Second Italo-Ethiopian War

1645:, won a general election on a platform of upholding collective security and support for the League of Nations, which at least implied that Britain would support Ethiopia. However, the British service chiefs, led by the First Sea Lord, Admiral Sir Earle Chatfield, all advised against going to war with Italy for the sake of Ethiopia, which carried much weight with the cabinet. During the 1935 election, Baldwin and the rest of the cabinet had repeatedly promised that Britain was committed to upholding collective security in the belief of that being the best way to neutralise the Labour Party, which also ran on a platform emphasising collective security and support for the League of Nations. To square the circle caused by its election promises and its desire to avoid offending Mussolini too much, the cabinet decided upon a plan to give most of Ethiopia to Italy, with the rest in the Italian 2527: 2623:....Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so they could vaporize over vast areas of territory a fine, death-dealing rain. Groups of 9, 15, or 18 aircraft followed one another so that the fog issuing from them formed a continuous sheet. It was thus that, as from the end of January 1936, soldiers, women, children, cattle, rivers, lakes, and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain. In order more surely to poison the waters and pastures, the Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. These fearful tactics succeeded. Men and animals succumbed. The deadly rain that fell from the aircraft made all those whom it touched fly shrieking with pain. All those who drank poisoned water or ate infected food also succumbed in dreadful suffering. In tens of thousands the victims of Italian mustard gas fell. 1017: 2685:, called the war "Mussolini's masterpiece" as for a brief moment he had been able to create something resembling a national consensus both in favor of himself and his regime. When Badoglio returned to Italy, he received a snub, as Mussolini made certain that the honours bestowed on Badoglio received fell short of those granted to an Italian "national hero", in order to present the victory as an achievement of the Fascist system rather than as an achievement of the traditional Italian elites, of which Badoglio was a member. A sign of Mussolini's increased power and popularity after the war was his creation of a new military rank; First Marshal of the Italian Empire, to which he promoted both himself and King Victor Emmanuel III, thus putting the prime minister on a theoretical level of equality with the king. 1884:...was at the time when the operations for the encircling of Makale were taking place that the Italian command, fearing a rout, followed the procedure which it is now my duty to denounce to the world. Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so that they could vaporize, over vast areas of territory, a fine, death-dealing rain. Groups of nine, fifteen, eighteen aircraft followed one another so that the fog issuing from them formed a continuous sheet. It was thus that, as from the end of January 1936, soldiers, women, children, cattle, rivers, lakes, and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain. To systematically kill all living creatures, to more surely poison waters and pastures, the Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. That was its chief method of warfare. 1170:" in August 1935. The agent said that it was to fly cinema films around Europe. When the client wanted bomb racks to carry the (flammable) films, Shute agreed to fit lugs under the wings to which they could attach "anything they liked". He was told that the plane was to be used to bomb the Italian oil storage tanks at Massawa, and when the CID enquired about the alien (ex-German) pilot practices in it Shute got the impression that the Foreign Office did not object. However, fuel, bombs and bomb racks from Finland could not reach Ethiopia in time, and the paid-for Viceroy stayed at its works. The emperor of Ethiopia had £16,000 to spend on modern aircraft to resist the Italians and planned to spend £5000 on the Viceroy and the rest on three 2961: 2168: 104: 2099: 1937: 2085: 113: 2343:. The campaign of reprisals visited by the Italians upon the population of Addis Ababa has been described as the worst massacre in Ethiopian history. Estimates vary on the number of people killed in the three days that followed the attempt on Graziani's life. Ethiopian sources estimated that 30,000 people were killed by the Italians, while Italian sources claimed that only a few hundred were killed. A 2017 history of the massacre estimated that 19,200 people were killed, 20 percent of the population of Addis Ababa. Over the following week, numerous Ethiopians suspected of opposing Italian rule were rounded up and executed, including members of the 1213: 2833: 2657: 2004: 2852: 93: 7015: 1501: 1517: 73: 2243:, about 70 km (43 mi) north of Addis Ababa. Plans were made to storm parts of the capital but a lack of transport and radio equipment prevented a co-ordinated attack. In July, Ethiopian forces attacked Addis Ababa and were routed. Numerous members of Ethiopian royalty were taken prisoner and others were executed soon after they surrendered. The exiled government in Gore was never able to provide any meaningful leadership to the Patriots or remaining military formations but sporadic resistance by independent groups persisted around the capital. 1509: 64: 1660:; the corridor was a poor one and known as a "corridor for camels". Mussolini was ready to play along with considering the Hoare-Laval Pact, rather than rejecting it outright, to avoid a complete break with Britain and France, but he kept demanding changes to the plan before he would accept it as a way to stall for more time to allow his army to conquer Ethiopia. Mussolini was not prepared to abandon the goal of conquering Ethiopia, but the imposition of League of Nations sanctions on Italy caused much alarm in Rome. 84: 10385: 2247: 1444: 993:, where there had been popular affinity for the fellow nonwhite empire in Africa, which was reciprocated with similar anger in Italy towards Japan combined with praise for Mussolini and his firm stance against the "gialli di Tokyo" ("Tokyo Yellows"). Despite popular opinion, when the Ethiopians approached Japan for help on 2 August, they were refused, and even a modest request for the Japanese government for an official statement of its support for Ethiopia during the coming conflict was denied. 1683: 2589:

attack of all, when low-flying Italian aircraft crews could not have missed the big Red Cross signs. Mustard gas was also sprayed from above on Ethiopian combatants and villages. The Italians tried to keep their resort to chemical warfare secret but were exposed by the International Red Cross and many foreign observers. The Italians claimed that at least 19 bombardments of Red Cross tents "posted in the areas of military encampment of the Ethiopian resistance", had been "erroneous".

2670: 1933:. In the battles of Amba Aradam, Tembien and Shire, the Italians suffered about 2,600 casualties and the Ethiopians about 15,000; Italian casualties at the Battle of Shire being 969 men. The Italian victories stripped the Ethiopian defences on the northern front, Tigré province had fallen most of the Ethiopian survivors returned home or took refuge in the countryside and only the army guarding Addis Ababa stood between the Italians and the rest of the country. 867:

escort remained. For ten days both sides exchanged menaces, sometimes no more than 2 m apart. Reinforcements increased the Ethiopian contingent to about 1,500 men and the Italians to about 500, and on 5 December 1934, shots were fired. The Italians were supported by an armoured car and bomber aircraft. The bombs missed, but machine gunfire from the car caused about 110 Ethiopian casualties. 30 to 50 Italians and Somalis were killed. The incident led to the

2689: 724: 1242: 2900: 1458: 1472: 1285: 1227: 2434:, 193 from the air force, 56 from the navy, 78 civilians in the Gondrand shipyard massacre, 453 factory workers and 88 merchant marines, for a total of 4,350 Italians killed. To these figures must be added approximately 9,000 injured and 18,200 repatriated due to illness. Estimates on the losses of the askaris, however very vague, he puts it at 4,500 killed. From 1936 to 1940, there was an additional 1829:(frightfulness), which included destroying villages and using gas (OC 23/06, 28 December 1935). Mussolini was even prepared to resort to bacteriological warfare as long as these methods could be kept quiet. Some Italians objected when they found out but the practices were kept secret, the government issuing denials or spurious stories blaming the Ethiopians. 957:, which Mussolini rejected outright. As the Italians had broken the British naval codes, Mussolini knew of the problems in the British Mediterranean Fleet, which led him to believe that the British opposition to the invasion, which had come as an unwelcome surprise to him, was not serious and that Britain would never go to war over Ethiopia. 1787:

Ethiopians that Italian tanks had been stranded and abandoned and that Italian native troops were mutinying. Later, a report was issued that Ethiopian warriors had captured eighteen tanks, thirty-three field guns, 175 machine guns, and 2,605 rifles. In addition, this report indicated that the Ethiopians had wiped out an entire legion of the

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over Ethiopia, Haile Selassie had been recognized as the restored emperor of Ethiopia following his formal entry into Addis Ababa in May 1941. Ethiopia presented a bill to the Economic Commission for Italy of £184,746,023 for damages inflicted during the course of the Italian occupation. The list included the destruction of

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demand that the League of Nations should continue its efforts to secure respect for the covenant, and that it should decide not to recognize territorial extensions, or the exercise of an assumed sovereignty, resulting from the illegal recourse to armed force and to numerous other violations of international agreements.

846:(irregular frontier troops commanded by Italian officers). The fort at Welwel was well beyond the 21-league limit and inside Ethiopian territory. On 23 November 1934, an Anglo–Ethiopian boundary commission studying grazing grounds to find a definitive border between British Somaliland and Ethiopia arrived at Welwel. 1043:. Every married man will bring his wife to cook and wash for him. Every unmarried man will bring any unmarried woman he can find to cook and wash for him. Women with babies, the blind, and those too aged and infirm to carry a spear are excused. Anyone found at home after receiving this order will be hanged. 2312:

Gabre Mariam who had assembled military forces in the Great Lakes district. The Ethiopians were defeated on 16 December and by January, the Italians had established a measure of control over the provinces of Jimma, Kafa and Arusi. After another two months, the remaining Ethiopians were surrounded and

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with mustard gas. The Italian troops had 400 casualties, the Eritreans 874 and the Ethiopians suffered 8,900 casualties from 31,000 men present according to an Italian estimate. On 4 April, Selassie looked with despair upon the horrific sight of the dead bodies of his army ringing the poisoned lake.

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militia infantry divisions arrived in Eritrea, and four regular infantry divisions arrived in Italian Somaliland, about 685,000 soldiers and a great number of logistical and support units; the Italians included 200 journalists. The Italians had 6,000 machine guns, 2,000 pieces of artillery, 599 tanks

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On 14 December 1925, Italy's fascist government signed a secret pact with Britain aimed at reinforcing Italian dominance in the region. London recognised that the area was of Italian interest and agreed to the Italian request to build a railway connecting Somalia and Eritrea. Although the signatories

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that had been upheld by the Amharas. Early in 1938, a revolt broke out in Gojjam, led by the Committee of Unity and Collaboration, made up of some of the young, educated elite who had escaped reprisals after the assassination attempt on Graziani. The general oversaw another wave of reprisals and had

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American and British military analysis came to similar conclusions. The US military concluded that "Chemical weapons were devastating against the unprepared and unprotected Ethiopians." British Major General J. F. C. Fuller, assigned to the Italian army, noted that "In place of the laborious process

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and the remainder of the Imperial Guard did their utmost to restrain a growing crowd but rioters rampaged throughout the city, looting and setting fire to shops owned by Europeans. Most of the violence occurred between looters, fighting over the spoils and by 5 May, much of the city lay in ruins. At

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The Italians tried to break out using their L3 tanks but the rough terrain immobilised the vehicles. The Ethiopians killed the infantry, then rushed the tanks and killed their two-man crews. Italian forces organised a relief column made up of tanks and infantry to relieve Critini but it was ambushed

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The war was wildly popular with the Italian people, who relished Mussolini's defiance of the League as an example of Italian greatness. Even if Mussolini had been willing to stop the war, the move would have been very unpopular in Italy. Kallis wrote, "Especially after the imposition of sanctions in

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Initially, he had two divisions and a variety of smaller units under his command: a mixture of Italians, Somalis, Eritreans, Libyans and others. De Bono regarded Italian Somaliland as a secondary theatre, whose primary need was to defend itself, but it could aid the main front with offensive thrusts

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Selassie's army consisted of around 500,000 men, some of whom were armed with spears and bows. Other soldiers carried more modern weapons including rifles, but many of them were equipment from before 1900 and so were obsolete. According to Italian estimates, on the eve of hostilities, the Ethiopians

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and the United States. Three years later, only the USSR officially recognised Selassie and the United States government considered recognising the Italian Empire with Ethiopia included. The invasion of Ethiopia and its general condemnation by Western democracies isolated Mussolini and Fascist Italy

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throughout the world, he said "It is us today. It will be you tomorrow". France appeased Italy because it could not afford to risk an alliance between Italy and Germany; Britain decided that its military weakness meant that it had to follow France's lead. Selassie's resolution to the League to deny

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At this point in the campaign, the lack of roads represented a serious hindrance for the Italians as they crossed into Ethiopia. On the Eritrean side, roads had been constructed right up to the border. On the Ethiopian side, these roads often transitioned into vaguely defined paths, and the Italian

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to impose sanctions on Italy, which the French would almost certainly not veto out of fear of destroying relations with Britain; that would cause a crisis in Anglo-Italian relations and allow Germany to offer its "good services" to Italy. In that way, Hitler hoped to win Mussolini as an ally and to

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in December 1935, but their poorly armed forces could not resist for long against the modern weapons of the Italians. Even the communications service of the Ethiopian forces depended on foot messengers, as they did not have radio. It was enough for the Italians to impose a narrow fence on Ethiopian

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The news from the "northern front" was generally bad for Italy. However, foreign correspondents in Addis Ababa publicly took up knitting to mock their lack of access to the front. There was no way for them to verify reports that 4,700 Italians had been captured. The correspondents were told by the

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The other tanks were immobilised by the terrain, unable to advance further and two were set on fire. Critini managed to break-out in a bayonet charge and half escaped. Italian casualties were 31 Italians and 370 Askari killed and five Italians taken prisoner; Ethiopian casualties were estimated by

621:

sent arms and munitions to Ethiopia because it was frustrated over Italian objections to its attempts to integrate Austria. This prolonged the war and sapped Italian resources. It would soon lead to Italy's greater economic dependence on Germany and less interventionist policy on Austria, clearing

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of World War II on 10 February 1947, included formal Italian recognition of Ethiopian independence and an agreement to pay $ 25,000,000 (equivalent to $ 341,133,000 in 2023) in reparations. Since the League of Nations and most of its members had never officially recognized Italian sovereignty

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attacks around the capital. About 10,000 troops remaining under the command of Aberra Kassa had orders from Selassie to continue resistance. On 10 May 1936, Italian troops from the northern front and from the southern front met at Dire Dawa. The Italians found the recently released Ethiopian Ras,

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but this liberated the former slave owners from the obligation to feed their former slaves, in the unsettled conditions caused by the war. Much of the livestock in the area had been moved to the south to feed the Ethiopian army and many of the emancipated people had no choice but to appeal to the

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We have decided to bring to an end the most unequal, most unjust, most barbarous war of our age, and have chosen the road to exile in order that our people will not be exterminated and in order to consecrate ourselves wholly and in peace to the preservation of our empire's independence... we now

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prevented the Ethiopians from taking advantage of their initial successes. The Ethiopians in general were very poorly armed, with few machine guns, their troops mainly armed with swords and spears. Having spent a decade accumulating poison gas in East Africa, Mussolini gave Badoglio authority to

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unit was bombed at Dolo and an Egyptian ambulance was attacked at Bulale; a few days later an Egyptian medical unit was bombed at Daggah Bur. There were more attacks in January and February, then on 4 March 1936, a British Red Cross camp near Quoram appeared to be subject to the most deliberate

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and Somali troops and made camp. To avoid being caught in an Italian–Ethiopian incident, Clifford withdrew the British contingent to Ado, about 20 mi (32 km) to the north-east, and Italian aircraft began to fly over Welwel. The Ethiopian commissioners retired with the British, but the

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an underestimate. Sbacchi wrote that the official total of Italian casualties was unreliable, because the regime desired to underestimate Italian losses. Del Boca estimates the total Italian losses up to 31 December 1936 (including more than six months of guerrilla warfare after the end of the

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Meanwhile, Selassie conducted a disorganized retreat towards the capital. There, government officials operated without leadership, unable to contact the Emperor and unsure of his whereabouts. Realizing that Addis Ababa would soon fall to the Italians, Ethiopian administrators met to discuss a

1980:

movement. They were joined by local residents who operated independently near their own homes. Early activities included capturing war materials, rolling boulders off cliffs at passing convoys, kidnapping messengers, cutting telephone lines, setting fire to administrative offices and fuel and

1193:

Feodor Konovalov and the Czechoslovak writer Adolf Parlesak. Several Austrian Nazis, a team of Belgian fascists, and the Cuban mercenary Alejandro del Valle also fought for Haile Selassie. Many of the individuals were military advisers, pilots, doctors or supporters of the Ethiopian cause; 50

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November 1935, the popularity of the Fascist regime reached unprecedented heights". On 13 December, details of the pact were leaked by a French newspaper and denounced as a sellout of the Ethiopians. The British government disassociated itself from the pact and British Foreign Secretary Sir

2269:, after the Italians had sent the party to parley with the local populace. Graziani ordered the town to be bombed in retaliation for the killings (Magliocco was his deputy). Local hostility forced out the Patriots and Desta Damtew, commander of the southern Patriots, withdrew his troops to 2134:

suggested that the Emperor should go to Geneva to appeal to the League of Nations for assistance before returning to lead resistance against the Italians. The view was subsequently adopted by Selassie and preparations were made for his departure. On 2 May, Selassie boarded a train from

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was named the commander-in-chief of all Italian armed forces in East Africa. De Bono was also the commander-in-chief of the forces invading from Eritrea on the northern front. De Bono commanded nine divisions in the Italian I Corps, the Italian II Corps and the Eritrean Corps. General

2011:

On 3 October 1935, Graziani implemented the Milan Plan to remove Ethiopian forces from various frontier posts and to test the reaction to a series of probes all along the southern front. While incessant rains worked to hinder the plan, within three weeks the Somali villages of

2216:, who boarded a train back to Addis Ababa and approached the Italian invaders in submission. Imru Haile Selassie fell back to Gore in southern Ethiopia to reorganise and continue to resist the Italians. In early June, the Italian government promulgated a constitution for 1810:

Imru retook Adwa, he was to invade Eritrea. In November, the League of Nations condemned Italy's aggression and imposed economic sanctions. This excluded oil, however, an indispensable raw material for the conduct of any modern military campaign, and this favoured Italy.

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In 1976, Baer wrote that Selassie's resolution requesting loans was defeated by a vote of 23 against, 25 abstentions and 1 vote for (from Ethiopia). In the sanctions vote, 44 delegates approved the ending of sanctions, 4 abstained and 1 (Ethiopian) delegate voted for

989:, attempted to raise money for the Ethiopian cause. The Japanese ambassador to Italy, Dr. Sugimura Yotaro, on 16 July assured Mussolini that Japan held no political interests in Ethiopia and would stay neutral in the coming war. His comments stirred up a furor inside 2367:

had fired into the crowds of beggars and poor assembled for the distribution of alms; and it is said that the Federal Secretary, Guido Cortese, even fired his revolver into the group of Ethiopian dignitaries standing around him." Hours later, Cortese gave the fatal

1775:. When the Ethiopians attacked, the Italian force fell back to the pass, only to discover that 2,000 Ethiopian soldiers were already there and Criniti's force was encircled. In the first Ethiopian attack, two Italian officers were killed and Criniti was wounded. 121:

Clockwise from top left: Italian Blackshirts at Dire Dawa; Ethiopian soldiers on horseback; Italian artillery in Tembien; Ethiopian soldiers holding rifles en route to the northern front; Royal Italian Army soldiers in Amba Aradam; Haile Selassie with Red Cross

2123:, though actual preparations for their departure were postponed. Addis Ababa became crowded with retreating soldiers from the front while its foreign residents sought refuge at various European legations. Selassie reached the capital on 30 April. That day his 2968:

While in exile in United Kingdom, Haile Selassie had sought the support of the Western democracies for his cause but had little success until the Second World War began. On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on France and Britain and attacked British and

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in Eritrea during early 1936. On 20 January, the Italians resumed their northern offensive at the First Battle of Tembien (20 to 24 January) in the broken terrain between the Warieu Pass and Makale. The forces of Ras Kassa were defeated, the Italians using

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Years later, Badoglio admitted to using gas once and a former government minister said that three gas bombs had been dropped but these admissions came after copious amounts of records had been published showing that gas had been used to a much greater

2143:, with the gold of the Ethiopian Central Bank. From there he fled to the United Kingdom, with the tacit acquiescence of the Italians who could have bombed his train, into exile (Mussolini had refused a request from Graziani to mount such an attack.) 1604:

On 11 October, Gugsa surrendered with 1,200 followers at the Italian outpost at Adagamos. Italian propagandists lavishly publicised the surrender but fewer than a tenth of Gugsa's men defected with him. On 14 October, De Bono proclaimed the end of

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had an army of 350,000–760,000 men. Only about 25% of the army had any military training, and the men were armed with a motley collection of 400,000 rifles of every type and in every condition. The Ethiopian Army had about 234 antiquated pieces of

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had wished to maintain the secrecy of the agreement, the plan soon leaked and caused indignation by the French and Ethiopian governments. The latter denounced it as a betrayal of a country that had been for all intents and purposes a member of the

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On 26 April 1936, Badoglio began the "March of the Iron Will" from Dessie to Addis Ababa, an advance with a mechanised column against slight Ethiopian resistance. The column experienced a more serious attack on 4 May when Ethiopian forces under

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recognition of the Italian conquest was defeated and he was denied a loan to finance a resistance movement. On 4 July 1936, the League voted to end the sanctions imposed against Italy in November 1935. By 15 July, the sanctions were at an end.

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Comrades, today is the day when we should show our devotion to our Viceroy by reacting and destroying the Ethiopians for three days. For three days I give you ''carte blanche'' to destroy and kill and do what you want to the Ethiopians.

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at the wells. The Ethiopian government had notified the Italian authorities in Italian Somaliland that the commission was active in the Ogaden and requested the Italians to co-operate. When the British commissioner Lieutenant-Colonel

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Nyssen, Jan; Petrie, Gordon; Mohamed, Sultan; Gebremeskel, Gezahegne; Seghers, Valérie; Debever, Martijn; Hadgu, Kiros Meles; Stal, Cornelis; Billi, Paolo; Demaeyer, Philippe; Haile, Mitiku; Frankl, Amaury (January–February 2016).

2779:. Hitler had supplied the Ethiopians with 16,000 rifles and 600 machine guns in the hope that Italy would be weakened when he moved against Austria. By contrast, France and Britain recognised Italian control over Ethiopia in 1938. 1770:

A force of 1,000 Ethiopians crossed the Tekeze river and advanced toward the Dembeguina Pass (Inda Aba Guna or Indabaguna pass). The Italian commander, Major Criniti, commanded a force of 1,000 Eritrean infantry supported by

949:. As 300,000 Italian soldiers were transferred to Eritrea and Italian Somaliland over the spring and the summer of 1935, the world's media was abuzz with speculation that Italy would soon be invading Ethiopia. In June 1935, 2863:

Aosta instituted public works projects including 3,200 km (2,000 mi) of new paved roadways, 25 hospitals, 14 hotels, dozens of post offices, telephone exchanges, aqueducts, schools and shops. The Italians decreed

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04:00 Badoglio drove into the city at the head of 1,600 lorries and patrols of Italian tanks, troops and Carabinieri were sent to occupy tactically valuable areas in the city, as the remaining inhabitants watched sullenly.

2277:, where they were eventually defeated. An estimated 4,000 Patriots were reportedly killed in both engagements, 1,600 of whom—including Damtew—after being taken prisoner. On 19 December, Wondosson Kassa was executed near 968:

win, Germany provided some weapons to Ethiopia out of fear of quick victory for Italy. The German perspective was that if Italy was bogged down in a long war in Ethiopia, that would probably lead to Britain pushing the

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field guns. The arms embargo imposed on the belligerents by France and Britain disproportionately affected Ethiopia, which lacked the manufacturing industry to produce its own weapons. The Ethiopian army had some 300

2649:) beginning in the first weeks of war. Some hundreds of colonial Eritrean Ascari and dozens of Italians suffered these amputations, often done before death as allegedly happened to 17 Italian workers emasculated in 2313:

fought on, rather than surrender. Mariam was killed. On 19 February 1937 the last battle of the war occurred when remnants of the Armies of Sidamo and Bale clashed with Italian forces at Gogetti, and were defeated.

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had ceased to provide data on fatalities. Field hospital records had been destroyed, inventories dispersed, individual deaths were not reported and bodies were not repatriated to Italy. Unpublished reports listed

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to establish closer liaison with the British and resistance forces within Ethiopia. On 18 January 1941, Selassie crossed the border into Ethiopia near the village of Um Iddla and two days later rendezvoused with

6145:. Textbook of Military Medicine: Warfare, Weaponry and the Casualty: Part I. Vol. III (online ed.). Bethesda, Maryland: Office of The Surgeon General Department of the Army, United States of America. 849:

The party contained Ethiopian and British technicians and an escort of around 600 Ethiopian soldiers. Both sides knew that the Italians had installed a military post at Welwel and were not surprised to see an

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was the only country to strongly condemn Italy's sovereignty over Ethiopia, respecting Ethiopian independence throughout. Including Mexico, only six nations in 1937 did not recognise the Italian occupation:

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In general, historians concluded that the use of chemical weapons was effective and devastating to morale and manpower, though some disagree and argue that they had negligible effect in battle. Historian

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The Christmas Offensive was intended to split the Italian forces in the north with the Ethiopian centre, crushing the Italian left with the Ethiopian right and to invade Eritrea with the Ethiopian left.

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was proposed by Britain and France. Italy would gain the best parts of Ogaden and Tigray and economic influence over all the south. Abyssinia would have a guaranteed corridor to the sea at the port of

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and his observer in Ogaden by Ethiopian forces. However, the use of gas was authorized by Mussolini nearly two months before Minniti's death on 26 December 1935, as evinced by the following order:

1625:. The Italian advance had added 56 mi (90 km) to the line of supply and De Bono wanted to build a road from Adigrat before continuing. On 16 November, De Bono was promoted to the rank of 942:, insisted for the final draft to declare that Britain, France and Italy were committed to upholding stability "in Europe", which Mussolini took for British acceptance of an invasion of Ethiopia. 1814:

The Ethiopian counteroffensive managed to stop the Italian advance for a few weeks, but the superiority of the Italian's weaponry (artillery and machine guns) as well as aerial bombardment with

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voted to condemn Italy and Mussolini withdrew from the League. Along with world condemnation, the occupation was expensive, the budget for AOI from 1936 to 1937 required 19,136 billion

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As fascist rule in Italy continued to radicalise, its colonial governors in the Horn of Africa began pushing outward the margins of their imperial foothold. The governor of Italian Eritrea,

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Seyoum. Amba Aradam was a steep sided, flat topped mountain directly in the way of an Italian advance on Addis Ababa. The four commanders had approximately 190,000 men facing the Italians.

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Italy's military victory overshadowed concerns about the economy. Mussolini was at the height of his popularity in May 1936 with the proclamation of the Italian empire. His biographer,

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Before he departed, Selassie ordered that the government of Ethiopia be moved to Gore and directed the mayor of Addis Ababa to maintain order in the city until the Italians' arrival.

686:) against combatants and civilians in an attempt to discourage the Ethiopian people from supporting the resistance. Deliberate Italian attacks against ambulances and hospitals of the 2911:. The former police chief of Addis Ababa, Abebe Aregai, was the most successful leader of the Ethiopian guerrilla movement after 1937, using units of fifty men. On 11 December, the 690:

were reported. By all estimates, hundreds of thousands of Ethiopian civilians died as a result of the Italian invasion, which have been described by some historians as constituting

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Rome, December 28, 1935. To His Excellency Badoglio. Given the enemy system I have authorized Your Excellency the use even on a vast scale of any gas and flamethrowers. Mussolini.

761:. In the following years, Italy abandoned its expansionist plans in the area and limited itself to administering the small possessions that it retained in the area: the colony of 380: 3014:, who received the surrender of the city; on 5 May, exactly five years after the fall of the capital, Selassie made a formal entry in Addis Ababa. After the Italian defeat, the 2175:

After the occupation of Addis Ababa, nearly half of Ethiopia was still unoccupied and the fighting continued for another three years until nearly 90% was "pacified" just before

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en route. Ethiopians on the high ground rolled boulders in front of and behind several of the tanks, to immobilise them, picked off the Eritrean infantry and swarmed the tanks.

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arrived in Rome with the message that Britain opposed an invasion and had a compromise plan for Italy to be given a corridor in Ethiopia to link the two Italian colonies in the

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continued for several years after the Italian victory at Addis Ababa of Ethiopia. The date of the last battle between regular Italian and Ethiopian forces was 19 February 1937.

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of picketing the heights, the heights sprayed with gas were rendered unoccupiable by the enemy, save at the gravest risk. It was an exceedingly cunning use of this chemical."

985:, which had served as a model to some Ethiopian intellectuals. After the Welwel incident, several right-wing Japanese groups, including the Great Asianism Association and the 643:) prevented the Ethiopians from taking advantage of their initial successes. The Italians resumed the offensive in early March. On 29 March 1936, Graziani bombed the city of 2518:

However, Del Boca claims that these figures are unreliable and were likely exaggerated to extract more reparations. He asserts that the Italian estimation is more accurate.

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biplanes. A few transport aircraft had been acquired between 1934 and 1935 for ambulance work, but the Air Force had 13 aircraft and four pilots at the outbreak of the war.

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on the Italian and Eritrean defenders but could not overcome the well-prepared Italian defences. When the exhausted Ethiopians withdrew, the Italians counter-attacked. The

1910:

Mulugeta and his son were killed. The Italians lost 800 killed and wounded while the Ethiopians lost 6,000 killed and 12,000 wounded. From 27 to 29 February, the armies of

2070:, a seasoned ex-Ottoman commander. After ten days, the last Ethiopian army had disintegrated; 2,000 Italian soldiers and 5,000 Ethiopian soldiers were killed or wounded. 8956: 2868:

to be illegal. Racial separation, including residential segregation, was enforced as thoroughly as possible and the Italians showed favouritism to non-Christian groups.

1007: 8701: 8309: 1275: 10307: 8325: 2389:

and lynched their servants. Some even posed on the corpses of their victims to have their photographs taken. The first day of the massacre has been commemorated as "

1113:" (Imperial Guard), which were well-trained and better equipped than the other Ethiopian troops. The Imperial Guard wore a distinctive greenish-khaki uniform of the 2600:. Though poorly equipped, the Ethiopians had achieved some success against modern weaponry but had no defence against the "terrible rain that burned and killed". 8645: 1561: 8248: 8220: 7364: 431: 1972:

Following the battle, Ethiopian soldiers began to employ guerrilla tactics against the Italians, initiating a trend of resistance that would transform into the

907:

to the war. In that regard, British diplomacy in the first half of 1935 greatly assisted Mussolini's efforts to win Victor Emmanuel's support for the invasion.

10286: 8965: 8652: 7786: 6862: 3079: 1011: 667:. Fighting between Italian and Ethiopian troops persisted until 19 February 1937. On the same day, an attempted assassination of Graziani led to the reprisal 9268: 8631: 7940: 7565: 2989:

was completed. The British and Selassie incited Ethiopian and other local forces to join a campaign to dislodge the Italians from Ethiopia. Selassie went to

2840:

On 10 May 1936, Italian troops from the northern front and from the southern front met at Dire Dawa. The Italians found the recently released Ethiopian Ras,

1556:". Forty-year-old Iyasu had been deposed many years earlier but was still in custody. In response to the Italian invasion, Ethiopia declared war on Italy. 8281: 8227: 7413: 6948: 6895: 2301: 1859:

As the progress of the Christmas Offensive slowed, Italian plans to renew the advance on the northern front began as Mussolini had given permission to use

373: 8738: 8234: 7850: 3089: 2892:

all Ethiopians in administrative jobs murdered, some by being thrown from aircraft, after being taken on board under the pretext of visiting the King in

2541:

Italian military forces used between 300 and 500 tons of mustard gas to attack both military and civilian targets, despite being a signatory to the 1925

2296:

Imru were trapped between the Italians and the Sudan border and Imru surrendered on 19 December. Imru was flown to Italy and imprisoned on the Island of

1279: 7260: 1985:, and killing collaborators. As disruption increased, the Italians were forced to redeploy more troops to Tigre, away from the campaign further south. 1369:. The sultan was motivated by his desire to take back lands that the Ethiopians had taken from him. The Italian colonial forces even included men from 1329:(Royal Navy) carried tons of ammunition, food and other supplies, with the motor vehicles to move them, but the Ethiopians had only horse-drawn carts. 879:

Britain and France, preferring Italy as an ally against Germany, did not take strong steps to discourage an Italian military buildup on the borders of

8624: 8071: 7947: 687: 635:

The Ethiopian counteroffensive managed to stop the Italian advance for a few weeks, but the superiority of the Italians' weapons (particularly heavy

461: 7924: 7304: 2609: 2332: 1350:) was one prestigious and colourful Eritrean cavalry unit. Other RCTC units during the invasion of Ethiopia were irregular Somali frontier troops ( 671:

massacre in Addis Ababa, in which between 1,400 and 30,000 civilians were killed. Italian forces continued to suppress rebel activity until 1939.

8361: 7673: 3886: 3019: 2755:"). Selassie denounced Italian aggression and criticised the world community for standing by. At the conclusion of his speech, which appeared on 2336: 366: 17: 6857: 5023:

Paolo Tripodi. "L'eredità coloniale in Somalia" Section: 'Adua vendicata'. St. Martin P. Inc., New York, 1999.St. Martin P. Inc., New York, 1999

2066:. The Ethiopians were drawn up behind a defensive line that was termed the "Hindenburg Wall", designed by the chief of staff of Ras Nasibu, and 8180: 7482: 3477: 10179: 8972: 8935: 8912: 8433: 7355: 7325: 3559: 945:

In June, non-interference was further assured by a political rift, which had developed between the United Kingdom and France, because of the

8687: 2907:

The army of occupation had 150,000 men but was spread thinly; by 1941 the garrison had been increased to 250,000 soldiers, including 75,000

9065: 8921: 8905: 8877: 8125: 7332: 6741:. FMRP 12, 13 (repr. online ed.). Washington, DC: Department of the Navy: Headquarters United States Marine Corps. pp. 230–285. 2526: 1880:

and suffering 1,082 casualties against 8,000 Ethiopian casualties according to an Ethiopian wireless message intercepted by the Italians.

9822: 8889: 8801: 8745: 8708: 7990: 7108: 6770: 2179:, although censorship kept this from the Italian public. Ethiopian commanders withdrew to nearby areas to regroup; Abebe Aregai went to 903:

shared the traditional Italian respect for British sea power and insisted to Mussolini that Italy must not antagonise Britain before he

10496: 8794: 7526: 6399:

Sbacchi, Alberto (1978). Marcus, H. G. (ed.). "The Price of Empire: Towards an Enumeration of Italian Casualties in Ethiopia 1935–40".

3114: 2442:

and wounded. Total Italian casualties from 1935 to 1940 according to these calculations were about 208,000 killed or wounded. Based on

2028:

and invade Italian Somaliland. Between 12 and 16 January 1936, the Italians defeated the Ethiopians at the Battle of Genale Doria. The

10300: 8928: 7318: 7276: 2224:) bringing Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland together into an administrative unit of six provinces. Badoglio became the first 938:. The first draft of the communique at Stresa Summit spoke of upholding stability all over the world, but British Foreign Secretary, 6299:

Cernuschi, Enrico (December 1994). "La resistenza sconosciuta in Africa Orientale" [The Unknown Resistance in East Africa].

2553:, who was present in Ethiopia during the conflict, stated that mustard gas "was the decisive tactical factor in the war." Historian 1296:

There were 400,000 Italian soldiers in Eritrea and 285,000 in Italian Somaliland with 3,300 machine guns, 275 artillery pieces, 200

10149: 7968: 7742: 7505: 7371: 7182: 6941: 3952: 2585: 1198:

or nonmilitary activities. The Italians later attributed most of the relative success achieved by the Ethiopians to foreigners, or

1016: 2292:

After the end of the rainy season, an Italian column left Addis Ababa in September and occupied Gore a month later. The forces of

9044: 8841: 7878: 7378: 7290: 7226: 7104: 6018: 5873:

Haile Selassie I: My Life and Ethiopia's Progress: The Autobiography of Emperor Haile Selassie I, King of Kings and Lord of Lords

2844:, who boarded a train back to Addis Ababa and approached the Italian invaders in submission. On 21 December 1937, Rome appointed 2453:

There was a lack of reliable statistics because confusion during the invasion made it difficult to keep accurate records and the

1788: 6892:

Second Italo-Abyssinian war. Eritrea colonial history, Eritrean ascari pictures/photos galleries and videos, historical atlas...

6809: 6208:

A Military History of Africa: The Colonial Period: from the Scramble for Africa to the Algerian Independence War (ca. 1870–1963)

1177:

There were 50 foreign mercenaries who joined the Ethiopian forces, including French pilots like Pierre Corriger, American pilot

1083: 960:

The prospect that an Italian invasion of Ethiopia would cause a crisis in Anglo-Italian relations was seen as an opportunity in

9247: 8759: 7609: 7147: 2986: 663:

was proclaimed emperor on 9 May. The provinces of Eritrea, Italian Somaliland and Abyssinia (Ethiopia) were united to form the

2612:

argued that the use of chemical weapons shifted the war in favor of the Italians, and dealt a major blow to Ethiopian morale.

9843: 9748: 9275: 9021: 8896: 7982: 7956: 7813: 7519: 7436: 6875: 6720: 6680: 6661: 6620: 6578: 6473: 6280: 6215: 6196: 6177: 6124: 6105: 6086: 6065: 6043: 5977: 5958: 5939: 5920: 5880: 5842: 5823: 5797: 5778: 5757: 5738: 5719: 5700: 5677: 5658: 5635: 5608: 5580: 5561: 5519: 5500: 5481: 5462: 5394: 5278:

Barrera, Giulia (2003). "Mussolini's colonial race laws and state-settler relations in Africa Orientale Italiana (1935-41)".

3569: 3453: 2358:, Brehane Markos, and Ayale Gebre, who had helped the Italians identify the two men who made the attempt on Graziani's life. 1665: 6731: 2964:

Soldiers of the West African Frontier Force removing Italian frontier markers from the Kenya–Italian Somaliland border, 1941

1591:, to withdraw a day's march away from the Mareb River. Later, the Emperor ordered his son-in-law and Commander of the Gate ( 1346:), which was often used as advanced troops. The Eritreans also provided cavalry and artillery units; the "Falcon Feathers" ( 1127:, the Ethiopian generals armies, were reported to rate from relatively good to incompetent. After Italian objections to the 859:, asked the Italians for permission to camp nearby, the Italian commander, Captain Roberto Cimmaruta, rebuffed the request. 10076: 9483: 9369: 8534: 8001: 7997: 7975: 7579: 7002: 6972: 2955: 2743:"). A group of jeering Italian journalists began yelling insults and were expelled before he could speak. In response, the 33: 3602: 2883:

and other Muslims, many of whom had supported the invasion, autonomy and rights. The Italians also definitively abolished

10426: 9991: 9455: 8787: 8773: 7986: 6934: 4788: 3003: 1060: 2405:

In 1968, Colonel A. J. Barker wrote that from 1 January 1935 to 31 May 1936, the Italian army and Blackshirt units lost

1906:

Mulugeta's army, according to the Ethiopians. During the slaughter following the attempted withdrawal of his army, both

10200: 10069: 9947: 9525: 9240: 9191: 8949: 8504: 7756: 7595: 7443: 7297: 7062: 6534: 5861: 2638: 699: 6834: 10316: 9198: 9170: 8987: 8569: 8288: 8255: 6236: 5422: 3517: 3015: 2848:, as the new Viceroy and Governor General of Italian East Africa with instructions to take a more conciliatory line. 1495: 569:(then an Italian colonial possession) without prior declaration of war. At the same time a minor force under General 406: 7471: 6317: 597:

adorning the city was torn from its site and sent to Rome to be placed symbolically in front of the building of the

10353: 9511: 9448: 8583: 8419: 7542: 3031: 3002:

and Ethiopian patriots had largely succeeded in their operations by 6 April 1941, when Addis Ababa was occupied by

2736: 1621:. To Mussolini's dismay, the advance was methodical and on 8 November, the I Corps and the Eritrean Corps captured 598: 8096: 2732:

The Ethiopian Emperor's telegram caused several nations to temporarily defer recognition of the Italian conquest.

9877: 9718: 9707: 9543: 9302: 9261: 9154: 9092: 8479: 7749: 7618: 7586: 6772:

Fuelling Fascism: British and Italian Economic Relations in the 1930s, League Sanctions and the Abyssinian Crisis

2785: 2124: 2119:

possible evacuation of the government to the west. After several days, they decided that they should relocate to

8266: 7834: 1536:. The abolition of slavery was one of the first measures taken by the Italian occupation government in Ethiopia. 1212: 10431: 10263: 10235: 10113: 9906: 9143: 8594: 8520: 8316: 7687: 7406: 7311: 7196: 6884: 6349:

Holt, Andrew (2011). "No more Hoares to Paris': British Foreign Policymaking and the Abyssinian Crisis, 1935".

2608:

condemned the use of gas, but argued that it had only a minimal effect on Italian war aims. An analysis by the

871:

at the League of Nations. On 4 September 1935, the League of Nations exonerated both parties for the incident.

815: 10436: 10323: 10256: 10207: 10138: 9963: 9469: 9420: 9184: 9177: 8780: 8541: 8332: 7385: 6422: 2960: 2884: 2486:. Conversely, in a memorandum submitted to the Paris conference in 1946, the Ethiopian government enumerated 2304:

taken in the war were dispersed in camps in East Africa and Italy. A second column went south-west to attack

1203: 930:

and that Italy had a "free hand" in Ethiopia. In April, Italy was further emboldened by participation in the

769:. For the next few decades, Italian-Ethiopian economic and diplomatic relations remained relatively stable. 10441: 10397: 10293: 9668: 9629: 8548: 8383: 8368: 8295: 8274: 8092: 7770: 7556: 7549: 7533: 7244: 7203: 7175: 7114: 1032: 982: 946: 900: 660: 7014: 2167: 2098: 2084: 1936: 1731:, the Minister of War, advanced from Dessie with approximately 80,000 men to take positions on and around 103: 10360: 9684: 9636: 9254: 9226: 9079: 8694: 8673: 8194: 7857: 7763: 7253: 7083: 5438:

Thirty Years of Italian History: From Antifascism to the Resistance (1915–1945) Lessons with Testimonials

2798: 2793:

until 1938. From 1936 to 1939, Mussolini and Hitler joined forces to support the fascist camp during the

1072: 1064: 6135: 5875:. Vol. II. Translated by Gebions, Ezekiel. Chicago: Research Associates School Times Publications. 112: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10158: 9654: 9573: 9518: 9406: 9362: 8638: 8562: 8464: 8341: 8213: 8206: 8166: 7871: 7804: 7399: 7210: 7140: 6913: 3109: 3011: 2130:

The following day an ad hoc council of Ethiopian nobles convened to re-examine the decision, where Ras

1552:

scattered leaflets asking the population to rebel against Haile Selassie and support the "true Emperor

1095: 5434:

Trent'anni di storia italiana: dall'antifascismo alla Resistenza (1915–1945) lezioni con testimonianze

2446:

killed in the first six months of 1940, Ministry of Africa figures for 6 May 1936 to 10 June 1940 are

1922:. Ethiopians again argued that poison gas played a role in the destruction of the withdrawing armies. 10466: 10456: 10446: 10060: 9977: 9762: 9622: 9594: 9427: 9332: 9122: 8555: 7629: 7283: 6982: 6370:

Labanca, Nicola (2004). "Colonial rule, colonial repression and war crimes in the Italian colonies".

3104: 2845: 1902:(Battle of Enderta). The Ethiopians suffered massive losses and poison gas destroyed a small part of 1443: 1121:), which was worn by most Ethiopian fighters and proved to be an excellent target. The skills of the 800:, and the cessation in 1928 of collaboration between the settlers and the traditional Somali chiefs. 747: 586: 510:, which lasted from October 1935 to February 1937. In Ethiopia it is often referred to simply as the 7827: 6867: 6851: 6829: 5033: 10501: 9799: 9776: 9028: 8829: 8822: 8486: 8146: 8118: 8111: 7498: 7041: 2557:

estimates that up to one-third of Ethiopian casualties of the war were caused by chemical weapons.

2425:

In a 1978 publication, Alberto Sbacchi wrote that these official Italian casualty figures of about

1919: 1846: 1132: 911: 451: 7843: 7820: 6692:

La marcia su Gondar della colonna celere A.O. e le successive operazioni nella Etiopia Occidentale

2257:

On the night 26 June, members of the Black Lions organization destroyed three Italian aircraft in

2127:

resolved that the city should be defended and a retreat to Gore conducted only as a last resort.

10491: 10221: 10165: 10035: 9895: 9580: 9233: 9129: 9035: 8603: 8471: 8441: 8405: 8390: 8262: 8154: 8132: 8078: 8064: 8046: 7710: 7491: 7219: 7168: 6819: 5898:] (in Italian). Novara: Istituto Storico della Resistenza in Provincia Novara Piero Fornara. 4137: 2970: 2789: 2674: 2039:

After a lull in February 1936, the Italians in the south prepared an advance towards the city of

1838: 1806:

Mulugeta would then descend from Amba Aradam and crush both corps. According to this plan, after

1802:

Seyoum to split the Italian army in two and isolate the Italian I Corps and III Corps in Mekele.

1178: 524: 446: 426: 416: 6272: 6264: 2919:

for infrastructure, when the annual revenue of Italy was only 18,581 billion lire. In 1939

659:

on 5 May. Italy announced the annexation of the territory of Ethiopia on 7 May and Italian King

10471: 10461: 10451: 9913: 9806: 9608: 9559: 9462: 9355: 9325: 9108: 8996: 8722: 8513: 8104: 8085: 8055: 7602: 7572: 7046: 3045: 2079: 2003: 1994: 1930: 1868: 1850: 1114: 1099: 793: 476: 456: 421: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 2851: 1421:

if the enemy forces were not too large there. Most foreigners accompanied the Ethiopians, but

1365:

commanded a personal army, which advanced into the northern Ogaden with the forces of Colonel

10404: 10127: 9970: 9866: 9836: 9792: 9532: 9497: 9490: 9413: 9311: 8752: 8729: 8576: 8187: 7724: 7464: 7450: 7133: 7088: 5792:. Foreign Policies of the Great Powers. Vol. VIII (online ed.). London: Routledge. 2092: 1899: 1842: 1361:

were among several groups induced to fight for the Italians. In the south, the Somali sultan

1076: 436: 8022: 6784: 6696:

The March on Gondar, the Expedited Column A.O. and Subsequent Operations in Western Ethiopia

6527:

Holy War. The Untold Story of Catholic Italy's Crusade Against the Ethiopian Orthodox Church

4821:

Sbacchi, Alberto (1977). "Italy and the Treatment of the Ethiopian Aristocracy, 1937-1940".

2347:

and other members of the aristocracy. Many more were imprisoned, even collaborators such as

1471: 1336:, RCTC) of indigenous regiments recruited from the Italian colonies of Eritrea, Somalia and 1194:

mercenaries fought in the Ethiopian army and another 50 people were active in the Ethiopian

92: 10228: 10083: 9734: 9691: 9661: 9587: 9397: 9376: 8302: 7779: 7457: 6926: 6896:

Ross, F. 1937. The Strategical Conduct of the Campaign and supply and Evacuation Programmes

3239: 3158:

had issued "superficial" proclamations to end slavery but these had made little difference.

2908: 2841: 2701: 2289:

Balcha Safo was killed in battle. On 19 December, Ras Imru surrendered at the Gojeb river.

2213: 2063: 1998: 1653: 1598: 1516: 986: 935: 471: 2832: 1226: 561:

On 3 October 1935, two hundred thousand soldiers of the Italian Army commanded by Marshal

8: 10346: 10120: 9998: 9954: 9476: 8610: 8376: 7903: 7733: 7717: 7666: 6992: 3094: 3084: 2999: 2818: 2708: 2656: 2394: 2221: 2208: 2147: 1973: 1686: 1677: 1646: 1606: 1417:

was commander-in-chief of forces invading from Italian Somaliland on the southern front.

1262: 1256: 1241: 1147: 1068: 664: 613: 411: 217: 167: 1956:

by the main Ethiopian army commanded by Selassie. The Ethiopians launched near non-stop

1613:

By 15 October, De Bono's forces had advanced from Adwa and occupied the holy capital of

1601:, also in the area, to move back 89 and 56 km (55 and 35 mi) from the border. 1202:. (The Italian propaganda machine magnified the number to thousands to explain away the 72: 10339: 10172: 10097: 10051: 10021: 9929: 9769: 9434: 9318: 9212: 9163: 9101: 8857: 8808: 8617: 8241: 7896: 7694: 6987: 6838: 6387: 5768: 5512:

Between Bombs and Good Intentions: The Red Cross and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935–1936

5295: 4846: 3856: 3604:

Between bombs and good intentions: the Red Cross and the Italo-Ethiopian War, 1935–1936

3471: 3018:

was carried out by remnants of Italian troops and their allies, which lasted until the

2982: 2744: 2593: 2262: 2108: 1941: 1545: 1457: 1340:. The most effective of the Italian commanded units were the Eritrean native infantry ( 1301: 884: 766: 683: 655:

was forced to escape into exile on 2 May, and Badoglio's forces arrived in the capital

6004: 3425: 2016:, Dagnerai, Gerlogubi and Gorahai in Ogaden were in Italian hands. Late in the year, 1500: 746:

in the 1880s. The first phase of the colonial expansion concluded with the disastrous

10330: 10214: 10104: 10044: 10005: 9938: 9920: 9886: 9829: 9783: 9727: 9552: 9290: 9282: 9219: 9072: 8666: 8198: 7659: 7638: 7348: 7031: 6776: 6742: 6716: 6699: 6676: 6657: 6635: 6616: 6597: 6574: 6553: 6530: 6513: 6492: 6469: 6439: 6420:

Salerno, Reynolds M. (1997). "The French Navy and the Appeasement of Italy, 1937–9".

6408: 6391: 6358: 6325: 6304: 6276: 6251: 6232: 6211: 6192: 6173: 6146: 6120: 6101: 6082: 6076: 6061: 6039: 6010: 5992: 5973: 5954: 5935: 5916: 5899: 5896:

Yes and no: Masters of the World. Ethiopia 1935–36. Image and Consensus for an Empire

5876: 5857: 5838: 5819: 5793: 5774: 5753: 5734: 5715: 5696: 5673: 5654: 5631: 5604: 5576: 5557: 5551: 5538: 5515: 5496: 5477: 5458: 5441: 5418: 5390: 5299: 4838: 4796: 3860: 3565: 3523: 3513: 3459: 3449: 2912: 2794: 2748: 2650: 2572:

to overwhelm enemy resistance and in case of counter-attack is authorized. Mussolini.

2534: 2328: 2270: 2266: 1953: 1949: 1854: 1310: 1233: 1171: 1079: 1025: 970: 774: 703: 648: 551: 499: 466: 441: 227: 63: 6921: 6806: 6265:"More than Meets the Eye: The Ethiopian War and the Origins of the Second World War" 3510:

The origins of the Second World War reconsidered: A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians

1357:

The Italians had a variety of local semi-independent "allies" in the north, and the

10249: 10242: 10186: 9850: 9615: 9601: 9504: 9441: 9392: 9205: 9058: 9005: 8815: 8766: 8680: 7910: 7887: 7420: 7036: 6431: 6379: 6269:

The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered A. J. P. Taylor and the Historians

5807: 5287: 4955: 4830: 4157: 4149: 3848: 3037: 2935: 2634: 2229: 2204: 1725: 1689: 1626: 1533: 1529: 1449: 1422: 1414: 1385: 1159: 868: 827: 809: 781: 739: 695: 605: 570: 555: 539: 515: 507: 263: 248: 222: 212: 192: 145: 7429: 6872: 6468:. Praeger Studies of Foreign Policies of the Great Powers. Westport, CT: Praeger. 3839:

Ishida, Ken (2002). "Racisms compared: Fascist Italy and ultranationalist Japan".

899:, which led him to draw closer to France to provide the necessary deterrent. King 581:

was conquered, a symbolic place for the Italian army because of the defeat at the

10272: 9984: 9899: 9857: 9755: 9698: 9566: 9348: 9339: 8868: 8450: 8426: 7680: 7078: 6902: 6879: 6813: 6610: 6512:]. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Roma: Istituto Nazionale Fascista di Cultura. 6226: 6165: 5627: 5412: 5384: 5291: 4869: 4378: 4153: 2942:

and the southern Gojjam, under the leadership of the degiac Mengesha Gembere and

2923: 2806: 2768: 2682: 2669: 2642: 2605: 2550: 2542: 2386: 2355: 2282: 2200: 2088: 2059: 1982: 1957: 1860: 1825: 1815: 1744: 1642: 1618: 1588: 1508: 1477: 1434: 1430: 1342: 888: 880: 856: 762: 707: 679: 640: 609: 594: 574: 566: 258: 232: 175: 171: 50: 10384: 6775:(PhD). London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London). 6383: 5812: 3852: 2246: 862:

Fitorari Shiferra, the commander of the Ethiopian escort, took no notice of the

83: 10279: 9815: 9741: 7793: 7652: 6958: 6053: 4971: 3141:, the capital, was occupied on 5 May 1936 and Haile Selassie fled the country. 3119: 2822: 2764: 2660:

Medal commemorating the role of the Italian Eritrean colonial troops in the war

2554: 2196: 2120: 2025: 1864: 1641:

On 14 November 1935, the National government in Britain, led by Prime Minister

1584: 1521: 1463: 1409: 1218: 1190: 1167: 1028: 965: 954: 939: 896: 751: 743: 728: 652: 651:, which nullified any possible organized resistance of the Ethiopians. Emperor 582: 562: 253: 6907: 6651: 6435: 2735:

On 30 June, Selassie spoke at the League of Nations and was introduced by the

2576:

After Minniti's death, the order was expanded to use of gas "on a vast scale":

1791:

and that the Italians had lost at least 3,000 men. Rome denied these figures.

546:). It is seen as an example of the expansionist policy that characterized the 10420: 10090: 8015: 7864: 7703: 6825:

British newsreel footage of Haile Selassie's address to the League of Nations

6780: 6713:

Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa

6703: 6647: 6601: 6557: 6496: 6443: 6412: 6362: 6329: 6119:. Historical dictionaries of Africa (2nd ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. 6014: 5903: 5892:

Si e no padroni del mondo. Etiopia 1935–36. Immagine e consenso per un impero

5542: 5445: 4842: 4800: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 3527: 3463: 3099: 2880: 2872: 2865: 2802: 2560:

The Italians claimed that their use of gas was justified by the execution of

2240: 2192: 2021: 1682: 1525: 1332:

The Italians placed considerable reliance on their Corps of Colonial Troops (

1182: 1163: 1140: 1110: 819: 503: 358: 197: 6824: 6746: 6517: 6308: 6255: 6150: 3367: 826:

coast (approximately 118.3 kilometres ). In 1930, Italy built a fort at the

604:

Exasperated by De Bono's slow and cautious progress, Italian Prime Minister

10389: 10193: 8493: 8398: 8029: 7392: 7156: 6656:(rev. enl. Penguin pbk. ed.). London: Macmillan London and BBC Books. 6639: 5731:

Fascist Ideology Territory and Expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922-1945

4745: 4162: 2995: 2943: 2776: 2561: 2397:

in Addis Ababa in memory of these Ethiopian victims of Italian aggression.

2382: 2236: 2176: 2155: 2131: 2112: 1965: 1374: 1366: 1358: 1325: 1248: 1155: 1136: 975: 950: 931: 927: 923: 904: 851: 789: 710:

and Italians (often with castration), beginning in the first weeks of war.

623: 618: 612:. Ethiopian forces attacked the newly arrived invading army and launched a 268: 237: 6318:"Japan and Italy squabble over Ethiopia: The Sugimura affair of July 1935" 5996: 4679: 3904: 2938:

petered out. In early 1940, the last area of guerilla activity was around

10028: 10014: 9676: 8352: 8173: 8158: 7512: 6977: 6333: 5383:

Abbink, Gerrit Jan; De Bruijn, Mirjam; Van Walraven, Klass, eds. (2003).

4508: 4496: 3155: 3138: 3007: 2568:

Rome, October 27, 1935. To His Excellency Graziani. The use of gas as an

2546: 2431: 2363: 2344: 2340: 2331:– saw the attempted assassination of Marshal Graziani by Eritrean rebels 2278: 2188: 2184: 2136: 2067: 1819: 1732: 1575:(Adowa) was captured by the Italian II Corps. Haile Selassie had ordered 1541: 1289: 1186: 1150:

was commanded by a Frenchman, André Maillet, and included three obsolete

1123: 1040: 796:, began a policy of repression that led to the occupation of the fertile 732: 675: 656: 547: 1894:

From 10 to 19 February, the Italians captured Amba Aradam and destroyed

1354:), regular Arab-Somali infantry and artillery and infantry from Libya. 9383: 9136: 9115: 8008: 7341: 7269: 5573:

The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century

5389:. African Dynamics. Vol. II (illus. ed.). Leiden, NL: Brill. 2646: 2390: 2322: 2281:

and on 21 December, Aberra Kassa and Asfawossen Kassa were executed in

1622: 1617:. De Bono entered the city riding on a white horse and then looted the 1362: 1319: 758: 668: 6632:

Eyewitness in Abyssinia: With Marshal Bodoglio's forces to Addis Ababa

5440:]. Reprints Einaudi (in Italian). Torino: Giulio Einaudi Editore. 4850: 2688: 1427:

Eyewitness in Abyssinia: With Marshal Bodoglio's forces to Addis Ababa

818:

stated that the border between Italian Somaliland and Ethiopia was 21

723: 617:

detachments to leave them unaware of the movements of their own army.

9646: 9051: 8848: 8659: 8457: 8412: 6136:"History of Chemical and Biological Warfare: An American Perspective" 5457:. Stanford, California: Hoover Institute Press, Stanford University. 3142: 2939: 2899: 2888: 2875:

rulers of Ethiopia, who supported Selassie, the Italians granted the

2856: 2772: 2716: 2712: 2693: 2052: 1756: 1701: 1633:) and in December was replaced by Badoglio to speed up the invasion. 1593: 1389: 1195: 1128: 1103: 1049: 636: 628: 7933: 6567:

Benito Mussolini, l'uomo della pace: da Versailles al 10 giugno 1940

2584:

Military and civilian targets were gas bombed and on 30 December, a

1704:

with about 30,000 men. Selassie with about 40,000 men advanced from

7917: 7645: 6844: 6571:

Benito Mussolini, the Man of Peace: From Versailles to 10 June 1940

6322:

Selected Annual Proceedings of the Florida Conference of Historians

4834: 2990: 2756: 2720: 2619:

Haile Selassie in his report to the League of Nations described it:

2274: 2140: 1877: 1297: 1151: 797: 691: 6854:– SIPRI Arms Control and Non-proliferation Programme, October 2009 6671:

Shinn, David Hamilton; Prouty, Chris; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2004).

5989:

A Brief Note on the Economic History of Ethiopia from 1800 to 1935

4960:

Cooperation Under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint During World War II

2430:

conflict) speak of 2,317 dead for the Italian army, 1,165 for the

5039:. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. October 2009. 3585: 3583: 3581: 3287:

Storia dell'Aeronautica-l'aeronautica italiana, Hobby e Work 2001

2258: 2251: 2225: 2180: 2051:, reducing them to ruins even though Harar had been declared an " 1568: 1553: 1393: 1284: 892: 823: 785: 6889: 6506:

La conquista dell' Impero. La preparazione e le prime operazioni

5034:"The use of chemical weapons in the 1935–36 Italo-Ethiopian War" 2751:, jumped to his feet and shouted "Show the savages the door!" (" 1929:

Imru was attacked, bombed and defeated in what was known as the

1783:

the Italians to be 500, which was probably greatly exaggerated.

1075:

machine guns, about 100 .303-inch Vickers guns on AA mounts, 48

926:

told Mussolini that he wanted a Franco-Italian alliance against

8527: 7125: 6248:

The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval and Modern

6170:

Ethiopia at Bay: A Personal Account of the Haile Selassie Years

5670:

Gli italiani in Africa Orientale - II. La conquista dell'Impero

5097: 3197: 3195: 2876: 2780: 2494:

killed in hostilities during the occupation from 1936 to 1941,

2378: 2327:

That same date, 19 February 1937 – Yekatit 12 according to the

2285:. In late 1936, after the Italians tracked him down in Gurage, 2151: 2048: 2013: 1872: 1717: 1705: 1397: 1053: 961: 919: 915: 843: 839: 6852:

The use of chemical weapons in the 1935–36 Italo-Ethiopian War

5972:. Interlink Illustrated Histories. New York: Interlink Books. 4976:

The New Terrorism: Fanaticism and the Arms of Mass Destruction

4580: 4134: 3867: 3578: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3229: 3227: 1408:

fought under Frusci near Dire Dawa. On 28 March 1935, General

1380:

The Italians were reinforced by volunteers from the so-called

647:

and two days later the Italians won a decisive victory in the

8715: 5411:

Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2012).

5386:

Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History

5129: 5127: 4901: 4409: 4185: 4138:"Recovery of the aerial photographs of Ethiopia in the 1930s" 3541: 3539: 3537: 3295: 3293: 2978: 2974: 2673:

Haile Selassie's resistance to the Italian invasion made him

2297: 2040: 1772: 1657: 1504:

A map showing the military actions from 1935 to February 1936

1370: 1337: 1091: 990: 755: 644: 590: 6956: 6009:. Washington, DC: United States Department of State. 1983 . 5951:

Lost Lions of Judah: Haile Selassie's Mongrel Foreign Legion

4981: 4913: 4462: 4460: 3764: 3727: 3642: 3640: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3192: 1512:

A map showing the military actions from February to May 1936

6098:

Legacy of Bitterness: Ethiopia and Fascist Italy, 1935–1941

5592:

Effectiveness of Toxic Chemicals in the Italo–Ethiopian War

5382: 5211: 4751: 4692: 4514: 4502: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3324: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3210: 2916: 2893: 2700:

Haile Selassie sailed from Djibouti in the British cruiser

2261:

and killed twelve Italian officials, including Air Marshal

1614: 1576: 1572: 1008:

Ethiopian order of battle in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

578: 6835:

Ethiopia 1935–36: mustard gas and attacks on the Red Cross

5514:. Human Rights in Context. Vol. I. Oxford: Berghahn. 5163: 5151: 5124: 5073: 4937: 4667: 4556: 4045: 3788: 3676: 3610: 3534: 3290: 1300:

and 205 aircraft. In April 1935, the reinforcement of the

1276:

Italian order of battle for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War

136:(1 year, 4 months, 2 weeks and 2 days) 5537:] (in Italian) (10th ed.). Milano: Feltrinelli. 5330: 5050: 5048: 5046: 4718: 4716: 4703: 4701: 4472: 4457: 4433: 4421: 4327: 4315: 4272: 3637: 3484: 2514:

died after their villages had been destroyed, a total of

2450:

killed, which Sbacchi considered to be fairly accurate.

2381:

and set them on fire. They broke into the homes of local

895:

while much of the Italian Army was being deployed to the

702:), the killing of civilian workmen (including during the 6890:

Ascari: I Leoni di Eritrea/Ascari: The Lions of Eritrea.

6466:

Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940

5354: 5114: 5112: 5070:, in "Storia militare", XXI, nº 236, May 2013, pp. 37–39 4735: 4733: 4731: 4621: 4619: 4592: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4089: 4087: 3961: 3915: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3693: 3691: 3652: 3627: 3625: 3368:"Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century" 3350: 3348: 3346: 3207: 2545:

banning the practice. This gas had been produced during

934:, an agreement to curb further German violations of the 4889: 4823:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

4757: 4344: 4342: 4250: 4248: 4175: 4173: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4074: 4072: 3561:

Gas in Etiopia: I crimini rimossi dell'Italia coloniale

3407: 3405: 1716:

Kassa Haile Darge with around 40,000 men advanced from

1540:

At 5:00 am on 3 October 1935, De Bono crossed the

1143:

and 10 million rounds of ammunition to the Ethiopians.

7787:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

5474:

The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6

5342: 5318: 5306: 5235: 5175: 5139: 5085: 5043: 4877: 4769: 4713: 4698: 4655: 4643: 3776: 3664: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3080:

List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia

2062:

to defeat the last Ethiopian army in the field at the

1564:

to plan its advance, as well as mustard gas attacks.

1012:

List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia

792:

against Ethiopia. The governor of Italian Somaliland,

754:, on 1 March 1896, inflicted by the Ethiopian Army of 6210:. Vol. II. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. 6006:

Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy 1931–1941

5620:

I gas di Mussolini: il fascismo e la guerra d'Etiopia

5455:

Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations

5247: 5223: 5109: 4993: 4925: 4728: 4631: 4616: 4604: 4568: 4544: 4484: 4445: 4354: 4296: 4284: 4209: 4197: 4116: 4084: 4033: 4021: 3985: 3812: 3800: 3739: 3715: 3703: 3688: 3622: 3390: 3378: 3343: 2739:

as "His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Ethiopia" ("

2393:" (19 February) by Ethiopians ever since. There is a 2232:

but on 11 June, he was replaced by Marshal Graziani.

2055:". On 14 April, Graziani launched his attack against 2036:

Desta, Ethiopians claiming that poison gas was used.

2020:

Desta Damtu assembled up his army in the area around

1185:, an official Swedish military mission under Captain 529: 6189:

Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies

5693:

The Collapse of the Empire: The Italians in Ethiopia

5259: 5199: 5187: 5005: 4532: 4520: 4397: 4339: 4260: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4170: 4099: 4069: 4057: 3997: 3973: 3932: 3402: 2664: 2637:, which had been banned by declaration IV, 3 of the 1724:

Seyoum in the centre in a push towards Warieu Pass.

914:

was made that gave Italy essentially a free hand in

6670: 6489:

Uniforms of Italian East Africa, Somalia, 1889–1941

6246:Stearns, Peter N.; Langer, William Leonard (2002). 3305: 3260: 3090:

List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Italy

2949: 2934:Kebede Guebret submitted to the Italian Empire and 2510:killed in obedience to orders from summary courts, 2466:and from May 1936 to June 1940, there were another 1280:

List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Italy

6909:Italian videos of the Italian conquest of Ethiopia 6143:Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare 6058:The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators: 1922–1945 5811: 5653:]. I colibrì (in Italian). Vicenza: N. Pozza. 4009: 2273:. Surrounded by Italian forces, they retreated to 1544:and advanced into Ethiopia from Eritrea without a 1052:mounted on rigid gun carriages as well as a dozen 6564: 6228:Africa: War and Conflict in the Twentieth Century 5594:. Bethesda, Maryland: Operations Research Office. 4864: 4862: 4860: 2474:. The Italian estimation of Ethiopian losses are 891:, Mussolini needed to deter Hitler from annexing 694:. Crimes by Ethiopian troops included the use of 10418: 6250:(6th, online ed.). New York: Bartleby.com. 3512:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 188. 3446:The Addis Ababa Massacre: Italy's National Shame 2771:and Italy recognised the Japanese occupation of 2610:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 1671: 742:began its attempts to establish colonies in the 6858:Mussolini's Invasion and the Italian Occupation 6646: 5689:Lo sfascio dell'impero: gli italiani in Etiopia 5410: 4586: 3020:Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces 2801:. In May, Italy and Nazi Germany joined in the 1117:, which stood out from the white cotton cloak ( 32:For other wars between Italy and Ethiopia, see 6482: 6315: 5695:]. Quadrante Laterza, 143. Roma: Laterza. 5624:Mussolini's Gas: Fascism and the Ethiopian War 5617: 5570: 4857: 4191: 3957:. London: William Heinemann. pp. 212–215. 3873: 2102:Italian colonial troops advance on Addis Ababa 1020:Medical supplies for the front in Addis Ababa. 788:and an attempt to win over the leaders of the 388: 7141: 6942: 6245: 6114: 5770:Delivered from Evil: The Saga of World War II 5417:. Vol. II. Oxford University Press USA. 3770: 3733: 3299: 2805:. In September 1940, both nations signed the 2549:and subsequently transported to East Africa. 2413:died of wounds and thirty-one missing; about 2115:, killing approximately 170 colonial troops. 1109:The best Ethiopian units were the emperor's " 1039:All men and boys able to carry a spear go to 374: 6868:OnWar: Second Italo–Abyssinian War 1935–1936 6842: 6820:Encyclopædia Britannica: Italo-Ethiopian War 6565:Giannini, Filippo; Mussolini, Guido (1999). 6485:Le Uniformi Dell' A.O.I., Somalia, 1889–1941 6172:. Hollywood, California: Tsehai Publishers. 6100:. Lawrenceville, New Jersey: Red Sea Press. 6081:(rev. expanded ed.). New York: norton. 6078:Lend Me Your Ears: Great Speeches in History 5991:. Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University. 5647:Italiani, brava gente? Un mito duro a morire 5509: 4987: 2482:killed in the Southern front for a total of 2235:On 21 June Kassa held a meeting with Bishop 1524:, proclaiming the abolishment of slavery in 750:and the defeat of the Italian forces in the 678:in aerial bombardments (in violation of the 6783:. Docket uk.bl.ethos.482810. Archived from 6186: 5932:The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935–1936 5787: 5549: 5431: 5336: 5217: 3794: 3646: 2896:, leading to the saying "He went to Rome". 2741:Sa Majesté Imperiale, l'Empereur d'Ethiopie 2154:during his absence. The city police, under 1318:) accelerated. Eight regular, mountain and 1166:, was delighted with a good offer for the " 7148: 7134: 6949: 6935: 6807:Speech to the League of Nations, June 1936 6729: 6596:] (in Italian). Milano: A. Mondadori. 5832: 5806: 5618:Del Boca, Angelo; Rochat, Giorgio (1996). 5556:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 5079: 4943: 4427: 4415: 3589: 3557: 3476:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3257:, The Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935). 3201: 3115:Timeline of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2531:Rome brings black culture to the Abbysians 981:A final possible foreign ally of Ethiopia 381: 367: 6552:] (in Italian). Milano: Feltrinelli. 6298: 6224: 6205: 5986: 5856:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5788:Lowe, Cedric James; Marzari, F. (2010) . 5714:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5686: 5528: 5360: 4752:Abbink, De Bruijn & Van Walraven 2003 4693:Abbink, De Bruijn & Van Walraven 2003 4515:Abbink, De Bruijn & Van Walraven 2003 4503:Abbink, De Bruijn & Van Walraven 2003 4161: 3926: 3670: 3254: 3233: 2836:The six provinces of Italian East Africa. 2502:killed in the massacre of February 1937, 1832: 1292:to fight the Second Italo-Abyssinian War. 6629: 6615:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 6587: 6543: 6524: 6262: 5667: 5644: 3443: 3337: 2959: 2898: 2850: 2831: 2797:. In April 1939, Mussolini launched the 2687: 2668: 2655: 2525: 2245: 2166: 2162: 2097: 2083: 2002: 1935: 1794:The ambitious Ethiopian plan called for 1681: 1515: 1507: 1499: 1283: 1015: 722: 27:1935–1937 war between Italy and Ethiopia 7105:Italian Intervention in Northern Russia 6689: 6608: 6573:]. Roma: Editoriale Greco e Greco. 6503: 6463: 6419: 6398: 6369: 6164: 6095: 5929: 5910: 5889: 5651:Italians, Good People? A Myth dies Hard 5626:]. Primo piano (in Italian). Roma: 5598: 5277: 5157: 4978:(Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 57. 4919: 4907: 4895: 4883: 4820: 4763: 4707: 4637: 4625: 4610: 4598: 4290: 4239: 4122: 4039: 3991: 3782: 3721: 3682: 3658: 3631: 3616: 3607:. Berghahn Books. 2006 pp. 239, 131–132 3384: 3218: 2316: 2111:ambushed the formation in Chacha, near 1763:Mulugeta and his "Army of the Center" ( 765:and the protectorate (later colony) of 718: 589:. On 15 October, Italian troops seized 14: 10419: 8995: 8973:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 6710: 6115:Shinn, D. H.; Ofcansky, T. P. (2013). 6074: 6052: 6033: 5870: 5851: 5766: 5728: 5553:Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy 5490: 5471: 5348: 5324: 5312: 5253: 5229: 5181: 5145: 5133: 5118: 5103: 5091: 4999: 4949: 4931: 4775: 4739: 4722: 4673: 4661: 4649: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4538: 4526: 4490: 4478: 4466: 4451: 4439: 4365: 4348: 4333: 4321: 4309: 4227: 4215: 4203: 4179: 4110: 4093: 4051: 4027: 4003: 3950: 3938: 3838: 3823: 3806: 3758: 3709: 3697: 3545: 3507: 3495: 3411: 3396: 3354: 3318: 3275: 2987:Italian conquest of British Somaliland 2073: 1567:On 5 October the Italian I Corps took 1400:; they formed the 221st Legion in the 1288:Italian soldiers recruited in 1935 in 1031:ordered a general mobilisation of the 964:. Although Hitler did not want to see 918:in return for Italian co-operation in 874: 9844:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 9276:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 8922:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8878:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7983:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7129: 6930: 6830:Regio Esercito: La Campagna d'Etiopia 6491:] (in Italian). Roma: La Roccia. 6133: 5967: 5948: 5709: 5589: 5054: 5011: 4403: 4078: 4063: 3979: 3967: 3834: 3832: 3439: 3437: 3423: 3025: 2592:The Italians delivered poison gas by 2421:workmen were also killed, a total of 2239:and several other Patriot leaders at 1952:, the Italians defeated an Ethiopian 1649:, as the best way of ending the war. 1425:, a reporter and historian who wrote 362: 8966:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7998:Rape during the liberation of France 6510:The Preparation and First Operations 6348: 6271:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 6003: 5747: 5452: 5265: 5241: 5205: 5193: 5169: 4789:"Italy and the Addis Ababa massacre" 4278: 4266: 4254: 4015: 3887:"Selassie's Guard Fights on UN Side" 3595: 3558:Belladonna, Simone (20 April 2015). 2956:East African Campaign (World War II) 2715:en route to Britain. While still in 1867:) and Badoglio received the Italian 1700:Seyum Mangasha held the area around 1084:Canon de 75 CA modèle 1917 Schneider 34:Italo-Ethiopian war (disambiguation) 6768: 6634:. London: M. Secker & Warburg. 6191:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 5837:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 2377:Italians doused native houses with 2207:—to Selale. Haile Mariam conducted 2171:Italian troops in Addis Ababa, 1936 2007:Ethiopian prisoner in February 1936 1636: 1489: 1024:With war appearing inevitable, the 1001: 350:120,000–200,000 civilian casualties 24: 9192:German invasion of the Netherlands 7472:Weather events during World War II 6452: 6060:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 5601:The Causes of the Second World War 3829: 3564:(in Italian). Neri Pozza Editore. 3434: 3036:The treaty signed in Paris by the 2195:, Blatta Takale Wolde Hawariat to 1668:was forced to resign in disgrace. 1520:Italian notice, signed by general 1437:, accompanied the Italian forces. 1314:(Royal Air Force) in East Africa ( 803: 25: 10513: 10497:African resistance to colonialism 9823:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 6922:Songs of 2nd Italo-Abyssinian War 6800: 6673:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia 6630:Matthews, Herbert Lionel (1937). 6483:Crociani, P.; Viotti, A. (1980). 6372:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 6231:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. 6117:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia 6021:from the original on 4 March 2017 5934:. Westminster, Maryland: Osprey. 5752:. New York: Fromm International. 5280:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 4962:(Cornell University Press, 2005). 3841:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 3016:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia 2788:, New Zealand, the Soviet Union, 2665:Public and international reaction 2478:killed in the Northern front and 1988: 1751:Seyoum and his Army of Tigre and 1708:toward Mai Timket to the left of 1587:, the Commander of the Ethiopian 1269: 784:, focused on the exploitation of 706:) and the mutilation of captured 585:by the Ethiopian army during the 134:3 October 1935 – 19 February 1937 10383: 7155: 7013: 6546:La guerra d'Abissinia: 1935–1941 6029:– via Hyperwar Foundation. 5915:. New York: Olive Branch Press. 5854:Mussolini in Ethiopia, 1919–1935 5790:Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940 5271: 5060: 5026: 5017: 4965: 4814: 4781: 3171: 3032:Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 2950:East African campaign, 1940–1941 2809:along with the Empire of Japan. 2498:and children killed by bombing, 1789:2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre" 1470: 1456: 1442: 1255: 1240: 1225: 1211: 1162:racing plane, and its director, 111: 102: 91: 82: 71: 62: 6675:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. 6351:Review of International Studies 5550:Cannistraro, Philip V. (1982). 5414:Dictionary of African Biography 4385: 4371: 4128: 3944: 3897: 3879: 3551: 3501: 3417: 3360: 3161: 3148: 2696:on his way to exile in England. 2361:According to Mockler, "Italian 2199:and the Kassa brothers—Aberra, 1767:) were on the Ethiopian right. 1610:Italian authorities for food. 1146:The serviceable portion of the 731:at the time of the outbreak of 665:Italian province of East Africa 550:and the ineffectiveness of the 10070:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 7780:Territorial changes of Germany 7688:Indonesian National Revolution 6998:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36 6983:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96 6206:Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013). 5773:. New York: Harper & Row. 5571:Clarence-Smith, W. G. (1989). 5495:. New York: Ballantine Books. 3951:Norway, Neville Shute (1954). 3905:"Haile Selassie's Draft Order" 3281: 3132: 2692:Haile Selassie passes through 2641:and began mutilating captured 2462:and civilian fatalities among 1940:Italian artillery operated by 1496:De Bono's invasion of Ethiopia 1484: 1139:sent three aeroplanes, 10,000 842:and garrisoned it with Somali 816:Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928 639:and airstrikes with bombs and 339:18,200 repatriated for disease 13: 1: 9470:Japanese invasion of Thailand 9421:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9185:German invasion of Luxembourg 7566:Mediterranean and Middle East 7063:Italian Blockade of Venezuela 6863:Mussolini's Ethiopia Campaign 6732:"XI: The Italo-Ethiopian War" 6698:]. Milano: A. Mondadori. 6529:. London: C. Hurst & Co. 6423:The English Historical Review 5818:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 5510:Baudendistel, Reiner (2006). 3185: 2521: 2506:died in concentration camps, 2400: 1918:Seyoum were destroyed at the 1672:Ethiopian Christmas Offensive 1204:Ethiopian Christmas Offensive 1059:The army had about 800 light 713: 9377:Invasion of the Soviet Union 9066:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 8384:Independent State of Croatia 7115:Occupation of Constantinople 7084:Italian Invasion of Anatolia 6036:Le guerre italiane 1935-1943 5871:Marcus, Harold, ed. (1999). 5432:Antonicelli, Franco (1975). 5292:10.1080/09585170320000113770 4154:10.1016/j.culher.2015.07.010 4142:Journal of Cultural Heritage 2827: 2812: 2596:and in bombs dropped by the 1925:In early March, the army of 1747:were on the Ethiopian left. 1652:In early December 1935, the 1334:Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali 1082:and some recently purchased 1033:Army of the Ethiopian Empire 947:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 7: 10361:End of World War II in Asia 10201:Western invasion of Germany 9708:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 9685:Second Battle of El Alamein 9255:Hundred Regiments Offensive 9227:Battle of the Mediterranean 9080:Italian invasion of Albania 7254:Air warfare of World War II 6973:Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887 6885:The Emperor Leaves Ethiopia 6730:Willoughby, C. A. (1990) . 6550:The Ethiopian War 1935–1941 6384:10.1080/1354571042000254737 6316:Calvitt Clarke, J. (1999). 6291: 6225:Stapleton, Timothy (2018). 6141:. In Zajtchuk, Russ (ed.). 5949:Othen, Christopher (2017). 5599:Crozier, Andrew J. (2004). 5529:Candeloro, Giorgio (1981). 4587:Akyeampong & Gates 2012 3853:10.1080/1354571021000026625 3073: 2799:Italian invasion of Albania 2470:and civilian fatalities in 1759:were the Ethiopian centre. 1131:, the German annexation of 1067:machine-guns and 250 heavy 554:before the outbreak of the 530: 496:Second Italo-Abyssinian War 18:Second Italo–Abyssinian War 10: 10518: 10427:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 10287:Naval bombardment of Japan 9655:First Battle of El Alamein 9574:Battle of Christmas Island 9519:Japanese invasion of Burma 9283:Italian invasion of Greece 9199:German invasion of Belgium 9171:German invasion of Denmark 9144:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 9013:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 7277:Comparative military ranks 6957:Colonial conflicts in the 6650:; Wheatcroft, A. (1999) . 6457: 5729:Kallis, Aristotle (2000). 5712:Mussolini and His Generals 5531:Storia dell'Italia Moderna 5370: 5068:La strage della "Gondrand" 3424:Nehru, Jawaharlal (1934). 3110:Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 3056:the slaughter or theft of 3029: 3012:Charles Christopher Fowkes 2953: 2816: 2723:to the League of Nations: 2320: 2077: 1992: 1964:attacked the survivors at 1836: 1675: 1493: 1273: 1005: 807: 608:replaced him with General 494:, also referred to as the 492:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 393:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 44:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 31: 10376: 10208:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10148: 10139:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 9876: 9763:Allied invasion of Sicily 9717: 9623:Aleutian Islands campaign 9595:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 9542: 9533:Greek famine of 1941–1944 9428:Second Battle of Changsha 9333:German invasion of Greece 9301: 9178:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9153: 9091: 8986: 8867: 8593: 8503: 8351: 8054: 8045: 7803: 7628: 7520:North and Central Pacific 7481: 7243: 7236: 7163: 7097: 7071: 7055: 7024: 7009: 6965: 6762: 6612:Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris 5911:Mockler, Anthony (2003). 5890:Mignemi, A., ed. (1982). 5668:Del Boca, Angelo (2009). 5645:del Boca, Angelo (2005). 3771:Stearns & Langer 2002 3734:Shinn & Ofcansky 2013 3427:Glimpses Of World History 3300:Shinn & Ofcansky 2013 3154:Ethiopian emperors since 3105:First Italo-Ethiopian War 2846:Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta 2775:, marking the end of the 2763:On 18 November 1936, the 2737:President of the Assembly 2675:Time Man of the Year 1935 2351:Gebre Haywot, the son of 2218:Africa Orientale Italiana 1158:in England had a surplus 1102:and four World War I era 996: 748:First Italo-Ethiopian War 587:First Italo-Ethiopian War 519: 402: 346: 323: 277: 203: 186: 170:by merging Ethiopia with 126: 56: 48: 43: 9800:Allied invasion of Italy 9777:Solomon Islands campaign 9526:Third Battle of Changsha 9123:First Battle of Changsha 9029:Second Sino-Japanese War 7969:German military brothels 7835:United States war crimes 7042:Second Italo-Senussi War 6901:19 February 2017 at the 6715:. Marlborough: Crowood. 6263:Sullivan, Barry (1999). 6187:Stackelberg, R. (2009). 6075:Safire, William (1997). 6034:Rochat, Giorgio (2008). 5852:Mallet, Robert (2015) . 5833:Mack Smith, D. (1983) . 5453:Baer, George W. (1976). 5375: 5106:, pp. 124, 197–198. 4868:Mockler, Anthony (2003) 3125: 2871:To isolate the dominant 2753:À la porte les sauvages! 2719:, Haile Selassie sent a 2300:, while the rest of the 1948:On 31 March 1936 at the 1920:Second Battle of Tembien 1847:Second Battle of Tembien 1181:, the Trinidadian pilot 912:Franco-Italian Agreement 10222:Second Guangxi campaign 10077:Philippines (1944–1945) 9581:Battle of the Coral Sea 9484:Fall of the Philippines 9130:Battle of South Guangxi 9036:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 8442:Italian Social Republic 6878:8 November 2010 at the 6873:The Day the Angel Cried 6812:22 October 2015 at the 6711:Walker, Ian W. (2003). 6525:Campbell, Ian (2023) . 6464:Burgwyn, H. J. (1997). 6436:10.1093/ehr/cxii.445.66 6267:. In Martel, G. (ed.). 5930:Nicolle, David (1997). 5767:Leckie, Robert (1987). 5535:History of Modern Italy 5218:Lowe & Marzari 2010 3508:Martel, Gordon (1999). 2639:Hague Convention (1899) 1898:Mulugeta's army in the 1839:First Battle of Tembien 1179:John Robinson (aviator) 534:), and in Italy as the 9807:Armistice of Cassibile 9609:Battle of Dutch Harbor 9560:Battle of the Java Sea 9463:Attack on Pearl Harbor 9363:Syria–Lebanon campaign 9356:Battle of South Shanxi 9326:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9109:Battle of the Atlantic 8723:Korean Liberation Army 8436:(until September 1943) 8393:(until September 1944) 8371:(until September 1944) 6843: 6839:Full version in French 5987:Pankhurst, R. (1968). 5814:Mussolini: A Biography 5748:Lamb, Richard (1999). 5687:Dominioni, M. (2008). 5575:. London: Frank Cass. 5493:Rape of Ethiopia, 1936 5491:Barker, A. J. (1971). 5472:Barker, A. J. (1968). 3444:Campbell, Ian (2017). 2985:. In August 1940, the 2965: 2904: 2860: 2837: 2767:was recognised by the 2730: 2697: 2678: 2661: 2633:Ethiopian troops used 2631: 2582: 2574: 2538: 2375: 2254: 2172: 2103: 2095: 2080:March of the Iron Will 2032:destroyed the army of 2008: 1995:Battle of Genale Doria 1945: 1892: 1851:Battle of Shire (1936) 1833:Second Italian advance 1755:Kassa and his Army of 1692: 1537: 1513: 1505: 1323:and 390 aircraft. The 1293: 1045: 1021: 794:Cesare Maria de Vecchi 735: 543: 313:2,000 artillery pieces 204:Commanders and leaders 10432:Invasions of Ethiopia 9971:Second Battle of Guam 9867:Bengal famine of 1943 9837:Second Battle of Kiev 9793:Battle of the Dnieper 9498:Battle of Wake Island 9370:East African campaign 9312:Battle of South Henan 8957:atrocities by Germans 8730:Korean Volunteer Army 7711:Occupation of Germany 7465:Music in World War II 7089:Siberian intervention 7047:World War II campaign 7003:World War II Campaign 6609:Kershaw, Ian (1999). 6588:Graziani, R. (1938). 6544:Del Boca, A. (1965). 6134:Smart, J. K. (1997). 5970:Mussolini and Fascism 5968:Palla, Marco (2000). 5750:Mussolini as Diplomat 5733:. London: Routledge. 5603:. Oxford: Blackwell. 5590:Clark, D. K. (1959). 5172:, pp. 1381–1401. 4910:, pp. 43, 36–38. 4281:, pp. 1394–1395. 3891:Eugene Register-Guard 3601:Rainer Baudendistel, 2963: 2902: 2854: 2835: 2725: 2691: 2672: 2659: 2621: 2578: 2566: 2529: 2370: 2249: 2170: 2163:Subsequent operations 2101: 2093:Battle of Amba Aradam 2087: 2006: 1939: 1900:Battle of Amba Aradam 1882: 1843:Battle of Amba Aradam 1685: 1519: 1511: 1503: 1287: 1054:3.7 cm PaK 35/36 1037: 1019: 910:On 7 January 1935, a 726: 698:(in violation of the 324:Casualties and losses 10437:Italo-Ethiopian Wars 10257:Surrender of Germany 9735:Battle of West Hubei 9692:Guadalcanal campaign 9662:Battle of Stalingrad 9588:Battle of Madagascar 8362:Albania protectorate 8149:(formerly Swaziland) 7858:Wehrmacht war crimes 7674:Expulsion of Germans 7458:Art and World War II 7356:British contribution 7305:Governments in exile 6978:Mahdist War in Sudan 6841:) – Bernard Bridel, 6690:Starace, A. (1937). 6504:De Bono, E. (1937). 6357:(3): 1, 383–1, 401. 6096:Sbacchi, A. (1997). 5913:Haile Selassie's War 5710:Gooch, John (2007). 5672:. Milan: Mondadori. 4922:, pp. xxi–xxii. 4871:Haile Selassie's War 4565:, pp. 123, 121. 4394:, February 10, 1936. 4054:, pp. 237, 267. 3592:, pp. 231, 417. 3548:, pp. 281, 300. 3143:Resistance movements 2842:Hailu Tekle Haymanot 2484:70,000 battle deaths 2455:Statistical Bulletin 2317:Addis Ababa massacre 2214:Hailu Tekle Haymanot 2125:Council of Ministers 2064:Battle of the Ogaden 1999:Battle of the Ogaden 1631:Maresciallo d'Italia 1599:Haile Selassie Gugsa 1571:, and by 6 October, 987:Black Dragon Society 936:Treaty of Versailles 729:colonial possessions 719:State of East Africa 674:Italian troops used 599:Ministry of Colonies 295:200 artillery pieces 10442:Italian East Africa 10347:Potsdam Declaration 10236:Italy (Spring 1945) 9999:Liberation of Paris 9456:Siege of Sevastopol 8474:(until August 1944) 8377:Wang Jingwei regime 8199:from September 1943 8159:from September 1944 8097:from September 1944 7957:Romanian war crimes 7948:Persecution of Jews 7934:Croatian war crimes 7904:Japanese war crimes 7718:Occupation of Japan 7667:First Indochina War 7379:Military production 7291:Declarations of war 6993:Somaliland campaign 6787:on 25 February 2021 6769:May, M. A. (2000). 6038:. Milano: Einaudi. 5476:. London: Cassell. 5136:, pp. 131–132. 5066:Zamorani, Massimo. 4676:, pp. 262–263. 4481:, pp. 247–256. 4469:, pp. 237–238. 4442:, pp. 224–225. 4418:, pp. 231–232. 4382:, December 2, 1935. 4336:, pp. 187–210. 4324:, pp. 127–128. 4192:Clarence-Smith 1989 3970:, pp. 238–239. 3874:Calvitt Clarke 1999 3685:, pp. 146–148. 3619:, pp. 300–313. 3498:, pp. 292–293. 3340:, pp. 717–719. 3236:, pp. 605–608. 3204:, pp. 232–233. 3095:Censorship in Italy 3085:Ethiopian Air Force 3042:Repubblica Italiana 3022:in September 1943. 3000:East Africa Command 2930:Getachew Abate and 2819:Italian East Africa 2711:Selassie sailed to 2709:Mandatory Palestine 2472:144,000 casualties. 2395:Yekatit 12 monument 2302:Ethiopian prisoners 2222:Italian East Africa 2148:Imru Haile Selassie 2074:Fall of Addis Ababa 2043:. On 22 March, the 1687:Emperor of Ethiopia 1678:Christmas Offensive 1647:sphere of influence 1607:slavery in Ethiopia 1382:Italiani all'estero 1263:Imru Haile Selassie 1148:Ethiopian Air Force 901:Victor Emmanuel III 875:Ethiopian isolation 661:Victor Emmanuel III 218:Imru Haile Selassie 168:Italian East Africa 10340:Surrender of Japan 10173:Battle of Iwo Jima 10022:Belgrade offensive 9435:Siege of Leningrad 9319:Battle of Shanggao 9248:British Somaliland 9213:Dunkirk evacuation 9164:Norwegian campaign 9102:Invasion of Poland 8929:Japanese prisoners 7897:Italian war crimes 7828:British war crimes 7743:Soviet occupations 7527:South-West Pacific 7414:Allied cooperation 7372:Military equipment 6988:Banadir Resistance 6749:. PCN 140 12130000 6401:Ethiopianist Notes 5160:, pp. 66–104. 3221:, pp. 172–73. 3026:Peace treaty, 1947 2983:British Somaliland 2966: 2905: 2861: 2859:resistance in 1937 2838: 2698: 2679: 2662: 2653:in February 1936. 2539: 2490:killed in action, 2263:Vincenzo Magliocco 2255: 2173: 2109:Haile Mariam Mammo 2104: 2096: 2009: 1946: 1693: 1562:aerial photography 1548:. Aircraft of the 1546:declaration of war 1538: 1514: 1506: 1433:, an observer for 1404:, which a special 1302:Royal Italian Army 1294: 1080:anti-aircraft guns 1022: 885:Italian Somaliland 767:Italian Somaliland 736: 684:Geneva Conventions 10487:Conflicts in 1937 10482:Conflicts in 1936 10477:Conflicts in 1935 10414: 10413: 10372: 10371: 10215:Battle of Okinawa 10114:Burma (1944–1945) 9948:Mariana and Palau 9728:Tunisian campaign 9553:Fall of Singapore 9477:Fall of Hong Kong 9220:Battle of Britain 9073:Operation Himmler 8982: 8981: 8646:Dutch East Indies 8289:Southern Rhodesia 8041: 8040: 7941:Genocide of Serbs 7844:German war crimes 7821:Soviet war crimes 7814:Allied war crimes 7660:Division of Korea 7639:Chinese Civil War 7437:Strategic bombing 7349:Manhattan Project 7123: 7122: 7032:Italo-Turkish War 6722:978-1-86126-646-0 6682:978-0-8108-4910-5 6663:978-0-14-028530-7 6622:978-0-393-04671-7 6580:978-88-7980-133-1 6475:978-0-275-94877-1 6282:978-0-415-16325-5 6217:978-0-313-39570-3 6198:978-0-415-37331-9 6179:978-1-59907-000-1 6126:978-0-8108-7194-6 6107:978-0-932415-74-5 6088:978-0-393-04005-0 6067:978-0-340-02394-5 6045:978-88-06-19168-9 5979:978-1-56656-340-6 5960:978-1-4456-5983-1 5941:978-1-85532-692-7 5922:978-1-56656-473-1 5882:978-0-948390-40-1 5844:978-0-586-08444-1 5825:978-0-394-50694-4 5799:978-1-315-88880-4 5780:978-0-06-015812-5 5759:978-0-88064-244-6 5740:978-0-415-21612-8 5721:978-0-521-85602-7 5702:978-8-84-208533-1 5679:978-88-04-46947-6 5660:978-88-545-0013-6 5637:978-88-359-4091-3 5610:978-0-631-18601-4 5582:978-0-7146-3359-6 5563:978-0-313-21317-5 5521:978-1-84545-035-9 5502:978-0-345-02462-6 5483:978-0-304-93201-6 5464:978-0-8179-6591-4 5396:978-90-04-12624-4 5244:, pp. 28–32. 4988:Baudendistel 2006 4601:, pp. 58–59. 3909:The Afro American 3661:, pp. 28–66. 3571:978-8-85-451073-9 3455:978-1-84904-692-3 3058:5,000,000 cattle, 3046:victorious powers 2913:League of Nations 2909:Italian civilians 2795:Spanish Civil War 2749:Nicolae Titulescu 2598:Regia Aeronautica 2535:Adolf Hoffmeister 2464:44,000 casualties 2423:3,319 casualties. 2267:Antonio Locatelli 2191:, Zewdu Asfaw to 2047:bombed Harar and 2045:Regia Aeronautica 2030:Regia Aeronautica 1962:Regia Aeronautica 1954:counter-offensive 1950:Battle of Maychew 1855:Battle of Maychew 1550:Regia Aeronautica 1384:, members of the 1311:Regia Aeronautica 1234:Kassa Haile Darge 1172:Gloster Gladiator 1026:Ethiopian Emperor 971:League of Nations 887:. Because of the 775:League of Nations 704:Gondrand massacre 700:Hague Conventions 649:Battle of Maychew 552:League of Nations 528: 500:war of aggression 485: 484: 357: 356: 228:Kassa Haile Darge 182: 181: 16:(Redirected from 10509: 10467:1937 in Ethiopia 10457:1936 in Ethiopia 10447:1935 in Ethiopia 10407: 10400: 10393: 10390:World portal 10388: 10387: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10333: 10326: 10319: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10275: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10250:Prague offensive 10245: 10243:Battle of Berlin 10238: 10231: 10224: 10217: 10210: 10203: 10196: 10189: 10187:Vienna offensive 10182: 10175: 10168: 10166:Battle of Manila 10161: 10141: 10132: 10123: 10116: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10056: 10047: 10040: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10010: 10001: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9950: 9943: 9934: 9925: 9916: 9909: 9907:Korsun–Cherkassy 9902: 9891: 9869: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9825: 9818: 9809: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9779: 9772: 9765: 9758: 9751: 9749:Bombing of Gorky 9744: 9737: 9730: 9710: 9703: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9639: 9632: 9625: 9618: 9616:Battle of Midway 9611: 9604: 9602:Battle of Gazala 9597: 9590: 9583: 9576: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9535: 9528: 9521: 9514: 9512:Battle of Borneo 9507: 9505:Malayan campaign 9500: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9449:Bombing of Gorky 9444: 9442:Battle of Moscow 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9358: 9351: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9294: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9206:Battle of France 9201: 9194: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9166: 9146: 9139: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9059:Munich Agreement 9054: 9047: 9038: 9031: 9024: 9015: 9008: 8993: 8992: 8975: 8968: 8959: 8952: 8945: 8944:Soviet prisoners 8938: 8931: 8924: 8915: 8908: 8899: 8892: 8885: 8884:German prisoners 8880: 8860: 8851: 8844: 8837: 8832: 8825: 8818: 8811: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8769: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8732: 8725: 8718: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8586: 8579: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8467: 8460: 8453: 8444: 8437: 8429: 8422: 8420:French Indochina 8415: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8364: 8344: 8335: 8328: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8270: 8267:from August 1944 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8150: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8121: 8114: 8107: 8100: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8052: 8051: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8004: 7993: 7978: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7911:Nanjing Massacre 7906: 7899: 7890: 7888:Nuremberg trials 7881: 7874: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7846: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7796: 7789: 7782: 7773: 7766: 7759: 7752: 7745: 7738: 7729: 7720: 7713: 7706: 7699: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7621: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7589: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7559: 7552: 7545: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7494: 7492:Asia and Pacific 7474: 7467: 7460: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7432: 7423: 7421:Mulberry harbour 7416: 7409: 7402: 7395: 7388: 7381: 7374: 7367: 7358: 7351: 7344: 7335: 7328: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7300: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7263: 7256: 7241: 7240: 7229: 7222: 7213: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7185: 7178: 7171: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7127: 7126: 7037:Senussi campaign 7017: 6951: 6944: 6937: 6928: 6927: 6918: 6910: 6848: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6736: 6726: 6707: 6686: 6667: 6643: 6626: 6605: 6584: 6561: 6540: 6521: 6500: 6479: 6447: 6416: 6395: 6366: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6332:. Archived from 6312: 6286: 6259: 6242: 6221: 6202: 6183: 6166:Spencer, John H. 6161: 6159: 6157: 6140: 6130: 6111: 6092: 6071: 6049: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6000: 5983: 5964: 5945: 5926: 5907: 5886: 5867: 5848: 5829: 5817: 5803: 5784: 5763: 5744: 5725: 5706: 5683: 5664: 5641: 5614: 5595: 5586: 5567: 5546: 5525: 5506: 5487: 5468: 5449: 5428: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5337:Cannistraro 1982 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5122: 5116: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5064: 5058: 5057:, pp. 1–78. 5052: 5041: 5040: 5038: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4969: 4963: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4866: 4855: 4854: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4726: 4720: 4711: 4705: 4696: 4690: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4352: 4346: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4243: 4237: 4231: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4168: 4167: 4165: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4097: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3913: 3912: 3911:. 17 April 1948. 3901: 3895: 3894: 3883: 3877: 3876:, pp. 9–20. 3871: 3865: 3864: 3836: 3827: 3821: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3795:Stackelberg 2009 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3647:Antonicelli 1975 3644: 3635: 3629: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3576: 3575: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3532: 3531: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3441: 3432: 3431: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3341: 3335: 3322: 3316: 3303: 3297: 3288: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3258: 3252: 3237: 3231: 3222: 3216: 3205: 3199: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3152: 3146: 3136: 3070: 3066: 3065:1,000,000 horses 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3038:Italian Republic 2936:guerilla warfare 2790:Republican Spain 2629: 2533:, caricature by 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2230:Governor General 2024:, to advance on 1983:ammunition dumps 1890: 1871:and the Italian 1818:, at first with 1816:chemical weapons 1735:to the right of 1729:Mulugeta Yeggazu 1690:Haile Selassie I 1654:Hoare–Laval Pact 1637:Hoare–Laval Pact 1627:Marshal of Italy 1490:Italian invasion 1474: 1460: 1450:Benito Mussolini 1446: 1423:Herbert Matthews 1415:Rodolfo Graziani 1402:Divisione Tevere 1386:Italian diaspora 1316:Africa Orientale 1259: 1244: 1229: 1215: 1088: 1077:20 mm Oerlikon S 1056:anti-tank guns. 1002:Ethiopian forces 869:Abyssinia Crisis 865: 822:parallel to the 810:Abyssinia Crisis 782:Jacopo Gasparini 740:Kingdom of Italy 641:chemical weapons 606:Benito Mussolini 577:. On 6 October, 571:Rodolfo Graziani 556:Second World War 544:Guerra d'Etiopia 533: 523: 521: 512:Italian Invasion 397: 396: 394: 383: 376: 369: 360: 359: 264:Rodolfo Graziani 249:Benito Mussolini 223:Mulugeta Yeggazu 213:Haile Selassie I 128: 127: 115: 106: 95: 86: 75: 66: 41: 40: 21: 10517: 10516: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10502:Interwar period 10417: 10416: 10415: 10410: 10403: 10396: 10382: 10380: 10368: 10359: 10352: 10345: 10338: 10329: 10322: 10315: 10306: 10301:Atomic bombings 10299: 10292: 10285: 10278: 10271: 10262: 10255: 10248: 10241: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10144: 10137: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10103: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10059: 10050: 10043: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10013: 10004: 9997: 9992:Eastern Romania 9990: 9985:Warsaw Uprising 9983: 9978:Tannenberg Line 9976: 9969: 9964:Western Ukraine 9962: 9953: 9946: 9937: 9928: 9919: 9912: 9905: 9894: 9885: 9872: 9865: 9856: 9849: 9842: 9835: 9828: 9821: 9814: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9782: 9775: 9768: 9761: 9756:Battle of Kursk 9754: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9713: 9706: 9697: 9690: 9683: 9674: 9667: 9660: 9653: 9644: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9567:St Nazaire Raid 9565: 9558: 9551: 9538: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9482: 9475: 9468: 9461: 9454: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9412: 9405: 9391: 9382: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9349:Anglo-Iraqi War 9347: 9340:Battle of Crete 9338: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9310: 9297: 9288: 9281: 9274: 9269:Eastern Romania 9267: 9260: 9253: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9225: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9176: 9169: 9162: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9087: 9078: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9011: 9004: 8978: 8971: 8964: 8955: 8948: 8943: 8934: 8927: 8920: 8911: 8904: 8895: 8888: 8883: 8876: 8863: 8856: 8847: 8840: 8835: 8830:Western Ukraine 8828: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8774:Northeast China 8772: 8765: 8758: 8751: 8744: 8737: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8589: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8512: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8480:Slovak Republic 8478: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8451:Empire of Japan 8449: 8440: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8367: 8360: 8347: 8340: 8331: 8324: 8315: 8308: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8280: 8273: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8153: 8145: 8138: 8131: 8124: 8117: 8110: 8103: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8037: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8007: 7996: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7963:Sexual violence 7962: 7955: 7946: 7939: 7932: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7886: 7877: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7799: 7792: 7785: 7778: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7732: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7693: 7686: 7681:Greek Civil War 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7624: 7617: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7585: 7578: 7571: 7564: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7511: 7506:South-East Asia 7504: 7497: 7490: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7419: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7384: 7377: 7370: 7365:Military awards 7363: 7354: 7347: 7340: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7275: 7268: 7259: 7252: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7190: 7181: 7174: 7167: 7159: 7154: 7124: 7119: 7093: 7079:Boxer Rebellion 7067: 7051: 7020: 7007: 6961: 6955: 6916: 6908: 6903:Wayback Machine 6880:Wayback Machine 6814:Wayback Machine 6803: 6790: 6788: 6765: 6752: 6750: 6739:Maneuver in War 6734: 6723: 6683: 6664: 6653:The Road to War 6623: 6594:The South Front 6581: 6537: 6476: 6460: 6455: 6453:Further reading 6450: 6430:(445): 66–104. 6339: 6337: 6301:Rivista Storica 6294: 6289: 6283: 6239: 6218: 6199: 6180: 6155: 6153: 6138: 6127: 6108: 6089: 6068: 6046: 6024: 6022: 5980: 5961: 5942: 5923: 5883: 5864: 5845: 5826: 5800: 5781: 5760: 5741: 5722: 5703: 5680: 5661: 5638: 5628:Editori Riuniti 5611: 5583: 5564: 5522: 5503: 5484: 5465: 5425: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5125: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5080:Mack Smith 1983 5078: 5074: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4970: 4966: 4954: 4950: 4944:Mack Smith 1983 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882: 4878: 4874:, pp. 163 – 169 4867: 4858: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4729: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4680: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4624: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4428:Mack Smith 1983 4426: 4422: 4416:Mack Smith 1983 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4355: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4308: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4269:, p. 1392. 4265: 4261: 4257:, p. 1384. 4253: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4171: 4163:1854/LU-7191070 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4100: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3916: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3712:, pp. 6–7. 3708: 3704: 3700:, pp. 1–6. 3696: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3638: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3600: 3596: 3590:Mack Smith 1983 3588: 3579: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3535: 3520: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3485: 3469: 3468: 3456: 3442: 3435: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3366: 3365: 3361: 3357:, pp. 128. 3353: 3344: 3336: 3325: 3317: 3306: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3261: 3253: 3240: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3208: 3202:Mack Smith 1983 3200: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3162: 3153: 3149: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3076: 3069:700,000 camels. 3068: 3064: 3061:7,000,000 sheep 3060: 3057: 3054:535,000 houses, 3053: 3051:2,000 churches, 3050: 3034: 3028: 3004:Harry Wetherall 2958: 2952: 2924:Seyoum Mengesha 2830: 2825: 2817:Main articles: 2815: 2807:Tripartite Pact 2769:Empire of Japan 2683:Renzo De Felice 2667: 2643:Eritrean Askari 2635:Dum-Dum bullets 2630: 2627: 2606:Angelo Del Boca 2551:J. F. C. Fuller 2543:Geneva Protocol 2524: 2516:760,300 deaths. 2515: 2511: 2508:24,000 Patriots 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2492:78,500 Patriots 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2468:12,248 military 2467: 2463: 2459: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2356:Mikael of Wollo 2325: 2319: 2165: 2089:Giuseppe Bottai 2082: 2076: 2060:Nasibu Emmanual 2001: 1993:Main articles: 1991: 1931:Battle of Shire 1891: 1888: 1857: 1837:Main articles: 1835: 1826:Schrecklichkeit 1680: 1674: 1643:Stanley Baldwin 1639: 1619:Obelisk of Axum 1585:Seyoum Mangasha 1498: 1492: 1487: 1480: 1478:Pietro Badoglio 1475: 1466: 1461: 1452: 1447: 1435:US Marine Corps 1431:Pedro del Valle 1282: 1274:Main articles: 1272: 1265: 1260: 1251: 1245: 1236: 1230: 1221: 1216: 1206:in late 1935.) 1086: 1014: 1006:Main articles: 1004: 999: 889:German Question 881:Italian Eritrea 877: 863: 857:Esmond Clifford 812: 806: 804:Walwal Incident 763:Italian Eritrea 721: 716: 708:Eritrean Ascari 680:Geneva Protocol 610:Pietro Badoglio 575:Italian Somalia 488: 487: 486: 481: 398: 392: 390: 389: 387: 353: 342: 338: 336: 319: 307:500,000–685,000 301: 292:7 armoured cars 286:350,000–760,000 273: 259:Pietro Badoglio 242: 233:Nasibu Emmanual 162: 156:Italian victory 148: 135: 120: 119: 118: 117: 116: 108: 107: 98: 97: 96: 88: 87: 78: 77: 76: 68: 67: 51:interwar period 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10515: 10505: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10492:Haile Selassie 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10408: 10401: 10394: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10336: 10335: 10334: 10320: 10317:South Sakhalin 10313: 10312: 10311: 10297: 10290: 10283: 10276: 10269: 10268: 10267: 10253: 10246: 10239: 10232: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10169: 10162: 10154: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10117: 10110: 10109: 10108: 10094: 10087: 10080: 10073: 10066: 10057: 10048: 10041: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9951: 9944: 9935: 9926: 9917: 9910: 9903: 9892: 9882: 9880: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9870: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9854: 9840: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9796: 9789: 9780: 9773: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9745: 9742:Battle of Attu 9738: 9731: 9723: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9711: 9704: 9695: 9688: 9681: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9633: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9598: 9591: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9548: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9501: 9494: 9491:Battle of Guam 9487: 9480: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9431: 9424: 9417: 9414:Battle of Kiev 9410: 9403: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9352: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9307: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9286: 9279: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9159: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9097: 9095: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9062: 9055: 9041: 9040: 9039: 9032: 9018: 9017: 9016: 9001: 8999: 8990: 8984: 8983: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8969: 8962: 8961: 8960: 8953: 8941: 8940: 8939: 8925: 8918: 8917: 8916: 8913:United Kingdom 8909: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8881: 8873: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8854: 8853: 8852: 8845: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8812: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8734: 8733: 8726: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8677: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8628: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8599: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8559: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8509: 8507: 8501: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8430: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8402: 8395: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8365: 8357: 8355: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8345: 8338: 8337: 8336: 8322: 8321: 8320: 8317:British Empire 8310:United Kingdom 8306: 8299: 8292: 8285: 8278: 8271: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8151: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8126:Czechoslovakia 8122: 8115: 8108: 8101: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8060: 8058: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8023:Rape of Manila 8019: 8012: 8005: 7994: 7979: 7972: 7960: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7944: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7900: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7861: 7854: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7831: 7824: 7809: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7794:United Nations 7790: 7783: 7776: 7775: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7739: 7730: 7721: 7714: 7707: 7700: 7691: 7684: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7656: 7653:Decolonization 7649: 7642: 7634: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7599: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7553: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7487: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7476: 7475: 7468: 7461: 7454: 7447: 7440: 7433: 7426: 7425: 7424: 7417: 7403: 7396: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7368: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7345: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7329: 7326:United Kingdom 7322: 7308: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7273: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7249: 7247: 7238: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7215: 7214: 7207: 7200: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7172: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7152: 7145: 7138: 7130: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7101: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7018: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6959:Italian Empire 6954: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6905: 6893: 6887: 6882: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6849: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6802: 6801:External links 6799: 6798: 6797: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6727: 6721: 6708: 6687: 6681: 6668: 6662: 6644: 6627: 6621: 6606: 6585: 6579: 6562: 6541: 6536:978-1787384774 6535: 6522: 6501: 6480: 6474: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6417: 6396: 6378:(3): 300–313. 6367: 6346: 6336:on 8 June 2010 6313: 6303:(in Italian). 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6281: 6260: 6243: 6237: 6222: 6216: 6203: 6197: 6184: 6178: 6162: 6131: 6125: 6112: 6106: 6093: 6087: 6072: 6066: 6050: 6044: 6031: 6001: 5984: 5978: 5965: 5959: 5946: 5940: 5927: 5921: 5908: 5887: 5881: 5868: 5863:978-1107090439 5862: 5849: 5843: 5830: 5824: 5808:Mack Smith, D. 5804: 5798: 5785: 5779: 5764: 5758: 5745: 5739: 5726: 5720: 5707: 5701: 5684: 5678: 5665: 5659: 5642: 5636: 5615: 5609: 5596: 5587: 5581: 5568: 5562: 5547: 5526: 5520: 5507: 5501: 5488: 5482: 5469: 5463: 5450: 5429: 5423: 5408: 5395: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5361:Cernuschi 1994 5353: 5351:, p. 156. 5341: 5329: 5327:, p. 272. 5317: 5315:, p. 281. 5305: 5286:(3): 425–443. 5270: 5268:, p. 214. 5258: 5246: 5234: 5222: 5220:, p. 307. 5210: 5208:, p. 298. 5198: 5196:, p. 299. 5186: 5184:, p. 159. 5174: 5162: 5150: 5148:, p. 133. 5138: 5123: 5108: 5096: 5094:, p. 131. 5084: 5082:, p. 234. 5072: 5059: 5042: 5025: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4990:, p. 131. 4980: 4972:Walter Laqueur 4964: 4948: 4946:, p. 231. 4936: 4934:, pp. 91. 4924: 4912: 4900: 4898:, p. xxi. 4888: 4876: 4856: 4835:10.2307/217347 4829:(2): 209–241. 4813: 4780: 4778:, p. 282. 4768: 4766:, p. 168. 4756: 4754:, p. 102. 4744: 4727: 4725:, p. 127. 4712: 4697: 4678: 4666: 4664:, p. 125. 4654: 4652:, p. 126. 4642: 4630: 4615: 4603: 4591: 4589:, p. 543. 4579: 4577:, p. 109. 4567: 4555: 4553:, p. 112. 4543: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4495: 4493:, p. 105. 4483: 4471: 4456: 4454:, p. 318. 4444: 4432: 4430:, p. 232. 4420: 4408: 4406:, p. 104. 4396: 4384: 4370: 4368:, p. 219. 4353: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4312:, p. 128. 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4244: 4232: 4220: 4218:, p. 170. 4208: 4206:, p. 157. 4196: 4194:, p. 103. 4184: 4169: 4127: 4115: 4098: 4096:, p. 222. 4083: 4081:, p. 299. 4068: 4066:, p. 301. 4056: 4044: 4032: 4030:, p. 318. 4020: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3982:, p. 238. 3972: 3960: 3943: 3931: 3929:, p. 203. 3927:Stapleton 2013 3914: 3896: 3893:. 2 June 1951. 3878: 3866: 3847:(3): 380–391. 3828: 3826:, p. 145. 3811: 3809:, p. 127. 3799: 3797:, p. 164. 3787: 3785:, p. 108. 3775: 3773:, p. 677. 3763: 3761:, p. 126. 3738: 3736:, p. 392. 3726: 3714: 3702: 3687: 3675: 3671:Dominioni 2008 3663: 3651: 3636: 3621: 3609: 3594: 3577: 3570: 3550: 3533: 3518: 3500: 3483: 3454: 3433: 3416: 3401: 3399:, p. 645. 3389: 3377: 3359: 3342: 3323: 3304: 3289: 3280: 3259: 3255:Stapleton 2018 3238: 3234:Pankhurst 1968 3223: 3206: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3160: 3147: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3120:Vogra Massacre 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3072: 3067:and mules and 3030:Main article: 3027: 3024: 2954:Main article: 2951: 2948: 2887:and abrogated 2829: 2826: 2823:Italian Empire 2814: 2811: 2765:Italian Empire 2666: 2663: 2625: 2555:Walter Laqueur 2523: 2520: 2512:300,000 people 2460:3,694 military 2444:1,911 Italians 2415:1,593 Eritrean 2402: 2399: 2333:Abraham Deboch 2329:Ge'ez calendar 2321:Main article: 2318: 2315: 2308:Desta and the 2164: 2161: 2150:was appointed 2078:Main article: 2075: 2072: 1990: 1989:Southern front 1987: 1889:Haile Selassie 1886: 1834: 1831: 1676:Main article: 1673: 1670: 1638: 1635: 1522:Emilio De Bono 1494:Main article: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1481: 1476: 1469: 1467: 1464:Emilio De Bono 1462: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1441: 1410:Emilio De Bono 1406:Legione Parini 1348:Penne di Falco 1306:Regio Esercito 1271: 1270:Italian forces 1268: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1254: 1252: 1246: 1239: 1237: 1231: 1224: 1222: 1219:Haile Selassie 1217: 1210: 1168:white elephant 1029:Haile Selassie 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 966:Haile Selassie 955:Horn of Africa 940:Sir John Simon 897:Horn of Africa 876: 873: 808:Main article: 805: 802: 752:Battle of Adwa 744:Horn of Africa 727:Italy and its 720: 717: 715: 712: 696:dumdum bullets 653:Haile Selassie 583:Battle of Adwa 573:attacked from 565:attacked from 563:Emilio De Bono 483: 482: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 403: 400: 399: 386: 385: 378: 371: 363: 355: 354: 352: 351: 347: 344: 343: 341: 340: 332: 330: 329:~70,000 killed 326: 325: 321: 320: 318: 317: 314: 311: 308: 304: 302: 300: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 283: 280: 279: 275: 274: 272: 271: 266: 261: 256: 254:Emilio De Bono 251: 245: 243: 241: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 209: 206: 205: 201: 200: 195: 189: 188: 184: 183: 180: 179: 166:Foundation of 164: 158: 157: 154: 150: 149: 144: 142: 138: 137: 132: 124: 123: 110: 109: 101: 100: 99: 90: 89: 81: 80: 79: 70: 69: 61: 60: 59: 58: 57: 54: 53: 46: 45: 39: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10514: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10472:1937 in Italy 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10462:1936 in Italy 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10452:1935 in Italy 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10386: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10362: 10358: 10355: 10351: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10337: 10332: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10324:Kuril Islands 10321: 10318: 10314: 10309: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10298: 10295: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10265: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10230: 10226: 10223: 10219: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10205: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10177: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10140: 10136: 10131: 10130: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10106: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10091:Syrmian Front 10088: 10085: 10081: 10078: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10049: 10046: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10037:Market Garden 10033: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10003: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9941: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9927: 9924: 9923: 9918: 9915: 9911: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9897: 9896:Monte Cassino 9893: 9890: 9889: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9879: 9875: 9868: 9864: 9859: 9855: 9852: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9824: 9820: 9817: 9813: 9808: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9781: 9778: 9774: 9771: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9757: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9693: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9679: 9678: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9663: 9659: 9656: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9592: 9589: 9585: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9557: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9541: 9534: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9516: 9513: 9509: 9506: 9502: 9499: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9446: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9432: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9418: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9390: 9385: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9364: 9360: 9357: 9353: 9350: 9346: 9341: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9330: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9293: 9292: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9263: 9262:Baltic states 9259: 9256: 9252: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9238: 9235: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9221: 9217: 9214: 9210: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9182: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9090: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9067: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9030: 9026: 9025: 9023: 9019: 9014: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8985: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8937: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8919: 8914: 8910: 8907: 8906:United States 8903: 8898: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8887: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8874: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8859: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8842:Quốc dân Đảng 8839: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8740: 8736: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8636: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8619: 8615: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8592: 8585: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8542:Liechtenstein 8539: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8525: 8522: 8518: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8502: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8466: 8462: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8448: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8350: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326:United States 8323: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8293: 8290: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8171: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8016:Comfort women 8013: 8010: 8006: 8003: 8000: / 7999: 7995: 7992: 7989: / 7988: 7985: / 7984: 7980: 7977: 7976:Camp brothels 7973: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7949: 7945: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7885: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865:The Holocaust 7862: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7851:forced labour 7848: 7847: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7719: 7715: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7704:Marshall Plan 7701: 7698: 7697: 7692: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7650: 7647: 7643: 7640: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7558: 7557:Eastern Front 7554: 7551: 7550:Western Front 7547: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7469: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7444:Puppet states 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7427: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7386:Naval history 7383: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7369: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7333:United States 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7285: 7281: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7239: 7235: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7146: 7144: 7139: 7137: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056:South America 7054: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6940: 6938: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6923: 6920: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6684: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6624: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6590:Il fronte Sud 6586: 6582: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6296: 6284: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6238:9781351104661 6234: 6230: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6080: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5855: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5430: 5426: 5424:9780195382075 5420: 5416: 5415: 5409: 5398: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5363:, p. 74. 5362: 5357: 5350: 5345: 5338: 5333: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5256:, p. 22. 5255: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5232:, p. 20. 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5128: 5121:, p. 74. 5120: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5035: 5029: 5020: 5014:, p. 20. 5013: 5008: 5002:, p. 56. 5001: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4961: 4957: 4956:Jeffrey Legro 4952: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4892: 4886:, p. 37. 4885: 4880: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4793:The Economist 4790: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4742:, p. 32. 4741: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4724: 4719: 4717: 4710:, p. 12. 4709: 4704: 4702: 4695:, p. 97. 4694: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4675: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4640:, p. 62. 4639: 4634: 4628:, p. 61. 4627: 4622: 4620: 4613:, p. 59. 4612: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4588: 4583: 4576: 4571: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4541:, p. 76. 4540: 4535: 4529:, p. 70. 4528: 4523: 4517:, p. 95. 4516: 4511: 4505:, p. 94. 4504: 4499: 4492: 4487: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4463: 4461: 4453: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4400: 4393: 4388: 4381: 4380: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4351:, p. 45. 4350: 4345: 4343: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4318: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4293:, p. 75. 4292: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4241: 4236: 4230:, p. 36. 4229: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4205: 4200: 4193: 4188: 4182:, p. 35. 4181: 4176: 4174: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4131: 4125:, p. 11. 4124: 4119: 4113:, p. 33. 4112: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4042:, p. 41. 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4018:, p. 13. 4017: 4012: 4006:, p. 47. 4005: 4000: 3994:, p. 18. 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3941:, p. 57. 3940: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3833: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3735: 3730: 3724:, p. 46. 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3649:, p. 79. 3648: 3643: 3641: 3634:, p. 43. 3633: 3628: 3626: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3519:0-203-01024-8 3515: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3479: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3438: 3429: 3428: 3420: 3414:, p. 64. 3413: 3408: 3406: 3398: 3393: 3387:, p. 33. 3386: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3339: 3338:Del Boca 2009 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3321:, p. 20. 3320: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3302:, p. 19. 3301: 3296: 3294: 3284: 3278:, p. 29. 3277: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3191: 3174: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3100:Faccetta Nera 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3071: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998:. The Allied 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903:Duke of Aosta 2901: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2866:miscegenation 2858: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2834: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2803:Pact of Steel 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2676: 2671: 2658: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2519: 2504:35,000 people 2500:30,000 people 2456: 2451: 2433: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337:Mogos Asgedom 2334: 2330: 2324: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2241:Debre Libanos 2238: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2169: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2152:Prince Regent 2149: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022:Negele Borana 2019: 2015: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1942:Somali Ascari 1938: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1827: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:Army of Shire 1743:Imru and his 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1728: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1589:Army of Tigre 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1510: 1502: 1497: 1479: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1373:, across the 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1264: 1258: 1253: 1250: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1214: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1191:White Russian 1188: 1184: 1183:Hubert Julian 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:Neville Shute 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1141:Mauser rifles 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Kebur Zabagna 1107: 1105: 1101: 1100:armoured cars 1097: 1093: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1018: 1013: 1009: 994: 992: 988: 984: 979: 977: 972: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 872: 870: 860: 858: 853: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 811: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 778: 776: 770: 768: 764: 760: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 734: 730: 725: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 631: 630: 625: 622:the path for 620: 615: 614:counterattack 611: 607: 602: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536:Ethiopian War 532: 531:Ṭalyan warära 526: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 401: 395: 384: 379: 377: 372: 370: 365: 364: 361: 349: 348: 345: 337:9,000 wounded 334: 333: 331: 328: 327: 322: 315: 312: 310:599–800 tanks 309: 306: 305: 303: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 284: 282: 281: 276: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 246: 244: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 208: 207: 202: 199: 196: 194: 191: 190: 185: 177: 173: 169: 165: 160: 159: 155: 152: 151: 147: 143: 140: 139: 133: 130: 129: 125: 114: 105: 94: 85: 74: 65: 55: 52: 47: 42: 35: 30: 19: 10398:Bibliography 10381: 10194:Project Hula 10159:Vistula–Oder 10128: 10061: 10052: 10036: 10006: 9955: 9939: 9930: 9921: 9887: 9784: 9699: 9675: 9645: 9396: 9289: 9234:North Africa 9012: 8936:Soviet Union 8890:Soviet Union 8816:Soviet Union 8584:Vatican City 8494:Vichy France 8399:German Reich 8296:Soviet Union 8282:South Africa 8275:Sierra Leone 8228:Newfoundland 8139: 8047:Participants 8030:Marocchinate 7734: 7725: 7695: 7573:North Africa 7534:Indian Ocean 7393:Nazi plunder 7284:Cryptography 7157:World War II 7025:North Africa 6997: 6917:(in Italian) 6791:19 September 6789:. 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Retrieved 4792: 4783: 4771: 4764:Mockler 2003 4759: 4747: 4708:Nicolle 1997 4669: 4657: 4645: 4638:Spencer 2006 4633: 4626:Spencer 2006 4611:Spencer 2006 4606: 4599:Spencer 2006 4594: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4546: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4447: 4435: 4423: 4411: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4373: 4329: 4317: 4291:Mockler 2003 4286: 4274: 4262: 4242:, p. 8. 4240:Nicolle 1997 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4145: 4141: 4130: 4123:Nicolle 1997 4118: 4059: 4047: 4040:Nicolle 1997 4035: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3992:Nicolle 1997 3987: 3975: 3963: 3953: 3946: 3934: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3869: 3844: 3840: 3802: 3790: 3783:Crozier 2004 3778: 3766: 3729: 3722:Mockler 2003 3717: 3705: 3683:Labanca 2004 3678: 3673:, p. 7. 3666: 3659:Labanca 2004 3654: 3632:Sbacchi 1978 3617:Labanca 2004 3612: 3603: 3597: 3560: 3553: 3509: 3503: 3445: 3426: 3419: 3392: 3385:Sbacchi 1978 3380: 3372:Necrometrics 3371: 3362: 3283: 3219:Mockler 2003 3173: 3163: 3150: 3134: 3041: 3035: 2996:Gideon Force 2981:, Kenya and 2971:Commonwealth 2967: 2944:Belay Zeleke 2931: 2927: 2920: 2906: 2870: 2862: 2839: 2777:Stresa Front 2762: 2752: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2703: 2699: 2680: 2645:(often with 2632: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2602: 2597: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570:ultima ratio 2569: 2567: 2562:Tito Minniti 2559: 2540: 2530: 2496:17,800 women 2454: 2452: 2440:144,000 sick 2419:453 civilian 2404: 2376: 2371: 2362: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2326: 2309: 2305: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2265:and aviator 2256: 2250:Memorial in 2237:Abune Petros 2234: 2217: 2177:World War II 2174: 2156:Abebe Aregai 2145: 2132:Aberra Kassa 2129: 2117: 2113:Debre Berhan 2105: 2056: 2044: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2017: 2010: 1977: 1971: 1966:Lake Ashangi 1961: 1947: 1926: 1924: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1895: 1893: 1883: 1878:phosgene gas 1858: 1824: 1813: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1765:Mahel Sefari 1764: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1697: 1694: 1666:Samuel Hoare 1662: 1651: 1640: 1630: 1612: 1603: 1592: 1580: 1566: 1558: 1549: 1539: 1429:(1937), and 1426: 1419: 1405: 1401: 1381: 1379: 1375:Gulf of Aden 1367:Luigi Frusci 1356: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1333: 1331: 1326:Regia Marina 1324: 1315: 1309: 1305: 1295: 1249:Desta Damtew 1199: 1176: 1145: 1122: 1118: 1115:Belgian Army 1108: 1058: 1046: 1038: 1023: 980: 976:Stresa Front 974:destroy the 959: 951:Anthony Eden 944: 932:Stresa Front 928:Nazi Germany 924:Pierre Laval 909: 878: 861: 852:Italian flag 848: 835: 831: 830:oasis (also 813: 790:Tigre people 779: 771: 737: 673: 634: 627: 624:Adolf Hitler 619:Nazi Germany 603: 560: 535: 511: 495: 491: 489: 447:Lake Ashenge 422:Ganale Doria 391: 335:8,850 killed 316:595 aircraft 269:Luigi Frusci 238:Desta Damtew 187:Belligerents 49:Part of the 29: 10129:Bodenplatte 10015:Gothic Line 9241:West Africa 8788:Philippines 8767:Netherlands 8632:Czech lands 8570:Switzerland 8514:Afghanistan 8465:Philippines 8333:Puerto Rico 8249:Philippines 8235:New Zealand 8221:Netherlands 8174:Free France 7925:Prosecution 7726:Osoaviakhim 7596:West Africa 7580:East Africa 7227:Conferences 6966:East Africa 6816:(full text) 6156:3 September 6025:3 September 5349:Barker 1971 5325:Barker 1968 5313:Barker 1968 5254:Marcus 1999 5230:Marcus 1999 5182:Barker 1971 5146:Barker 1971 5134:Barker 1971 5119:Kallis 2000 5104:Kallis 2000 5092:Barker 1971 5000:Barker 1971 4932:Barker 1968 4776:Barker 1968 4740:Marcus 1999 4723:Barker 1971 4674:Barker 1968 4662:Barker 1971 4650:Barker 1971 4575:Barker 1971 4563:Barker 1971 4551:Barker 1971 4539:Barker 1971 4527:Barker 1971 4491:Barker 1971 4479:Barker 1968 4467:Barker 1968 4452:Safire 1997 4440:Barker 1968 4366:Barker 1968 4349:Barker 1971 4334:Barker 1968 4322:Kallis 2000 4310:Kallis 2000 4228:Barker 1971 4216:Barker 1968 4204:Barker 1968 4180:Barker 1971 4148:: 170–178. 4111:Barker 1971 4094:Barker 1968 4052:Barker 1968 4028:Barker 1968 4004:Barker 1971 3939:Barker 1971 3824:Kallis 2000 3807:Kallis 2000 3759:Kallis 2000 3710:Barker 1968 3698:Barker 1968 3546:Barker 1968 3496:Barker 1968 3412:Leckie 1987 3397:Leckie 1987 3355:Rochat 2008 3319:Barker 1971 3276:Barker 1971 3156:Tewodros II 3139:Addis Ababa 3063:and goats, 3008:Dan Pienaar 2889:feudal laws 2547:World War I 2488:275,000 men 2438:killed and 2432:Blackshirts 2417:troops and 2364:carabinieri 2345:Black Lions 2341:Addis Ababa 2279:Debre Zebit 2209:hit-and-run 2185:Balcha Safo 2137:Addis Ababa 2068:Wehib Pasha 1865:mustard gas 1820:mustard gas 1733:Amba Aradam 1720:to support 1542:Mareb River 1485:Hostilities 1359:Azebu Galla 1290:Montevarchi 1187:Viking Tamm 1041:Addis Ababa 864:150 Italian 834:, Italian: 733:World War I 676:mustard gas 657:Addis Ababa 548:Axis powers 477:Addis Ababa 452:2nd Tembien 427:1st Tembien 298:13 aircraft 161:Territorial 10421:Categories 10229:West Hunan 10062:Pointblank 9398:Silver Fox 9384:Summer War 9137:Winter War 9116:Phoney War 8897:Azerbaijan 8858:Yugoslavia 8753:Luxembourg 8595:Resistance 8342:Yugoslavia 8207:Luxembourg 8009:Sook Ching 7805:War crimes 7407:Technology 7400:Opposition 7342:Lend-Lease 7319:Australian 7312:Home front 7270:Blitzkrieg 7220:Casualties 7211:Commanders 7183:Operations 6054:Rhodes, A. 5055:Smart 1997 5012:Clark 1959 4404:Palla 2000 4079:Gooch 2007 4064:Gooch 2007 3980:Othen 2017 3968:Othen 2017 3954:Slide Rule 3448:. London. 3186:References 3178:retention. 3044:) and the 2973:forces in 2747:chairman, 2704:Enterprise 2647:castration 2522:War crimes 2480:20,000 men 2476:50,000 men 2427:3,000 were 2401:Casualties 2391:Yekatit 12 2323:Yekatit 12 2310:Dejasmatch 2205:Asfawossen 1914:Kassa and 1861:poison gas 1823:resort to 1798:Kassa and 1560:army used 1363:Olol Dinle 1320:blackshirt 1308:) and the 1174:fighters. 759:Menelik II 714:Background 669:Yekatit 12 10294:Manchuria 10180:Indochina 9956:Bagration 9407:Lithuania 9052:Anschluss 8849:Viet Minh 8746:Lithuania 8688:Hong Kong 8458:Manchukuo 8413:Azad Hind 8072:Australia 7872:Aftermath 7735:Paperclip 7630:Aftermath 7430:Total war 7298:Diplomacy 7261:In Europe 6781:940362449 6704:799891187 6648:Overy, R. 6602:602590204 6558:799937693 6497:164959633 6444:0013-8266 6413:1063-2751 6392:144498755 6363:0260-2105 6330:2373-9517 6015:506009610 5904:878601977 5835:Mussolini 5543:797807582 5446:878595757 5402:8 October 5300:145516332 5266:Lamb 1999 5242:USSD 1943 5206:Baer 1976 5194:Baer 1976 5170:Holt 2011 4843:0361-7882 4801:0013-0613 4279:Holt 2011 4267:Holt 2011 4255:Holt 2011 4016:Baer 1976 3861:143863579 3528:252806536 3472:cite book 3464:999629248 2940:Lake Tana 2857:Arbegnoch 2855:Areas of 2828:1936–1940 2813:Aftermath 2773:Manchuria 2757:newsreels 2717:Jerusalem 2713:Gibraltar 2702:HMS 2694:Jerusalem 2594:gas shell 2586:Red Cross 2448:8,284 men 2436:9,555 men 2407:1,148 men 2387:Armenians 2287:Dejazmach 2201:Wondosson 2053:open city 1978:Arbegnoch 1869:III Corps 1863:(but not 1757:Beghemder 1702:Abiy Addi 1594:Dejazmach 1390:Argentina 1298:tankettes 1196:Red Cross 1129:Anschluss 1104:Fiat 3000 1073:Hotchkiss 1065:Hotchkiss 1050:artillery 983:was Japan 838:) in the 688:Red Cross 637:artillery 629:Anschluss 593:, and an 525:romanized 502:waged by 442:Mai Lahlà 412:Christmas 10405:Category 10354:document 10264:document 10121:Ardennes 10105:Budapest 10053:Crossbow 9931:Overlord 9770:Smolensk 8988:Timeline 8823:Slovakia 8809:Thailand 8660:Ethiopia 8625:Bulgaria 8549:Portugal 8487:Thailand 8369:Bulgaria 8147:Eswatini 8140:Ethiopia 8093:Bulgaria 7918:Unit 731 7879:Response 7696:Keelhaul 7646:Cold War 7619:Americas 7610:timeline 7603:Atlantic 7483:Theaters 6899:Archived 6876:Archived 6845:Le Temps 6810:Archived 6747:34869726 6518:46203391 6324:: 9–20. 6309:30747124 6292:Journals 6256:51671800 6168:(2006). 6151:40153101 6056:(1973). 6019:Archived 5810:(1982). 4806:10 March 3074:See also 2991:Khartoum 2745:Romanian 2721:telegram 2651:Gondrand 2626:— 2409:killed, 2275:Butajira 2271:Arbegona 2141:Djibouti 1887:— 1873:IV Corps 1773:L3 tanks 1712:Seyoum. 1200:ferenghi 1156:Airspeed 1152:Potez 25 1094:, seven 905:assented 798:Jubaland 692:genocide 520:ጣልያን ወረራ 508:Ethiopia 506:against 498:, was a 278:Strength 193:Ethiopia 146:Ethiopia 141:Location 122:members. 10331:Shumshu 10098:Hungary 10045:Estonia 10029:Lapland 10007:Dragoon 9940:Neptune 9922:Ichi-Go 9888:Tempest 9830:Changde 9785:Cottage 9677:Jubilee 9393:Finland 9291:Compass 8997:Prelude 8950:Finland 8836:Vietnam 8802:Romania 8674:Germany 8653:Estonia 8639:Denmark 8618:Belgium 8611:Austria 8604:Albania 8535:Ireland 8521:Andorra 8505:Neutral 8472:Romania 8406:Hungary 8391:Finland 8263:Romania 8155:Finland 8133:Denmark 8079:Belgium 8065:Algeria 7771:Romania 7757:Hungary 7513:Pacific 7237:General 7191:Leaders 7176:Battles 7169:Outline 6914:YouTube 6640:5315947 6273:178–203 5371:Sources 3168:extent. 2885:slavery 2881:Somalis 2707:. From 2537:, 1936. 2411:125 men 2259:Nekemte 2252:Nekemte 2226:Viceroy 2181:Ankober 2091:at the 1974:Patriot 1958:attacks 1569:Adigrat 1554:Iyasu V 1534:Amharic 1530:Italian 1394:Uruguay 1160:Viceroy 1137:Germany 1133:Austria 1106:tanks. 1098:-based 1069:Vickers 893:Austria 836:Ual-Ual 824:Benadir 820:leagues 786:Teseney 595:obelisk 567:Eritrea 540:Italian 527:: 516:Amharic 467:Maychew 437:Enderta 407:De Bono 289:4 tanks 176:Eritrea 172:Somalia 163:changes 10308:Debate 10280:Taipei 10273:Borneo 9851:Tarawa 9045:Europe 9006:Africa 8795:Poland 8781:Norway 8760:Malaya 8739:Latvia 8681:Greece 8667:France 8563:Sweden 8528:Bhutan 8256:Poland 8242:Norway 8214:Mexico 8181:Greece 8167:France 8105:Canada 8086:Brazil 8056:Allies 8002:Serbia 7991:Poland 7764:Poland 7750:Baltic 7543:Europe 7245:Topics 7197:Allied 7098:Europe 6779: 6763:Theses 6745: 6719: 6702: 6679: 6660: 6638: 6619: 6600: 6577: 6556: 6533: 6516: 6495: 6472: 6442: 6411: 6390: 6361: 6355:XXXVII 6340:8 June 6328: 6307: 6279: 6254: 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Second Italo-Ethiopian War

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