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4548:"www.npr.org"
4543:
4535:
4529:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4511:9780803966246
4507:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4403:
4399:
4397:9780415822961
4393:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4366:
4362:
4355:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4236:
4229:
4223:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3721:
3715:
3707:
3701:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3649:
3640:
3631:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3612:
3604:
3598:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3559:
3555:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3338:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3219:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Special needs
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2856:Disadvantaged
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2795:sledge hockey
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2758:
2755:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:Down syndrome
2723:Down syndrome
2720:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2605:United States
2602:
2598:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:North America
2566:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2536:
2530:Latin America
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2391:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2291:
2289:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2121:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2036:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1950:
1945:
1935:
1932:
1924:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1890:This section
1888:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1765:
1750:
1747:
1739:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:special needs
1658:
1654:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1605:Global issues
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:panic attacks
1555:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1526:resource room
1516:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:block letters
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:accommodation
1365:
1363:
1362:modifications
1359:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1314:Little Dorrit
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:resource room
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1214:sensory rooms
1209:
1202:
1197:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:Goal-directed
1162:
1161:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1125:Mainstreaming
1122:
1119:
1118:social worker
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:best practice
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1059:resource room
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1018:Down syndrome
1014:
1005:
1002:
996:
994:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
956:, may have a
955:
951:
941:
940:of the year.
939:
935:
931:
925:
915:
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
874:
869:
866:
862:
857:
855:
854:resource room
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
830:lissencephaly
827:
826:down syndrome
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
787:special needs
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
737:
732:
730:
725:
723:
718:
717:
715:
714:
706:
703:
701:
692:
691:
689:
688:
687:
686:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
662:
657:
656:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
620:
619:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
582:Organizations
581:
578:
577:
573:
572:
565:
562:
559:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
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518:
517:
511:
510:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
458:
453:
449:
446:
445:
439:
438:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Normalization
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
389:
388:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
359:
358:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
334:Special needs
332:
331:
327:
324:
322:
321:Mainstreaming
319:
318:
312:
311:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Medical model
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
272:
271:
268:
265:
264:
261:
253:
250:
235:
232:
224:
213:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182: –
181:
177:
176:Find sources:
170:
166:
160:
159:
154:This article
152:
148:
143:
142:
133:
130:
122:
112:
108:
104:
98:
96:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
9358:Anthropology
9348:Deaf studies
9338:Crip as verb
9216:Mobility aid
9176:Reach Canada
9006:
8949:Social model
8848:
8804:Dependencies
8635:Dependencies
8621:Cook Islands
8501:Sint Maarten
8481:Saint Martin
8195:Transnistria
7827:Dependencies
7757:Turkmenistan
7722:Saudi Arabia
7493:Saint Helena
7464:
7368:South Africa
7358:Sierra Leone
7163:Burkina Faso
7055:Postgraduate
6871:Kindergarten
6723:Personalized
6703:Experiential
6663:Teacher look
6584:
6372:Agricultural
6228:Anthropology
6085:
6066:
6055:. Retrieved
6046:
6020:
6012:free content
6004:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5937:. Retrieved
5928:
5919:
5907:. Retrieved
5898:
5889:
5877:. Retrieved
5863:
5851:. Retrieved
5842:
5833:
5821:. Retrieved
5812:
5803:
5791:. Retrieved
5782:
5773:
5761:. Retrieved
5752:
5728:. Retrieved
5719:
5709:
5697:. Retrieved
5688:
5678:
5666:. Retrieved
5657:
5648:
5636:. Retrieved
5616:
5609:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5538:. Retrieved
5529:
5520:
5500:
5472:
5465:
5456:
5431:
5427:
5406:. Retrieved
5402:the original
5397:
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5383:
5371:. Retrieved
5362:
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5341:. Retrieved
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5170:the original
5160:
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5144:the original
5139:
5115:. Retrieved
5110:
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5089:. Retrieved
5085:
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5064:. Retrieved
5060:
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5039:. Retrieved
5035:
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5009:
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4983:
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4961:
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4871:
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4836:
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4806:
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4573:
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4463:
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6437:Language
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6317:Politics
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6197:Glossary
6182:Overview
6051:Archived
5939:20 April
5933:Archived
5909:27 April
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8020:Ireland
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8000:Germany
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7980:Estonia
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