Sedimentary basin - Knowledge

1182: 706: 894: 565: 977: 462: 575: 1266:, uses electromagnetic and radioactive properties of the rocks surrounding the borehole, as well as their interaction with the fluids used in the process of drilling the borehole, to create a continuous record of the rocks along the length of the borehole, displayed as of a family of curves. Comparison of well log curves between multiple boreholes can be used to understand the stratigraphy of a sedimentary basin, particularly if used in conjunction with seismic stratigraphy. 647: 86: 1069: 774: 276: 387: 405: 215:

another, such as a rift process going to completion to form a passive margin. In this case the sedimentary rocks of the rift basin phase are overlain by those rocks deposited during the passive margin phase. Hybrid basins where a single regional basin results from the processes that are characteristic of multiple of these types are also possible.

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subcircular in shape and are commonly filled with shallow water marine or terrestrial sedimentary rocks that remain flat-lying and relatively undeformed over long periods of time due to the long-lived tectonic stability of the underlying craton. The geodynamic forces that create them remain poorly understood.

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Passive margins are long-lived and generally become inactive only as a result of the closing of a major ocean through continental collision resulting from plate tectonics. As a result the sedimentary record of inactive passive margins often are found as thick sedimentary sequences in mountain belts.

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will tend to fault (crack) and fracture. The combined effect of these two mechanisms is for Earth's surface in the area of extension to subside, creating a geographical depression which is then often infilled with water and/or sediments. (An analogy is a piece of rubber, which thins in the middle

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The long-term preserved geologic record of a sedimentary basin is a large scale contiguous three-dimensional package of sedimentary rocks created during a particular period of geologic time, a 'stratigraphic succession', that geologists continue to refer to as a sedimentary basin even if it is no

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is another geodynamic mechanism that can cause regional subsidence resulting in the creation of a sedimentary basin. If a load is placed on the lithosphere, it will tend to flex in the manner of an elastic plate. The magnitude of the lithospheric flexure is a function of the imposed load and the

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Pull-apart basins is are created along major strike-slip faults where a bend in the fault geometry or the splitting of the fault into two or more faults creates tensional forces that cause crustal thinning or stretching due to extension, creating a regional depression. Frequently, the basins are

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Trench basins are deep linear depressions formed where a subducting oceanic plate descends into the mantle, beneath the overriding continental (Andean type) or oceanic plate (Mariana type). Trenches form in the deep ocean but, particularly where the overriding plate is continental crust they can

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Passive margins generally have deep sedimentary basins that form along the margin of a continent after two continents have completely rifted apart to become separated by an ocean. Cooling and densification of the underlying lithosphere over tens of millions of years drives subsidence that allows

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are found in sedimentary rock. Many metal ores are found in sedimentary rocks formed in particular sedimentary environments. Sedimentary basins are also important from a purely scientific perspective because their sedimentary fill provides a record of Earth's history during the time in which the

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The sedimentary rocks comprising the fill of sedimentary basins hold the most complete historical record of the evolution of the earth's surface over time. Regional study of these rocks can be used as the primary record for different kinds of scientific investigation aimed at understanding and

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Although no one basin classification scheme has been widely adopted, several common types of sedimentary basins are widely accepted and well understood as distinct types. Over its complete lifespan a single sedimentary basin can go through multiple phases and evolve from one of these types to

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After any kind of sedimentary basin has begun to form, the load created by the water and sediments filling the basin creates additional load, thus causing additional lithospheric flexure and amplifying the original subsidence that created the basin, regardless of the original cause of basin

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A broad comparatively shallow basin formed far from the edge of a continental craton as a result of prolonged, broadly distributed but slow subsidence of the continental lithosphere relative to the surrounding area. They are sometimes referred to as intracratonic sag basins. They tend to be

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Berra, Fabrizio; Galli, Maria Teresa; Reghellin, Federico; Torricelli, Stefano; Fantoni, Roberto (June 2009). "Stratigraphic evolution of the Triassic-Jurassic succession in the Western Southern Alps (Italy): the record of the two-stage rifting on the distal passive margin of Adria".

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activity. Mechanisms of crustal deformation that lead to subsidence and sedimentary basin formation include the thinning of underlying crust; depression of the crust by sedimentary, tectonic or volcanic loading; or changes in the thickness or density of underlying or adjacent

1174:). Sedimentary basin analysis is thus an important area of study for purely scientific and academic reasons. There are however important economic incentives as well for understanding the processes of sedimentary basin formation and evolution because almost all of the world's 994:

of the lithosphere, and the wavelength of flexure is a function of flexural rigidity of the lithospheric plate. Flexural rigidity is in itself, a function of the lithospheric mineral composition, thermal regime, and effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere.

130:. Continental margins formed when new ocean basins like the Atlantic are created as continents rift apart are likely to have lifespans of hundreds of millions of years, but may be only partially preserved when those ocean basins close as continents collide. 1199:

are focused on understanding the three-dimensional architecture, packaging and layering of this body of sedimentary rocks as a record resulting from sedimentary processes acting over time, influenced by global sea level change and regional plate tectonics.

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Example of surface geologic study of a sedimentary basin fill through field geologic mapping and interpretation of aerial photography. This example includes major erosional surface (sequence boundary) resulting from erosion and fill of a large submarine

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accumulate thick sequences of sediments from eroding coastal mountains. Smaller 'trench slope basins' can form in association with a trench can form directly atop the associated accretionary prism as it grows and changes shape creating ponded basins.

168:- the proximity to a divergent, convergent or transform plate tectonic boundary and the type and origin of the tectonically-induced forces that cause a basin to form, specifically those active at the time of active sedimentation in the basin. 1190:

All of these perspectives on the history of a particular region are based on the study of a large three-dimensional body of sedimentary rocks that resulted from the fill of one or more sedimentary basins over time. The scientific studies of

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Bond, Gerard C.; Kominz, Michelle A. (1984). "Construction of tectonic subsidence curves for the early Paleozoic miogeocline, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains: Implications for subsidence mechanisms, age of breakup, and crustal thinning".

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More than six hundred sedimentary basins have been identified worldwide. They range in areal size from tens of square kilometers to well over a million, and their sedimentary fills range from one to almost twenty kilometers in thickness.

1060:. As newly-formed oceanic crust cools over a period of tens of millions of years. This is an important contribution to subsidence in rift basins, backarc basins and passive margins where they are underlain by newly-formed oceanic crust. 102:. Once the process of basin formation has begun, the weight of the sediments being deposited in the basin adds a further load on the underlying crust that accentuates subsidence and thus amplifies basin development as a result of 451:- where the topographic load of a large mountain belt being formed and thrust onto a plate, usually as a result of orogenisis due to continental collision, causes continental lithosphere to bend downward along the mountain front. 557:

Back-arc basins result from stretching and thinning of crust behind volcanic arcs resulting when tensional forces created at the plate boundary pull the overriding plate toward the subducting oceanic plate in a process known as

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Schematic diagram of the California continental margin during the Cretaceous, showing the deposition of the Great Valley Sequence in a forearc basin between the Franciscan accretionary wedge and the volcanic arc of the Sierra

913:(associated with convergent boundaries), the effect is believed to be twofold. The lower, hotter part of the lithosphere will "flow" slowly away from the main area being stretched, whilst the upper, cooler and more brittle 441:

An elongate basin that develops adjacent and parallel to an actively growing mountain belt when the immense weight created by the growing mountains on top of continental lithosphere causes the plate to bend downward.

126:. Intracratonic basins, which form on highly-stable continental interiors, have a high probability of preservation. In contrast, sedimentary basins formed on oceanic crust are likely to be destroyed by 1084:. Faults associated with these plate boundaries are primarily vertical. Wherever these vertical fault planes encounter bends, movement along the fault can create local areas of compression or tension. 2912:

Mannu, Utsav; Ueda, Kosuke; Willett, Sean D.; Gerya, Taras V.; Strasser, Michael (June 2017). "Stratigraphic signatures of forearc basin formation mechanisms: STRATIGRAPHY OF FOREARC BASINS".

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A dozen or so common types of sedimentary basins are widely recognized and several classification schemes are proposed, however no single classification scheme is recognized as the standard.

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Rift basins are elongate sedimentary basins formed in depressions created by tectonically-induced thinning (stretching) of continental crust, generally bounded by normal faults that create

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Pinet, Nicolas; Lavoie, Denis; Dietrich, Jim; Hu, Kezhen; Keating, Pierre (October 2013). "Architecture and subsidence history of the intracratonic Hudson Bay Basin, northern Canada".

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Sarti, Massimo; Bosellini, Alfonso; Winterer, Edward L. (1992). "Basin Geometry and Architecture of a Tethyan Passive Margin, Southern Alps, ItalyImplications for Rifting Mechanisms".

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Withjack, M. O.; Schlische, R. W.; Malinconico, M. L.; Olsen, P. E. (January 2013). "Rift-basin development: lessons from the Triassic–Jurassic Newark Basin of eastern North America".

1049:. Analogous to a solid floating in a liquid, as the lithospheric plate gets denser it sinks because it displaces more of the underlying mantle through an equilibrium process known as 562:. This only occurs when the subducting oceanic crust is older (>55 million years old), and therefore colder and denser, and being subducted at an angle greater than 30 degrees. 3430:

Ben-Avraham, Z.; Lazar, M.; Garfunkel, Z.; Reshef, M.; Ginzburg, A.; Rotstein, Y.; Frieslander, U.; Bartov, Y.; Shulman, H. (2012). "Structural styles along the Dead Sea Fault".

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Farangitakis, Georgios-Pavlos; McCaffrey, Ken J. W.; Willingshofer, Ernst; Allen, Mark B.; Kalnins, Lara M.; Hunen, Jeroen; Persaud, Patricia; Sokoutis, Dimitrios (April 2021).

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thick accumulations of sediments eroded from the adjacent continent. Some authors distinguish two subtypes based on volcanism during the early phases of margin development,

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Much of a sedimentary basin's fill often remains buried below the surface, often submerged in the ocean, and thus cannot be studied directly. Acoustic imaging using

3966: 66:, primarily gravity-driven transportation of water-borne eroded material, acts to fill the depression. As the sediments are buried, they are subject to increasing 705: 3993: 2390:

Jadoul, Flavio; Berra, Fabrizio; Garzanti, Eduardo (April 1998). "The Tethys Himalayan passive margin from Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous (South Tibet)".

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Dickinson, William R. (1 September 1976). "Sedimentary basins developed during evolution of Mesozoic–Cenozoic arc–trench system in western North America".

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At the time they are being drilled, boreholes are also surveyed by pulling electronic instruments along the length of the borehole in a process known as

1889: 2990:"Forearc Basin: Characteristics of the Subsurface in Magdalena Shelf, Baja California, Mexico, from the Interpretation of Seismic-Reflection Profiles" 1181: 1134:

was caused by vertical movement along local thrust and reverse faults "bunching up" against the bend in the otherwise strike-slip fault environment.

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Tectonic extension at divergent boundaries where continental rifting is occurring can create a nascent ocean basin leading to either an ocean or the

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Direct sampling of the rocks themselves is accomplished via the drilling of boreholes and the retrieval of rock samples in the form of both

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Watts, A. B.; Tozer, B.; Daly, M. C.; Smith, J. (January 2018). "A comparative study of the Parnaíba, Michigan and Congo cratonic basins".

205:- basin characteristics that influence the likelihood for the basin to have an accumulations of petroleum or the manner in which it formed. 2947:

Schlüter, H. U.; Gaedicke, C.; Roeser, H. A.; Schreckenberger, B.; Meyer, H.; Reichert, C.; Djajadihardja, Y.; Prexl, A. (October 2002).

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Link, Martin H.; Osborne, Robert H. (24 November 1978). "Lacustrine Facies in the Pliocene Ridge Basin Group: Ridge Basin, California".

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Thermal subsidence is particularly measurable and observable with oceanic crust, as there is a well-established correlation between the

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Barrie, J. Vaughn; Hill, Philip R. (1 May 2004). "Holocene faulting on a tectonic margin: Georgia Basin, British Columbia, Canada".

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Where the sedimentary rocks comprising a sedimentary basin's fill are exposed at the earth's surface, traditional field geology and

4224: 1247:. These allow geologists to study small samples of the rocks directly and also very importantly allow paleontologists to study the 1080:

settings, deformation of the lithosphere occurs primarily in the plane of Earth as a result of near horizontal maximum and minimum

3541:<1357:ANAOTT>2.3.CO;2 "A new angle on the tectonic evolution of the Ridge basin, a strike-slip basin in southern California" 4592: 885:

Sedimentary basins form as a result of regional subsidence of the lithosphere, mostly as a result of a few geodynamic processes.

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E.Wu, Jonathan; McClay, Ken; Whitehouse, Paul; Dooley, Tim (2012). "4D analogue modelling of transtensional pull-apart basins".

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are examples of sedimentary basins that are no longer depressions. Basins formed in different tectonic regimes vary in their

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Sedimentary basins are created by deformation of Earth's lithosphere in diverse geological settings, usually as a result of

3979: 1122:, where converging movement of a curved fault plane causes collision of the opposing sides of the fault. An example is the 905:

is caused to stretch horizontally, by mechanisms such as rifting (which is associated with divergent plate boundaries) or

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Plate tectonic processes that can create sufficient loads on the lithosphere to induce basin-forming processes include:

461: 2618: 1539: 482: 271:- incipient ocean basins where new oceanic crust is forming, flanked on either side by young rifted continental margins 17: 3905: 3755: 3687: 3523: 3447: 3373: 3194: 2896: 2602: 2175: 2066: 1971: 1507: 1362:

Preliminary catalog of the sedimentary basins of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1111

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Wooler, D. A.; Smith, A. G.; White, N. (July 1992). "Measuring lithospheric stretching on Tethyan passive margins".

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Shematic diagram of a strike-slip tectonic setting with fault bends creating areas of transtension and transpression

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that acts as a linear dam, parallel to the volcanic arc, creating a depression in which sediments can accumulate.

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Cooling of a lithospheric plate, particularly young oceanic crust or recently stretched continental crust, causes

948:. Another expression of lithospheric stretching results in the formation of ocean basins with central ridges. The 4749: 3956: 2809:

Nakakuki, Tomoeki; Mura, Erika (January 2013). "Dynamics of slab rollback and induced back-arc basin formation".

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Garzanti, E. (October 1999). "Stratigraphy and sedimentary history of the Nepal Tethys Himalaya passive margin".

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Steckler, M.S.; Watts, A.B. (September 1978). "Subsidence of the Atlantic-type continental margin off New York".

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A sedimentary basin formed in association with a convergent plate tectonic boundary in the gap between an active

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Olsen, Kenneth H.; Scott Baldridge, W.; Callender, Jonathan F. (November 1987). "Rio Grande rift: An overview".

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Schematic cross-section of a typical convergent plate boundary showing formation of back-arc and forearc basins

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Noda, Atsushi (May 2016). "Forearc basins: Types, geometries, and relationships to subduction zone dynamics".

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Liu, Guanghua; Einsele, G. (March 1994). "Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalayas".

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Barnes, R.P.; Andrews, J.R. (1986). "Upper Palaeozoic ophiolite generation and obduction in south Cornwall".

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Todd m. Thornburg, Laverne d. Kulm (1987). "Sedimentation in the Chile Trench: Petrofacies and Provenance".

2949:"Tectonic features of the southern Sumatra-western Java forearc of Indonesia: TECTONICS OF SOUTHERN SUMATRA" 968:) of the junction, and also to a local crumpled zone of seafloor crust acting as a dam against the Red Sea. 4915: 4865: 4759: 1323:

Selley, Richard C.; Sonnenberg, Stephen A. (2015). "Chapter 8 - Sedimentary Basins and Petroleum Systems".

374: 1146:. Study involving quantitative modeling of the dynamic geologic processes by which they evolved is called 5239: 5193: 3738:

Burgess, Peter M. (2019). "Phanerozoic Evolution of the Sedimentary Cover of the North American Craton".

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and thrusting of it onto the overriding tectonic plate can contribute to the formation of forearc basins.

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occurs and sometimes is large enough and long-lived enough to create a sedimentary basin often called a

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is in fact an incipient ocean, in a plate tectonic context. The mouth of the Red Sea is also a tectonic

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Most sedimentary basin classification schemes are based on one or more of these interrelated criteria:

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for accumulation of sediments. Over millions or tens or hundreds of millions of years the deposition of

5249: 4419: 1143: 1046: 386: 342: 3961: 457:- which form behind (landward from) an active volcanic arc associated with a convergent plate boundary 5203: 5155: 5038: 3432:

Regional Geology and Tectonics: Phanerozoic Passive Margins, Cratonic Basins and Global Tectonic Maps

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is the primary means of understanding the three-dimensional architecture of the basin's fill through

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meet. This is the only place on the planet where such a triple junction in oceanic crust is exposed

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create massive regional topographic highs that impose loads on the lithosphere and can result in

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Simplified schematic diagrams of common tectonic environments where sedimentary basins are formed

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or strike-slip basin. These basins are often roughly rhombohedral in shape and may be called a

559: 509: 265:- largely subaerial valleys that are rifts in continental crust commonly with bimodal volcanism 123: 399:

are found in the mountain belts of the Alps and Himalayas that formed when the Tethys closed.

4978: 4825: 4787: 4236: 4175: 2619:"Divergent Plate Boundary—Passive Continental Margins - Geology (U.S. National Park Service)" 1861:

Kingston, D.R.; Dishroon, C.P.; Williams, P.A. (1983). "Global Basin Classification System".

1196: 1131: 1077: 739: 716: 681: 533: 2822: 2204: 5208: 4930: 4754: 4514: 4371: 4321: 4115: 3837: 3792: 3712: 3636: 3591: 3552: 3472: 3402: 3310: 3126: 3079: 3042: 2853: 2818: 2781: 2732: 2693: 2649: 2555: 2511: 2458: 2399: 2364: 2321: 2278: 2235: 2200: 2091: 2019: 1901: 1813: 1734: 1671: 1632: 1585: 1558: 1229: 984: 71: 8: 5104: 5099: 4900: 4744: 4366: 4219: 4140: 4047: 695: 625: 611: 552: 436: 3939:. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Shortcourse Note Series #32. p. 247. 3841: 3796: 3716: 3640: 3595: 3556: 3476: 3406: 3314: 3177:

Draut, Amy E.; Clift, Peter D. (30 January 2012). "Basins in ARC-Continent Collisions".

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techniques as well as satellite imagery can be used in the study of sedimentary basins.

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Daly, M. C.; Fuck, R. A.; Julià, J.; Macdonald, D. I. M.; Watts, A. B. (January 2018).

3488: 3439: 3365: 3338: 3144: 3095: 3011: 2970: 2929: 2888: 2794: 2769: 2750: 2662: 2637: 2527: 2484: 2337: 2294: 2251: 2167: 2107: 1917: 1783: 1752: 1689: 1644: 1395: 1332: 1221: 1209: 1042: 1025: 965: 893: 640: 366: 318: 246: 4850: 3299:"The structural evolution of pull-apart basins in response to changes in plate motion" 3029:

Dash, R. K.; Spence, G. D.; Riedel, M.; Hyndman, R. D.; Brocher, T. M. (August 2007).

2594: 2411: 2376: 2058: 199:- the mechanical and thermal forces that cause lithosphere to subside to form a basin. 5109: 4948: 4940: 4880: 4840: 4729: 4306: 4296: 4082: 3901: 3814: 3765: 3751: 3683: 3656: 3613: 3519: 3492: 3443: 3369: 3342: 3277: 3190: 3162:

Underwood, Michael B.; Moore, Gregory F. (1995). "Trenches and Trench-Slope Basins".

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Klemme, H.D. (October 1980). "Petroleum Basins-Classifications and Characteristics".

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Late Jurassic and Triassic sedimentary sequence of the Southern Alps (northern Italy)

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The study of sedimentary basins as entities unto themselves is often referred to as

976: 5023: 4925: 4830: 4579: 4429: 4424: 4401: 4341: 4170: 4042: 3876: 3845: 3800: 3743: 3720: 3675: 3644: 3599: 3560: 3511: 3480: 3435: 3410: 3361: 3328: 3318: 3269: 3246: 3219: 3182: 3134: 3087: 3050: 3031:"Upper-crustal structure beneath the Strait of Georgia, Southwest British Columbia" 3001: 2960: 2921: 2884: 2861: 2826: 2789: 2740: 2701: 2657: 2590: 2563: 2519: 2474: 2466: 2430: 2407: 2372: 2329: 2286: 2243: 2208: 2163: 2130: 2099: 2054: 2027: 1992: 1909: 1870: 1821: 1775: 1742: 1679: 1640: 1593: 1495: 1385: 1328: 1275: 1163: 1159: 1094: 762: 592: 119: 79: 51: 43: 3703:

Klein, George deV.; Hsui, Albert T. (December 1987). "Origin of cratonic basins".

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Regional Geology and Tectonics: Phanerozoic Rift Systems and Sedimentary Basins

1281: 1278: – Large-scale structural geological depression formed by tectonic warping 1244: 1233: 1155: 1007: 852: 753: 690: 636: 587: 574: 547: 431: 361: 31: 3971: 3515: 3091: 3006: 2989: 1499: 646: 5233: 5170: 5165: 5150: 5135: 5084: 5079: 4845: 4810: 4764: 4724: 4719: 4479: 4351: 4311: 4057: 4037: 3540: 3484: 2523: 2290: 2247: 1940:

Basin analysis : principles and application to petroleum play assessment

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reconstructing the earth's past plate tectonics (paleotectonics), geography (

1118: 1106: 870: 803: 798: 620: 518: 497: 477: 352: 179: 115: 75: 1723:"Glimpses into Earth's history using a revised global sedimentary basin map" 1660:"Glimpses into Earth's history using a revised global sedimentary basin map" 190:) and different densities, which means they respond differently to isostasy. 133:

Sedimentary basins are of great economic importance. Almost all the world's

5160: 4910: 4895: 4885: 4734: 4665: 4534: 4499: 4414: 4356: 4231: 4130: 4092: 4067: 1779: 1302: – State of gravitational equilibrium between Earth's crust and mantle 1259: 1192: 1171: 1167: 1089: 1014: 734: 729: 709:

Trench fill sedimentary basin in the context of a convergent plate boundary

632: 582: 492: 396: 327: 3865:"Structure and evolution of the intracratonic basins of central Australia" 3670:

Allen, Philip A.; Armitage, John J. (30 January 2012). "Cratonic Basins".

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Ross, David A. (1971). "Sediments of the Northern Middle America Trench".

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In Busby, C.J., and Ingersoll, R.V., Eds., Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins

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Miall, Andrew D. (2008). "Chapter 5 The Paleozoic Western Craton Margin".

85: 5069: 4993: 4697: 4660: 4607: 4331: 4316: 4291: 4165: 2965: 2948: 2925: 2745: 2720: 2269:

Bott, M. H. P. (September 1992). "Passive margins and their subsidence".

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north of Los Angeles, which result from convergence along a curve in the

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Regions of long-term subsidence creating space for infilling by sediments

3580:"Cratonic basin formation: a case study of the Parnaíba Basin of Brazil" 5175: 4855: 4739: 4679: 4637: 4509: 4346: 4214: 4155: 4145: 4062: 3296: 3115:"The birth of a forearc: The basal Great Valley Group, California, USA" 2333: 1966:. Tulsa, Oklahoma: American Association of Petroleum Geologists. 1994. 1529: 1263: 843: 667: 421:

Paleozoic sedimentary sequence of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains

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Burke, K.C. (1985). "Rift Basins: Origin, History, and Distribution".

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Edgar A, Mastache-Román; Mario, González-Escobar (17 December 2020).

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Barr, D. (September 1992). "Passive continental margin subsidence".

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Roberts, D.G.; Bally, A.W. (2012). "From rifts to passive margins".

1996: 1825: 4815: 4782: 4459: 4301: 4268: 2905: 1299: 1102: 1068: 1050: 788: 773: 187: 103: 67: 63: 47: 3954:

Preliminary Catalog of the Sedimentary Basins of the United States

3415: 3390: 2770:"On the Relative Importance of the Driving Forces of Plate Motion" 5125: 5074: 4602: 4597: 4559: 4464: 4336: 4273: 2081: 2045:

Frostick, L.E. (1997). "Chapter 9 The east african rift basins".

1262:. Well logging, which is sometimes appropriately called borehole 1003: 949: 415:

Tethys sedimentary sequence of the Tethys Himalaya (Tibet, Nepal)

4920: 4792: 4617: 4612: 4564: 4554: 4524: 4449: 4204: 4135: 4107: 4006: 3429: 1354: 1352: 938: 921:

An example of a basin caused by lithospheric stretching is the

252: 1942:(3rd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. 1565:. Special Publications of the Society for Sedimentary Geology. 5018: 5003: 4958: 4702: 4675: 4622: 4489: 4484: 4454: 4439: 4248: 4018: 4002: 3900:(Third, updated and enlarged ed.). Berlin. p. 616. 2447: 2009: 1848:

Facts and Principles of World Petroleum Occurrence — Memoir 6

1327:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 377–426. 1488:"Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins, with Revised Nomenclature" 1349: 5048: 5013: 4569: 4529: 4494: 3565:

10.1130/0016-7606(1993)105<1357:ANAOTT>2.3.CO;2

1576:

Woodcock, Nigel H. (2004). "Life span and fate of basins".

1087:

When the curve in the fault plane moves apart, a region of

1045:. As the plate cools it shrinks and becomes denser through 980:

Schematic illustration of viscoelastic lithospheric flexure

241: 142: 50:

have accumulated to form a large three-dimensional body of

3355: 1837: 1835: 1284: – Land area where water converges to a common outlet 404: 4968: 4409: 3224:

10.1130/0016-7606(1971)82[303:SOTNMA]2.0.CO;2

2568:

10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<155:COTSCF>2.0.CO;2

1914:

10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1704:TOSB>2.3.CO;2

3725:

10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<1094:OOCB>2.0.CO;2

1860: 777:

Schematic diagram of the formation of a pull-apart basin

444:

Many authors recognize two subtypes of foreland basins:

3781:"A model for the formation of intracratonic sag basins" 3113:

Orme, Devon A.; Surpless, Kathleen D. (1 August 2019).

3028: 1832: 1770:

Dickinson, W.R. (1974). "Tectonics and Sedimentation".

1017:

as the result of subduction or even the formation of a

3740:

The Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada

3577: 2424: 46:

where subsidence has occurred and a thick sequence of

3827: 2994:

International Journal of Earth Science and Geophysics

2911: 2677:

DeCelles, Peter G.; Giles, Katherine A. (June 1996).

1530:

Cathy J. Busby and Raymond V. Ingersoll, ed. (1995).

110:

longer a bathymetric or topographic depression. The

3626: 2389: 1553: 1551: 1318: 1316: 1228:and studied through the specific sub-discipline of 2719:Sdrolias, Maria; Müller, R. Dietmar (April 2006). 1799: 1797: 1423: 1058:age of the underlying crust and depth of the ocean 3334:20.500.11820/9a3b7330-0e21-4142-a35d-4abfdfb10210 3236: 1290: – Closed drainage basin that has no outflow 933:which covers most of Nevada, forming a series of 5231: 3629:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 3584:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 3391:"Geometric characteristics of pull-apart basins" 2501: 2084:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 1548: 1534:. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Blackwell Science. 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1322: 1313: 186:have very different mechanical characteristics ( 4001: 3967:Map/database of sedimentary basins of the World 3934: 3538: 1794: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1409: 956:where the Indian Ocean Ridge, Red Sea Rift and 424:Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the Grand Canyon 395:For example the passive margins of the ancient 3889: 3161: 2718: 1933: 1931: 1618: 1616: 1137: 1101:. A classic rhombochasm is illustrated by the 219:Widely-recognized Types of Sedimentary Basins 3987: 3669: 3462: 3456: 2879:Condie, Kent C. (2022). "Tectonic settings". 2676: 2427:Geology and Geophysics of Continental Margins 2190: 1604: 1516: 1445: 925:– also an important location for significant 3112: 2987: 2808: 2767: 2157: 1841: 1470: 1454:Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy 1406: 1358: 1215: 1178:reserves were formed in sedimentary basins. 58:creates a regional depression that provides 30:For artificial basins to trap sediment, see 3505: 3251:10.1306/212F8AA3-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D 2125:Mann, Paul (2015). "Passive Plate Margin". 1928: 1875:10.1306/AD460936-16F7-11D7-8645000102C1865D 1613: 1569: 1429:Basin analysis: principles and applications 3994: 3980: 3920:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3264:Gürbüz, Alper (2014). "Pull-Apart Basin". 3176: 3069: 2544: 2311: 1486:Ingersoll, Raymond V. (22 December 2011). 1456:. Columbus: Merrill Pub. Co. p. 265. 1375: 1063: 964:. This is due to a high thermal buoyancy ( 888: 209: 3880: 3804: 3778: 3702: 3603: 3414: 3358:Phanerozoic Regional Geology of the World 3332: 3322: 3138: 3054: 3005: 2964: 2793: 2768:Forsyth, D.; Uyeda, S. (1 October 1975). 2744: 2661: 2478: 1887: 1803: 1769: 1746: 1683: 1557: 1485: 1389: 1203: 880: 178:are quite different from those formed on 3898:Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis 3539:May, S; Ehman, K; Crowell, J.C. (1993). 2635: 2354: 2044: 1575: 1180: 1067: 1002:formation of new mountain belts through 975: 892: 772: 645: 573: 403: 84: 4593:International scale of river difficulty 3937:Quantitative Sedimentary Basin Modeling 3935:Angevine, C.L.; Heller, P.L; Paola, C. 3862: 3737: 1720: 1657: 1431:(2nd ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell. 1359:Coleman, J.L. Jr.; Cahan, S.M. (2012). 1296: – Movement of Earth's lithosphere 971: 897:Illustration of lithospheric stretching 465:Peripheral vs. Retroarc foreland basins 279:Typical rift formation in cross-section 259:. Some authors recognize two subtypes: 146:basin was actively receiving sediment. 14: 5232: 3545:Geological Society of America Bulletin 3388: 3263: 3212:Geological Society of America Bulletin 2878: 2846:Geological Society of America Bulletin 2721:"Controls on back-arc basin formation" 2548:Geological Society of America Bulletin 1622: 1105:rift, where northward movement of the 929:reserves. Another such feature is the 408:Global distribution of passive margins 3975: 3895: 2881:Earth as an Evolving Planetary System 2580: 1986: 1937: 1721:Evenick, Jonathan C. (1 April 2021). 1451: 1036: 661:(aka Bengkulu-Mantawai forearc basin) 3239:SEPM Journal of Sedimentary Research 3209: 2914:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2843: 2725:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 2268: 2225: 2124: 824:Cratonic basin (Intracratonic basin) 782:rhombic, S-like or Z-like in shape. 390:Typical passive margin cross-section 236:Ancient (no longer active) Examples 42:are region-scale depressions of the 2811:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2193:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 1658:Evenick, Jonathan C. (April 2021). 24: 3882:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1983.tb01907.x 3806:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb02049.x 3779:Middleton, M. F. (December 1989). 3748:10.1016/B978-0-444-63895-3.00002-4 3440:10.1016/B978-0-444-56357-6.00016-0 3366:10.1016/B978-0-444-53042-4.00025-X 3266:Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences 2889:10.1016/B978-0-12-819914-5.00002-0 2795:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1975.tb00631.x 2663:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1981.tb02715.x 2168:10.1016/B978-0-444-56356-9.00001-8 2127:Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences 1806:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1645:10.1111/j.1747-5457.1980.tb00982.x 1333:10.1016/B978-0-12-386031-6.00008-4 704: 563: 483:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin 460: 385: 274: 25: 5261: 3947: 3869:Geophysical Journal International 3785:Geophysical Journal International 3508:Modern and Ancient Lake Sediments 3465:Journal of the Geological Society 3035:Geophysical Journal International 2774:Geophysical Journal International 2642:Geophysical Journal International 2504:Journal of the Geological Society 2271:Journal of the Geological Society 2228:Journal of the Geological Society 1890:"Tectonics of sedimentary basins" 1842:Bally, A.W.; Snelson, S. (1980). 1708:"Sedimentary Basins of the World" 1382:ANAS Transactions, Earth Sciences 1376:Abdullayev, N.R. (30 June 2020). 1113:has created a strike slip basin. 227:Associated Type of Plate Boundary 153: 3863:Lambeck, Kurt (September 1983). 3056:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03455.x 2706:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.01491.x 2471:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2008.00384.x 721:Western edge of Vancouver Island 4750:Flooded grasslands and savannas 3957:United States Geological Survey 3928: 3856: 3850:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.010 3821: 3772: 3731: 3696: 3672:Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins 3663: 3620: 3571: 3532: 3499: 3423: 3382: 3349: 3290: 3274:10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_116-1 3257: 3230: 3203: 3179:Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins 3170: 3155: 3106: 3063: 3022: 2981: 2940: 2872: 2837: 2802: 2761: 2712: 2670: 2629: 2611: 2583:Sedimentary Basins of the World 2574: 2538: 2495: 2441: 2418: 2392:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2383: 2357:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 2348: 2305: 2262: 2219: 2184: 2151: 2135:10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_100-2 2118: 2075: 2047:Sedimentary Basins of the World 2038: 2003: 1980: 1956: 1881: 1854: 1763: 1748:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103564 1714: 1700: 1685:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103564 1651: 1532:Tectonics of sedimentary basins 1492:Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins 1116:The opposite effect is that of 1989:Offshore Technology Conference 1888:Ingersoll, Raymond V. (1988). 1369: 13: 1: 2595:10.1016/S1874-5997(08)00005-1 2412:10.1016/S0743-9547(98)00013-0 2377:10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00017-6 2059:10.1016/S1874-5997(97)80012-3 1325:Elements of petroleum geology 1306: 4916:Universal Soil Loss Equation 4866:Hydrological transport model 4760:Storm Water Management Model 3962:Global sedimentary basin map 2213:10.1016/0012-821X(78)90036-5 2032:10.1016/0040-1951(87)90083-7 1625:Journal of Petroleum Geology 375:non-volcanic passive margins 203:Petroleum/economic potential 7: 3389:Gürbüz, Alper (June 2010). 2636:Beaumont, C. (1 May 1981). 1563:Tectonics and Sedimentation 1391:10.33677/ggianas20200100040 1269: 1138:Study of sedimentary basins 70:and begin the processes of 54:. They form when long-term 10: 5266: 4420:Antecedent drainage stream 3680:10.1002/9781444347166.ch30 3187:10.1002/9781444347166.ch17 2831:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.031 1144:sedimentary basin analysis 472:Peripheral foreland basins 449:Peripheral foreland basins 343:West Antarctic Rift System 308:Proto-oceanic rift troughs 269:Proto-oceanic rift troughs 172:Nature of underlying crust 29: 5184: 5156:River valley civilization 5118: 5057: 5039:Riparian-zone restoration 4939: 4801: 4773: 4674: 4646: 4578: 4400: 4267: 4184: 4106: 4017: 3896:Miall, Andrew D. (2000). 3516:10.1002/9781444303698.ch9 3092:10.1007/s00367-003-0166-6 1500:10.1002/9781444347166.ch1 1216:Subsurface geologic study 230:Description and Formation 78:that transform them into 5219:Countries without rivers 5194:Rivers by discharge rate 4906:Runoff model (reservoir) 4871:Infiltration (hydrology) 3485:10.1144/gsjgs.143.1.0117 2679:"Foreland basin systems" 2524:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0517 2291:10.1144/gsjgs.149.5.0805 2248:10.1144/gsjgs.149.5.0803 1427:; John R. Allen (2008). 1226:seismic data acquisition 1124:San Bernardino Mountains 946:failure of the rift zone 931:Basin and Range Province 524:Alaska North Slope basin 504:Retroarc foreland basins 488:Himalayan foreland basin 455:Retroarc foreland basins 381:volcanic passive margins 338:Midcontinent Rift System 286:Terrestrial rift valleys 263:Terrestrial Rift Valleys 4891:River Continuum Concept 4656:Agricultural wastewater 3007:10.35840/2631-5033/1841 2823:2013E&PSL.361..287N 2205:1978E&PSL..41....1S 1452:Boggs, Sam Jr. (1987). 1064:Strike-slip deformation 889:Lithospheric stretching 560:oceanic trench rollback 529:Western Interior Seaway 233:Modern, Active Examples 210:Widely-recognized types 5214:River name etymologies 5141:Hydraulic civilization 4999:Floodplain restoration 4775:Point source pollution 4550:Sedimentary structures 1844:"Realms of Subsidence" 1780:10.2110/pec.74.22.0001 1204:Surface geologic study 1195:and in recent decades 1187: 1073: 1019:hotspot volcanic chain 981: 898: 881:Mechanics of formation 778: 710: 652: 578: 569: 510:Andean foreland basins 466: 409: 391: 280: 224:Sedimentary Basin Type 166:Plate tectonic setting 124:preservation potential 90: 4826:Discharge (hydrology) 4788:Industrial wastewater 4269:Sedimentary processes 3830:Earth-Science Reviews 2314:Geologische Rundschau 1938:Allen, P. A. (2013). 1727:Earth-Science Reviews 1664:Earth-Science Reviews 1559:Dickinson, William R. 1197:sequence stratigraphy 1184: 1132:Northridge earthquake 1071: 979: 896: 776: 717:Middle America Trench 708: 682:Great Valley Sequence 649: 577: 567: 534:Windermere Supergroup 464: 407: 389: 278: 88: 4931:Volumetric flow rate 4515:Riffle-pool sequence 2966:10.1029/2001TC901048 2926:10.1002/2017GC006810 2746:10.1029/2005GC001090 1964:Interior rift basins 1230:seismic stratigraphy 1078:strike-slip tectonic 985:Lithospheric flexure 972:Lithospheric flexure 866:Uinta Mountain Group 182:as the two types of 5105:Whitewater kayaking 5100:Whitewater canoeing 4901:Runoff curve number 4745:Flood pulse concept 3842:2013ESRv..125....1P 3797:1989GeoJI..99..665M 3717:1987Geo....15.1094D 3641:2018GSLSP.472...45W 3596:2018GSLSP.472....1D 3557:1993GSAB..105.1357M 3477:1986JGSoc.143..117B 3407:2010Lsphe...2..199G 3315:2021BasR...33.1603F 3131:2019Geo....47..757O 3084:2004GML....24...86B 3047:2007GeoJI.170..800D 2858:2016GSAB..128..879N 2786:1975GeoJ...43..163F 2737:2006GGG.....7.4016S 2731:(4): 2005GC001090. 2698:1996BasR....8..105D 2654:1981GeoJ...65..291B 2560:1984GSAB...95..155B 2516:1992JGSoc.149..517W 2463:2009BasR...21..335B 2404:1998JAESc..16..173J 2369:1999JAESc..17..805G 2326:1994GeoRu..83...32L 2283:1992JGSoc.149..805B 2240:1992JGSoc.149..803B 2096:2013GSLSP.369..301W 2024:1987Tectp.143..119O 1906:1988GSAB..100.1704I 1818:1976CaJES..13.1268D 1739:2021ESRv..21503564E 1676:2021ESRv..21503564E 1637:1980JPetG...3..187K 1590:2004Geo....32..685W 1047:thermal contraction 635:and the associated 612:Rhenohercynian Zone 220: 174:- basins formed on 60:accommodation space 5240:Sedimentary basins 5131:Aquatic toxicology 5044:Stream restoration 5009:Infiltration basin 4861:Hydrological model 4377:Sediment transport 4200:Estavelle/Inversac 4078:Subterranean river 3072:Geo-Marine Letters 2334:10.1007/BF00211893 1222:seismic reflection 1210:aerial photography 1188: 1082:principal stresses 1074: 1043:thermal subsidence 1037:Thermal subsidence 1026:accretionary wedge 982: 966:thermal subsidence 899: 779: 711: 653: 641:accretionary wedge 579: 570: 467: 410: 392: 319:Gulf of California 281: 218: 197:of basin formation 91: 40:Sedimentary basins 18:Sedimentary basins 5250:Structural basins 5227: 5226: 5204:Whitewater rivers 5110:Whitewater slalom 4941:River engineering 4841:Groundwater model 4802:River measurement 4730:Flood forecasting 4545:Sedimentary basin 4402:Fluvial landforms 4307:Bed material load 4083:River bifurcation 3711:(12): 1094–1098. 3551:(10): 1357–1372. 3324:10.1111/bre.12528 3283:978-94-007-6644-0 2959:(5): 11–1–11–15. 2638:"Foreland basins" 2435:10.1306/M53552C13 2144:978-94-007-6644-0 1949:978-0-470-67377-5 1900:(11): 1704–1719. 1869:(12): 2175–2193. 1438:978-0-6320-5207-3 1342:978-0-12-386031-6 1253:micropaleontology 1224:acquired through 1172:paleobiogeography 1128:San Andreas Fault 991:flexural rigidity 958:East African Rift 918:when stretched.) 878: 877: 794:Los Angeles Basin 740:Peru–Chile Trench 673:Strait of Georgia 539:Appalachian Basin 314:Gulf of Suez Rift 302:East African Rift 297:Upper Rhine Plain 176:continental crust 16:(Redirected from 5257: 5189:Rivers by length 5024:River morphology 4926:Wetted perimeter 4831:Drainage density 4342:Headward erosion 4171:Perennial stream 4043:Blackwater river 3996: 3989: 3982: 3973: 3972: 3941: 3940: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3919: 3911: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3808: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3700: 3694: 3693: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3605:10.1144/SP472.20 3575: 3569: 3568: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3326: 3309:(2): 1603–1625. 3294: 3288: 3287: 3268:. pp. 1–8. 3261: 3255: 3254: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3142: 3140:10.1130/G46283.1 3110: 3104: 3103: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3009: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2968: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2920:(6): 2388–2410. 2909: 2903: 2902: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2866:10.1130/B31345.1 2852:(5–6): 879–895. 2841: 2835: 2834: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2797: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2748: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2482: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2398:(2–3): 173–194. 2387: 2381: 2380: 2363:(5–6): 805–827. 2352: 2346: 2345: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2129:. pp. 1–8. 2122: 2116: 2115: 2104:10.1144/SP369.13 2079: 2073: 2072: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2018:(1–3): 119–139. 2007: 2001: 2000: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1935: 1926: 1925: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1812:(9): 1268–1287. 1801: 1792: 1791: 1772:Semantic Scholar 1767: 1761: 1760: 1750: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1710:. Robertson CGG. 1704: 1698: 1697: 1687: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1620: 1611: 1610:Boggs 1987, p.16 1608: 1602: 1601: 1598:10.1130/G20598.1 1573: 1567: 1566: 1555: 1546: 1545: 1527: 1514: 1513: 1483: 1468: 1467: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1425:Allen, Philip A. 1421: 1404: 1403: 1393: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1347: 1346: 1320: 1276:Structural basin 1164:paleoceanography 1160:paleoclimatology 1109:relative to the 1095:pull-apart basin 862:Hudson Bay Basin 813:Gramscatho Basin 763:Pull-apart basin 593:North Fiji Basin 221: 217: 120:Magallanes Basin 80:sedimentary rock 52:sedimentary rock 21: 5265: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5199:Drainage basins 5180: 5114: 5053: 5029:Retention basin 4989:Erosion control 4984:Detention basin 4935: 4851:Hjulström curve 4803: 4797: 4769: 4713:Non-water flood 4670: 4642: 4588:Helicoidal flow 4574: 4475:Fluvial terrace 4470:Floating island 4396: 4271: 4263: 4254:Rhythmic spring 4188: 4180: 4161:Stream gradient 4102: 4088:River ecosystem 4053:Channel pattern 4021: 4013: 4000: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3933: 3929: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3894: 3890: 3861: 3857: 3826: 3822: 3777: 3773: 3758: 3736: 3732: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3668: 3664: 3649:10.1144/SP472.6 3625: 3621: 3576: 3572: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3504: 3500: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3428: 3424: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3354: 3350: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3262: 3258: 3235: 3231: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3175: 3171: 3160: 3156: 3111: 3107: 3068: 3064: 3027: 3023: 2986: 2982: 2945: 2941: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2877: 2873: 2842: 2838: 2807: 2803: 2766: 2762: 2717: 2713: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2634: 2630: 2617: 2616: 2612: 2605: 2579: 2575: 2543: 2539: 2500: 2496: 2446: 2442: 2423: 2419: 2388: 2384: 2353: 2349: 2310: 2306: 2267: 2263: 2224: 2220: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2156: 2152: 2145: 2123: 2119: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2043: 2039: 2008: 2004: 1997:10.4043/4844-MS 1985: 1981: 1974: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1936: 1929: 1886: 1882: 1859: 1855: 1840: 1833: 1826:10.1139/e76-129 1802: 1795: 1768: 1764: 1719: 1715: 1706: 1705: 1701: 1656: 1652: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1574: 1570: 1556: 1549: 1542: 1528: 1517: 1510: 1484: 1471: 1464: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1422: 1407: 1374: 1370: 1357: 1350: 1343: 1321: 1314: 1309: 1294:Plate tectonics 1288:Endorheic basin 1272: 1218: 1206: 1148:basin modelling 1140: 1111:Anatolian Plate 1066: 1039: 1008:foreland basins 974: 954:triple junction 891: 883: 858:Williston Basin 749:Farallon Trench 725:Aleutian Trench 664:Magdalena Shelf 659:Mentawai Strait 607:Pannonian Basin 292:Rio Grande Rift 212: 156: 141:and all of its 112:Williston Basin 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5263: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5090:Stone skipping 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4974:Drop structure 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4954:Balancing lake 4951: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4881:Playfair's law 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4836:Exner equation 4833: 4828: 4823: 4821:Bradshaw model 4818: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4708:Urban flooding 4700: 4695: 4693:Crevasse splay 4690: 4688:100-year flood 4684: 4682: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4652: 4650: 4648:Surface runoff 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4628:Stream capture 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4540:Rock-cut basin 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4382:Suspended load 4379: 4374: 4372:Secondary flow 4369: 4364: 4362:Retrogradation 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4327:Dissolved load 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4278: 4276: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4259:Spring horizon 4256: 4251: 4246: 4244:Mineral spring 4241: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4225:list in the US 4222: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4151:Stream channel 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4073:Drainage basin 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4033:Alluvial river 4029: 4027: 4015: 4014: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3949: 3948:External links 3946: 3943: 3942: 3927: 3906: 3888: 3875:(3): 843–886. 3855: 3820: 3791:(3): 665–676. 3771: 3756: 3730: 3695: 3688: 3662: 3619: 3570: 3531: 3524: 3498: 3471:(1): 117–124. 3455: 3448: 3422: 3401:(3): 199–206. 3381: 3374: 3348: 3303:Basin Research 3289: 3282: 3256: 3229: 3202: 3195: 3169: 3154: 3125:(8): 757–761. 3105: 3062: 3041:(2): 800–812. 3021: 2980: 2939: 2904: 2897: 2871: 2836: 2801: 2780:(1): 163–200. 2760: 2711: 2692:(2): 105–123. 2686:Basin Research 2669: 2648:(2): 291–329. 2628: 2610: 2603: 2573: 2554:(2): 155–173. 2537: 2510:(4): 517–532. 2494: 2457:(3): 335–353. 2451:Basin Research 2440: 2417: 2382: 2347: 2304: 2277:(5): 805–812. 2261: 2234:(5): 803–804. 2218: 2183: 2176: 2150: 2143: 2117: 2090:(1): 301–321. 2074: 2067: 2037: 2012:Tectonophysics 2002: 1979: 1972: 1955: 1948: 1927: 1880: 1853: 1831: 1793: 1762: 1713: 1699: 1650: 1631:(2): 187–207. 1612: 1603: 1568: 1547: 1541:978-0865422452 1540: 1515: 1508: 1469: 1462: 1444: 1437: 1405: 1368: 1348: 1341: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1297: 1291: 1285: 1282:Drainage basin 1279: 1271: 1268: 1251:they contain ( 1245:drill cuttings 1234:remote sensing 1217: 1214: 1205: 1202: 1156:paleogeography 1139: 1136: 1065: 1062: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1022: 1011: 973: 970: 890: 887: 882: 879: 876: 875: 874: 873: 868: 863: 860: 855: 853:Michigan Basin 848: 847: 846: 841: 834: 828: 825: 821: 820: 819: 818: 815: 808: 807: 806: 801: 796: 791: 784: 770: 765: 759: 758: 757: 756: 754:Tethyan Trench 751: 744: 743: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 719: 712: 698: 693: 691:Oceanic trench 687: 686: 685: 684: 677: 676: 675: 670: 665: 662: 654: 628: 623: 617: 616: 615: 614: 609: 602: 601: 600: 595: 590: 588:Tyrrhenian Sea 585: 571: 555: 550: 548:Back-arc basin 544: 543: 542: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 514: 513: 512: 501: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 468: 459: 458: 452: 439: 434: 432:Foreland Basin 428: 427: 426: 425: 422: 419: 416: 411: 401: 369: 364: 362:Passive margin 358: 357: 356: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 323: 322: 321: 316: 305: 304: 299: 294: 282: 273: 272: 266: 249: 244: 238: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 211: 208: 207: 206: 200: 191: 169: 155: 154:Classification 152: 95:plate tectonic 32:Sediment basin 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5262: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5245:Sedimentology 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5171:Surface water 5169: 5167: 5166:Sacred waters 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5151:Riparian zone 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5136:Body of water 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5085:Riverboarding 5083: 5081: 5080:River surfing 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804:and modelling 4800: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4765:Return period 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4725:Flood control 4723: 4721: 4720:Flood barrier 4718: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352:Palaeochannel 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4312:Granular flow 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058:Channel types 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4038:Braided river 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3917: 3909: 3907:9783662039991 3903: 3899: 3892: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3757:9780444638953 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3689:9781444347166 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3525:9780632002344 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3449:9780444563576 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3416:10.1130/L36.1 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3377: 3375:9780444530424 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3196:9781444347166 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3066: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2898:9780128199145 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2606: 2604:9780444504258 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2179: 2177:9780444563569 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2078: 2070: 2068:9780444825711 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1983: 1975: 1973:9780891813392 1969: 1965: 1959: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1934: 1932: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863:AAPG Bulletin 1857: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1836: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1798: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1766: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1709: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1619: 1617: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1572: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1543: 1537: 1533: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1511: 1509:9781444347166 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1465: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1440: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1372: 1365:. p. 27. 1364: 1363: 1355: 1353: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1317: 1312: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1213: 1211: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1183: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166:), habitats ( 1165: 1161: 1157: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1119:transpression 1114: 1112: 1108: 1107:Arabian Plate 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1034: 1027: 1024:growth of an 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1005: 1001: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 992: 986: 978: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 916: 912: 908: 904: 895: 886: 872: 871:Amadeus Basin 869: 867: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 850: 849: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 835: 833: 829: 826: 823: 822: 816: 814: 811: 810: 809: 805: 804:Salton Trough 802: 800: 799:Cayman Trough 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 785: 783: 775: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 745: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 720: 718: 715: 714: 713: 707: 703: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 683: 680: 679: 678: 674: 671: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 656: 655: 648: 644: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 624: 622: 621:Forearc basin 619: 618: 613: 610: 608: 605: 604: 603: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 580: 576: 572: 566: 561: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 519:Junggar Basin 517: 516: 515: 511: 508: 507: 506: 505: 499: 498:Junggar Basin 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 478:Molasse basin 476: 475: 474: 473: 469: 463: 456: 453: 450: 447: 446: 445: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 423: 420: 417: 414: 413: 412: 406: 402: 400: 398: 388: 383: 382: 377: 376: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 359: 354: 353:Reelfoot Rift 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 324: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 288: 287: 283: 277: 270: 267: 264: 261: 260: 258: 254: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 235: 232: 229: 226: 223: 222: 216: 204: 201: 198: 196: 192: 189: 185: 181: 180:oceanic crust 177: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 151: 147: 144: 140: 136: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:Molasse basin 113: 107: 105: 101: 96: 87: 83: 81: 77: 76:lithification 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:Earth's crust 41: 37: 33: 19: 5209:Flash floods 5161:River cruise 5058:River sports 4911:Stream gauge 4896:Rouse number 4886:Relief ratio 4735:Flood-meadow 4666:Urban runoff 4580:Fluvial flow 4565:River valley 4544: 4535:River island 4500:Meander scar 4415:Alluvial fan 4357:Progradation 4232:Karst spring 4176:Winterbourne 4131:Chalk stream 4093:River source 4068:Distributary 3936: 3930: 3897: 3891: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3739: 3733: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3671: 3665: 3635:(1): 45–66. 3632: 3628: 3622: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3507: 3501: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3431: 3425: 3398: 3394: 3384: 3357: 3351: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3265: 3259: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3178: 3172: 3163: 3157: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3078:(2): 86–96. 3075: 3071: 3065: 3038: 3034: 3024: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2880: 2874: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2728: 2724: 2714: 2689: 2685: 2672: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2507: 2503: 2497: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2426: 2420: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2320:(1): 32–61. 2317: 2313: 2307: 2274: 2270: 2264: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2159: 2153: 2126: 2120: 2087: 2083: 2077: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2015: 2011: 2005: 1988: 1982: 1963: 1958: 1939: 1897: 1894:GSA Bulletin 1893: 1883: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1847: 1809: 1805: 1771: 1765: 1730: 1726: 1716: 1702: 1667: 1663: 1653: 1628: 1624: 1606: 1581: 1577: 1571: 1562: 1531: 1491: 1453: 1447: 1428: 1381: 1371: 1361: 1324: 1260:well logging 1257: 1249:microfossils 1241:core samples 1238: 1219: 1207: 1193:stratigraphy 1189: 1168:paleoecology 1152: 1141: 1130:system. The 1117: 1115: 1098: 1090:transtension 1088: 1086: 1075: 1055: 1040: 1031: 1015:volcanic arc 1013:growth of a 997: 989: 983: 943: 941:structures. 920: 910: 906: 900: 884: 830: 780: 735:Sunda Trench 730:Japan Trench 700: 633:volcanic arc 630: 583:Sea of Japan 503: 502: 493:Persian Gulf 471: 470: 454: 448: 443: 397:Tethys Ocean 393: 379: 373: 328:Newark Basin 307: 306: 285: 284: 268: 262: 257:half-grabens 213: 202: 193: 171: 165: 160: 157: 148: 132: 108: 92: 39: 38: 36: 5070:Fly fishing 4994:Fish ladder 4979:Daylighting 4698:Flash flood 4661:First flush 4608:Plunge pool 4332:Downcutting 4317:Debris flow 4292:Aggradation 4166:Stream pool 3674:: 602–620. 3590:(1): 1–15. 3510:: 169–187. 3434:: 616–633. 3395:Lithosphere 3360:: 700–730. 3181:: 347–368. 2817:: 287–297. 2623:www.nps.gov 2589:: 181–209. 2199:(1): 1–13. 2053:: 187–209. 1176:fossil fuel 1162:), oceans ( 1158:, climate ( 1099:rhombochasm 1033:inception. 962:subaerially 927:hydrocarbon 911:trench-pull 903:lithosphere 839:Barents Sea 817:Ridge Basin 348:Oslo Graben 333:Fundy Basin 195:Geodynamics 184:lithosphere 135:natural gas 100:lithosphere 5234:Categories 5176:Wild river 4856:Hydrograph 4846:Hack's law 4811:Baer's law 4755:Inundation 4740:Floodplain 4680:stormwater 4638:Whitewater 4510:Oxbow lake 4347:Knickpoint 4322:Deposition 4215:Hot spring 4156:Streamflow 4146:Stream bed 4063:Confluence 3218:(2): 303. 3166:: 179–219. 2480:2434/48580 1733:: 103564. 1670:: 103564. 1584:(8): 685. 1463:0675204879 1307:References 1264:geophysics 907:ridge-push 844:Chad Basin 696:Convergent 668:Nias Basin 626:Convergent 553:Convergent 437:Convergent 242:Rift basin 128:subduction 72:compaction 56:subsidence 5146:Limnology 5095:Triathlon 5065:Canyoning 5034:Revetment 4964:Check dam 4876:Main stem 4633:Waterfall 4520:Point bar 4505:Mouth bar 4445:Billabong 4392:Water gap 4387:Wash load 4367:Saltation 4287:Anabranch 4210:Holy well 4098:Tributary 3916:cite book 3815:129787753 3766:149587414 3742:: 39–75. 3657:135436543 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