51:
490:
737:
595:
965:. Though there are no given birth dates, Ismail seems to have been his youngest adult son, born from a daughter of Alp-Tegin. His maternal lineage may have influenced Sabuktigin to pass Ghazna onto Ismail upon his death, since it was befitting that a descendant of Alp-Tegin would rule Ghazna. For Nasr, he left Bust, and since Mahmud was commanding the army of Khorasan, Sabuktigin could not bestow him any titles and left nothing for him.
2053:
861:
lands into independent ownerships and grew disinclined to fight for their ruler. Moreover, their dominance upon farming lands burdened the farmers and had pampered their production. Therefore, upon ascension, Sabuktigin's treasury was empty of gold and silver and reportedly only contained "swords and
1099:
The circumstances that led to this sudden development are described peculiarly by Utbi: a fountain of supernatural powers was intentionally polluted by
Sabuktegin to raise a snowstorm of hellish proportions that blinded Jayapala's men. Positivist historians understood this to refer to a cataclysmic
968:
In 998, during a succession struggle, Mahmud deposed Ismail and took his place. In 999, his invasion of
Khorasan, along with Kara-Khanid's intrusion from north, finally put an end to the Samanid Empire, after which, Mahmud and Nasr ibn Ali partitioned the Samanid lands between themselves.
833:, and when Sabuktigin arrived, instead of fighting him, asked for forgiveness. Sabuktigin refused and launched an attack. His war elephants crushed many of Abu Ali's soldiers and chief commanders. Abu Ali was imprisoned in 996 and was killed in 997 on Sabuktigin's order.
1072:
Sabuktigin denotes that his father's title was 'Buruskhan', which means powerful in his language. According to him, 'Buruskhan' was an altered version of 'Bars Khan' or 'Pars Khan' ("Persian Chief" according to Askari, and "One who read
2202:
281:. Alp-Tegin established himself as the governor of Ghazna in 962, and died a year later in 963. Afterwards, Sabuktigin built his prestige among other slave soldiers in Ghazna until he was elected by them as their ruler in 977.
319:
As the founder of the
Ghaznavid dynasty, Sabuktigin was later idealized by Ghaznavid historians as a just and forgiving ruler, though these traits may have no basis in reality. He was the image of the "founding monarch"
887:, became his secretary. According to al-Utbi, Sabuktigin was initially mistrustful of him and of al-Busti, because both had served his rivals, but then both successfully gained his favour and served in high positions.
520:(military slaves). At the time, Alp-Tegin served as the head of the royal guard of the Samanid dynasty, but in 962, after he fell from grace, he left his position and sought to establish an independent rule in
1030:, he opened the gates of India for his successor, Mahmud. Sabuktigin's conquests facilitated the beginning of the Turko-Afghan period into India, which would be further conducted by Mahmud, and later the
700:, and granting his relatives as hostages to Sabuktigin. Yet, he did not uphold the treaty once he returned to his realm, causing Sabuktigin to march towards his realm with an army composed of Afghans and
501:
Sabuktigin recounts that his tribe was raided and he, along with all the women and the children, was captured. His captors, a rival Karluk tribe, sold him at a slave market at
Nakhshab (modern-day
849:
system in his realm. During Alp-Tegin's tenure, soldiers earned their pay through plunder and raids, but from his death to
Sabuktigin's ascension, payment from raids ceased and soldiers turned to
879:(ministers), and it is speculated that he utilized the local Persian secretaries and officials in Ghazna. After his conquest of Bust, Sabuktigin brought with himself the local secretary and poet
2116:
997:, no traits can be attributed to Sabuktigin's personality because of a lack in evidence. In truth, Ghaznavid historians such as Bayhaqi conceptualized Sabuktigin as the ideal image of an
2530:
2708:
2381:
464:
by Abu Al-Qasim Imami (written in early twelfth-century) states that
Sabuktigin's father was called Qara Bechkem, and through a fabricated genealogy, links him to the last
683:
which after days had no definitive winner. However, a sudden snowstorm devastated
Jayapala's army. The cause of this storm's eruption, according to al-Utbi's history book
316:, Samanids' rivals, to partition Nuh's realm between themselves. However, before he could realize this agreement, he died on his way to Ghazna on August-September 997.
50:
614:
in the south of his realm and subdued a rival Turkic group who were installed there earlier in the century by
Qaratigin Isfijabi (d. 929), another rebellious Samanid
2930:
807:
as compensation. Abu Ali's warriors found these terms too humiliating and thus attacked
Sabuktigin's army on their own. Fa'iq's men quickly disarrayed Sabuktigin's
910:. According to Bosworth, the reason for his conversion was his entrancement with the Karramiyya leader, the ascetic Abu Ya'qub Ishaq ibn Mahmudshadh (d. 993).
868:
lands back into governmental domains, promising to pay his army from his treasury and from spoils of war, making his army dependent on him for their earnings.
2790:
990:. Before him, al-Utbi had portrayed Sabuktigin as an approachable, forgiving and just ruler, to contrast him with Mahmud. However, according to the British
1155:
Sabuktigin's secretary, al-Busti even wrote a verse praising the Hanafi school and the
Karramiyya; the text of the verse: "The only true legal system is
509:, himself a slave and a prominent commander. Sebuktigin quickly became integrated in the Persian community around him, despite being a stranger at first.
549:
in Ghazna reconciled with the Samanid government but remained autonomous and chose their leaders from their commanders. During the successive reigns of
2754:
2064:
2159:
2082:
2297:——— (2011). "The 'Abbasid caliphate and the age of the sultanates". In El Hareir, R.N. Idris; M'Baye, El Hadji Ravane (eds.).
312:'s rebellion, defeating the latter in several battles during 994 to 996. Towards the end of his life, Sabuktigin arranged an agreement with the
2865:
557:(975-977), Sabuktigin increased his prestige among his troops. In 977, the citizens of Ghazna, tired of the unpopular Böritigin, invited
328:, who drew a contrast between the humble and just Sabuktigin with his successors. This conclusion was shared by later historians such as
1118:
myth was still believed by the locals during the conflict and Sabuktegin used the tale to display himself as a hero among his subjects.
456:
tribe. His father was called Juq, and in contemporary Chinese documents, Sabuktigin is referred to as Sabuktigin, son of Juq. However,
786:
in the north, who were a constant threat to his borders. In 994, Nuh requested Sabuktigin's help in subduing the rebellious Abu Ali
801:. During initial negotiations, Sabuktigin agreed to peace if only Abu Ali pledged obedience to Nuh II and paid a sum of 15 million
1001:: the founding monarch, who lived a simple life and was a humble soldier who imposed justice. This representation continued with
3021:
926:, however, after a falling out between the two, Sabuktigin made a secret agreement with Nasr to separate the Samanid realms in
3011:
2456:
2104:
1725:
536:, and was recognised as governor by the Samanid administration. He died shortly after in 963, and was succeeded by his son,
3031:
883:, who became his chancellor. Moreover, al-Utbi, who previously served the Samanids, Abu Ali Simjuri and the Ziyarid ruler
768:(Most Exalted Commander) to indicate his subordinate status. This display was only nominal, since he was not bound to any
2389:
581:, killing Lawik in the process. Afterwards, with the support of the army, Sabuktigin replaced Böritigin as the governor.
304:
lands, opening the gates of India for the future monarchs of his dynasty. As a vassal of the Samanid Empire, he answered
2252:
862:
silks". Sabuktigin first ordered his commanders to give him gifts for his ascension, and then confiscated farming and
569:
supported Lawik and sent a large force under his leadership towards Ghazna. Sabuktigin united the Turkic garrisons of
2771:
2689:
2590:
2563:
2511:
2436:
2405:
2362:
2308:
2183:
2140:
2009:
1982:
1114:— that Utbi's description of the eastern frontiers was based on letters received by the Court, he proposes that the
2858:
1100:
storm. However, Ali Anooshahr notes the tale of the storm to reflect the description of Lake Frazdan (modern-day
937:
According to Juzjani, Sabuktigin had a total of six sons, of which three were in their adolescence when he died:
489:
2335:
1975:
The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam: A Comparative Study of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Periods
819:, deserted his army and joined Sabuktigin. Abu Ali and Fa'iq fled towards Gorgan to seek help from their ally,
930:
between themselves. But shortly after, when he was returning to Ghazna, Sabuktigin died in a village north of
2167:
2124:
17:
3036:
736:
2556:
Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu Basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200
537:
2611:
The Last Two Dynasties of the Sahis: An analysis of their history, archaeology, coinage and palaeography
3041:
3016:
2851:
2203:"The Heritage of Rulership in Early Islamic Iran and the Search for Dynastic Connections with the Past"
2089:. Vol. 9: Alp Arslan–ʿAbd-al-Hamīd. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 898.
675:, but they joined Sabuktigin. His threat prompted Jayapala to form an alliance with the Punjabi Muslim
2424:
704:
in 988. Jayapala, who held some prestige among Indian rulers, mustered an army with the assistance of
3026:
2303:. The Different aspects of Islamic culture. Vol. 3. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. pp. 347–375.
1086:
This fabrication may have originated from eleventh-century, when Ghaznavids had fully embraced their
2060:
994:
986:, portrayed Sabuktigin as a just ruler, contrasting him with his patron and Sabuktigin's grandson,
724:, and this time Sabuktigin defeated Jayapala completely and captured the lands between Lamghan and
721:
945:. One other son, Yusuf, was still a child at the time of his death. He also had a daughter called
871:
Sparse details remain about Sabuktigin's bureaucratic retinue; there are no recorded names of his
754:
Throughout his reign, Sabuktigin acknowledged Samanid sovereignty, he minted the names of Samanid
2950:
680:
1949:
1023:, citing al-Utbi's work, sought to find a way to erupt a snowstorm just as Sabuktigin had done.
2970:
2920:
2609:
1077:" according to Nazim,) implying that his tribe was influenced by Persian culture and rulership.
457:
2813:
554:
100:
2965:
2960:
2940:
2905:
2748:
977:
325:
1163:; Those who, as I observe, disbelieve in Muhammad bin Karam's system are a vile lot indeed."
987:
811:, which made him furious. The battle was a victory for Abu Ali until one of his allies, the
2996:
880:
829:
and Mahmud became the commander of the army of Khorasan. In 995, Fa'iq and Abu Ali invaded
746:
918:
In 996, Nuh II again requested Sabuktigin's support against Nasr ibn Ali, the Kara-Khanid
8:
3001:
1101:
783:
442:
437:
Born around 940s, there is not much known about Sabuktigin's early life. In Sabuktigin's
313:
2955:
2910:
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2643:
2052:
2945:
2935:
2900:
2824:
2777:
2767:
2736:
2728:
2695:
2685:
2680:
Sato, Tsugitaka (2006). "Land Tenure and Ownership, or Iqta'". In Meri, Josef (ed.).
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2559:
2517:
2507:
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2411:
2401:
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2015:
2005:
1988:
1978:
946:
676:
364:
258:
168:
151:
2468:
2095:
2031:
1015:, who idealized Sabuktigin. This image persisted even half a millennium later, when
512:
He flourished under Alp-Tegin's patronage and by the age of eighteen, commanded 200
3006:
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2720:
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741:
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Jayapala conceded to a humiliating treaty with conditions such as paying 1 million
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349:
246:
162:
156:
110:
2175:
2794:
2068:
1039:
895:
812:
594:
578:
465:
363:
had degenerated from "prince" to a synonym for Turkic slave commanders under the
2268:
2027:
1087:
1035:
1031:
823:(Dara's overlord). For their victory, Sabuktigin and Mahmud were rewarded with
820:
533:
494:
410:
370:
301:
278:
192:
56:
2740:
2699:
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2521:
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2415:
2318:
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2019:
1992:
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1012:
1002:
899:
713:
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685:
558:
476:
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337:
329:
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Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries
2600:
2724:
2619:
2345:
1132:
is an Arabic term for administrative allocation of a land or a tax from an
962:
954:
808:
562:
293:
2806:
2425:"Sedentary Rulers on the Move: The Travels of the Early Ghaznavid Sultans"
2117:"The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)"
2583:
A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India
1115:
927:
903:
638:
621:
529:
525:
289:
285:
227:
2672:
2656:
2647:
2631:
2392:. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 343–370.
2286:
2170:. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 162–197.
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2627:
2227:
1160:
1156:
1110:
1063:
Alternate spellings: Sabuktagin, Sabuktakin, Sebüktegin and Sebük Tigin
1026:
Sabuktigin was the first Ghaznavid ruler to invade India. According to
931:
907:
611:
550:
353:
232:
217:
199:
135:
33:
2127:. Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202.
782:, came to gradually rely on Sabuktigin's military for defense against
528:. Sabuktigin accompanied him and helped defeating the Samanid army in
340:, who was influenced by Sabuktigin half a millennium after his death.
2632:"The Afghans and their relations with the Ghaznavids and the Ghurids"
2328:
The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994-1040
1027:
998:
787:
607:
506:
386:
321:
309:
274:
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2243:
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The Cambridge History of Iran: From the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs
1105:
950:
844:
830:
725:
660:
654:
644:
599:
449:
404:
131:
2504:
A History of Indian Civilization: Ancient and classical traditions
2481:[The iqṭāʿ system in the Ghaznavid period (351-582 AH)].
717:
664:
515:
453:
445:
376:
273:
from 977 to 997. Sabuktigin was a Turkic slave who was bought by
212:
2288:
The transition from Ghaznavid to Seljuq rule in the Islamic East
643:, Sabuktigin raided the neighbouring Indian lands and destroyed
2228:"The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids"
1141:
921:
874:
816:
779:
769:
695:
668:
648:
574:
570:
532:. Eventually, Alp-Tegin conquered Ghazna from its local ruler,
521:
502:
424:
305:
270:
82:
70:
66:
2002:
The Medieval Reception of the Shāhnāma as a Mirror for Princes
2684:. Vol. 1. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 447–450.
2355:
Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations
1074:
1016:
891:
884:
798:
731:
709:
705:
630:
566:
421:, contrary to his descendants who assumed the royal title of
358:
333:
297:
185:
2121:
The Cambridge History of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
1888:
1513:
1489:
855:
as a source of income. Gradually, the soldiers turned their
624:
and a number of frontier forts belonging to Shahi dynasty.
352:
name meaning "beloved prince", however, during his era, the
2820:
2709:"Reasons and Consequences of Ghaznavids' Invasion of India"
1827:
1825:
1703:
1701:
1554:
1552:
757:
543:
After Abu Ishaq's brief reign and death in 966, the Turkic
416:
264:
78:
61:
1842:
1840:
1737:
1735:
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1251:
1249:
1247:
284:
Sabuktigin expanded his rule down to south of present-day
2232:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
1810:
1800:
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1329:
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1310:
1822:
1698:
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1602:
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1501:
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1371:
2581:
Puri, B.N.; Das, M.N. (2003). Chopra, Pran Nath (ed.).
1876:
1864:
1852:
1837:
1771:
1732:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1263:
1244:
620:. He continued his expansion into Qusdar in north-east
385:
means "Protector of the Faith and State". According to
1950:"'Utbi and the Ghaznavids at the Foot of the Mountain"
1912:
1795:
1783:
1759:
1638:
1592:
1590:
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2719:(15). University of Sistan and Baluchestan: 153–166.
1747:
1662:
1650:
1626:
1465:
1368:
1208:
762:
before his own name in his coins, and used the title
679:
and march towards Ghazna with a large army in 986. A
27:
Founding Amir of the Ghaznavid Empire from 977 to 997
1924:
1537:
1395:
1351:
1290:
1104:) situated about the same area and its source ocean
841:
Sabuktigin put forth a set of reforms regarding the
257:
940s – August-September 997) was the founder of the
1900:
1614:
1587:
1564:
1525:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1275:
1177:
728:, housing 2000 horsemen in the latter as garrison.
2479:"تبیین مسألۀ اقطاع در دورۀ غزنویان (582 ـ 351 ق)"
1713:
2988:
486:), claiming his daughter married a Turkic chief.
2483:Journal for the History of Islamic Civilization
2459:. In Daftari, Farhad; Madelun, Wilfred (eds.).
2707:Salehi, Korush; Shekari, Fatemeh Amir (2013).
2585:. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Radha Publications.
906:and converted into a Hanafite sect called the
2859:
2753:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
2706:
2657:"Indian elephants corps under the Ghaznavids"
1894:
1159:, just as the only true religious system is
1006:
919:
790:and his Kara-Khanid supporter, Fa'iq Khassa.
468:
356:
262:
243:Abu Mansur Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla Sabuktigin
59:
1139:
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872:
863:
856:
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368:
1038:successfully established themselves in the
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540:, who also became Sabuktigin's new master.
32:Not to be confused with the Buyid general,
2866:
2852:
2661:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2636:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2614:(Thesis). Australian National University.
2541:(3). Cambridge University Press: 605–628.
2291:(PhD thesis). The University of Edinburgh.
1960:(2). Cambridge University Press: 271–291.
732:Revolt of Fa'iq Khassa and Abu Ali Simjuri
602:'s army, Hutchinson's story of the nations
561:, Abu Bakr's son, to rule their city. The
448:, he attests that he came from a tribe in
277:, the commander of the royal guard of the
49:
2429:Turko-Mongol Rulers, Cities and City Life
2386:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
2352:
2330:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2213:(1–4). Cambridge University Press: 7–34.
2157:
2114:
2094:
1972:
1947:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1831:
1789:
1707:
1692:
1608:
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1507:
1495:
1483:
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1257:
69:as his suzerain. Date unknown, minted at
2831:
2818:
2809:
2501:
2325:
2300:The Spread of Islam throughout the world
2296:
2284:
2253:"The Titulature of the Early Ghaznavids"
2250:
2225:
2200:
2080:
2059:
1918:
1816:
1804:
1777:
1765:
1741:
1724:sfn error: no target: CITEREFZysow2013 (
1644:
1420:
1389:
1362:
1345:
1333:
1316:
1238:
1226:
1202:
972:
890:Sabiktigin was the first ruler to bring
735:
593:
488:
2580:
2454:
2026:
1930:
1581:
1214:
1146:to soldiers for their military service.
913:
14:
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2476:
2379:
1999:
1753:
1680:
1668:
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1632:
1543:
1471:
1408:
1377:
1301:
598:The disastrous snowstorm falling over
452:, therefore he probably belonged to a
2873:
2847:
2788:
2528:
2422:
2033:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1906:
1719:
1284:
2799:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
2761:
2679:
2667:. Indian History Congress: 212–222.
2654:
2642:. Indian History Congress: 785–791.
2626:
2535:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
2489:(2). University of Tehran: 467–480.
2207:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
2073:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
1620:
1596:
1531:
1459:
1444:
1432:
577:and defeated the invading forces at
2390:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia
744:fights Abu Ali Simjuri, folio from
250:
24:
2801:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
2713:Journal of Subcontinent Researches
2238:(1). Taylor & Francis: 34–44.
2075:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
589:
324:, developed by historians such as
308:'s call to help regarding Abu Ali
251:ابومنصور ناصرالدین والدوله سبکتگین
25:
3053:
2506:. New Delhi: Radha Publications.
2431:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 75–98.
2382:"The Karakhanids and early Islam"
2040:London: Oxford University Press.
836:
460:, a 13-century historian, citing
409:. As an autonomous vassal of the
2495:10.22059/JHIC.2021.330892.654280
2427:. In Durand-Guedy, David (ed.).
2158:——— (2008b) .
2051:
949:who later married two rulers of
413:, Sabuktigin was referred to as
2469:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_0097
2201:——— (2022) .
2096:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_5251
1940:
1149:
1121:
1093:
1080:
1066:
481:
55:Coin of Sabuktigin, citing the
2766:. Vol. 1. Leiden: Brill.
2655:——— (2012).
2608:Rehman, Abdur (January 1976).
2531:"The Pand-Nāmah of Subuktigīn"
2502:Mukerjee, Radhakamal (2006) .
2326:——— (1963).
2285:——— (1961).
2251:——— (1962).
2226:——— (1968).
2115:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2008a) .
2081:——— (1985).
1973:——— (2009).
1057:
797:in tow, met Simjuri's army at
432:
336:, the founding monarch of the
13:
1:
3022:10th-century monarchs in Asia
2682:Medieval Islamic Civilization
2461:Encyclopaedia Islamica Online
2176:10.1017/CHOL9780521200936.006
2168:The Cambridge History of Iran
2125:The Cambridge History of Iran
2085:. In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.).
1045:
722:They again battled in Laghman
647:temples, replacing them with
292:. Through conflicts with the
254:
124:
3012:People from Issyk-Kul Region
1170:
941:, Abu al-Muzzafar Nasr, and
681:battle took place in Laghman
7:
3032:Samanid governors of Ghazna
2353:Duturaeva, Dilnoza (2022).
1090:despite their Turkic roots.
689:, was Sabuktigin himself.
606:In 978, Sabuktigin invaded
505:). Later, he was bought by
10:
3058:
2727:(inactive 27 April 2024).
2380:Golden, Peter B. (2008) .
2269:10.1163/19606028_027_02-13
934:on August-September 997.
31:
2881:
2547:10.1017/S1356186300500030
2455:Khatibi, Aolfazl (2015).
2398:10.1017/CHOL9780521243049
2384:. In Sinor, Denis (ed.).
2219:10.1080/00210867808701538
2133:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366
1966:10.1080/00210860500096337
1895:Salehi & Shekari 2013
772:obligations. The Samanid
750:by Rashid al-Din Hamadani
524:, in present-day eastern
332:and lived all the way to
223:
211:
189:: Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla
183:
178:
174:
150:
142:
120:
116:
106:
96:
88:
77:
48:
43:
2554:Petrie, Cameron (2021).
1050:
995:Clifford Edmund Bosworth
793:Sabuktigin with his son
584:
2558:. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
2162:. In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
2119:. In Frye, R.N. (ed.).
2000:Askari, Nasrin (2016).
1948:Anooshahr, Ali (2006).
382:Nasir ad-Din wa'd-Dawla
343:
2725:10.22111/JSR.2013.1202
2620:10.25911/5d74e50054bb9
2477:Kazemi, Sajad (2022).
2423:Inaba, Minoru (2013).
2160:"The Early Ghaznavids"
1140:
1134:
1128:
1007:
980:, in his history book
920:
873:
864:
857:
851:
843:
825:
815:prince Dara who ruled
803:
774:
764:
756:
751:
694:
653:
637:
629:
616:
603:
545:
514:
498:
469:
423:
415:
402:
397:
395:, Sabuktigin held the
391:
381:
369:
357:
263:
60:
2263:(1). Brill: 210–233.
1977:. London: Routledge.
1019:, the founder of the
973:Assessment and legacy
898:. He believed in the
739:
627:With the backing of
597:
492:
2789:Zysow, Aron (2013).
2762:Wink, Andre (1990).
2087:Encyclopædia Iranica
1161:Muhammad bin Karam's
914:Death and succession
881:Abu al-Fath al-Busti
160:Abu al-Muzzafar Nasr
146:August-September 997
3037:10th-century slaves
2529:Nazim, M. (2021) .
2061:Bosworth, C. Edmund
1931:Puri & Das 2003
784:Kara-Khanid Khanate
314:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1683:, p. 472–473.
1522:, p. 289–290.
1498:, p. 278–279.
1111:Greater Bundahishn
978:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
752:
740:Sabuktigin's son,
604:
499:
443:mirror for princes
326:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi
3042:Founding monarchs
3017:Ghaznavid sultans
2984:
2983:
2875:Ghaznavid sultans
2842:
2841:
2463:. Leiden: Brill.
2457:"Abū ʿAlī Sīmjūr"
2357:. Leiden: Brill.
2106:978-0-71009-098-0
2004:. Leiden: Brill.
947:Hurra-yi Khuttali
765:al-Hajib al-Ajall
747:Jami' al-tawarikh
677:Emirate of Multan
538:Abu Ishaq Ibrahim
462:Tarikh-i Majadwal
259:Ghaznavid dynasty
240:
239:
207:
206:
169:Hurra-yi Khuttali
16:(Redirected from
3049:
3027:Samanid generals
2868:
2861:
2854:
2845:
2844:
2807:
2802:
2795:Yarshater, Ehsan
2785:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2703:
2676:
2651:
2623:
2604:
2577:
2550:
2525:
2498:
2472:
2450:
2419:
2376:
2349:
2322:
2292:
2280:
2247:
2222:
2197:
2154:
2110:
2098:
2076:
2069:Yarshater, Ehsan
2056:
2055:
2049:
2036:. Translated by
2023:
1996:
1969:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1820:
1819:, p. 44–45.
1814:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1164:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1010:
983:Tarikh-i Bayhaqi
959:Abu al-Hasan Ali
955:Ma'munid dynasty
925:
878:
867:
860:
854:
848:
828:
806:
777:
767:
761:
699:
658:
642:
634:
619:
548:
519:
485:
483:
474:
428:
420:
408:
400:
394:
384:
374:
362:
348:Sabuktigin is a
268:
256:
252:
236:
176:
175:
129:
126:
65:
53:
41:
40:
21:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3046:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2877:
2872:
2833:
2828:
2811:
2805:
2774:
2746:
2745:
2692:
2593:
2566:
2514:
2439:
2408:
2365:
2338:
2311:
2244:10.2307/4299599
2186:
2143:
2107:
2050:
2028:Bartold, Vasily
2012:
1985:
1954:Iranian Studies
1943:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1733:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1323:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1291:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1154:
1150:
1126:
1122:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1040:Delhi Sultanate
975:
916:
896:northwest India
839:
734:
686:Tarikh-i Yamini
592:
590:Land expansions
587:
480:
435:
411:Samanid dynasty
346:
279:Samanid dynasty
230:
197:
190:
167:
165:
161:
159:
130:
127:
73:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2817:
2804:
2803:
2786:
2772:
2759:
2704:
2690:
2677:
2652:
2624:
2605:
2591:
2578:
2564:
2551:
2526:
2512:
2499:
2485:(in Persian).
2452:
2451:
2437:
2420:
2406:
2377:
2363:
2350:
2336:
2323:
2309:
2282:
2281:
2248:
2223:
2198:
2184:
2155:
2141:
2105:
2078:
2077:
2057:
2038:Gibb, H. A. R.
2024:
2010:
1997:
1983:
1970:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1897:, p. 155.
1887:
1883:Anooshahr 2009
1875:
1871:Anooshahr 2009
1863:
1859:Anooshahr 2009
1851:
1847:Anooshahr 2009
1836:
1834:, p. 169.
1832:Bosworth 2008b
1821:
1809:
1794:
1790:Bosworth 2008a
1782:
1780:, p. 205.
1770:
1758:
1756:, p. 360.
1746:
1744:, p. 186.
1731:
1712:
1710:, p. 285.
1708:Anooshahr 2006
1697:
1695:, p. 281.
1693:Anooshahr 2006
1685:
1673:
1671:, p. 472.
1661:
1659:, p. 473.
1649:
1637:
1635:, p. 470.
1625:
1623:, p. 447.
1613:
1611:, p. 168.
1609:Bosworth 2008b
1601:
1599:, p. 215.
1586:
1563:
1561:, p. 166.
1559:Bosworth 2008b
1548:
1536:
1534:, p. 786.
1524:
1520:Anooshahr 2006
1512:
1510:, p. 279.
1508:Anooshahr 2006
1500:
1496:Anooshahr 2006
1488:
1486:, p. 278.
1484:Anooshahr 2006
1476:
1474:, p. 135.
1464:
1462:, p. 126.
1449:
1447:, p. 169.
1437:
1435:, p. 328.
1425:
1413:
1394:
1382:
1380:, p. 359.
1367:
1350:
1338:
1321:
1306:
1304:, p. 173.
1289:
1287:, p. 621.
1274:
1272:, p. 126.
1270:Duturaeva 2022
1262:
1260:, p. 165.
1258:Bosworth 2008b
1243:
1241:, p. 363.
1231:
1229:, p. 215.
1219:
1217:, p. 262.
1207:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1148:
1120:
1092:
1088:persianization
1079:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
974:
971:
915:
912:
838:
837:Administration
835:
821:Fakhr al-Dawla
733:
730:
591:
588:
586:
583:
553:(966-975) and
534:Abu Bakr Lawik
495:Samanid Empire
484: 632–651
434:
431:
345:
342:
238:
237:
225:
221:
220:
215:
209:
208:
205:
204:
181:
180:
172:
171:
154:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
122:
118:
117:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
75:
74:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3054:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2976:Khusrau Malik
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Abd al-Rashid
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2773:9789004092495
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2691:9781315162416
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2592:9788120725034
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2565:9781785703041
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2513:9788174874023
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2438:9789004257009
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2407:9780511467639
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2364:9789004510333
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2310:9789231041532
2306:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2185:9780511467769
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2142:9780511467769
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2011:9789004307919
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:9780203886656
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1927:
1921:, p. 73.
1920:
1919:Mukerjee 2006
1915:
1909:, p. 80.
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1885:, p. 22.
1884:
1879:
1873:, p. 13.
1872:
1867:
1861:, p. 74.
1860:
1855:
1849:, p. 83.
1848:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1817:Bosworth 1963
1813:
1807:, p. 45.
1806:
1805:Bosworth 1963
1801:
1799:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1778:Bosworth 1961
1774:
1768:, p. 44.
1767:
1766:Bosworth 1963
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1742:Bosworth 1963
1738:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1647:, p. 42.
1646:
1645:Bosworth 1963
1641:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1546:, p. 85.
1545:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1423:, p. 35.
1422:
1421:Bosworth 1968
1417:
1411:, p. 83.
1410:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1392:, p. 41.
1391:
1390:Bosworth 1963
1386:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1364:
1363:Bosworth 1985
1359:
1357:
1355:
1348:, p. 56.
1347:
1346:Bosworth 1963
1342:
1336:, p. 40.
1335:
1334:Bosworth 1963
1330:
1328:
1326:
1319:, p. 25.
1318:
1317:Bosworth 2022
1313:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1240:
1239:Bosworth 2011
1235:
1228:
1227:Bosworth 1962
1223:
1216:
1211:
1204:
1203:Bosworth 2020
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1060:
1056:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1036:Turko-Afghans
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1021:Mughal Empire
1018:
1014:
1013:Seljuk Empire
1009:
1004:
1003:Nizam al-Mulk
1000:
996:
993:
989:
985:
984:
979:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
924:
923:
911:
909:
905:
901:
900:Hanafi school
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
877:
876:
869:
866:
859:
853:
847:
846:
834:
832:
827:
822:
818:
814:
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809:war elephants
805:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
771:
766:
760:
759:
749:
748:
743:
738:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
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690:
688:
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682:
678:
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670:
667:garrisons in
666:
662:
657:
656:
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640:
633:
632:
625:
623:
618:
613:
609:
601:
596:
582:
580:
576:
573:, Ghazna and
572:
568:
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559:Abu Ali Lawik
556:
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547:
541:
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531:
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477:Yazdegerd III
473:
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367:service. His
366:
361:
360:
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341:
339:
338:Mughal Empire
335:
331:
330:Nizam al-Mulk
327:
323:
317:
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311:
307:
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300:, he invaded
299:
295:
291:
288:and north of
287:
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133:
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52:
47:
42:
39:
35:
30:
19:
2971:Khusrau Shah
2885:
2834:
2832:Followed by:
2819:
2812:
2810:Preceded by:
2798:
2763:
2749:cite journal
2716:
2712:
2681:
2664:
2660:
2639:
2635:
2610:
2582:
2555:
2538:
2534:
2503:
2486:
2482:
2460:
2453:
2428:
2385:
2354:
2327:
2299:
2287:
2283:
2260:
2256:
2235:
2231:
2210:
2206:
2163:
2120:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:"Sebüktegin"
2032:
2001:
1974:
1957:
1953:
1941:Bibliography
1933:, p. 9.
1926:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1812:
1792:, p. 8.
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1715:
1688:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1582:Khatibi 2015
1539:
1527:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1385:
1341:
1265:
1234:
1222:
1215:Bartold 1928
1210:
1157:Abu Hanifa's
1151:
1123:
1109:
1095:
1082:
1068:
1059:
1025:
981:
976:
967:
936:
917:
889:
870:
840:
792:
753:
745:
691:
684:
651:. The Shahi
626:
605:
542:
511:
500:
461:
438:
436:
392:Nasir ad-Din
347:
318:
283:
242:
241:
203:: Sabuktigin
198:
196:: Abu Mansur
191:
184:
38:
29:
2997:940s births
2966:Bahram-Shah
2961:Arslan-Shah
2941:Farrukh-Zad
2791:"Karrāmiya"
2628:Raza, Jabir
1754:Golden 2008
1681:Kazemi 2022
1669:Kazemi 2022
1657:Kazemi 2022
1633:Kazemi 2022
1544:Petrie 2021
1472:Rehman 1976
1409:Petrie 2021
1378:Golden 2008
1302:Askari 2016
1116:Zoroastrian
1102:Gaud-i Zira
992:orientalist
928:Transoxiana
904:Sunni Islam
639:casus belli
622:Baluchistan
565:dynasty of
563:Hindu Shahi
530:Tokharistan
526:Afghanistan
493:Map of the
433:Early years
296:dynasty of
294:Hindu Shahi
290:Balochistan
286:Afghanistan
228:Sunni Islam
128: 940s
97:Predecessor
3002:997 deaths
2991:Categories
2951:Mas'ud III
2886:Sabuktigin
2741:1417781487
2700:1058566298
2574:1235279841
2373:1291579575
2337:8121505739
2083:"Alptigin"
1907:Inaba 2013
1720:Zysow 2013
1285:Nazim 2021
1046:References
1034:until the
932:Hindu Kush
908:Karramiyya
551:Bilgetegin
471:shahanshah
354:Old Turkic
233:Karramiyya
218:Ghaznavids
200:Given name
136:Kyrgyzstan
44:Sabuktigin
34:Sabuktakin
18:Sebüktigin
2921:Mas'ud II
2814:Böritigin
2782:281869985
2733:2538-5062
2522:144450310
2447:860625948
2416:457145604
2319:779275979
2277:1877-8372
2194:457145665
2151:457145665
2046:165479450
2020:946967827
1993:301328259
1621:Sato 2006
1597:Raza 2012
1532:Raza 1994
1460:Wink 1990
1445:Wink 1990
1433:Wink 1990
1171:Citations
1108:from the
1028:al-Biruni
999:archetype
963:Ma'mun II
953:from the
894:into the
770:vassalage
663:, placed
555:Böritigin
507:Alp-Tegin
389:, before
387:al-Biruni
322:archetype
275:Alp-Tegin
107:Successor
101:Böritigin
92:977 – 997
2956:Shir-Zad
2911:Muhammad
2906:Mas'ud I
2901:Muhammad
2829:977–997
2673:44156208
2648:44143455
2630:(1994).
2601:58397581
2063:(2020).
2030:(1928).
1106:Fraxkard
988:Masʽud I
951:Khwarazm
831:Nishapur
726:Peshawar
714:Kalinjar
661:Jayapala
655:maharaja
600:Jayapala
466:Sasanian
450:Barskhan
439:Pandnama
405:ad-Dawla
224:Religion
132:Barskhan
3007:Ghilman
2946:Ibrahim
2936:Toghrul
2797:(ed.).
2346:3601436
2071:(ed.).
1032:Ghurids
1011:of the
813:Ziyarid
804:dirhams
788:Simjuri
718:Kannauj
702:Khalajs
696:dirhams
673:Laghman
649:mosques
608:Rukkhaj
546:ghulams
516:ghulams
458:Juzjani
446:epistle
377:agnomen
365:Abbasid
310:Simjuri
247:Persian
213:Dynasty
57:Samanid
2916:Mawdud
2896:Mahmud
2891:Ismail
2836:Ismail
2825:Ghazna
2780:
2770:
2739:
2731:
2698:
2688:
2671:
2646:
2599:
2589:
2572:
2562:
2520:
2510:
2445:
2435:
2414:
2404:
2371:
2361:
2344:
2334:
2317:
2307:
2275:
2257:Oriens
2192:
2182:
2149:
2139:
2103:
2044:
2018:
2008:
1991:
1981:
1142:sultan
1005:, the
943:Ismail
939:Mahmud
922:khagan
875:vazirs
826:laqabs
817:Gorgan
795:Mahmud
780:Nuh II
742:Mahmud
669:Multan
665:Afghan
617:ghulam
579:Charkh
575:Bamyan
571:Gardez
522:Ghazna
503:Qarshi
454:Karluk
425:sultan
403:Mu'in
350:Turkic
306:Nuh II
302:Indian
271:Ghazna
261:, and
163:Ismail
157:Mahmud
111:Ismail
83:Ghazna
71:Ghazna
67:Nuh II
2793:. In
2669:JSTOR
2644:JSTOR
2067:. In
1138:or a
1075:Farsi
1051:Notes
1017:Babur
1008:vazir
892:Islam
885:Qabus
799:Herat
758:amirs
710:Ajmer
706:Delhi
645:Hindu
635:as a
631:jihad
585:Reign
567:Kabul
497:, 961
398:laqab
371:laqab
359:tegin
334:Babur
298:Kabul
193:Kunya
186:Laqab
179:Names
166:Yusuf
152:Issue
89:Reign
2821:Amir
2778:OCLC
2768:ISBN
2755:link
2737:OCLC
2729:ISSN
2696:OCLC
2686:ISBN
2597:OCLC
2587:ISBN
2570:OCLC
2560:ISBN
2518:OCLC
2508:ISBN
2443:OCLC
2433:ISBN
2412:OCLC
2402:ISBN
2369:OCLC
2359:ISBN
2342:OCLC
2332:ISBN
2315:OCLC
2305:ISBN
2273:ISSN
2190:OCLC
2180:ISBN
2147:OCLC
2137:ISBN
2101:ISBN
2042:OCLC
2016:OCLC
2006:ISBN
1989:OCLC
1979:ISBN
1726:help
1135:amir
1129:Iqta
961:and
865:iqta
858:iqta
852:iqta
845:iqta
775:amir
716:and
671:and
612:Bust
610:and
441:, a
417:amir
344:Name
265:amir
143:Died
121:Born
79:Amir
62:amir
2926:Ali
2823:of
2721:doi
2616:doi
2543:doi
2491:doi
2465:doi
2394:doi
2265:doi
2240:doi
2215:doi
2172:doi
2129:doi
2091:doi
1962:doi
902:of
269:of
81:of
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2209:.
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2166:.
2145:.
2135:.
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2099:.
2014:.
1987:.
1958:38
1956:.
1952:.
1839:^
1824:^
1797:^
1734:^
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1566:^
1551:^
1452:^
1397:^
1370:^
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1324:^
1309:^
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2650:.
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1964::
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1722:.
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