273:
256:
184:
442:
222:
148:
414:
233:
172:
381:
244:
207:
160:
283:
266:
1247:
449:
421:
388:
37:
1352:
negotiations began with
General Salom on January 11, 1838 and concluded with the handover of the fortress on January 23. that same month. The astonishing resistance of the royalist chief deserved that President Santander told Bartolomé Salom after the triumph, when the latter asked to execute Rodil via
1318:
In addition to the bombing by the
Liberation Army and general malnutrition, epidemics were rampant, which made resistance more difficult. Severe punishments were imposed on those who tried to riot, with soldiers and civilians who tried to desert or collaborate with the enemy being shot. The diseases
1342:
At the beginning of
January 1838, royalist colonel Ponce de León joined the independence ranks, and shortly afterwards royalist commander Riera, governor of the Castle of San Rafael, handed over the fortress. Both events made defense almost impossible, since Ponce de León knew the location of the
1322:
Rodil gave the order to expel into the patriotic ranks the penniless civilians whose presence was deemed unnecessary in order to save food for his troops. The troops of the
Liberation Army accepted some civilians at first, but noticing the strategy of the royalist leader, they repulsed with rifle
1168:. The situation of these troops became precarious in the following months, due to the political struggles between the leaders of independent Peru, due to the adverse results in the military campaign against the Royalist Army, and the serious shortage of food and essential clothing for the troops.
1257:
Shortly after the last evacuation of Lima by the
Royalist Army troops, the independent soldiers finally took the capital, with Bolívar's arrival causing a massive exodus to Callao of those who maintained their loyalty to the Spanish crown, either by sincere conviction, for the defense of their
1190:
by Bolívar, recovered Lima, 2,000 soldiers from the patriot side remained in Callao. However, the bad conditions in which this garrison was found did not undergo any improvement, and there were several seditious instigations towards the troops of Callao to pass them to the royalist side. Such
1351:
Although neither Rodil nor the garrison ever planned a surrender, there was no longer any hope of reinforcements from Spain after more than a year of futile waiting; The garrison itself was feeding on rats in the absence of other available food, and with the ammunition about to run out, so
1301:
and made up of the combined fleets of Chile, Colombia and Peru also attacked the royalist stronghold with their cannons without pause. The defenders however had an artillery bastion to repel attacks by sea and which had been a key part of Spain's defensive system for its colonies in the
1202:. Given this, the troops still loyal to the Peruvian government evacuated Lima due to the seriousness of the situation. Royalist forces led by Spanish General Monet entered Lima almost without resistance on February 25, after the withdrawal of the patriotic troops, appointing Brigadier
1362:
The capitulation allowed the departure with all honors of the last survivors of the
Royalist Army (only 400 soldiers of the 2,800 that existed at the beginning). Most of the civilian refugees had already died and many surviving ones also left for Spain. Rodil saved the flags of the
1195:, the Marquis of Torre Tagle, a Peruvian independence leader who lost his status as president due to the arrival of Bolívar. As a result, the Callao mutiny broke out on February 5, 1836. Some common soldiers tried to contain the revolt but were quickly reduced and executed.
1323:
fire the subsequent waves of refugees, who were also rejected in the same way by the royalist soldiers if they tried to return to Callao. As a result, many civilians perished from bullets from both sides or from hunger and thirst in the middle of no-man's-land.
1343:
rudimentary land mines placed to prevent any frontal attack by the patriots, while Riera directed a strategic stronghold whose loss facilitated the entry of patriotic soldiers into the plaza, in addition to fully knowing the defense device formed by Rodil.
1309:
Lack of sufficient supplies and overcrowding in a port that was not prepared to host so many refugees permanently did great harm to the besieged. It was soon realized that food would be scarce in Callao, so from the beginning the refugees established a
1229:
in August 1824, the situation of the royalists was further affected; At the beginning of
December 1824, the royalist soldiers still stationed in Lima withdrew to the mountains, only to abandon the fight shortly after when they learned the result of the
1314:
for food at very high prices, first trading with the few vegetables, fruits, and poultry that were available in the port, to then trafficking in unsuitable meat, such as horse meat, finally trading rat meat in the absence of any other available food.
1326:
The siege came to an end with the inability of the besieged to continue, with many of them dying as a result of the conditions in the port, themselves the result of a lack of resources and hygiene. Among the dead were former president
1296:
and proceeded to surround the fortified area of Callao, bombarding the port constantly for months with heavy artillery fire. From the sea the ships of the independent side, commanded by the
Chilean admiral
1306:, while the fortress's walled enclosure also made a frontal assault from land difficult, all of which together to the unbreakable will of its defenders it made a difficult and prolonged siege.
1386:
in honor of their outstanding participation during the siege. Likewise, the Real Felipe
Fortress was again renamed the Independence Fortress, a name given to it by General San Martín in 1821.
995:
1281:
and its terms, this
Spanish chief rejected the surrender proposal and insisted on defending Callao, hoping at some point to receive military reinforcements from Spain that never arrived.
524:
491:
1328:
1031:
917:
830:
684:
1024:
672:
1371:
regiments, the rest remained as war trophies. Shortly after, he embarked for Spain accompanied by a hundred Spanish officers and soldiers who had served under him.
689:
677:
929:
967:
587:
553:
484:
900:
541:
611:
1594:
869:
842:
720:
637:
623:
599:
1019:
1007:
881:
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696:
565:
529:
835:
708:
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734:
660:
477:
739:
441:
1000:
751:
1483:
1203:
260:
1235:
1186:
seized Lima along with numerous royalist soldiers, and remained in the city until July 16. When the independent troops, now led from
1199:
1075:
72:
1478:
Mera Ávalos, Arnaldo (2005). "Cuando la patria llegó a la capital: el miedo ante el advenimiento de la Independencia, 1820-1821".
1336:
1395:
1063:
66:
1567:
1225:, increased the difficulties on the royalist side to continue the war. After the triumph of the Liberation Army in the
1036:
1093:
The siege took place from December 5, 1824 to January 23, 1826, when the royalist stronghold was defeated, ending the
922:
413:
380:
1491:
642:
1405:
1222:
701:
188:
1012:
1599:
957:
1209:
The military campaigns of 1824 were widely favorable to the independent troops that now had reinforcements from
558:
665:
1134:
820:
1463:
1110:
979:
501:
113:
28:
1198:
After the mutiny, most of the independent soldiers garrisoned in Real Felipe changed sides and joined the
905:
859:
546:
277:
1559:
792:
396:
934:
604:
1292:
for the most part, under the command of Venezuelan General Bartolomé Salom, established its camp in
1192:
972:
1604:
1258:
interests, or for subsequent lawsuits with the leaders of the young independent Peru, with various
592:
1214:
1126:
582:
577:
1458:
616:
1319:
were aggravated by the lack of food and the poor sanitary conditions, as well as overcrowding.
1298:
874:
725:
628:
237:
847:
1589:
1274:
1273:
Callao was soon populated by more than 8,000 refugees, half of them royalist fighters led by
886:
785:
746:
570:
1250:
1149:
1138:
1130:
1079:
825:
713:
536:
226:
8:
1293:
1270:
fleeing as refugees. Bolívar declared the start of the second siege on December 5, 1824.
773:
1183:
1164:, along with companies formed by former slaves recruited in Peru, and artillerymen from
1114:
1400:
1278:
1231:
1153:
1122:
1087:
941:
854:
802:
1226:
912:
211:
1563:
1549:
1507:
1487:
1358:"Heroism does not merit punishment. How we would applaud Rodil if he were a patriot!"
1161:
16:
Siege of the port of Callao from 1824 to 1826 during the Peruvian War of Independence
864:
797:
248:
282:
265:
1553:
1332:
1177:
895:
1263:
1187:
1094:
469:
1583:
1303:
1285:
1221:, together with the shortage of supplies and the lack of reinforcements from
1210:
1098:
1067:
763:
243:
206:
165:
128:
87:
74:
1353:
1311:
1165:
176:
1086:, who refused to surrender, and refused to accept the capitulation of the
1133:. As a consequence, on September 21 of the same year, the troops of the
1218:
1148:
When José de San Martín withdrew from Peru in September 1822 after the
1156:, he left a garrison of almost 1,500 soldiers in Callao, many of them
1259:
1157:
1331:(as well as his wife and one of his children), former vicepresident
1125:
who were still under his command and thus the troops led by General
1555:
Selected Works of Miguel de Unamuno, Volume 3: Our Lord Don Quixote
1277:. Despite being informed in January 1825 about the capitulation at
1267:
1246:
1142:
1083:
62:
1234:
fought on December 9, with the subsequent capitulation of the
1059:
272:
255:
183:
36:
1289:
1118:
1071:
221:
153:
1508:"Las Casas de Moneda españolas en América del Sur (4.17)"
1284:
To break the resistance, the Liberation Army, made up of
337:
2,000–4,000 sailors, soldiers, militiamen and gunners
1536:
Recuerdos historicos de la guerra de la independencia
1581:
499:
1129:occupied the city days later, proclaiming the
1062:that occurred on the Pacific coast during the
448:
420:
387:
485:
325:2,200–2,280 regulares (530 soldiers from the
1066:. The siege was carried out by the combined
1595:Battles of the Peruvian War of Independence
1477:
1548:
492:
478:
1484:Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
1245:
352:2,500 casualties outside of the fortress
299:4,700 soldiers (half of them Colombians)
1424:
1582:
456:Second siege of Callao (South America)
1480:El miedo en el Perú: siglos XVI al XX
1396:Spanish American Wars of Independence
1064:Spanish American wars of independence
473:
1482:(in Spanish). Lima: Fondo Editorial
1346:
1141:, dominating the strategic port of
13:
1451:
1182:On June 18, 1823, Spanish general
14:
1616:
1533:
1406:Siege of Callao (disambiguation)
1206:as head of the Callao garrison.
1171:
1074:independence forces against the
447:
440:
419:
412:
386:
379:
365:6,000 dead (including civilians)
281:
271:
264:
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231:
220:
205:
182:
170:
158:
146:
35:
1382:regiment both adopted the name
53:5 December 1824–23 January 1826
1542:
1527:
1518:
1500:
1471:
1442:
1433:
1427:La Campaña de Junín y Ayacucho
1418:
1:
1411:
1253:around the time of the siege.
1135:Liberating Expedition of Peru
1104:
428:Second siege of Callao (Peru)
1464:Real Academia de la Historia
1459:"José Ramón Rodil y Galloso"
1111:Peruvian War of Independence
813:Northern liberation campaign
653:Southern liberation campaign
503:Peruvian War of Independence
350:177 casualties during combat
114:Peruvian War of Independence
29:Peruvian War of Independence
7:
1389:
354:Several dead due to disease
127:Last Spanish stronghold in
10:
1621:
1560:Princeton University Press
1486:(PUCP). pp. 185–232.
1175:
821:Maynas War of Independence
41:The port of Callao in 1838
511:
459:Show map of South America
373:
359:1,312 dead due to disease
344:
289:
194:
139:
88:12.0333306°S 77.1333306°W
45:
34:
26:
21:
1380:Dragones de la República
1241:
1058:was the longest lasting
1032:Naval Blockade of Callao
357:767–785 killed in action
322:Royalist army in Callao:
93:-12.0333306; -77.1333306
1534:López, Manuel Antonio.
1121:with the troops of the
1113:, in July 1821 Viceroy
1078:soldiers defending the
1600:Battles involving Peru
1329:José Bernardo de Tagle
1299:Manuel Blanco Encalada
1254:
1213:, while the revolt of
1193:José Bernardo de Tagle
1191:maneuvers were led by
1056:second siege of Callao
843:Colombian intervention
195:Commanders and leaders
22:Second siege of Callao
1448:Encina, 1954. p. 644.
1425:De La Barra, Felipe.
1249:
1215:Pedro Antonio Olañeta
345:Casualties and losses
1439:Miller, 1829. p. 246
1251:Real Felipe Fortress
1150:Guayaquil Conference
1139:Real Felipe Fortress
1131:independence of Peru
1080:Real Felipe Fortress
517:Autonomous uprisings
400:Location within Lima
397:class=notpageimage|
331:800–1,000 militiamen
84: /
1550:de Unamuno, Miguel
1401:Battle of Ayacucho
1255:
1232:Battle of Ayacucho
1137:also occupied the
1127:José de San Martín
1123:Royal Army of Peru
1088:Battle of Ayacucho
996:Brown's Expedition
968:Conquest of Chiloé
855:Balconcillo mutiny
525:Goyeneche campaign
296:Bolivarian forces:
1524:Mercado, 2011: 83
1162:Army of the Andes
1051:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1020:Guruceta campaign
1008:Cochrane campaign
901:Olañeta rebellion
468:
467:
135:
134:
108:Patriot victory:
1612:
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1475:
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1468:
1455:
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1446:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1347:End of the siege
1339:, among others.
1275:José Ramón Rodil
1204:José Ramón Rodil
1184:José de Canterac
1160:veterans of the
1115:José de la Serna
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
976:
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431:Show map of Peru
423:
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404:
403:Show map of Lima
390:
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285:
276:
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268:
261:José Ramón Rodil
259:
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249:Juan Illingworth
247:
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39:
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18:
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1605:1820s conflicts
1580:
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1562:. p. 396.
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1434:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1392:
1349:
1333:Diego de Aliaga
1244:
1227:Battle of Junín
1180:
1178:Callao uprising
1174:
1107:
1097:'s presence in
1082:in the port of
1052:
1047:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
988:Naval campaigns
970:
932:
920:
903:
884:
872:
860:2nd Intermedios
845:
793:1st Intermedios
783:
771:
754:
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735:Miller campaign
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305:1 schooner brig
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1538:. p. 207.
1526:
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1429:. p. 219.
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1337:José de Aliaga
1243:
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1176:Main article:
1173:
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1103:
1095:Spanish Empire
1068:Gran Colombian
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958:Sucre campaign
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831:2nd Higos Urco
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826:1st Higos Urco
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766:
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752:Quito campaign
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355:
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346:
342:
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340:4,000 refugees
318:
292:
291:
287:
286:
251:
216:Blockade army:
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1376:3ro. de Línea
1374:The Peruvian
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1211:Gran Colombia
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1200:Royalist Army
1196:
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1189:
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1172:Callao mutiny
1169:
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238:Manuel Blanco
228:
227:Martin Guisse
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166:Gran Colombia
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129:South America
126:
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25:
20:
1590:1838 in Peru
1554:
1544:
1535:
1529:
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1511:
1502:
1479:
1473:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1420:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1365:Real Infante
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:firing squad
1350:
1341:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:black market
1308:
1283:
1272:
1256:
1208:
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1147:
1108:
1092:
1055:
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962:
685:2nd Arenales
673:1st Arenales
367:14 deserters
361:
333:
326:
321:
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302:Naval force:
301:
295:
278:Isidro Alaix
215:
200:
140:Belligerents
107:
79:77°7′59.99″W
76:12°1′59.99″S
27:Part of the
1109:During the
1035: [
1023: [
1011: [
999: [
980:Iquicha War
971: [
933: [
930:Corpahuaico
921: [
904: [
885: [
873: [
846: [
784: [
772: [
755: [
738: [
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664: [
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627: [
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603: [
591: [
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545: [
528: [
309:2 corvettes
122:Territorial
112:End of the
91: /
1584:Categories
1412:References
1294:Bellavista
1286:Colombians
1219:Upper Peru
1117:evacuated
1105:Background
963:2nd Callao
918:Bellavista
747:1st Callao
697:Aznapuquio
588:Chacaltaya
313:3 gunboats
307:2 frigates
201:Land army:
1512:Tesorillo
1290:Peruvians
1260:Spaniards
1238:himself.
1158:Argentine
554:2nd Tacna
537:1st Tacna
329:Regiment)
131:collapses
1552:(2015).
1390:See also
1369:Arequipa
1279:Ayacucho
1268:mestizos
1188:Trujillo
1076:royalist
1072:Peruvian
942:Ayacucho
870:Arequipa
803:Moquegua
721:Quiapata
638:Aymaraes
624:Umachiri
600:Apacheta
317:914 crew
315:171 guns
290:Strength
58:Location
1264:Creoles
1236:Viceroy
882:Falsuri
781:Caucato
661:Paracas
566:Camiara
542:Huánuco
311:3 brigs
124:changes
1566:
1490:
1384:Callao
1143:Callao
1084:Callao
865:Zepita
836:Habana
798:Torata
709:Ataura
612:Matará
583:Huanta
362:Total:
334:Total:
280:
263:
163:
151:
104:Result
63:Callao
1242:Siege
1223:Spain
1166:Chile
1152:with
1060:siege
1039:]
1027:]
1015:]
1003:]
975:]
937:]
925:]
913:Junín
908:]
889:]
877:]
850:]
788:]
776:]
769:Paras
759:]
742:]
728:]
716:]
704:]
692:]
680:]
668:]
645:]
631:]
619:]
607:]
595:]
578:Cuzco
573:]
561:]
549:]
532:]
189:Spain
177:Chile
1564:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1367:and
1288:and
1266:and
1119:Lima
1070:and
1054:The
154:Peru
67:Peru
50:Date
1217:in
764:Ica
1586::
1558:.
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1461:.
1356::
1335:,
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1572:.
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1467:.
493:e
486:t
479:v
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