Serer people - Knowledge

1018:(the chief griot of the king) who was extremely powerful and influential, and very rich in land and other assets. The buur kevel who also came from the griot caste were so powerful that they could influence a king's decision as to whether he goes to war or not. They told the king what to eat, and teach them how to eat, how to walk, to talk and to behave in society. They always accompany the king to the battlefield and recount the glory or bravery of his ancestors in battle. They retain and pass down the genealogy and family history of the king. The bur Kevel could make or break a king, and destroy the entire royal dynasty if they so wish. The abdication of Fakha Boya Fall from the throne of Saloum was led and driven by his own bur kevel. After being forced to abdicate, he was chased out of Saloum. During the reign of Sanou Mon Faye – king of Sine, one of the key notables who plotted to dethrone the king was the king's own bur kevel. After influencing the king's own estranged nephew Prince Semou Mak Joof to take up arms against his uncle, the Prince who despised his uncle took up arms with the support of the bur kevel and other notables. The Prince was victorious and was crowned 43: 307: 2267: 5617: 2253: 110: 1128: 90: 2239: 1255: 71: 447: 1358:– for the sole entertainment of the Serer King, the Serer aristocracy and the common people. He was expected to dance in ceremonies before the king and liven up the king's mood and the king's subjects. This position was always given to the Moors. It was a humiliating job and not a title of honour. According to some, the history of this position goes back to an early Moor in Serer country who had a child by his own daughter. 1069: 921:(two of the Serer precolonial kingdoms) bore Mandinka surnames, but Serer surname throughout the 600 years reign of the Guelwar maternal dynasty. The Serer noble patriclans simply married Guelowar women, and their offsprings bearing Serer surnames reigned in Sine and Saloum. The Guelowars also viewed themselves as Serer and assimilated in Serer culture. The alliance was an alliance based on marriage. 1310:(one who Tassu) of her generation. Originally religious in nature, the griots of Senegambia regardless of ethnic group or religion picked it up from Serer religious practices and still use it in different occasions e.g. marriages, naming ceremonies or when they are just singing the praises of their patrons. Most Senegalese and Gambian artists use it in their songs even the younger generation like " 604: 1036:– the sacred place where good souls go after their physical body has departed the world of the living. In accordance with the teachings of Seereer religion, bad souls will not enter Jaaniiw. Their departed souls will not be guided by the ancestors to this sacred abode, but will be rejected thereby making them lost and wandering souls. In order to be reincarnated (( 1044:

in order to intercede with the Divine , a person's soul must first enter this sacred place." As such, the Serers who were the victims of Islamic jihads and enslavements did not participate much in slavery and when they do, it was merely in revenge. This view is supported by scholars such as François

1050:

The Kingdom of Sine remained a modest participant in the Atlantic system, secondary to the larger Wolof, Halpulaar or Mandinka polities surrounding it on all sides... As practices of enslavement intensified among other ethnic groups during the 18th century, fuelling a lucrative commerce in captives

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The slave castes continue to be despised, they do not own land and work as tenant farmers, marriage across caste lines is forbidden and lying about one's caste prior to marriage has been a ground for divorce. The land has been owned by the upper social strata, with the better plots near the villages

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If one is to believe the economist and demographer Étienne Van de Walle who gave a slightly later date for their ethnogenesis, writing that "The formation of the Sereer ethnicity goes back to the thirteenth century, when a group came from the Senegal River valley in the north fleeing Islam, and near

533:

Professor Dennis Galvan writes that "The oral historical record, written accounts by early Arab and European explorers, and physical anthropological evidence suggest that the various Serer peoples migrated south from the Fuuta Tooro region (Senegal River valley) beginning around the eleventh century

3058:Étienne Van de Walle was not a historian or a professor of history. He had a degree in economics and was a demographer/researcher but was not an academic historian. See: Leridon, Henri. “Etienne van de Walle 1932-2006.” Population (English Edition, 2002-), vol. 61, no. 1/2, 2006, pp. 11–13. JSTOR, 1166:

ethnic groups today, nevertheless, the ancient rituals are still visible in the sport version. Among the Serers, wrestling is classified into different techniques and each technique takes several years to master. Children start young trying to master the basics before moving on to the more advance

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valley, at the border of present-day Senegal and Mauritania, and moved south in the 11th and 12th century. They migrated again in the 15th and 16th centuries as their villages were invaded and they were subjected to religious pressures from Islamic forces. They have had a sedentary settled culture

3477:, et del paese del Prete Ianni, con varii viaggi, dal mar Rosso a Calicut & infin all'isole Molucche, dove nascono le Spetiere et la navigatione attorno il mondo: li nomi de gli auttori, et le nauigationi..., Published by appresso gli heredi di Lucantonio Giunti, 1550, p. 113; (in Portuguese) 1087:(pounded coos). They control all the phases of this dish from production to preparation. Other ethnic groups (or Serers), tend to buy it from Serer women market traders or contract it out to them especially if they are holding major ceremonial events. Chere is very versatile and can be eaten with 639:

After their deaths, the Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum were incorporated into independent Senegal, which had gained its independence from France in 1960. The Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum are two of the few pre-colonial African kingdoms whose royal dynasty survived up to the 20th century.

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Diouf, Niokhobaye, « Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)», . (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp 706–7 (pp 4–5), pp 713–14 (pp

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However, they are known for their mixed-farming. Trade is also a recent phenomenon among some Serers. For the Serer, the soil (where their ancestors lay in rest) is very important to them and they guard it with jealousy. They have a legal framework governing every aspect of life, even

515:"That would be consistent with their present religious position: they are one of the rare Senegalese populations who still reject Islam. Their route is marked by the upright stones found at about the same latitude from Ethiopia all the way to the Sine-Salum, their present habitat." 986:

through songs and music. Of these, all castes had a taboo in marrying a griot, and they could not be buried like others. Below the artisan castes in social status have been the slaves, who were either bought at slave markets, seized as captives, or born to a slave parent.

959:) is very important in Serer culture, the Serer follow a bilineal system. Both matrilineality and patrilineality are important in Serer custom. Inheritance depends on the nature of the asset being inherited. That is, whether the asset is a maternal ( 538:-speaking herders originally, migrated through Wolof areas and entered the Siin and Saluum river valleys. This lengthy period of Wolof-Serer contact has clouded the origins of shared "terminology, institutions, political structures, and practices." 1542:

similarities among the Cangin languages. However, they are more closely related to other languages than to Serer, and vice versa. For comparison in the table below, 85% is approximately the dividing line between dialects and different languages.

1213:"The Serer people are known especially for their rich knowledge of vocal and rhythmic practices that infuse their everyday language with complex overlapping cadences and their ritual with intense collaborative layerings of voice and rhythm." 4110:

Diouf, Niokhobaye. "Chronique du royaume du Sine." Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4,

2909:" are found among the Soninke, the various Manding-speaking populations, the Wolof, Tukulor, Senufo, Minianka, Dogon, Songhay, and most Fulani, Moorish and Tuareg populations, (...) They are also found among (...) and Serer groups." 1346:. No matter how long a Mauritanian Moor has lived in the area as a migrant, he could never achieve high status within the Serer aristocracy. The best position he could ever wish for within Serer high society was to work as a 864:, especially trade, they viewed as vulgar, common and ignoble. Hence in the colonial era, especially among the Serer nobles, they would hire others to do the trading on their behalf (e.g. Moors) acting as their middlemen. 1010:) came from the jambur caste. The Jaraff was the equivalent of a prime minister. He was responsible for organising the coronation ceremony and for crowning the Serer kings. Where a king dies without nominating an heir ( 1014:), the Jaraff would step in and reign as regent until a suitable candidate can be found from the royal line. The noble council that was responsible for advising the king was also made up of jamburs as well as the 947:

the caste systems among the Serer emerged as a consequence of the Mandinka people's Sine-Saloum guelowar conquest, and when the Serer people sought to adapt and participate in the new Senegambian state system.

897:) has now been discarded as there is nothing in the Serer oral tradition that speaks of a military conquest, but a union based on marriage. A marriage between the noble Guelowar maternal clan and the noble 546:

origin, called the Gelwar, who came from the southeast (Gravrand 1983). The actual Sereer ethnic group is a mixture of the two groups, and this may explain their complex bilinear kinship system".

943:. They all have had strata of free nobles and peasants, artisan castes, and slaves. The difference is that the Serer people have retained a matrilineal inheritance system. According to historian 272:

and slaves. Other historians, such as Thiaw, Richard and others, believe that the Serer did not maintain a slave culture, or at least not to the same extent as other ethnic groups in the region.

3841: 3020:

African Census Analysis Project (ACAP). University of Pennsylvania. Ethnic Diversity and Assimilation in Senegal: Evidence from the 1988 Census by Pierre Ngom, Aliou Gaye and Ibrahima Sarr. 2000

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cleric Ma Ba Jaxoo. The inter-ethnic wars involving the Serer continued till 1887, when the French colonial forces conquered Senegal. Thereafter, the conversion of the Serer people accelerated.

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meaning paternal lineage or paternal inheritance). This joking relationship enables one group to criticise another, but also obliges the other with mutual aid and respect. The Serers call this

2827:, Quote:"One reason for the low salience of ethnic identity is because, like some other West African societies, many ethnic groups in Senegal are structured by caste. For example, the Wolof, 3889: 970:

The hierarchical highest status among the Serer people has been those of hereditary nobles and their relatives, which meant blood links to the Mandinka conquerors. Below the nobles, came

1449:). "Kal" derives from the Serer word "Kalir" a deformation of "kurcala" which means paternal lineage or inheritance and is used exactly in that context by many Senegambians. The word 724:

All the kings that ruled Serer Kingdoms had Serer surnames, with the exception of the Mboge and Faal paternal dynasties whose reigns are very recent. They did not provide many kings.

4589: 1162:. It was a preparatory exercise for war among the warrior classes. That style of wrestling (a brutal and violent form) is totally different from the sport wrestling enjoyed by all 1032:

and culture forbids slavery. "To enslave another human being is regarded as an enslavement of their soul thereby preventing the very soul of the slave owner or trader from entering

4916: 1080: 2555:, Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's 3927: 5075: 4926: 3939:

Galvan, Dennis Charles, "The State is Now the Master of Fire" (Adapting Institutions and Culture in Rural Senegal, Volume 1), University of California, Berkeley (1996), p. 65,

2685:(see p. 116). The book also deals in depth about the Serer matriclans and means of succession through the matrilineal line. See pp. 38, 95–99, 104, 119–20, 123, 160, 172–74, 4539: 1503:, and is part of the national curriculum of Senegal. Historically the Serer people's unwillingness to trade directly during the colonial era was a double edged sword to the 836:

The Serer practice trade, agriculture, fishing, boat building and animal husbandry. Traditionally the Serer people have been farmers and landowners. Although they practice

3898:

Ndiaye, Fata, "LA SAGA DU PEUPLE SERERE ET L’HISTOIRE DU SINE", Ethiopiques n° 54 revue semestrielle de culture négro-africaine Nouvelle série volume 7, 2 semestre (1991)

3662: 935:

The social stratification historically evidenced among the Serer people has been, except for one difference, very similar to those found among Wolof, Fulbe, Toucouleur and

1291:) both originated from the Serer people. The Tassu was used when chanting ancient religious verses. The people would sing then interweave it with a Tassu. The late Serer 811:

By the early 1910s, about 40% of the Serer people had adopted Islam, and by the 1990s about 85% of them were Muslims. Most of the newly converted Serer people have joined

4931: 4524: 4544: 4921: 4911: 297:

Other spelling: Sarer, Kegueme (possible corruption of Serer-Dyegueme), Serrere, Serere, Ceereer/Cereer (early European spelling/maps), and sometimes wrongly Serre

2359: 3871:

William J. Foltz. From French West Africa to the Mali Federation, Volume 12 of Yale studies in political science, p136. Published by Yale University Press, 1965

1515:

being the dominant language in the market place as well as the factories. However, the Serer language, among other local languages, is now part of the national

1051:

and the rise of internal slavery, the Siin may have been demoted to the rank of second player, in so far as the kingdom was never a major supplier of captives.

982:

were the artisan castes, who inherited their occupation. These castes included blacksmiths, weavers, jewelers, leatherworkers, carpenters, griots who kept the

5652: 5486: 2933: 636:(also spelled: Mahecor Diouf) and Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof (also spelled: Fodé N’Gouye Diouf or Fode Ngui Joof), respectively. They both died in 1969. 1111:

by Serer men and believed to bring good luck among those who wear it. Marriages are usually arranged. In the event of the death of an elder, the sacred

5301: 4381: 4100:

Niang, Mor Sadio, "CEREMONIES ET FÊTES TRADITIONNELLES", IFAN, Éthiopiques, numéro 31 révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine 3e trimestre (1982)

4584: 3497:(Sénégal) . Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. "Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986–87." p 19 4142:

Department of Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Hilburn Timeline of Art History. The Fulani/Fulbe People.

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Muslim communities as well as the European conquerors who viewed the Serer as ""idolaters of great cruelty." For more on this, see Kerr, Robert,

2305: 434:. "Serer" is the standard English spelling. "Seereer" or "Sereer" reflects the Serer pronunciation of the name and are spellings used mostly by 1970: 3479:

Academia das Ciências de Lisboa. Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas: que vivem nos dominios portuguezes

1418:

with whom they have an ancient relationship. In the Serer ethnic group, this same bond exists between the Serer patronym, for example between

257:

that long resisted the expansion of Islam. They fought against jihads in the 19th century, and subsequently opposed the French colonial rule.

5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 4647: 4497: 1338:, etc., were ill-treated by their Serer masters. If a Moor dies in a Serer kingdom, his body was dragged out of the country and left for the 1175:(real name: "Yakhya Diop"), who is a professional wrestler in Senegal is one of the top wrestlers proficient in the "mbapatte" technique. 974:, or the warriors and chiefs who had helped the Mandinka rulers and paid tribute. The third status, and the largest strata came to be the 662:

Serer kingdoms included the Kingdom of Sine and the Kingdom of Saloum. In addition to these twin Serer kingdoms, the Serer ruled in the

2693: 5645: 5479: 4549: 2632: 368:, which was a colony of the Kingdom of Saloum. There they occupy parts of old "Nuimi" and "Baddibu" as well as the Gambian "Kombo". 345:; the Serer-Palor occupy the west central, west southwest of Thiès and the Serer-Laalaa occupy west central, north of Thiès and the 5773: 5015: 3785:

David P. Gamble. The Wolof of Senegambia: together with notes on the Lebu and the Serer, p77. International African Institute, 1957

2654: 4051: 3840:"Sarkodie and Stonebwoy listed among 'Top 10 Hottest African Artistes' making global waves" Pulse, by David Mawuli (27 May 2015) 226:. They are the third-largest ethnic group in Senegal, making up 15% of the Senegalese population. They are also found in northern 5030: 4956: 4574: 3991: 800:, professor of History specializing in Ethnic Group studies, the Serer people "violently resisted the expansion of Islam" by the 612: 352:

The Serer people are diverse. Although they lived throughout the Senegambia region, they are more numerous in places such as old

951:

The previously held view that the Serer only follow a matrilineal structure is a matter of conjecture. Although matrilineality (

5294: 5120: 5025: 5010: 5005: 4439: 3270: 910: 3904: 4348: 4260: 3997: 3726: 3699: 3672: 3608: 3578: 3548: 3518: 3357: 3204:

Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire. "Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire," Volume 38. IFAN, 1976. pp 557–504

2996: 2852: 2820: 2790: 2726: 2548: 2516: 2398: 2320: 2226: 5788: 5783: 5638: 5472: 5130: 4105:

Senegambian Ethnic Groups: Common Origins and Cultural Affinities Factors and Forces of National Unity, Peace and Stability

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The Serer ethnic group is rather diverse, and as Martin A. Klein notes, the institution of slavery did not exist among the

758:. Serer religious beliefs encompasses ancient chants and poems; veneration and offerings to Serer gods, goddesses, and the 3627:, Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3–4, 1986–1987. pp 28–30, 46, 106–9 2193:(As of 2024, Senegal has had five presidents after independence. The first, second, and fifth were Serers – 1960 – 2024). 1342:

to feast on if there is no family or friend to claim the body and bury it elsewhere. They were also never accompanied by

3920:

Ethnic Groups : Common Origins and Cultural Affinities Factors and Forces of National Unity, Peace and Stability",

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Patricia Tang. Masters of the sabar: Wolof griot percussionists of Senegal, p-p32, 34. Temple University Press, 2007.

5778: 5287: 5125: 4338: 4321: 4252: 4238: 4224: 4210: 4182: 4168: 4137: 4088: 4074: 3827: 3811: 3774: 3758: 3649: 3421: 3401: 3381: 3334: 3245: 3222: 3190: 3104: 2449: 2414:"Charisma and Ethnicity in Political Context: A Case Study in the Establishment of a Senegalese Religious Clientele" 894: 2746:

Pierret, Paul, "Dictionnaire d'archéologie égyptienne", Imprimerie nationale 1875, p. 198-199 Diop, Cheikh Anta,

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The Serer people have traditionally been a socially stratified society, like many West African ethnic groups with

410:(also spelt "N’doute"), Serer-Njeghene (sometimes spelt "Serer-Dyegueme" or "Serer-Gyegem" or "Serer-N'Diéghem"), 4277:"Recharting Atlantic encounters. Object trajectories and histories of value in the Siin (Senegal) and Senegambia" 3769:

Patricia Tang. Masters of the sabar: Wolof griot percussionists of Senegal, p144. Temple University Press, 2007.

2931: 2930:. Éthiopiques, No: 54, Revue Semestrielle de Culture Négro-Africaine. Nouvelle Série, Volume 7, 2e Semestre 1991 2419: 1366:

Serers and Toucouleurs are linked by a bond of "cousinage". This is a tradition common to many ethnic groups of

3851:"Nigeria: 10 Hottest African Artistes Making Global Waves" AllAfrica.com, by Anthony Ada Abraham (28 May 2015) 4784: 4779: 2973:

Recharting Atlantic encounters. Object trajectories and histories of value in the Siin (Senegal) and Senegambia

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In contemporary times, about 85% of the Serers are Muslim, while others are Christian. Some Serer still follow

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Abdou Bouri Bâ. Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin, p4

1239:. The Wolof people who migrated to Serer Saloum picked it up from there and spread it to Wolof Kingdoms. Each 1022:(King of Sine). That is just a sample of the power of the bur kevel who was also a member of the griot caste. 2190: 2173: 2022: 873: 268:. The Serer society, like other ethnic groups in Senegal, has had social stratification featuring endogamous 4378: 1119:

with a small hollow-out) is beaten followed by the usual funeral regalia to send them off to the next life.

5793: 507:, citing the work of 19th-century French archeologist and Egyptologist, Paul Pierret, states that the word 422:(also known as "Falor", "Palar", "Siili", "Siili-Mantine", "Siili-Siili", "Waro" or just "Serer"), and the 592:

shot and killed Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar with an arrow. They also violently resisted the 19th-century jihads and

5661: 5495: 3436:. Department of Political Science & International Studies Program. The University of Oregon. pp 9–10 3033:, No: 54, Revue Semestrielle de Culture Négro-Africaine. Nouvelle Série, Volume 7, 2e Semestre 1991. By 893:

conquered and subjugated the Serer people. That view (propelled during the colonial era probably due to

4831: 4826: 4667: 4432: 4034:

NB: 2006 Figures are taken in order to compare the population of the Serer in the respective countries.

3641: 3131: 2976: 2441: 2424: 4300:

The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal

2490:

The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal

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dances and royal festivals. Serer wrestling crosses ethnic boundaries and is a favourite pastime for

783: 633: 856:(and other forms of production or occupation such as animal husbandry, fishing especially among the 840:, they are generally less known for that, as in the past, Serer nobles entrusted their herds to the 5310: 5070: 2168: 1960: 924:

In other regions where Serer people are found, state JD Fage, Richard Gray and Roland Oliver, the

5141: 4851: 4836: 4507: 2334:

Agence Nationale de Statistique et de la Démographie. Estimated figures for 2007 in Senegal alone

2185: 1088: 17: 906: 5040: 5035: 4971: 4809: 4726: 4604: 4293:

Two studies on ethnic group relations in Africa – Senegal, The United Republic of Tanzania

3922: 763: 4789: 3716: 3508: 2810: 2716: 5768: 5682: 5115: 4457: 4425: 4326: 4156:, 2nd edition – September 2002. Published by Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd, page 13 3830: 3689: 3598: 3392:

Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Volume 29, p-p 855-6 and 912.

2780: 2647:

Petit traité de matrilinarité. L'accumulation dans deux sociétés rurales d'Afrique de l'Ouest

2538: 2506: 2388: 2064: 2058: 2037:, Senegalese Lawyer and the first president of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 1994: 1943: 1859: 1303: 1295: 249:

The Serer people have been historically noted as an ethnic group practicing elements of both

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Gamble, David P., & Salmon, Linda K. (with Alhaji Hassan Njie), Gambian Studies No. 17.

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and Njie, and the maternal lineage of Wagadou – members of the royal families from the

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Their own oral traditions recite legends that relate their being part of, or related to the

5080: 4961: 4529: 1928: 1819: 1143: 1073: 223: 4067:

New perspectives on Islam in Senegal: conversion, migration, wealth, power, and femininity

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Becker, Charles, "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer"

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p54. Published by: Centre d'études linguistiques et historiques par tradition orale (1996)

2025:

late Senegambian historian, politician and colonial-era advocate for Gambia's independence

1990: 701:

and Baol that ruled after 1549 following the Battle of Danki were originally Black Moors (

375:

The Gambia: 88,316.45 (2019-2020 estimates, 3.5% of total population according to Gambia)

322:, particularly in the west-central part of the country, running from the southern edge of 310:

An ethnic map of Senegal in 1853, drawn by the French. The Serer people region is marked "

8: 5065: 4534: 4265: 3994:, Éthiopiques, numéro 31 révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine 3 trimestre (1982) 3753:. The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa, p141. 3750: 3475:

Primo volume delle nauigationi et viaggi nel qual si contiene la descrittione dell'Africa

1383: 1184: 5060: 4025:, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. (Ethnologue.com – 2006 and 2007). 2896: 2888: 1979: 4624: 1251:

of a particular family and are used during weddings, naming ceremonies, funerals etc.

5742: 5621: 5571: 5448: 5411: 5259: 5000: 4697: 4472: 4334: 4317: 4256: 4248: 4234: 4220: 4206: 4178: 4164: 4133: 4084: 4070: 3823: 3807: 3770: 3754: 3722: 3695: 3668: 3645: 3604: 3574: 3544: 3514: 3417: 3397: 3377: 3353: 3330: 3241: 3218: 3186: 3100: 3076: 2900: 2848: 2816: 2786: 2722: 2686: 2667: 2593: 2556: 2544: 2512: 2472: 2445: 2394: 2272: 2082: 2052: 1778: 1407: 1315: 1236: 1171:, which is one of the oldest techniques and totally different from modern wrestling. 1026:

belonging to the nobles. The social status of the slave has been inherited by birth.

929: 918: 709:, these two kingdoms were ruled by the Serer people with the patrilineages "Joof" or 653: 629: 577: 550: 407: 387: 189: 42: 4364:

Portions of this article were translated from the French language Knowledge article

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Russell G. Schuh, "The Use and Misuse of Language in the Study of African History",

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has a purpose and is used for different occasions. Individual motifs represent the

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was originally an old Serer Kingdom ruled by the Serer paternal dynasties, such as

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word seereer meaning sahir magician or one who practices magic (an allusion to the

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Leaders of Senegambia Region, Reactions To European Infiltration 19th–20th Century

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Desert frontier: ecological and economic change along the Western Sahel, 1600–1850

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when Islam first came across the Sahara." Over generations these people, possibly

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areas (now part of modern-day independent Senegal). The Serer people include the

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The Wolof Epic: From Spoken Word to Written Text. "The Epic of Ndiadiane Ndiaye"

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The Gambia and Its People: Ethnic Identities and Cultural Integration in Africa,

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The Gambia and its People: Ethnic Identities and cultural integration in Africa,

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Triangle southwest of and near Thiès (between Diamniadio, Popenguine, and Thiès)

5737: 5727: 5722: 5598: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5438: 5341: 5331: 5326: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4799: 4569: 4347:. p. 32, Third Edition. Sunrise Publishers Ltd – The Gambia (2003). 3462: 3233: 2590:

Médecine traditionnelle religion et divination chez les Seereer Sine du Senegal

2244: 2130: 2118: 2088: 2070: 1837: 1749: 1718: 1687: 1581: 1535: 1531: 1512: 1504: 1480: 1470: 1423: 1379: 1244: 1155: 1084: 1029: 983: 956: 857: 797: 790: 733: 714: 499:

word meaning separation, divorce, or break, again referring to rejecting Islam.

463: 427: 265: 254: 250: 207: 165: 139: 131: 5630: 5464: 4379:

Moving from Teaching African Customary Laws to Teaching African Indigenous Law

2884: 1441:

for example between the children of a paternal aunt and a maternal uncle) and

5762: 5712: 5551: 5511: 5386: 5336: 5321: 4981: 4876: 4871: 4774: 4739: 4043: 2438:

Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick,

2258: 2146: 2124: 2112: 2028: 2004: 1656: 1621: 1527: 1438: 1240: 1188: 528: 238: 2782:

Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick

2540:

Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick

2034: 998:) caste were among the lower echelons of society is a matter of debate. The 426:(sometimes known as "Laa", "La" or "Lâ" or just "Serer"). Each group speaks 5747: 5603: 5591: 5586: 5566: 5453: 5431: 5426: 5406: 5396: 5346: 5279: 5264: 5193: 4951: 4734: 4492: 4487: 4467: 4231:

Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)

3714: 3506: 3490: 2211: 2046: 1228: 1192: 1019: 1003: 925: 902: 801: 746:('the way of the Divine'). It believes in a universal Supreme Deity called 718: 663: 589: 573: 566: 558: 554: 423: 419: 411: 306: 243: 220: 193: 181: 161: 2653:, O.R.S.T.O.M. Fonds Documentaire (1988), pp 1, 2–4 (pp 272–4), 7 (p 277) 2346: 5692: 5541: 5531: 5443: 5376: 5361: 5351: 5254: 5249: 5188: 5163: 5158: 5110: 5100: 4687: 3797:

Ali Colleen Neff. Tassou: the Ancient Spoken Word of African Women. 2010.

3466: 2673: 2651:

Matrilineages, Economic Groups and Differentiation in West Africa: A Note

2649:, Cahiers ORSTOM, série Sciences Humaines 4 (1985) Gastellu, Jean-Marc, 2141: 2106: 2010: 1966: 1815: 1811: 1610: 1484: 1430: 1419: 1415: 1367: 1343: 1163: 1007: 853: 841: 683: 458:

views it as possibly pre-Islamic and suggests four possible derivations:

346: 185: 4161:

African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century

3880:

According to both Serer and Jola tradition, they trace their descend to

3177: 3175: 372:

Senegal: 2,941,545.6 million (2023 estimates) (16% of total population)

5687: 5581: 5506: 5421: 4702: 4682: 4482: 4352: 3917: 3471:

A general history of voyages and travels to the end of the 18th century

3117:

Peoples and empires of Senegambia: Senegambia in history, AD 1000–1900,

3059: 3000: 2629:

Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer

2413: 2094: 1998: 1865: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1782: 1516: 1458: 1331: 1284: 1200: 1196: 1127: 1057: 940: 861: 820: 597: 588:

into the region. According to Serer oral history, a Serer bowman named

581: 435: 399: 395: 365: 327: 231: 115: 95: 4069:. Published by: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009. the University of Michigan. 2892: 2871:

Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".

901:. This view is supported by Senegalese historians and writers such as 4391: 4217:

The Indian Sub-continent, south-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim West

4130:

All Africa: All its political entities of independent or other status

3329:

Volume 17, p63. 2nd Edition. Published by: Marshall Cavendish, 2009.

3172: 2016: 1288: 1254: 1248: 804:

in the 19th century. They were a target of the 1861 jihad led by the

779: 767: 562: 4219:. Volume 2, Part 1. Published by: Cambridge University Press. 1977. 4095:

People of the Gambia. I. The Wolof with notes on the Serer and Lebou

1172: 446: 5105: 4754: 4712: 4614: 4579: 4411: 2641: 2639: 1492: 1339: 1116: 1096: 1072:

Serer wrestling. Rituals and regalia based on Serer tradition. See

886: 849: 775: 593: 3481:, ou lhes são visinhas, Published by Typ. da Academia, 1812, p. 51 1969:, second president of Senegal and former secretary general of the 1939: 1892: 1606: 721:(proper "Wagadou Empire") who married into the Serer aristocracy. 334: 5697: 5677: 5173: 4657: 4564: 4554: 4406: 3288:

L’Education traditionnelle à travers les chants et poèmes sereer,

3029:"La Religiosité des Sereer, avant et pendant leur Islamisation". 2218: 1984: 1903: 1648: 1539: 1488: 1068: 1041: 978:, or free peasants who lacked the power of the nobles. Below the 816: 759: 691: 519:

Other historians such as R. G. Schuh have refuted Diop's thesis.

319: 76: 2958: 2636: 1848: 5672: 5223: 5218: 5168: 4936: 4759: 4744: 4677: 4652: 4559: 4417: 4401: 2623: 2621: 2569: 1854: 1500: 1272: 1100: 1092: 898: 687: 535: 485: 361: 269: 261: 227: 4392:

Ethnolyrical. Tassou: The Ancient Spoken Word of African Women

4147:

The Use and Misuse of language in the study of African history

2504: 754:). The Cangin-language speakers refer to the supreme being as 341:

and north west of ancient Thiès. The Serer-Njeghen occupy old

5153: 4946: 4941: 4707: 3822:

Connolly, Sean,"Senegal", Bradt Travel Guides (2015), p. 26,

2928:

La Religiosité des Sereer, Avant et Pendant Leur Islamisation

2750:, (trans: Harold Salemson), Chicago Review Press, 1988, p. 65 2387:

Claire L. Adida; David D. Laitin; Marie-Anne Valfort (2016).

1908: 1898: 1888: 1832: 1496: 1446: 1355: 1327: 1299: 1267: 1224: 1136: 1108: 1011: 890: 879: 710: 698: 675: 671: 585: 565:

movement. They migrated south where they intermixed with the

471: 338: 323: 157: 4192:. Volume 10. Published by: Cambridge University Press. 1969 3414:

A Modern Economic History of Africa: The nineteenth century,

3290:

Dakar: Université de Dakar, 1983, 344 p. (Thèse de 3e cycle)

2618: 2584: 2582: 2390:

Why Muslim Integration Fails in Christian-Heritage Societies

2347:

National Population Commission Secretariat (30 April 2005).

885:

The mainstream view has been that the Mandinka (or Malinka)

337:

in modern-day Senegal. The Serer-Ndut are found in southern

5183: 5178: 4749: 4692: 4629: 4619: 4594: 3661:

Nevins, Debbie; Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth (15 July 2018).

2492:, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004 p. 51 1947: 1923: 1912: 1882: 1842: 1828: 1292: 812: 747: 737: 706: 603: 382:

The Serer (also known as "Seex" or "Sine-Sine") occupy the

353: 342: 260:

In the 20th century, most of the Serer converted to Islam (

4396: 3691:

Reproduction and Social Organization in Sub-Saharan Africa

3444: 3442: 2831:, and Pulaar-speaking Toucouleur are all caste societies." 2592:, La connaissance de la nuit, L'Harmattan (1997), p. 299, 2349:"2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution" 576:

was sacked as certain kingdoms gained their independence,

3990:

Niang, Mor Sadio, "CEREMONIES ET FÊTES TRADITIONNELLES",

2579: 2304:

CIA World Factbook, Senegal (2023 estimates) - archive

1311: 4081:

History of Senegal: Islamo-Wolof model and its outskirts

4048:

Sénégal : Marième Faye Sall, nouvelle première dame

3793: 3791: 3715:

J. D. Fage; Richard Gray; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975).

3570:

Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914

3540:

Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914

3507:

J. D. Fage; Richard Gray; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975).

3200: 3198: 2844:

Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914

1361: 553:

in the Senegal River valley area. Serer people resisted

4345:

Ethnic Groups of The Senegambia Region, A Brief History

3888:(variantes : Ougeney, Eugeny, Eugene, etc.). For 3439: 3434:

Market Liberalization as a Catalyst for Ethnic Conflict

2993:

Ethnic Groups of The Senegambia Region. A Brief History

2812:

Urban Poverty and Party Populism in African Democracies

2764:

Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914

2758: 2756: 1479:

Most people who identify themselves as Serer speak the

694:

maternal dynasty prior to the Battle of Danki in 1549.

2607: 2605: 4316:. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ – London (1981) 3788: 3195: 2663: 2661: 1350:(Bissik). Apart from spying for the Serer Kings, the 1334:

who came to settle in the Serer kingdoms such as the

318:

The Serer people are primarily found in contemporary

3095:

Roland Oliver, John Donnelly Fage, G. N. Sanderson.

2995:. p32. Sunrise Publishers Ltd. Third Edition, 2003. 2778: 2753: 2718:

The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary

2536: 2234: 1002:, who was the most important person after the king ( 932:

introduced the caste system among the Serer people.

242:

and have been known for their farming expertise and

2602: 1306:) was proficient in the "Tassu". She was the best 511:means "he who traces the temple." Diop continued: 402:(sometimes spelt "Serer-None", "Serer-Non" or just 4333:. Sunrise Publishers Ltd – The Gambia (1995) 3986:For more on Serer religious festivals, see : 3694:. University of California Press. pp. 46–47. 3465:sentiments have both been propelled by none-Serer 3011:Ethnologue.com. Languages of Senegal. 2007 figures 2804: 2802: 2774: 2772: 2714: 2658: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2382: 2380: 2097:, Senegalese-born Italian social media personality 874:Kingdom of Sine § Political structure of Sine 4407:Seereer Resource Centre and Seereer Radio Podcast 4198:, Volumes 17–18. Published by: Plenum Press, 2000 3687: 3256:Clark, Andrew F., & Philips, Lucie Colvin, 1534:, which are not closely related to Serer proper ( 5760: 4302:. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2004 3721:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 289–290. 3513:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–284. 3500: 2808: 2427:on behalf of the International African Institute 1414:The Serers also maintain the same bond with the 470:meaning 'misplaced', i.e. doubting the truth of 301: 5660: 5494: 4357:Clark, Andrew F., & Philips, Lucie Colvin, 4233:. Volume 2. Published by: Facts on File. 2001. 3884:(also spelt : Jambonge, Jambon, etc.) and 3592: 3590: 3566: 3536: 2987: 2985: 2840: 2799: 2769: 2525: 2377: 4309:, 1847–1914, Edinburgh University Press (1968) 4270:Ethnic Diversity and Integration in the Gambia 3603:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 63–65. 3596: 3352:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–70. 3345: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2785:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–74. 2543:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–55. 1971:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie 1963:, first president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980 1433:people also refer to this joking relations as 913:, this would explain why none of the kings of 454:The meaning of the word "Serer" is uncertain. 5646: 5480: 5295: 4433: 3660: 3638:Islam and Imperialism in Senegal, Sine-Saloum 1791:1,154,760 (Senegal – 2006 figures); 31,900 ( 1302:of the late and former president of Senegal ( 5309: 4307:Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum 4283:17 (1) 1–27. Cambridge University Press 2010 3587: 3573:. Stanford University Press. pp. 8–11. 3070: 2982: 2866: 2864: 2847:. Stanford University Press. pp. 7–11. 2762:See Godfrey Mwakikagile in Martin A. Klein. 2393:. Harvard University Press. pp. 33–34. 2342: 2340: 2330: 2328: 2031:, Gambian lawyer and champion of free speech 106: 4188:Oliver, Roland Anthony, & Fage, J. D., 4177:. Page 84. Markus Wiener Publishers. 2003. 4163:. Page 91–92. Published by ABC-CLIO. 2010. 3543:. Stanford University Press. pp. 7–8. 3303:Dakar: Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1990) 2912: 2815:. Cambridge University Press. p. 165. 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2505:Elizabeth Berg; Ruth Wan; Ruth Lau (2009). 2407: 1412:"Tukulor are a mixture of Fulani and Serer" 1410:are related – according to Wiliam J. foltz 1321: 481:meaning "to find something hidden or lost." 280:The Serer people are also referred to as: 5653: 5639: 5487: 5473: 5302: 5288: 4440: 4426: 3562: 3560: 3269:See Diouf, Niokhobaye, list of kings from 3167:Rulers of Sine and Saloum, 1825 to present 2879:(2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250. 2870: 2766:, Edinburgh at the University Press (1968) 2019:, Senegalese film director and ethnologist 705:). Prior to the Faal dynasty of Cayor and 561:from possibly the 11th century during the 333:The Serer-Noon occupy the ancient area of 41: 4205:, Volume 1. Published by: Longman, 1985. 4201:Ajayi, J. F. Ade & Crowder, Michael, 3532: 3530: 3450:La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin 2967: 2965: 2861: 2500: 2498: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2337: 2325: 1978:, the first African elected to office in 742:The Serer traditional religion is called 697:The Faal (var: Fall) paternal dynasty of 5016:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof 4021:Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: 3452:, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1987, p 69 3240:p 82, Cambridge University Press, 1998, 3238:Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 3099:p214. Cambridge University Press, 1985. 3073:African Households: Censuses And Surveys 2697: 2316: 2314: 2312: 1950:) etc... are all typical Serer surnames. 1253: 1126: 1067: 867: 602: 445: 305: 86: 5031:Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof 4125:. Publisher by Government Printer, 1982 3557: 3217:, p 31, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1995, 2975:. Archaeological Dialogues 17(1) 1–27. 2949: 2947: 2945: 2742: 2740: 2738: 1954: 1122: 844:Fula, a practice that continues today. 613:Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof 14: 5761: 5121:The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof 5026:Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh 5011:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof 5006:Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof 4065:Diouf, Mamadou & Leichtman, Mara, 3527: 2962: 2495: 2477: 852:, with strict guidelines. Apart from 815:Muslim Brotherhoods, particularly the 5634: 5468: 5283: 4421: 4247:. Published by: Lonely Planet. 2009. 4114:Berg, Elizabeth L., & Wan, Ruth, 3416:p110. East African Publishers, 1997. 3139: 2672:Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée 2574:Natural resources research, Volume 16 2309: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2049:, Senegalese historian and politician 2043:, Senegalese historian and theologian 1744:114,000 (Senegal figures only (2007) 1710:West central, west southwest of Thiès 1616:12,000 (Senegal figures only) (2007) 1406:. This is because the Serers and the 1362:Joking relationship (Maasir or Kalir) 1318:, uses "Tassu" in many of his songs. 1227:(drum) tradition associated with the 1079:The Serer's favourite food is called 450:A 21-year-old Serer rifleman in 1881. 264:), but some are Christians or follow 5131:The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof 3667:. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. 3448:Diouf, Babacar Sédikh Ngom, Biram, 2942: 2735: 2157: 1713:10,700 (Senegal figures only (2007) 1682:32,900 (Senegal figures only (2007) 81:2,941,545.6 million (2023 estimates) 63:Regions with significant populations 3119:p17. Saul's Modern Printshop (1991) 2365:from the original on 3 January 2018 1609:, Pambal area, Mbaraglov, Dougnan; 1260:Toronto International Film Festival 1191:in wrestling matches as well as in 619: 237:The Serer people originated in the 24: 4083:. Maisonneuve & Larose. 2001. 3967: 3185:, Scarecrow Press, 1981, pp 52–71 2955:Seereer Lamans and the Lamanic Era 2511:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 63. 2293: 2227:Yandé Codou, la griotte de Senghor 1805: 1573:Areas they are predominantly found 1522:About 200,000 Serer speak various 1464: 1131:Senegalese wrestling match at the 1091:or cream and sugar as a breakfast 25: 5805: 5126:The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof 4372: 4196:The African archaeological review 4152:Burke, Andrew & Else, David, 2055:, former Vice-president of Gambia 1394:(a deformation of the Serer word 1040:, in Seereer) or sanctified as a 643: 275: 5615: 4447: 4359:Historical Dictionary of Senegal 4314:Historical Dictionary of Senegal 4050:, 26 March 2012 by Rémi Carayol 3890:the legend of Jambooñ and Agaire 3600:Beyond Ethnic Politics in Africa 3349:Beyond Ethnic Politics in Africa 3301:La civilisation Sereer, Pangool, 3258:Historical Dictionary of Senegal 3183:Historical dictionary of Senegal 3097:The Cambridge History of Africa, 2677:, KARTHALA Editions (1994). For 2423:, Vol. 63, No. 1 (1993), p. 95, 2265: 2251: 2237: 1997:(as of 2020); wife of President 1824:Some common Serer surnames are: 1644:West central, northwest of Thiès 1570:% Similarity with Lehar (Laalaa) 1453:derives from the old Serer word 477:From the Serer Wolof expression 144:French (Senegal and Mauritania), 108: 88: 69: 47:Serer cultural vigil in Senegal. 5774:Ethnoreligious groups in Africa 4059: 4037: 4028: 4015: 4006: 3980: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3845: 3834: 3816: 3800: 3779: 3763: 3744: 3735: 3718:The Cambridge History of Africa 3708: 3681: 3654: 3630: 3617: 3510:The Cambridge History of Africa 3484: 3455: 3426: 3406: 3386: 3366: 3339: 3327:Senegal. Cultures of the World. 3319: 3306: 3293: 3280: 3263: 3250: 3227: 3207: 3159: 3150: 3122: 3109: 3089: 3064: 3052: 3039: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2834: 2562: 2420:International African Institute 2067:, Senegalese griot and musician 1314:". The Senegalese music legend 1095:or prepared just as a standard 101:88,316.45 (2019-2020 estimates) 4785:Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune 4780:States headed by Serer Lamanes 4053:(retrieved on 8 February 2020) 3071:Van de Walle, Étienne (2006). 2873:The Journal of African History 2466: 2454: 2430: 2358:. The Republic of The Gambia. 1613:area. Also found in the Gambia 615:. Reign : c. 1825 – 1853. 438:Serer historians or scholars. 13: 1: 4368:, 2008-07-08 and August 2011. 2953:The Seereer Resource Centre, 2779:Leonardo A. Villalón (2006). 2537:Leonardo A. Villalón (2006). 2191:List of presidents of Senegal 2174:List of African ethnic groups 2023:Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof 860:, boat building, etc.), some 831: 542:Niakhar met another group of 302:Demographics and distribution 5076:Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof 4993:(ancient kings / landowners) 3325:Elizabeth L Berg, Ruth Wan. 2631:, Dakar (1993), CNRS-ORSTOM 2613:Grammaire de la langue Serer 2568:Natural Resources Research, 2061:, fifth president of Senegal 1555:% Similarity with Serer-Sine 1045:G. Richard who posits that: 764:ancestral spirits and saints 7: 5789:Ethnic groups in Mauritania 5784:Ethnic groups in the Gambia 5662:Ethnic groups in Mauritania 5496:Ethnic groups in the Gambia 4397:The Seereer Resource Centre 4295:. Pages 14–15. UNESCO. 1974 4118:. Marshall Cavendish. 2009. 3901:"Le Siin avant les Gelwaar" 3165:See Sarr; Bâ, also: Klein: 3075:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 80. 2715:James Stuart Olson (1996). 2356:Gambia Bureau of Statistics 2152: 1795:– 2006 figures) and 3,500 ( 784:history of the Serer people 727: 441: 58:Over 3 million (as of 2023) 10: 5810: 5052:Queens & Queen Mothers 4190:Journal of African History 3688:Ron J. Lesthaeghe (1989). 3644:(1968), pp 12, 46, 102–3, 3642:Edinburgh University Press 3134:et les traditions Sérères, 2977:Cambridge University Press 2721:. Greenwood. p. 516. 2442:Cambridge University Press 2425:Cambridge University Press 1809: 1468: 1231:originated from the Serer 1158:originated from the Serer 1063: 871: 826: 731: 647: 526: 522: 266:their traditional religion 5668: 5612: 5502: 5317: 5243: 5236: 5139: 5089: 5049: 5021:Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof 4979: 4970: 4904: 4850: 4817: 4808: 4795:Timeline of Serer history 4725: 4666: 4638: 4603: 4515: 4506: 4456: 4388:. By Dr Fatou. K. Camara 4312:Colvin, Lucie Gallistel, 3312:See Godfrey Mwakikagile. 3275:Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof 3145: 2885:10.1017/s0021853700025718 2809:Danielle Resnick (2013). 1851:(var : Sene or Sain) 1326:In the pre-colonial era, 1099:. The Serer traditional 634:Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof 180: 175: 155: 150: 130: 125: 105: 85: 67: 62: 57: 52: 40: 27:West African ethnic group 5779:Ethnic groups in Senegal 5311:Ethnic groups in Senegal 4530:Classical Ndut teachings 4343:Sonko Godwin, Patience, 4298:Galvan, Dennis Charles, 4281:Archaeological Dialogues 4154:The Gambia & Senegal 4000:24 December 2013 at the 3567:Martin A. Klein (1968). 3537:Martin A. Klein (1968). 3181:Phillips, Lucie Colvin, 3156:See Martin Klein p 62-93 2841:Martin A. Klein (1968). 2748:Precolonial Black Africa 2488:Galvan, Dennis Charles, 2416:, Leonardo A. Villalón, 2287: 2169:Ethnic groups in Senegal 1511:. That resulted in the 1322:Serer relations to Moors 1206: 909:. With the exception of 4361:. Second Edition (1994) 4175:The golden age of Islam 4132:. Hasting House, 1970. 3907:29 October 2013 at the 3625:Histoire du Sine-Saloum 3597:Dominika Koter (2016). 3495:Histoire du Sine-Saloum 3394:Encyclopædia Britannica 3346:Dominika Koter (2016). 3271:Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali 3260:. Second Edition (1994) 3061:. Accessed 5 Aug. 2024. 3049:, 1997, 25(1), p. 36-81 2991:Patience Sonko-Godwin. 2971:Richard, François G., 2576:, Unesco (1979), p. 265 2436:Villalón, Leonardo A., 2186:Demographics of Senegal 2133:, Senegalese footballer 2127:, Senegalese footballer 2121:, Senegalese footballer 2115:, Senegalese politician 2109:, Senegalese footballer 2103:, Senegalese footballer 2091:, Senegalese footballer 2079:, Senegalese footballer 2073:, Senegalese footballer 2007:, Senegalese footballer 1987:, Senegalese footballer 1781:River valleys. Also in 1752:(not a Cangin language) 1605:West central, north of 1567:% Similarity with Palor 1561:% Similarity with Saafi 5041:Maad Semou Njekeh Joof 5036:Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof 4412:Seereer Heritage Press 4384:5 October 2011 at the 4327:Sonko Godwin, Patience 4275:Richard, François G., 4203:History of West Africa 4023:Languages of the World 1564:% Similarity with Ndut 1558:% Similarity with Noon 1262: 1215: 1140: 1076: 616: 517: 451: 315: 5622:The Gambia portal 5116:Joos Maternal Dynasty 4159:Nanjira, Daniel Don, 4123:Stories of Senegambia 3372:Godfrey Mwakikagile. 3132:Léopold Sédar Senghor 3128:Marcel Mahawa Diouf. 2645:Gastellu, Jean-Marc, 2085:, Senegalese wrestler 2059:Bassirou Diomaye Faye 1995:First Lady of Senegal 1961:Léopold Sedar Senghor 1576:Estimated population 1354:main job was to be a 1304:Leopold Sedar Senghor 1257: 1211: 1130: 1071: 895:anti-Serer sentiments 868:Social stratification 690:family, etc. and the 606: 513: 449: 309: 176:Related ethnic groups 5081:Serer maternal clans 4266:Mwakikagile, Godfrey 4215:Peter Malcolm Holt, 3741:Klein (1968), p. 165 3461:Anti Serer and anti- 2936:3 March 2016 at the 1955:Notable Serer people 1820:Serer maternal clans 1785:and small number in 1651:figures only (2007) 1483:. This is spoken in 1189:music accompaniments 1167:techniques like the 1144:Senegalese wrestling 1123:Wrestling and sports 1074:Senegalese wrestling 907:Babacar Sédikh Diouf 596:movement to convert 490:traditional religion 224:ethnoreligious group 5794:Fishing communities 5071:Lingeer Ngoné Dièye 5066:Lingeer Ndoye Demba 4790:Battle of Logandème 4755:Kingdom of Biffeche 4145:Schuh, Russell G., 4121:Mahoney, Florence, 4097:San Francisco 1985. 4012:Martin A, Klein, p7 3916:Taal, Ebou Momar, " 3751:Godfrey Mwakikagile 3213:Webb, James L. A., 2163:Other ethnic groups 2013:, Senegalese author 1750:Serer-Sine language 1538:). There are clear 1536:Serer-Sine language 1390:, which comes from 1384:Joking relationship 1258:N'Dour at the 2008 1185:musical instruments 37: 5061:Lingeer Fatim Beye 4414:(publishing house) 4305:Klein, Martin A., 4173:Lombard, Maurice, 4103:Taal, Ebou Momar, 3957:Variations : 2668:Dupire, Marguerite 2321:CIA World Fackbook 1980:French West Africa 1263: 1235:and spread to the 1141: 1077: 990:The view that the 930:Toucouleur peoples 624:The last kings of 617: 452: 316: 156:Senegal 2002: 90% 35: 5756: 5755: 5628: 5627: 5462: 5461: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5260:Toucouleur people 5232: 5231: 5001:Lamane Jegan Joof 4900: 4899: 4760:kingdom of Saloum 4721: 4720: 4698:Point of Sangomar 4261:978-1-74104-821-6 4229:Page, Willie F., 3728:978-0-521-20413-2 3701:978-0-520-06363-1 3674:978-1-5026-3642-3 3636:Klein, Martin A. 3610:978-1-316-77290-4 3580:978-0-8047-0621-6 3550:978-0-8047-0621-6 3520:978-0-521-20413-2 3359:978-1-316-77290-4 2854:978-0-8047-0621-6 2822:978-1-107-65723-6 2792:978-0-521-03232-2 2728:978-0-313-27918-8 2627:Becker, Charles: 2550:978-0-521-03232-2 2518:978-0-7614-4481-7 2400:978-0-674-50492-9 2284: 2283: 2273:Mauritania portal 2053:Isatou Njie-Saidy 1991:Marième Faye Sall 1936:Charreh or Thiare 1803: 1802: 1552:and Serer proper 1279:traditions (also 1237:Kingdom of Saloum 1139:. Serer tradition 1107:. It is normally 905:, Biram Ngom and 654:Kingdom of Saloum 578:Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar 551:Toucouleur people 378:Mauritania: 3,500 326:to the border of 314:" (left, center). 199: 198: 190:Toucouleur people 16:(Redirected from 5801: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5241: 5240: 4977: 4976: 4815: 4814: 4770:Serer prehistory 4513: 4512: 4442: 4435: 4428: 4419: 4418: 4079:Diouf, Mamadou, 4054: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4004: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3915: 3897: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3820: 3814: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3767: 3761: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3658: 3652: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3594: 3585: 3584: 3564: 3555: 3554: 3534: 3525: 3524: 3504: 3498: 3488: 3482: 3459: 3453: 3446: 3437: 3430: 3424: 3412:Tiyambe Zeleza. 3410: 3404: 3390: 3384: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3343: 3337: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3304: 3299:Henry Gravrand, 3297: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3267: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3231: 3225: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3193: 3179: 3170: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3146:Ibn Abi Zar, p89 3143: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3113: 3107: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3003: 2989: 2980: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2940: 2924:Thiaw, Issa Laye 2921: 2910: 2904: 2868: 2859: 2858: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2776: 2767: 2760: 2751: 2744: 2733: 2732: 2712: 2695: 2665: 2656: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2611:Lamoise, LE P., 2609: 2600: 2586: 2577: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2534: 2523: 2522: 2502: 2493: 2486: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2434: 2428: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2384: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2364: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2332: 2323: 2318: 2307: 2302: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2158: 2077:Mame Biram Diouf 2065:Yandé Codou Sène 1550:Cangin languages 1546: 1545: 1524:Cangin languages 1509:Cangin languages 1475:Cangin languages 1296:Yandé Codou Sène 1219: 1218:Ali Colleen Neff 1133:stade Demba Diop 1016:bur kuvel/guewel 937:Mandinka peoples 899:Serer patriclans 838:animal husbandry 772:rites of passage 620:Last Serer kings 580:, leader of the 505:Cheikh Anta Diop 166:Serer religion ( 146:English (Gambia) 136:Cangin languages 118: 114: 112: 111: 98: 94: 92: 91: 75: 73: 72: 53:Total population 45: 38: 34: 21: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5752: 5664: 5659: 5629: 5624: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5498: 5493: 5463: 5458: 5313: 5308: 5278: 5269: 5228: 5147: 5145: 5135: 5094: 5092: 5085: 5054: 5045: 4994: 4989: 4966: 4917:Chere (or saay) 4896: 4846: 4804: 4765:Kingdom of Sine 4750:Kingdom of Baol 4717: 4662: 4634: 4625:Kopé Tiatie Cac 4605:Supreme deities 4599: 4502: 4452: 4446: 4386:Wayback Machine 4375: 4128:Daggs, Elisa . 4062: 4057: 4042: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4002:Wayback Machine 3987: 3985: 3981: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3934: 3913: 3909:Wayback Machine 3895: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3835: 3821: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3784: 3780: 3768: 3764: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3736: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3686: 3682: 3675: 3659: 3655: 3635: 3631: 3623:Sarr, Alioune, 3622: 3618: 3611: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3565: 3558: 3551: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3505: 3501: 3489: 3485: 3463:Serer religious 3460: 3456: 3447: 3440: 3432:Dennis Galvan. 3431: 3427: 3411: 3407: 3391: 3387: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3344: 3340: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3298: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3268: 3264: 3255: 3251: 3234:Barry, Boubacar 3232: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3180: 3173: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3140: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3110: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3035:Issa Laye Thiaw 3028: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 2990: 2983: 2970: 2963: 2952: 2943: 2938:Wayback Machine 2922: 2913: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2839: 2835: 2823: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2777: 2770: 2761: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2729: 2713: 2698: 2666: 2659: 2644: 2637: 2626: 2619: 2610: 2603: 2588:Kalis, Simone, 2587: 2580: 2567: 2563: 2551: 2535: 2526: 2519: 2503: 2496: 2487: 2478: 2471: 2467: 2463:, CIA Factsheet 2459: 2455: 2435: 2431: 2418:Journal of the 2412: 2408: 2401: 2385: 2378: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2351: 2345: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2310: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2236: 2199: 2155: 2041:Issa Laye Thiaw 1976:Ngalandou Diouf 1957: 1822: 1808: 1806:Serer patronyms 1507:as well as the 1477: 1469:Main articles: 1467: 1465:Serer languages 1364: 1336:Kingdom of Sine 1324: 1271:(progenitor of 1233:Kingdom of Sine 1221: 1217: 1209: 1160:Kingdom of Sine 1125: 1081:Chere (or saay) 1066: 1060:and N'Dieghem. 963:) or paternal ( 945:Martin A. Klein 876: 870: 834: 829: 791:Serer spiritual 740: 732:Main articles: 730: 680:Kingdom of Baol 660: 658:Kingdom of Baol 650:Kingdom of Sine 648:Main articles: 646: 622: 531: 525: 462:From the Serer 456:Issa Laye Thiaw 444: 432:Cangin language 304: 278: 246:stock-raising. 145: 143: 109: 107: 89: 87: 70: 68: 48: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5807: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5635: 5626: 5625: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5492: 5491: 5484: 5477: 5469: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5307: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5284: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5237:Related people 5234: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5057: 5055: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4995: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4800:Western Sahara 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4445: 4444: 4437: 4430: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4374: 4373:External links 4371: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4341: 4324: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4273: 4263: 4243:Ham, Anthony, 4241: 4227: 4213: 4199: 4193: 4186: 4171: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4140: 4126: 4119: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4091: 4077: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4036: 4027: 4014: 4005: 3979: 3966: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3911: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3844: 3833: 3815: 3799: 3787: 3778: 3762: 3743: 3734: 3727: 3707: 3700: 3680: 3673: 3653: 3629: 3616: 3609: 3586: 3579: 3556: 3549: 3526: 3519: 3499: 3483: 3454: 3438: 3425: 3405: 3385: 3365: 3358: 3338: 3318: 3305: 3292: 3279: 3262: 3249: 3226: 3206: 3194: 3171: 3158: 3149: 3138: 3130:Lances mâles: 3121: 3108: 3088: 3082:978-0765616197 3081: 3063: 3051: 3038: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2981: 2961: 2941: 2911: 2860: 2853: 2833: 2821: 2798: 2791: 2768: 2752: 2734: 2727: 2696: 2657: 2635: 2617: 2601: 2578: 2561: 2549: 2524: 2517: 2494: 2476: 2474:Ethnologue.com 2465: 2453: 2429: 2406: 2399: 2376: 2336: 2324: 2308: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2262: 2248: 2245:Senegal portal 2232: 2231: 2230: 2223: 2222:(Serer-themed) 2215: 2201: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2188: 2177: 2176: 2171: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2131:Abdoulaye Faye 2128: 2122: 2119:Moustapha Name 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2089:El Hadji Diouf 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1988: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1937: 1934: 1933:Chorr or Thior 1931: 1926: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1863: 1857: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1835: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799:2006 figures) 1789: 1773:West central; 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1719:Saafi language 1715: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1688:Palor language 1684: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582:Lehar language 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1513:Wolof language 1505:Serer language 1481:Serer language 1471:Serer language 1466: 1463: 1445:(used between 1437:(used between 1380:Serer language 1363: 1360: 1323: 1320: 1316:Youssou N'Dour 1210: 1208: 1205: 1187:) are used as 1124: 1121: 1089:fermented milk 1085:Serer language 1065: 1062: 1054: 1053: 1030:Serer religion 984:oral tradition 869: 866: 858:Serer-Niominka 833: 830: 828: 825: 734:Serer religion 729: 726: 678:and Baol. The 664:Wolof kingdoms 645: 644:Serer kingdoms 642: 621: 618: 527:Main article: 524: 521: 501: 500: 493: 482: 475: 443: 440: 416:Serer-Niominka 380: 379: 376: 373: 303: 300: 299: 298: 295: 294:French: Sérère 292: 284:Serer proper: 277: 276:Other spelling 274: 255:patrilineality 251:matrilineality 197: 196: 178: 177: 173: 172: 153: 152: 148: 147: 128: 127: 123: 122: 119: 103: 102: 99: 83: 82: 79: 65: 64: 60: 59: 55: 54: 50: 49: 46: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5806: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5651: 5649: 5644: 5642: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5623: 5611: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 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5056: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4842:Serer country 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4775:Serer history 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Cekeen Tumuli 4738: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639:Other deities 4637: 4631: 4628: 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4204: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4183:1-55876-322-8 4180: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4169:0-313-37982-3 4166: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4138:0-8038-0336-2 4135: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4090: 4089:2-7068-1503-5 4086: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4075:0-230-60648-2 4072: 4068: 4064: 4063: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4044:Jeune Afrique 4040: 4031: 4024: 4018: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3983: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3945: 3936: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3894: 3893: 3892:, see : 3891: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3853: 3848: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3829: 3828:9781841629131 3825: 3819: 3813: 3812:1-59213-420-3 3809: 3803: 3794: 3792: 3782: 3776: 3775:1-59213-420-3 3772: 3766: 3760: 3759:9987-16-023-9 3756: 3752: 3747: 3738: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3711: 3703: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3684: 3676: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3657: 3651: 3650:9780804706216 3647: 3643: 3640:, 1847–1914, 3639: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3563: 3561: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3533: 3531: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3491:Sarr, Alioune 3487: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3451: 3445: 3443: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3422:9966-46-025-X 3419: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3402:0-85229-961-3 3399: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3382:9987-16-023-9 3379: 3375: 3369: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3342: 3336: 3335:0-7614-4481-5 3332: 3328: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3286:Salif Dione, 3283: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3246:0-521-59760-9 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3224: 3223:0-299-14334-1 3220: 3216: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3192: 3191:0-8108-1369-6 3188: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3162: 3153: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3133: 3125: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3105:0-521-22803-4 3102: 3098: 3092: 3084: 3078: 3074: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3017: 3008: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2865: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2837: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2805: 2803: 2794: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2775: 2773: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675: 2669: 2664: 2662: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2622: 2614: 2608: 2606: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2501: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2457: 2451: 2450:9780521032322 2447: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2410: 2402: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2381: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2280: 2274: 2263: 2260: 2259:Gambia portal 2249: 2246: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2148: 2147:Alassane Ndao 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2125:Ousmane Ndong 2123: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113:Oulimata Sarr 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2090: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2029:Bai Modi Joof 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2005:Fallou Diagne 2003: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1657:Noon language 1655: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1622:Ndut language 1620: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1476: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1457:– an ancient 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439:first cousins 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1214: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 985: 981: 977: 973: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 875: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 845: 843: 839: 824: 822: 818: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 796:According to 794: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 739: 735: 725: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 659: 655: 651: 641: 637: 635: 631: 627: 614: 610: 605: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 584:, launched a 583: 579: 575: 570: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 547: 545: 539: 537: 530: 529:Serer history 520: 516: 512: 510: 506: 498: 494: 491: 487: 483: 480: 476: 473: 469: 465: 461: 460: 459: 457: 448: 439: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 377: 374: 371: 370: 369: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 331: 329: 325: 321: 313: 312:Peuple Sérère 308: 296: 293: 291: 287: 283: 282: 281: 273: 271: 267: 263: 258: 256: 252: 247: 245: 240: 239:Senegal River 235: 233: 230:and southern 229: 225: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209: 204: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 174: 171: 169: 163: 159: 154: 149: 141: 137: 133: 129: 124: 120: 117: 104: 100: 97: 84: 80: 78: 66: 61: 56: 51: 44: 39: 30: 19: 5769:Serer people 5732: 5561: 5401: 5265:Wolof people 5194:Maad a Sinig 5146:royal titles 5093:royal houses 4985: 4867:Lehar/Laalaa 4810:Demographics 4735:Amar Godomat 4668:Sacred sites 4448: 4358: 4344: 4330: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4244: 4230: 4216: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4174: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4129: 4122: 4115: 4104: 4094: 4080: 4066: 4060:Bibliography 4047: 4039: 4030: 4022: 4017: 4008: 3982: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3944: 3935: 3921: 3914:(in English) 3900: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3847: 3836: 3818: 3802: 3781: 3765: 3746: 3737: 3717: 3710: 3690: 3683: 3663: 3656: 3637: 3632: 3624: 3619: 3599: 3569: 3539: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3457: 3449: 3433: 3428: 3413: 3408: 3393: 3388: 3373: 3368: 3348: 3341: 3326: 3321: 3313: 3308: 3300: 3295: 3287: 3282: 3265: 3257: 3252: 3237: 3229: 3214: 3209: 3182: 3166: 3161: 3152: 3141: 3129: 3124: 3116: 3115:Dawda Faal. 3111: 3096: 3091: 3072: 3066: 3054: 3046: 3041: 3030: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2992: 2972: 2954: 2927: 2906: 2876: 2872: 2843: 2836: 2828: 2811: 2781: 2763: 2747: 2717: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2650: 2646: 2628: 2612: 2589: 2573: 2564: 2539: 2507: 2489: 2468: 2456: 2437: 2432: 2417: 2409: 2389: 2367:. Retrieved 2355: 2278: 2225: 2217: 2212:Kaddu Beykat 2210: 2204: 2203: 2198: 2179: 2178: 2162: 2161: 2137:Moussa N'Daw 2101:Ismaïla Sarr 2083:Robert Diouf 2047:Alioune Sarr 1946:(var : 1891:(var : 1823: 1521: 1519:of Senegal. 1478: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1434: 1428: 1411: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1375: 1374:(var : 1371: 1365: 1351: 1347: 1325: 1307: 1298:who was the 1280: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1229:Wolof people 1222: 1216: 1212: 1193:circumcision 1180: 1176: 1168: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1112: 1104: 1078: 1055: 1049: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1020:Maad a Sinig 1015: 1004:Maad a Sinig 999: 995: 991: 989: 979: 975: 971: 969: 964: 960: 952: 950: 934: 923: 903:Alioune Sarr 884: 877: 846: 835: 810: 802:Wolof people 795: 788: 755: 751: 750:(var : 743: 741: 723: 719:Ghana Empire 703:Naari Kajoor 702: 696: 661: 638: 623: 590:Amar Godomat 574:Ghana Empire 571: 567:Diola people 559:Wolofization 555:Islamization 548: 540: 532: 518: 514: 508: 502: 478: 467: 453: 424:Serer-Laalaa 412:Serer-Safene 403: 391: 381: 351: 332: 317: 311: 289: 285: 279: 259: 248: 236: 221:West African 216: 212: 208:Serer proper 206: 203:Serer people 202: 200: 194:Lebou people 182:Wolof people 167: 162:Christianity 32:Ethnic group 29: 5255:Lebu people 5250:Jola people 5214:Sene family 5209:Sarr family 5204:Njie family 5199:Ngum family 5189:Maad Saloum 5164:Joof family 5159:Faye family 5111:Joof family 5101:Faye family 4927:Inheritance 4688:Sine-Saloum 4648:Kumba Njaay 4630:Roog (main) 4245:West Africa 3988:(in French) 3974:(in French) 3918:Senegambian 3896:(in French) 3467:Senegambian 3031:Éthiopiques 2674:sereer ndut 2369:29 December 2142:Lamine Ndao 2107:Malang Sarr 2071:M'Baye Leye 2011:Fatou Diome 1967:Abdou Diouf 1816:Faye family 1812:Joof family 1679:Thiès area. 1611:Tambacounda 1485:Sine-Saloum 1431:Senegambian 1416:Jola people 1408:Toucouleurs 1368:West Africa 1344:grave goods 1164:Senegambian 1008:Maad Saloum 862:occupations 854:agriculture 842:pastoralist 798:James Olson 684:Joof family 420:Serer-Palor 347:Tambacounda 244:transhumant 186:Jola people 5763:Categories 5743:Toucouleur 5449:Toucouleur 4832:Mauritania 4703:Tattaguine 4683:Sine River 4516:Key topics 4366:fr:Sérères 4353:B007HFNIHS 4272:. Page 224 3001:B007HFNIHS 2691:2865374874 2598:2738451969 2095:Khaby Lame 2035:Laïty Kama 1999:Macky Sall 1993:– current 1810:See also: 1797:Mauritania 1793:the Gambia 1787:Mauritania 1783:the Gambia 1526:, such as 1517:curriculum 1461:ceremony. 1459:divination 1332:Mauritania 1285:progenitor 1197:Senegalese 1169:"mbapatte" 1103:is called 1058:Serer-Noon 941:Senegambia 911:Maysa Wali 872:See also: 832:Occupation 821:Tijaniyyah 782:; and the 744:a ƭat Roog 666:, such as 600:to Islam. 598:Senegambia 582:Almoravids 572:After the 557:and later 503:Professor 484:From "the 436:Senegalese 408:Serer-Ndut 400:Serer-Noon 396:Serer-Sine 394:(Serer or 366:The Gambia 328:The Gambia 232:Mauritania 168:a ƭat Roog 116:Mauritania 5367:Karoninka 4852:Languages 4818:By region 4585:Symbolism 4545:Festivals 4540:Criticism 4116:"Senegal" 3923:The Point 2901:162509491 2017:Safi Faye 1895:) or Jein 1499:, and in 1370:known as 1289:rap music 1249:genealogy 967:) asset. 961:ƭeen yaay 939:found in 887:Guelowars 823:Tariqas. 793:beliefs. 780:cosmology 768:astronomy 607:Kings of 563:Almoravid 479:seer reer 126:Languages 5723:Reguibat 5718:Mandinka 5708:Jakhanke 5703:Imraguen 5678:Bedouins 5577:Niominka 5557:Mankanya 5547:Mandinka 5537:Jakhanke 5417:Niominka 5392:Mankanya 5382:Mandinka 5372:Konyagui 5357:Jakhanke 5142:Families 5106:Guelowar 4932:Marriage 4713:Yaboyabo 4615:Kokh Kox 4580:Saltigue 4570:Religion 4508:Religion 4478:Niominka 4382:Archived 3998:Archived 3926:, (2010) 3905:Archived 3396:, 2003. 2957:(2015) 2934:Archived 2683:den yaay 2444:(2006), 2360:Archived 2153:See also 1647:38,600 ( 1584:(Laalaa) 1493:Diourbel 1352:Bissit's 1340:vultures 1312:Baay Bia 1308:Tassukat 1201:Gambians 1117:calabash 1097:couscous 850:land law 806:Mandinka 776:medicine 728:Religion 611: : 594:Marabout 544:Mandinka 442:Ethnonym 219:) are a 151:Religion 5738:Soninke 5728:Sahrawi 5698:Haratin 5683:Berbers 5599:Soninke 5527:Biafada 5522:Bassari 5517:Balanta 5439:Soninke 5342:Biafada 5332:Bassari 5327:Balanta 5174:Lingeer 4991:Lamanes 4972:Royalty 4905:Culture 4837:Senegal 4727:History 4658:Tiurakh 4565:Pangool 4555:Junjung 4550:Jaaniiw 4458:Peoples 4149:. 1997 3963:gamahou 3959:gamohou 3882:Jambooñ 3664:Senegal 3169:(1969). 3047:Ufahamu 2557:Tukulor 2508:Senegal 2461:Senegal 2440:p. 62, 2219:Mossane 2180:Senegal 1985:Al Njie 1904:Senghor 1885:or Ndao 1866:N'Diaye 1845:or Ngum 1649:Senegal 1540:lexical 1489:Kaolack 1396:kucarla 1245:history 1203:alike. 1148:"Laamb" 1146:called 1115:(a big 1113:"Gamba" 1083:in the 1064:Culture 1042:Pangool 1034:Jaaniiw 996:jambuur 965:kucarla 827:Society 817:Mouride 760:pangool 692:Wagadou 523:History 495:From a 364:and in 320:Senegal 286:Seereer 213:Seereer 77:Senegal 36:Seereer 18:Seereer 5673:Bafour 5567:Laalaa 5552:Manjak 5512:Bainuk 5407:Laalaa 5387:Manjak 5337:Bedick 5322:Bainuk 5224:Thilas 5219:Teigne 5169:Lamane 4937:Mbalax 4862:Cangin 4827:Gambia 4745:Khasso 4678:Fatick 4653:Takhar 4560:Lamane 4468:Laalaa 4451:topics 4351: 4337: 4320: 4259: 4251: 4237: 4223: 4209: 4181: 4167: 4136: 4111:(1972) 4107:. 2010 4087: 4073: 3886:Agaire 3826: 3810: 3773: 3757: 3725: 3698: 3671: 3648: 3607: 3577: 3547: 3517: 3420: 3400: 3380: 3356: 3333: 3277:(1969) 3244: 3221: 3189: 3103: 3079: 2999: 2907:Quote: 2899: 2893:182616 2891: 2851: 2819: 2789: 2725: 2689: 2615:(1873) 2596: 2570:UNESCO 2547: 2515: 2448: 2397: 2279: 1917:Ndione 1862:or Jon 1855:Diagne 1818:, and 1779:Saloum 1501:Gambia 1455:gamohu 1447:tribes 1443:"gamo" 1400:Maasir 1376:Massir 1372:Maasir 1348:Bissit 1281:Tassou 1275:) and 1273:Mbalax 1173:Yékini 1101:attire 1093:cereal 1000:jaraff 992:jambur 980:jambur 976:jambur 972:tyeddo 919:Saloum 880:castes 686:, the 656:, and 630:Saloum 536:Pulaar 497:Pulaar 486:Arabic 388:Saloum 362:Saloum 349:area. 290:Sereer 270:castes 262:Sufism 228:Gambia 217:Sereer 192:, and 113: 96:Gambia 93: 74: 5748:Wolof 5733:Serer 5713:Kunta 5604:Wolof 5592:Saafi 5587:Palor 5562:Serer 5454:Wolof 5432:Saafi 5427:Palor 5402:Serer 5397:Papel 5347:Dyula 5154:Buumi 4988:) and 4982:Kings 4957:Tassu 4947:Sabar 4942:Njuup 4922:Death 4912:Birth 4892:Serer 4887:Safen 4882:Palor 4708:Tukar 4590:Women 4575:Sadax 4493:Saafi 4488:Palor 4449:Serer 3977:9–10) 3376:p11. 2979:2010) 2897:S2CID 2889:JSTOR 2829:Serer 2363:(PDF) 2352:(PDF) 2288:Notes 2205:Films 1940:Dièye 1920:Gadio 1909:Ndour 1899:Thiaw 1893:Diène 1889:Diene 1860:Dione 1833:Diouf 1607:Thies 1532:Saafi 1497:Dakar 1435:"kal" 1429:Many 1404:Kalir 1392:kalir 1386:) or 1378:) in 1356:clown 1330:from 1328:Moors 1300:griot 1277:Tassu 1268:Njuup 1241:motif 1225:Sabar 1207:Music 1181:sabar 1177:Lamba 1156:Serer 1137:Dakar 1109:woven 1012:buumi 957:Serer 926:Wolof 891:Kaabu 711:Diouf 699:Cayor 676:Cayor 672:Waalo 668:Jolof 632:were 586:jihad 509:Serer 472:Islam 466:word 464:Wolof 430:or a 428:Serer 339:Cayor 335:Thiès 324:Dakar 160:, 9% 158:Islam 140:Wolof 132:Serer 121:5,700 5693:Fula 5582:Noon 5572:Ndut 5542:Jola 5532:Fula 5444:Susu 5422:Noon 5412:Ndut 5377:Lebu 5362:Jola 5352:Fula 5184:Maad 5179:Loul 4986:Maad 4962:Njom 4952:Tama 4877:Noon 4872:Ndut 4693:Somb 4620:Koox 4595:Xooy 4525:Ciiɗ 4498:Seex 4483:Noon 4473:Ndut 4349:ASIN 4335:ISBN 4318:ISBN 4257:ISBN 4249:ISBN 4235:ISBN 4221:ISBN 4207:ISBN 4179:ISBN 4165:ISBN 4134:ISBN 4085:ISBN 4071:ISBN 3992:IFAN 3824:ISBN 3808:ISBN 3771:ISBN 3755:ISBN 3723:ISBN 3696:ISBN 3669:ISBN 3646:ISBN 3605:ISBN 3575:ISBN 3545:ISBN 3515:ISBN 3418:ISBN 3398:ISBN 3378:ISBN 3354:ISBN 3331:ISBN 3316:p133 3242:ISBN 3219:ISBN 3187:ISBN 3101:ISBN 3077:ISBN 2997:ASIN 2849:ISBN 2817:ISBN 2787:ISBN 2723:ISBN 2687:ISBN 2681:and 2594:ISBN 2545:ISBN 2513:ISBN 2446:ISBN 2395:ISBN 2371:2017 1948:Jaay 1944:Jaye 1929:Kama 1924:Sarr 1913:Ndur 1883:Ndaw 1879:Loum 1876:Lame 1873:Khan 1870:Tine 1849:Sène 1843:Ngom 1838:Faye 1829:Joof 1777:and 1775:Sine 1530:and 1528:Ndut 1473:and 1451:gamo 1424:Faye 1422:and 1420:Joof 1293:Diva 1265:The 1247:and 1223:The 1199:and 1179:and 1152:Njom 1105:Serr 1038:ciiɗ 994:(or 928:and 917:and 915:Sine 819:and 813:Sufi 756:Koox 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