Scotland in the modern era

1080:, which sought to build an economy complementary, not competitive, with England. Since England had woollens, this meant linen. Encouraged and subsidised by the Board of Trustees so it could compete with German products, merchant entrepreneurs became dominant in all stages of linen manufacturing and built up the market share of Scottish linens, especially in the American colonial market. The British Linen Company, established in 1746, was the largest firm in the Scottish linen industry in the 18th century, exporting linen to England and America. As a joint-stock company, it had the right to raise funds through the issue of promissory notes or bonds. With its bonds functioning as bank notes, the company gradually moved into the business of lending and discounting to other linen manufacturers, and in the early 1770s banking became its main activity. Renamed the 53: 1926:

were seriously wounded. Thus, although Scots were only 10 per cent of the British population, they made up 15 per cent of the national armed forces and eventually accounted for 20 per cent of the dead. Concern for their families' standard of living made men hesitate to enlist; voluntary enlistment rates went up after the government guaranteed a weekly stipend for life to the survivors of men who were killed or disabled. Clydeside shipyards and the engineering shops of west-central Scotland became the most significant centre of shipbuilding and arms production in the Empire. In the Lowlands, particularly Glasgow, poor working and living conditions led to industrial and political unrest. After the end of the war in June 1919 the German fleet interned in Scapa Flow was

1061:

The tobacco trade collapsed during the American Revolution (1776–83), when it sources were cut off by the British blockade of American ports. However, trade with the West Indies began to make up for the loss of the tobacco business, reflecting the extensive growth of the cotton industry, the British demand for sugar and the demand in the West Indies for herring and linen goods. During 1750–1815, 78 Glasgow merchants not only specialised in the importation of sugar, cotton, and rum from the West Indies, but diversified their interests by purchasing West Indian plantations, Scottish estates, or cotton mills. They were not to be self-perpetuating due to the hazards of the trade, the incident of bankruptcy, and the changing complexity of Glasgow's economy.

2270: 1142: 1065: 2294:

Johnston launched numerous initiatives to promote Scotland. Opposed to the excessive concentration of industry in the English Midlands, he attracted 700 businesses and 90,000 new jobs through his new Scottish Council of Industry. He set up 32 committees to deal with any number of social and economic problems, ranging from juvenile delinquency to sheep farming. He regulated rents, and set up a prototype national health service, using new hospitals set up in the expectation of large numbers of casualties from German bombing. His most successful venture was setting up a system of hydro electricity using water power in the Highlands. A long-standing supporter of the

1104: 1458: 1979: 2838: 1309: 2326: 47: 1367: 1995:, and in January 1919, the British Government, fearful of a revolutionary uprising, deployed tanks and soldiers in central Glasgow. Formerly a Liberal stronghold, the industrial districts switched to Labour by 1922, with a base in the Irish Catholic working class districts. Women were especially active in building neighbourhood solidarity on housing and rent issues. However, the "Reds" operated within the Labour Party and had little influence in Parliament; in the face of heavy unemployment the workers' mood changed to passive despair by the late 1920s. 1218:. In its aftermath the British government enacted a series of laws that attempted to speed the process, including a ban on the bearing of arms, the wearing of tartan and limitations on the activities of the Episcopalian Church. Most of the legislation was repealed by the end of the 18th century as the Jacobite threat subsided. There was soon a process of the rehabilitation of highland culture. Tartan had already been adopted for highland regiments in the British army, which poor highlanders joined in large numbers until the end of the 2454: 1198: 632: 2601: 975: 898: 1056:. However, the economic benefits of union were very slow to appear, primarily because Scotland was too poor to exploit the opportunities of the greatly expanded free market. Scotland in 1750 was still a poor rural, agricultural society with a population of 1.3 million. Some progress was visible, such as the sales of linen and cattle to England, the cash flows from military service, and the tobacco trade that was dominated by Glasgow after 1740. The clippers belonging to the Glasgow 1878: 2170: 8430: 1092:(Edinburgh, 1727). Glasgow would soon follow and Scotland had a flourishing financial system by the end of the century. There were over 400 branches, amounting to one office per 7000 people, double the level in England. The banks were more lightly regulated than those in England. Historians often emphasise that the flexibility and dynamism of the Scottish banking system contributed significantly to the rapid development of the economy in the 19th century. 2018: 484: 2555:

ratified, increasing numbers stayed on beyond elementary education and it was eventually raised to 16 in 1973. As a result, secondary education was the major area of growth in the inter-war period, particularly for girls, who stayed on in full-time education in increasing numbers throughout the century. New qualifications were developed to cope with changing aspirations and economics, with the Leaving Certificate being replaced by the

994:

the country, and Catholicism became a significant denomination within Scotland. Also important was Episcopalianism, which had retained supporters through the civil wars and changes of regime in the 17th century. Since most Episcopalians had given their support to the Jacobite risings in the early 18th century they suffered a decline in fortunes, but revived in the 19th as the issue of succession receded, becoming established as the

1726: 1470:

state-sponsored largely free schools, run by local school boards. Overall administration was in the hands of the Scotch (later Scottish) Education Department in London. Education was now compulsory from five to thirteen and many new board schools were built. Larger urban school boards established "higher grade" (secondary) schools as a cheaper alternative to the burgh schools. The Scottish Education Department introduced a

2266:

Agriculture prospered, as did all sectors except for coal mining, which was operating mines near exhaustion. Real wages, adjusted for inflation, rose 25 per cent, and unemployment temporarily vanished. Increased income, and the more equal distribution of food, obtained through a tight rationing system, dramatically improved the health and nutrition; the average height of 13-year-olds in Glasgow increased by 2 inches.

1028: 1454:

able to rise up through the system to take high office and that literacy was much more widespread in Scotland than in neighbouring states, particularly England. Historians now accept that very few boys were able to pursue this route to social advancement and that literacy was not noticeably higher than comparable nations, as the education in the parish schools was basic, short and attendance was not compulsory.

1297:, so formalising the cost of famine relief for landowners, a long-term solution was needed. It was cheaper for a landlord to pay the fare for a tenant to emigrate than have an open-ended commitment to provide food. Almost 11,000 people were provided with "assisted passages" by their landlords between 1846 and 1856, with the greatest number travelling in 1851. A further 5,000 emigrated to Australia, through the 1975:

best, or even a downward spiral. The heavy dependence on obsolescent heavy industry and mining was a central problem, and no one offered workable solutions. The despair reflected what Finlay (1994) describes as a widespread sense of hopelessness that prepared local business and political leaders to accept a new orthodoxy of centralised government economic planning when it arrived during the Second World War.

1506: 1939: 714: 595:, going through periods of considerable political instability. The decline was particularly acute in the second half of the 20th century, but was compensated for to a degree by the development of an extensive oil industry, technological manufacturing and a growing service sector. This period also increasing debates about the place of Scotland within the United Kingdom, the rise of the 1856:. This classicism, together with its reputation as a major centre of the Enlightenment, resulted in the city being nicknamed "The Athens of the North". However, the centralisation of much of the government administration, including the king's works, in London, meant that a number of Scottish architects spent most of all of their careers in England, where they had a major impact on 1293:

now had new owners after hereditary landlords had been compelled to sell due to their debts. These had the funds to support their tenants in the short term, and most did so. Estates that had introduced sheep farming tenants also had the income to assist their crofters. Given the length of the famine, and with suggestions that the government might introduce an "able-bodied"

651:(which increased the number of Scottish MPs and significantly widened the franchise to include more of the middle classes), until the end of the century they managed to gain a majority of the Westminster Parliamentary seats for Scotland, although these were often outnumbered by the much larger number of English and Welsh Conservatives. English-educated Scottish peer 1183:

growing rates of tuberculosis. The companies attracted rural workers, as well as immigrants from Catholic Ireland, by inexpensive company housing that was a dramatic move upward from the inner-city slums. This paternalistic policy led many owners to support government sponsored housing programs as well as self-help projects among the respectable working class.

1999:

opportunities abroad, personal networks to link into, and the basic cultural similarity of the United States, Canada, and Australia. Government subsidies for travel and relocation facilitated the decision to emigrate. Personal networks of family and friends who had gone ahead and wrote back, or sent money, prompted emigrants to follow.

1123:, opened in 1831. Not only was good passenger service established by the late 1840s, but an excellent network of freight lines reduce the cost of shipping coal, and made products manufactured in Scotland competitive throughout Britain. For example, railways opened the London market to Scottish beef and milk. They enabled the 1331:

preachers who themselves came from the lower strata, and whose preaching was implicitly critical of the established order. The religious change energised the crofters and separated them from the landlords; it helped prepare them for their successful and violent challenge to the landlords in the 1880s through the

2265:

Scottish industry came out of the depression slump by a dramatic expansion of its industrial activity, absorbing unemployed men and many women as well. The shipyards were the centre of more activity, but many smaller industries produced the machinery needed by the British bombers, tanks and warships.

1949:

After World War I the Liberal Party began to disintegrate. As the Liberals splintered Labour emerged to become the party of progressive politics in Scotland, gaining a solid following among working classes of the urban lowlands, and as a result the Unionists were able to gain most of the votes of the

1381:

The population of Scotland grew steadily in the 19th century, from 1,608,000 in the census of 1801 to 2,889,000 in 1851 and 4,472,000 in 1901. Even with the growth of industry there were insufficient good jobs, as a result, during the period 1841–1931, about 2 million Scots emigrated to North America

1182:

The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town-planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns and cities were notoriously bad, with overcrowding, high infant mortality, and

1099:

cut off the supplies of raw cotton. The industry never recovered, but by that time Scotland had developed heavy industries based on its coal and iron resources. The invention of the hot blast for smelting iron (1828) revolutionised the Scottish iron industry. As a result, Scotland became a centre for

1986:

The shipbuilding industry had expanded by a third during the war and had expected continued prosperity, but instead it shrank drastically. A serious depression hit the economy by 1922 and it did not fully recover until 1939. The most skilled craftsmen were especially hard hit, because there were few

1925:

Scotland played a major role in the British effort in the First World War. It especially provided manpower, ships, machinery, food (particularly fish) and money. With a population of 4.8 million in 1911, Scotland sent 690,000 men to the war, of whom 74,000 died in combat or from disease, and 150,000

1477:

The five Scottish universities had been oriented to clerical and legal training, after the religious and political upheavals of the 17th century they recovered with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high quality liberal education to the sons of the

1343:

to reduce rents, guarantee fixity of tenure, and break up large estates to provide crofts for the homeless. In 1885 three Independent Crofter candidates were elected to Parliament, which listened to their pleas. The results included explicit security for the Scottish smallholders; the legal right to

1330:

remained an emotional subject and eventually became a cornerstone of liberal radicalism. The politically powerless poor crofters embraced the popularly oriented, fervently evangelical Presbyterian revival after 1800 and the breakaway "Free Church" after 1843. This evangelical movement was led by lay

1292:

arrived in Scotland in 1846, a famine of much greater seriousness than earlier events resulted. The blight lasted for about 10 years. Landowners were now without rents from their destitute tenants and were expected by the government to provide famine relief to them. Fortunately many Highland estates

1156:

Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800. The industrial belt ran across the country from southwest to northeast; by 1900 the four industrialised counties of Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Dunbartonshire, and Ayrshire contained 44 per cent of the population. Glasgow and

1014:

churches also appeared in Scotland in the 18th century, but did not begin significant growth until the 19th century, partly because more radical and evangelical traditions already existed within the Church of Scotland and the free churches. From 1879 they were joined by the evangelical revivalism of

993:

in 1829 and the influx of large numbers of Irish immigrants, particularly after the famine years of the late 1840s, principally to the growing lowland centres like Glasgow, led to a transformation of its fortunes. In 1878, despite opposition, a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy was restored to

938:

and passed the Veto Act, which allowed congregations to reject unwanted "intrusive" presentations to livings by patrons. The following "Ten Years' Conflict" of legal and political wrangling ended in defeat for the non-intrusionists in the civil courts. The result was a schism from the church by some

1916:

The years before the First World War were the golden age of the inshore fisheries. Landings reached new heights, and Scottish catches dominated Europe's herring trade, accounting for a third of the British catch. High productivity came about thanks to the transition to more productive steam-powered

1737:

The shift in attitudes to a romantic view of the Highlands at the end of the 18th century had a major impact on Scottish art. Romantic depictions can be seen in the work of 18th-century artists including Jacob More, and Alexander Runciman. and the next generation of artists, including the portraits

1482:

became a leader in British higher education by providing the educational needs of youth from the urban and commercial classes, as well as the upper class. It prepared students for non-commercial careers in government, the law, medicine, education, and the ministry and a smaller group for careers in

1263:

put forward plans for agricultural improvement to landowners who were looking to maximise the income from their lands. The usual solution, particularly in the North and West of the Highlands, was the establishment of large sheep farm tenancies. The result of this was the eviction of tenants who had

1255:

balanced an inward trade of oatmeal that was essential to sustain the peasant population. Highland landlords, who, through their integration into Scottish landowning society, were now exposed to the costs of living in London or Edinburgh and were becoming chronically indebted. Rents were increased.

1246:

in 1822 and the king's wearing of tartan resulted in a massive upsurge in demand for kilts and tartans that could not be met by the Scottish linen industry. The designation of individual clan tartans was largely defined in this period and they became a major symbol of Scottish identity. The fashion

1060:

were the fastest ships on the route to Virginia. Merchants who profited from the American trade began investing in leather, textiles, iron, coal, sugar, rope, sailcloth, glassworks, breweries, and soapworks, setting the foundations for the city's emergence as a leading industrial centre after 1815.

623:. Historian Neil Davidson notes that "after 1746 there was an entirely new level of participation by Scots in political life, particularly outside Scotland". Davidson also states that "far from being 'peripheral' to the British economy, Scotland – or more precisely, the Lowlands – lay at its core". 2430:

in the northern North Sea east of Shetland in 1971. Oil production started from the Argyll field (now Ardmore) in June 1975, followed by Forties in November of that year. Deindustrialisation took place rapidly in the 1970s and 1980s, as most of the traditional industries drastically shrank or were

1453:

oversaw the quality of the education. In many Scottish towns, burgh schools were operated by local councils. One of the effects of this extensive network of schools was the growth of the "democratic myth" in the 19th century, which created the widespread belief that many a "lad of pairts" had been

698:

The main unit of local government was the parish, and since it was also part of the church, the elders imposed public humiliation for what the locals considered immoral behaviour, including fornication, drunkenness, wife beating, cursing and Sabbath breaking. The main focus was on the poor and the

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and beginnings of industrialisation in the 18th century to the present day, has played a major part in the economic, military and political history of the United Kingdom, British Empire and Europe, while recurring issues over the status of Scotland, its status and identity have dominated political

2357:

gained its first seat at Westminster in 1945 and became a party of national prominence during the 1970s, achieving 11 MPs in 1974. However, a referendum on devolution in 1979 was unsuccessful as it did not achieve the support of 40 per cent of the electorate (despite a small majority of those who

1974:

The interwar years were marked by economic stagnation in rural and urban areas, and high unemployment. Thoughtful Scots pondered their declension, as the main social indicators such as poor health, bad housing, and long-term mass unemployment, pointed to terminal social and economic stagnation at

1111:

Coal mining became a major industry, and continued to grow into the 20th century, producing the fuel to heat homes, factories and drive steam engines, locomotives and steamships. By 1914 there were 1,000,000 coal miners in Scotland. The stereotype emerged early on of Scottish colliers as brutish,

1254:

The reality of the Highlands was that of an agriculturally marginal region, with only an estimated 9% of its land suitable for arable production. It was subject to recurrent famine and, from the 18th century onwards, was experiencing population growth. The sale of black cattle out of the region

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in February 1941; he controlled Scottish affairs until the war ended. As Devine (1999) concludes, "Johnson was a giant figure in Scottish politics and is revered to this day as the greatest Scottish Secretary of the century ... in essence, Johnson was promised the powers of a benign dictator".

1693:

Scotland in this era produced some of the most significant British artists and architects. The influence of Italy was particularly significant, with over fifty Scottish artists and architects known to have travelled there in the period 1730–80. Many painters of the early part of the eighteenth

1998:

Emigration of young people continued apace with 400,000 Scots, ten per cent of the population, estimated to have left the country between 1921 and 1931. The economic stagnation was only one factor; other push factors included a zest for travel and adventure, and the pull factors of better job

1448:

A legacy of the Reformation in Scotland was the aim of having a school in every parish, which was underlined by an act of the Scottish parliament in 1696 (reinforced in 1801). In rural communities these obliged local landowners (heritors) to provide a schoolhouse and pay a schoolmaster, while

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shipyard at Greenock. After 1860 the Clydeside shipyards specialised in steamships made of iron (after 1870, made of steel), which rapidly replaced the wooden sailing vessels of both the merchant fleets and the battle fleets of the world. It became the world's pre-eminent shipbuilding centre.

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schools were brought into the system, but retained their distinct religious character, access to schools by priests and the requirement that school staff be acceptable to the Church. The school leaving age was raised to 14 in 1901, and although plans to raise it to 15 in the 1940s were never

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Crofting communities had become common in the Islands and the Western Highlands. Population growth had continued, causing overcrowding: crofts were subdivided, giving less land per person on which to grow food. Their occupiers were dependent on the highly productive potato for survival. When

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in Edinburgh, opened in 2004. The SNP won half of the Scottish vote with 50.0% in the 2015 UK General Election. Its best ever electoral result, eclipsing their previous 1970s peak in Westminster elections, the SNP also had success in the Scottish Parliamentary elections with their system of

2880:(1942–), mainly focusing on the coastal communities of his birth and Alexander Moffat (1943–), who concentrated on portraiture, both grouped under the description of "Scottish realism", were among the leading Scottish intellectuals from the 1960s. The artists associated with Moffat and the 1868:

In the 20th century, Scotland made a major contribution to the British participation in the two world wars and suffered relative economic decline, which only began to be offset with the exploitation of North Sea Oil and Gas from the 1970s and the development of new technologies and service

859:, the first modern geologist. While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century, disproportionately large Scottish contributions to British science and letters continued for another 50 years or more, thanks to such figures as 1469:

Industrialisation, urbanisation and the Disruption of 1843 all undermined the tradition of parish schools. From 1830 the state began to fund buildings with grants, then from 1846 it was funding schools by direct sponsorship, and in 1872 Scotland moved to a system like that in England of

729:

within the British Empire together with the intellectual benefits of a highly developed university system. Under these twin stimuli, Scottish thinkers began questioning assumptions previously taken for granted; and with Scotland's traditional connections to France, then in the throes of

1247:

for all things Scottish was maintained by Queen Victoria who help secure the identity of Scotland as a tourist resort and the popularity of the tartan fashion. Her Highland enthusiasm led to the design of two tartan patterns, "Victoria" and "Balmoral", the latter named after her

1904:

meant that the Conservatives and their Liberal Unionist allies gained a majority of Scottish seats for the first time, although the Liberals regained their ascendancy in the next election. Various organisations, including the Independent Labour Party, joined to make the British

1272:

and expected to work in other industries such as fishing or kelping. Some chose to emigrate, rejecting the loss of status from farmer to crofter. In the southeastern Highlands there was migration to the growing cities of the Lowlands. These evictions were the first phase of the

2348:

in the 1950s. Support in Scotland was critical to Labour's overall electoral fortunes as without Scottish MPs it would have gained only three UK electoral victories in the 20th century (1945, 1966 and 1997). The number of Scottish seats represented by Unionists (known as

921:

over fears of fanaticism by the former and the acceptance of Enlightenment ideas by the latter. The legal right of lay patrons to present clergymen of their choice to local ecclesiastical livings led to minor schisms from the church. The first in 1733, known as the

951:. In the late 19th century the major debates were between fundamentalist Calvinists and theological liberals, who rejected a literal interpretation of the Bible. This resulted in a further split in the Free Church as the rigid Calvinists broke away to form the 2088:. All were born within a fifteen-year period (1887 and 1901) and, although they cannot be described as members of a single school they all pursued an exploration of identity, rejecting nostalgia and parochialism and engaging with social and political issues. 1954:

revolution, setting the social and geographical electoral pattern in Scotland that would last until the late 20th century. With all the main parties committed to the Union new nationalist and independent political groupings began to emerge, including the

1174:

became an industry benchmark of quality, and the river's shipyards were given contracts for warships, as well as prestigious liners. It reached its peak in the years 1900–18, with an output of 370 ships completed in 1913, and even more during the

1987:

alternative uses for their specialised skills. The yards went into a long period of decline, interrupted only by the Second World War's temporary expansion. The war had seen the emergence of a radical movement led by militant trades unionists.

2417:

After World War II, Scotland's economic situation became progressively worse due to overseas competition, inefficient industry, and industrial disputes. This only began to change in the 1970s, partly due to the discovery and development of

1869:

industries. This was mirrored by a growing sense of cultural and political distinctiveness which, towards the end of the century, culminated in the establishment of a separate Scottish Parliament within the confines of the United Kingdom.

1112:

non-religious and socially isolated serfs; that was an exaggeration, for their life style resembled coal miners everywhere, with a strong emphasis on masculinity, egalitarianism, group solidarity, and support for radical labour movements.

1917:

boats, while the rest of Europe's fishing fleets were slower because they were still powered by sails. However, in general the Scottish economy stagnated leading to growing unemployment and political agitation among industrial workers.

1694:

century remained largely artisans, like the members of the Norie family, James (1684–1757) and his sons, who painted the houses of the peerage with Scottish landscapes that were pastiches of Italian and Dutch landscapes. The painters

1547:

written in 1762 was speedily translated into many European languages, and its deep appreciation of natural beauty and the melancholy tenderness of its treatment of the ancient legend did more than any single work to bring about the

963:, which in turn joined with the Free Church in 1900. The removal of legislation on lay patronage allowed the majority of the Free Church to rejoin Church of Scotland in 1929. The schisms left small denominations including the 2370:(widely known as the Poll Tax), one year before the rest of the United Kingdom, contributed to a growing movement for a return to direct Scottish control over domestic affairs. On 11 September 1997, the 700th anniversary of 655:(1784–1860) led a coalition government from 1852 to 1855, but in general very few Scots held office in the government. From the mid-century there were increasing calls for Home Rule for Scotland and when the Conservative 724:

In the 18th century, the Scottish Enlightenment brought the country to the front of intellectual achievement in Europe. Perhaps the poorest country in Western Europe in 1707, Scotland reaped the economic benefits of

2774:

that explored marginal areas of experience and used vivid vernacular language (including expletives and Scots dialect). Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including

1718:(1744–96), mostly began in the tradition of the Nories, but were artists of European significance, spending considerable portions of their careers outside Scotland, and were to varying degree influenced by forms of 3178: 1052:, Scotland became one of the commercial and industrial centres of the British Empire. With tariffs with England now abolished, the potential for trade for Scottish merchants was considerable, especially with 1226:, tartan and the kilt were adopted by members of the social elite, not just in Scotland, but across Europe. The international craze for tartan and for idealising a romanticised highlands was set off by the 2896:(1960–) and Adrian Wisniewski (1958–). Their figurative work has a comic book like quality and puts an emphasis on social commentary. Since the 1990s, the most commercially successful artist has been 584:

included its banking system and the development of cotton, coal mining, shipbuilding and an extensive railway network. Industrialisation and changes to agriculture and society led to depopulation and

588:

of the largely rural highlands, migration to the towns and mass emigration, where Scots made a major contribution to the development of countries including the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

1478:

nobility and gentry. It helped the universities to become major centres of medical education and to put Scotland at the forefront of Enlightenment thinking. In the mid 19th century, the historic

2298:

movement, Johnston persuaded Churchill of the need to counter the nationalist threat north of the border and created a Scottish Council of State and a Council of Industry as institutions to

8346: 619:, thousands of Scots, mainly Lowlanders, took up positions of power in politics, civil service, the army and navy, trade, economics, colonial enterprises and other areas across the nascent 1516:

Although Scotland increasingly adopted the English language and wider cultural norms, its literature developed a distinct national identity and began to enjoy an international reputation.

989:-speaking areas of the Highlands and Islands. Conditions grew worse for Catholics after the Jacobite risings and Catholicism was reduced to little more than a poorly run mission. However, 7434: 2710:

From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, particularly associated with a group of Glasgow writers focused around meetings in the house of critic, poet and teacher

1474:

in 1888 to set national standards for secondary education and in 1890 school fees were abolished, creating a state-funded national system of free basic education and common examinations.

667:, a wealthy landowner who was both Chancellor of Aberdeen University and Lord Lieutenant of Banff. Towards the end of the century the first Scottish Liberal to become prime minister was 2472:

churches. Although some denominations thrived, after World War II there was a steady overall decline in church attendance and resulting church closures for most denominations. In the

1602:

in 1814, is often called the first historical novel. It launched a highly successful career that probably more than any other helped define and popularise Scottish cultural identity.

699:

landlords ("lairds") and gentry, and their servants, were not subject to the parish's discipline. The policing system weakened after 1800 and disappeared in most places by the 1850s.

2566:('Higher') qualifications in 1962, which became the basic entry qualification for university study. The centre of the education system also became more focused on Scotland, with the 2575: 1852:

was the focus of this classical building boom in Scotland. From the mid-eighteenth century it was laid out according to a plan of rectangular blocks with open squares, drawn up by

5248:

D. Coetzee, "A life and death decision: the influence of trends in fertility, nuptiality and family economies on voluntary enlistment in Scotland, August 1914 to December 1915",

2234:, enduring great destruction and loss of life. As transatlantic voyages involved negotiating north-west Britain, Scotland played a key part in the battle of the North Atlantic. 1115:

Britain was the world leader in the construction of railways, and their use to expand trade and coal supplies. The first successful locomotive-powered line in Scotland, between

2115:, they have been described as the first Scottish modern artists and were the major mechanism by which post-impressionism reached Scotland. In the inter-war period, elements of 1909:

in 1906, with Keir Hardie as its first chairman. The Unionists and Conservatives merged in 1912, usually known as the Conservatives in England and Wales, they adopted the name

1076:

Linen was Scotland's premier industry in the 18th century and formed the basis for the later cotton, jute, and woollen industries. Scottish industrial policy was made by the

773:(the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his proteges 1560:. Eventually it became clear that the poems were not direct translations from the Gaelic, but flowery adaptations made to suit the aesthetic expectations of his audience. 1077: 52: 2048:

that combined different regional dialects and archaic terms. Other writers that emerged in this period, and are often treated as part of the movement, include the poets

5447: 4718: 2906:(1992), often cited as the best selling print in Britain. However, he has received little acclaim from critics. Contemporary artists emerging from the Glasgow include 1095:

From about 1790 textiles became the most important industry in the west of Scotland, especially the spinning and weaving of cotton, which flourished until in 1861 the

3170: 2431:

completely closed down. A new service-oriented economy emerged to replace traditional heavy industries. This included a resurgent financial services industry and the

1161:

became a major shipbuilding centre. Glasgow became one of the largest cities in the world, and known as "the Second City of the Empire" after London. Shipbuilding on

1520:(1686–1758) laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature, as well as leading the trend for pastoral poetry, helping to develop the 4349: 2040:(the pseudonym of Christopher Murray Grieve). MacDiarmid attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature in poetic works including " 1084:

in 1906, it was one of Scotland's premier banks until it was bought out by the Bank of Scotland in 1969. It joined the established Scottish banks such as the

8217: 7804: 7779: 7715: 7578: 7553: 8005: 5999: 4275:

Ewen A. Cameron (June 2005), "Communication or Separation? Reactions to Irish Land Agitation and Legislation in the Highlands of Scotland, c. 1870–1910",

5537: 5461: 2399:. It became the official opposition in 1999, a minority government in 2007, a majority government from 2011 and a second minority government in 2016. 8341: 6336: 2578:, which together took over its functions. One of the major diversions from practice in England, possible because of devolution, was the abolition of 1284:, the few successful industries of the Highlands went into decline: cattle prices fell and the kelp industry virtually disappeared over a few years. 5334:

A. J. Robertson, "Clydeside revisited: A reconsideration of the Clyde shipbuilding industry 1919–1938" in W. H. Chaloner and B. M. Ratcliffe, eds.,

1100:

engineering, shipbuilding and the production of locomotives. Toward the end of the 19th century, steel production largely replaced iron production.

812:, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behave in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of 8303: 1214:

Modern historians suggest that due to economic and social change, the clan system in the highlands was already declining by the time of the failed

769:

principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the

656: 3829:

J. Melling, "Employers, industrial housing and the evolution of company welfare policies in Britain's heavy industry: west Scotland, 1870–1920",

2426:

in October 1970 signalled that Scotland was about to become a major oil producing nation, a view confirmed when Shell Expro discovered the giant

1301:. To this should be added an unknown, but significant number, who paid their own fares to emigrate, and a further unknown number assisted by the 5835: 8050: 7139: 2545: 1778:, which developed in the late 19th century, and flourished in the early 20th century, produced a distinctive blend of influences including the 395: 5814: 7844: 7618: 5169:

D. Daniel, "Measures of enthusiasm: new avenues in quantifying variations in voluntary enlistment in Scotland, August 1914 – December 1915",

1500: 1496: 512: 4436: 3210: 1758:(1785–1841) were among the most successful portrait painters. The tradition of highland landscape painting was continued by figures such as 8283: 7824: 7598: 6020: 652: 8320: 7854: 7849: 7628: 7623: 6801: 2143:, which attempted to introduce elements of modernism into Scottish cultural life and bring it into line with contemporary art elsewhere. 1927: 1390:

as the 5 million remaining in Scotland. Scots born migrants played a leading role in the foundation and principles of the United States (

1166: 835:. The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of 664: 2803:

novels. This period also saw the emergence of a new generation of Scottish poets that became leading figures on the UK stage, including

2187:

The Second World War brought renewed prosperity, despite extensive bombing of cities by the Luftwaffe. It saw the invention of radar by

8288: 7429: 6892: 2570:

partly moving north in 1918 and then finally having its headquarters relocated to Edinburgh in 1939. After devolution, in 1999 the new

1340: 935: 7772: 7546: 6395: 5785: 591:

In the 20th century, Scotland played a major role in the British and allied effort in the two world wars and began to suffer a sharp

8351: 8308: 8278: 7998: 7277: 6127: 6048:

J. Fairley, "The Enterprise and Lifelong Learning Department and the Scottish Parliament", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,

2396: 668: 430: 6184: 8182: 6772: 3503:

Louise Miskell and C. A. Whatley, "'Juteopolis' in the Making: Linen and the Industrial Transformation of Dundee, c. 1820–1850,"

3144: 1302: 948: 365: 355: 8040: 3655:

C. A. Whatley, "Scottish 'collier serfs', British coal workers? Aspects of Scottish collier society in the eighteenth century",

1339:

when Highland landlords cleared their lands for sheep and deer parks. It was quieted when the government stepped in passing the

955:

in 1893. There were, however, also moves towards reunion, beginning with the unification of some secessionist churches into the

659:

became prime minister in 1885 he responded to pressure for more attention to be paid to Scottish issues by reviving the post of

8459: 7936: 7809: 7583: 6902: 6653: 3536:

Alastair Durie, "Imitation in Scottish Eighteenth-Century Textiles: The Drive to Establish the Manufacture of Osnaburg Linen,"

1298: 960: 360: 8225: 6816: 6626: 6499: 6361: 6161: 5078: 4743: 4168: 4086: 4036: 3978: 3951: 3903: 2673: 1615: 1431: 1382:

and Australia, and another 750,000 Scots relocated to England. By the 21st century, there were about as many people who were

235: 7814: 5876: 5439: 4710: 8263: 7765: 7539: 7456: 7191: 6723: 5955: 964: 952: 8230: 8469: 7991: 7367: 7171: 7067: 6743: 6489: 2382:

government again held a referendum on the issue of devolution. A positive outcome led to the establishment of a devolved

2358:

voted supporting the proposal) and the SNP went into electoral decline during the 1980s. The introduction in 1989 by the

1243: 968: 926:, led to the creation of a series of secessionist churches. The second in 1761 lead to the foundation of the independent 892: 420: 113: 8045: 7926: 7593: 4519: 671:(1847–1929), like Aberdeen before him a product of the English education system. In the later 19th century the issue of 8464: 8238: 7027: 4671: 4061: 4006: 2579: 1574:

of Scotland and a major figure in the Romantic movement. As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected

390: 5135:

C. Reid, "Intermediation, Opportunism and the State Loans Debate in Scotland's Herring Fisheries before World War I,"

3247: 2671:

spent much or most of their lives outside Scotland, but often dealt with Scottish themes, as in Spark's Edinburgh-set

8423: 8336: 7819: 7684: 7414: 7149: 6886: 6811: 6728: 6534: 6454: 6106: 6078: 6057: 5977: 5941: 5905: 5764: 5743: 5722: 5701: 5680: 5659: 5638: 5617: 5583: 5562: 5390: 5364: 5343: 5296: 5270: 5236: 5212: 5191: 5157: 5123: 5102: 4498: 4474: 4386: 4357: 4322: 4222: 4193: 4140: 4111: 3927: 3876: 3853: 3817: 3783: 3774:

J. F. MacKenzie, "The second city of the Empire: Glasgow – imperial municipality", in F. Driver and D. Gilbert, eds,

3719: 3698: 3677: 3643: 3592: 3571: 3414: 3393: 3367: 3335: 3314: 3293: 3153: 3127: 3106: 3085: 3064: 3043: 3021: 3002: 2974: 2556: 2493: 2481: 2286: 1988: 1043: 876: 684: 573: 505: 96: 5321:

N. K. Buxton, "Economic growth in Scotland between the Wars: the role of production structure and rationalization",

2639:

from Lewis, wrote both poetry and prose fiction shaped by their distinctive island backgrounds. The Glaswegian poet

2344:

In this period the Labour Party usually won most Scottish parliamentary seats, losing this dominance briefly to the

1222:

in 1815, but by the 19th century it had largely been abandoned by the ordinary people. In the 1820s, as part of the

7669: 6479: 6464: 6444: 2541: 2517: 2041: 1536:, he published translations that acquired international popularity, being proclaimed as a Celtic equivalent of the 1443: 1007: 265: 106: 101: 85: 72: 7404: 3895:

The Highland Myth as an Invented Tradition of 18th and 19th Century and Its Significance for the Image of Scotland

913:. These fractures were prompted by issues of government and patronage, but reflected a wider division between the 8030: 7880: 7689: 7588: 7473: 6831: 6621: 6504: 4407: 2808: 2290: 1361: 1327: 1136: 750: 660: 545: 442: 385: 285: 230: 180: 46: 2269: 934:

of the later 18th century and after prolonged years of struggle, in 1834 the Evangelicals gained control of the

8273: 8096: 7900: 7720: 7241: 6912: 6648: 6638: 6314: 6293: 6272: 6251: 6230: 6209: 5524: 5498: 5035: 5014: 4993: 4972: 4951: 4930: 4909: 4888: 4867: 4843: 4823: 4770: 4695: 4598: 4568: 1598:

of the country. Scott began as a poet and also collected and published Scottish ballads. His first prose work,

1407: 1165:(the river Clyde through Glasgow and other points) began when the first small yards were opened in 1712 at the 640: 350: 5308:

R. J. Finlay, "National identity in crisis: politicians, intellectuals and the 'end of Scotland', 1920–1939,"

2876:

and in a varied career produced many works that examined juxtapositions between fantasy and the modern world.

8149: 8101: 8070: 7967: 7736: 7483: 6987: 6937: 6859: 6474: 6388: 2628: 2595: 2532:, included within the 43.6% who either indicated no religion or did not state a religion in the 2011 census. 809: 465: 255: 210: 6328: 6069:

D. Cauldwell, "Scottish Higher Education: Character and Provision", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,

5469: 3016:

Coalition: the Politics and Personalities of Coalition Government from 1850 (London: Harriman House, 2007),

1570:

were highly influenced by the Ossian cycle. Burns, an Ayrshire poet and lyricist, is widely regarded as the

8396: 7231: 7134: 7081: 7032: 6992: 6789: 6767: 6434: 4761:

I. Baudino, "Aesthetics and Mapping the British Identity in Painting", in A. Müller and I. Karremann, ed.,

2651:), appointed by the inaugural Scottish government in 2004. Many major Scottish post-war novelists, such as 2408: 2387: 2338: 2330: 1845: 1471: 1039: 995: 797: 688: 498: 275: 270: 260: 123: 26: 4302:

The Scottish Economy: A Statistical Account of Scottish Life by Members of the Staff of Glasgow University

2422:

oil and gas and partly as Scotland moved towards a more service-based economy. The discovery of the giant

2032:

In the early 20th century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature and art, influenced by

1532:

was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation, claiming to have found poetry written by

8175: 8065: 7839: 7441: 7377: 7236: 7181: 6643: 6633: 6606: 6449: 3203:"The Scottish enlightenment and the challenges for Europe in the 21st century; climate change and energy" 3171:"The Scottish enlightenment and the challenges for Europe in the 21st century; climate change and energy" 1889: 1810: 1553: 1064: 840: 470: 290: 91: 4763:

Mediating Identities in Eighteenth-Century England: Public Negotiations, Literary Discourses, Topography

2615:

Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including

1141: 8408: 7829: 7603: 7372: 7166: 6874: 6868: 6718: 6663: 2473: 2464:

In the 20th century existing Christian denominations were joined by other organisations, including the

2128: 1956: 1557: 1103: 280: 2643:

became known for translations of works from a wide range of European languages. He was also the first

1774:(1806–64), emerged as one of the most significant figures in art education in the United Kingdom. The 985:

By the mid-18th century, Catholicism had been reduced to the fringes of the country, particularly the

7451: 7446: 7128: 6796: 6611: 5991: 5842: 2766: 2432: 2371: 2345: 2036:

and resurgent nationalism, known as the Scottish Renaissance. The leading figure in the movement was

1910: 1803: 1457: 1003: 918: 816:. Indeed, modern sociology largely originated from this movement. Adam Smith developed and published 805: 137: 1978: 7746: 7382: 7362: 7297: 7211: 7144: 7102: 7062: 7017: 6882: 6784: 6750: 6581: 6381: 5806: 4628:

L. McIlvanney (Spring 2005), "Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature",

4465:

R. Anderson, "The history of Scottish Education pre-1980", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,

4237:

J. Hunter (1974), "The Emergence of the Crofting Community: The Religious Contribution 1798–1843",

2885: 2367: 1783: 1688: 792:

traditions of philosophy. He and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed what he called a '

785: 692: 648: 310: 78: 4798: 4186:

The Great Highland Famine: Hunger, Emigration and the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century

2550:

The Scottish education system underwent radical change and expansion in the 20th century. In 1918

2353:

from 1965 onwards) went into steady decline from 1959 onwards, until it fell to zero in 1997. The

1824:

Scotland produced some of the most significant British architects of the 18th century, including:

8356: 8298: 7916: 7710: 7357: 6972: 6755: 6668: 6658: 6539: 6484: 4428: 3490:

T. M. Devine, "An Eighteenth-Century Business Élite: Glasgow-West India Merchants, c 1750–1815,"

3202: 2919: 2837: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2108: 2100: 2061: 2026: 1982:

Tanks and soldiers deployed to the streets of Glasgow to prevent the threat of revolution in 1919

1964: 1853: 1750:

was created in 1826, allowing professional painters to more easily exhibit and sell their works.

1699: 1427: 1308: 1215: 956: 596: 245: 215: 4782: 1605:

In the late 19th century, a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations.

639:

Scottish politics in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century was dominated by the

8454: 8433: 8168: 8035: 7705: 7246: 7037: 6821: 6733: 6691: 6519: 2865: 2832: 2591: 2567: 2476:, 53.8% of the Scottish population identified as Christian (declining from 65.1% in 2001). The 2457: 2144: 2012: 1833: 1751: 1747: 1606: 1492: 1260: 1149: 1089: 708: 537: 240: 225: 4733: 4590: 4584: 4560: 4554: 3968: 3941: 3866: 3166: 2742:. In the 1990s major, prize-winning, Scottish novels that emerged from this movement included 8381: 8123: 8060: 7890: 7834: 7608: 7419: 7334: 7306: 7282: 7122: 7047: 6982: 6762: 6713: 6566: 6554: 6351: 6153: 6098: 6092: 3893: 3843: 2881: 2823:

in May 2009, the first woman, the first Scot and the first openly gay poet to take the post.

2784: 2748: 2485: 2148: 2096: 1968: 1885: 1857: 1837: 1755: 1715: 1695: 1479: 1201: 1049: 990: 818: 754: 581: 447: 204: 7216: 2325: 2254:

to assist resistance. Perhaps Scotland's most unusual wartime episode occurred in 1941 when

1848:(1723–96), who all created work that to some degree looked to classical models. Edinburgh's 8133: 8118: 8108: 8080: 7941: 7613: 7463: 7409: 7396: 6997: 6841: 6836: 6700: 6682: 6494: 6439: 2620: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2448: 2320: 2136: 2081: 2008: 1332: 1116: 910: 536:

Scotland made a major contribution to the intellectual life of Europe, particularly in the

425: 413: 343: 220: 68: 2492:. In recent years other religions have established a presence in Scotland, mainly through 1366: 947:. Roughly a third of the clergy, mainly from the North and Highlands, formed the separate 8: 8401: 8376: 8243: 7870: 7674: 7506: 7478: 7201: 7196: 7176: 7094: 7042: 7007: 6960: 6806: 6738: 6708: 6596: 6576: 6529: 6469: 6459: 6426: 6416: 3460:

T. M. Devine, "The Colonial Trades and Industrial Investment in Scotland, c. 1700–1815,"

2719: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2513: 2412: 2383: 2299: 2196: 2092: 1849: 1579: 1537: 1517: 1450: 1345: 1274: 979: 931: 872: 600: 592: 585: 569: 330: 325: 320: 303: 35: 6121: 4256:

I. Bradley (December 1987), "'Having and Holding': The Highland Land War of the 1880s",

8391: 8386: 7895: 7875: 7679: 7654: 7644: 7424: 7287: 7154: 6927: 6922: 6864: 6777: 6601: 6524: 6509: 6176: 4645: 4211: 4129: 3444: 2902: 2739: 2735: 2704: 2571: 2489: 2477: 2334: 2188: 2173: 1763: 1707: 1632: 1383: 1349: 1192: 1096: 1081: 1069: 944: 906: 644: 612: 435: 186: 3604:

T. Cowen and R. Kroszner, "Scottish Banking before 1845: A Model for Laissez-Faire?",

8366: 8361: 8293: 8075: 8055: 7757: 7531: 7515: 7468: 7263: 7226: 7221: 7206: 7186: 7012: 6917: 6907: 6616: 6591: 6586: 6357: 6310: 6289: 6268: 6247: 6226: 6205: 6157: 6102: 6074: 6053: 5973: 5937: 5901: 5760: 5739: 5718: 5697: 5676: 5655: 5634: 5613: 5579: 5558: 5520: 5494: 5386: 5360: 5339: 5292: 5266: 5232: 5208: 5187: 5153: 5119: 5098: 5074: 5031: 5010: 4989: 4968: 4947: 4926: 4905: 4884: 4863: 4839: 4819: 4766: 4739: 4691: 4667: 4649: 4594: 4564: 4494: 4470: 4382: 4318: 4218: 4189: 4164: 4136: 4107: 4082: 4057: 4032: 4002: 3974: 3947: 3923: 3899: 3872: 3849: 3813: 3779: 3715: 3694: 3673: 3639: 3588: 3567: 3410: 3389: 3363: 3331: 3310: 3289: 3149: 3123: 3102: 3081: 3060: 3039: 3036:

Federalism Beyond Federations: Asymmetry and Processes of Re-symmetrization in Europe

3017: 2998: 2970: 2660: 2501: 2465: 2379: 2359: 2282: 2192: 1906: 1881: 1814: 1767: 1759: 1743: 1621: 1619:(1886), and played a major part in developing the historical adventure in books like 1415: 1387: 1256: 999: 770: 731: 676: 378: 7983: 7649: 7319: 7314: 7251: 7117: 6977: 6878: 4637: 4284: 3810:

Scotland and the United Kingdom: the Economy and the Union in the Twentieth Century

3473:

R. H. Campbell, "The Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707. II: The Economic Consequences,"

3441:

The Tobacco Lords: A study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Activities

3139: 2911: 2900:, whose work usually consists of figure composition, with his most famous painting 2869: 2780: 2684: 2453: 2423: 2259: 2120: 1662: 1599: 1529: 1403: 1391: 1231: 1085: 1053: 766: 529: 400: 162: 156: 5868: 5777: 2945:

was harvested from the seashore and burnt to produce minerals used in glassmaking.

8371: 7946: 7520: 7344: 7324: 6942: 6826: 4539:

Paul L. Robertson, "The Development of an Urban University: Glasgow, 1860–1914",

3505: 2856:(1895–1965), most famous for her two dimensional depictions of everyday objects, 2816: 2800: 2788: 2711: 2691:. A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included 2688: 2604: 2480:

is the largest religious grouping in Scotland, with 32.4% of the population. The

2230:

and Clydeside played a key part in the war effort, and suffered attacks from the

2140: 2073: 2045: 2037: 2022: 1818: 1642: 1637: 1627: 1595: 1419: 1399: 1395: 1371: 1281: 1268:

arable plots and raised livestock on common grazing. Typically they were offered

1248: 1239: 1219: 1176: 940: 923: 868: 824: 757:

from 1729 to 1746. A moral philosopher who produced alternatives to the ideas of

672: 488: 174: 2623:. Others demonstrated a greater interest in English language poetry, among them 1242:

further helped popularise Scottish life and history. His "staging" of the royal

631: 8315: 8113: 7951: 7931: 7664: 7659: 7329: 3307:

The Man Who Found Time: James Hutton and the Discovery of the Earth's Antiquity

3267:

A. Swingewood, "Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment,"

2915: 2907: 2897: 2812: 2754: 2679: 2656: 2624: 2616: 2559: 2551: 2427: 2391: 2219: 2124: 2077: 2053: 1960: 1897: 1825: 1799: 1779: 1775: 1583: 1208: 1197: 1124: 1016: 974: 836: 793: 762: 620: 553: 150: 144: 4161:

Clanship to Crofters' War: The social transformation of the Scottish Highlands

2119:

and the Scottish Renaissance, were incorporated into art by figures including

8448: 8255: 8207: 8191: 8128: 7972: 7348: 7112: 7052: 7021: 6897: 4641: 4511: 2923: 2884:

are sometimes known as the "new Glasgow Boys", or "Glasgow pups" and include

2820: 2770:(1994). These works were linked by a sometimes overtly political reaction to 2727: 2715: 2668: 2664: 2648: 2608: 2104: 1992: 1739: 1719: 1703: 1591: 1571: 1521: 1423: 1411: 1289: 1120: 1057: 927: 828: 801: 758: 675:

led to a split among the Liberals, with a minority breaking away to form the

250: 4054:

A History of the Highland Clearances, Volume 2: Emigration, Protest, Reasons

2600: 2258:

flew to Renfrewshire, possibly intending to broker a peace deal through the

1930:

by its crews, to avoid its ships being taken over by the victorious allies.

1483:

science and engineering. Scottish universities would admit women from 1892.

897: 8202: 7741: 7107: 7057: 7002: 6571: 5184:

A Nation in Arms: a Social Study of the British Army in the First World War

5071:

A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day

3235: 2889: 2877: 2861: 2853: 2804: 2776: 2743: 2731: 2723: 2700: 2692: 2652: 2563: 2436: 2243: 2223: 2200: 2164: 2132: 2091:

In art, the first significant group to emerge in the 20th century were the

2085: 2065: 1877: 1807: 1771: 1684: 1654: 1610: 1567: 1563: 1509: 1336: 1312: 1235: 986: 914: 880: 860: 856: 848: 743: 577: 561: 557: 315: 7270: 6223:

Scottish Art Since 1960: Historical Reflections and Contemporary Overviews

4944:

The Pleasures and Treasures of Britain: A Discerning Traveller's Companion

823:

the first work on modern economics. It had an immediate impact on British

8268: 7885: 5336:

Trade and Transport: Essays in Economic History in Honour of T. S. Willan

4288: 3585:

Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700–1850

2792: 2771: 2760: 2722:. Members of the group that would come to prominence as writers included 2696: 2644: 2521: 2469: 2274: 2255: 1943: 1841: 1829: 1795: 1549: 1540: 1525: 1375: 1223: 1158: 680: 4079:

Clearance and Improvement: Land, Power and People in Scotland, 1700–1900

3749: 3524: 6514: 5538:"Review: Painters in Parallel: William Johnstone & William Gillies" 4399: 3868:

The Jacobite Wars: Scotland and the Military Campaigns of 1715 and 1745

3731:

W. Vamplew, "Railways and the Transformation of the Scottish Economy",

3609: 3478: 3448: 2893: 2857: 2841: 2796: 2529: 2496:

and higher birth rates among ethnic minorities, with a small number of

2375: 2211: 2207: 2180: 2152: 2069: 2049: 2017: 1791: 1711: 1667: 1575: 1031: 864: 844: 789: 778: 774: 726: 717: 616: 565: 549: 541: 168: 5898:

Industrial Nation: Work, Culture and Society in Scotland, 1800–Present

1019:, which attempted to make major inroads in the growing urban centres. 6851: 5063: 5048: 3286:

Adam Smith's Legacy: His Place in the Development of Modern Economics

2484:

accounted for 15.9% of the population and is especially important in

2419: 2303: 2295: 2251: 2231: 2169: 2116: 2057: 2033: 1971:, but it enjoyed little electoral success in the Westminster system. 1951: 1798:

style. Among the most prominent members were the loose collective of

1787: 1658: 1316: 1162: 1011: 852: 813: 679:

in 1886. The growing importance of the working classes was marked by

6373: 3407:

Seekers of Truth: the Scottish Founders of Modern Public Accountancy

2582:

in 1999, instead retaining a system of means-tested student grants.

2524:

groups. There are also various organisations which actively promote

7921: 7161: 6932: 6404: 5757:

Mass Conservatism: the Conservatives and the Public Since the 1880s

3272: 2683:(1956). Successful mass-market works included the action novels of 2525: 2235: 1901: 1725: 1650: 1587: 1462: 1348:. The Crofters as a political movement faded away by 1892, and the 1294: 1269: 739: 735: 5599:(Berkeley, University of California Press, 2nd edn., 1967), p. 52. 1259:

and land surveyors who had studied the economic principles of the

1251:

in Aberdeenshire, which from 1852 became a major royal residence.

796:', which was expressed historically in works by authors including 6307:

The Scar of Visibility: Medical Performances And Contemporary Art

6094:

Introduction to The Picador Book of Contemporary Scottish Fiction

5953:

P. L. Payne, "The end of steelmaking in Scotland, c. 1967–1993",

5402:

A. McCarthy, "Personal Accounts of Leaving Scotland, 1921–1954",

3999:

The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600–1900

2873: 2227: 2112: 1672: 1646: 1265: 959:

in 1820, which united with the Relief Church in 1847 to form the

8160: 5610:

The Shetland Bus: A WWII Epic of Escape, Survival, and Adventure

3519:

Alastair J. Durie, "The Markets for Scottish Linen, 1730–1775,"

1027: 7258: 5049:"Old and New Towns of Edinburgh – UNESCO World Heritage Centre" 3055:

J. G. Kellas, "Unionists as nationalists", in W. Lockley, ed.,

2239: 2218:

gave RAF fighters their first successes downing bombers in the

2215: 1938: 1552:

in European, and especially in German, literature, influencing

1533: 1505: 1227: 832: 599:

and after a referendum in 1999 the establishment of a devolved

5283: 5281: 5279: 2135:. Johnstone also played a part in developing the concept of a 1641:

stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction. The "

1034:, cotton mills and housing on the River Clyde, founded in 1786 749:

The first major philosopher of the Scottish Enlightenment was

4860:

Geography, Science and National Identity: Scotland Since 1520

4104:

The People of Glengarry: Highlanders in Transition, 1745-1820

2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2247: 1653:

back into fashion as can be seen in the work of figures like

998:

in 1804, as an autonomous organisation in communion with the

4711:"Cultural Profile: 19th and early 20th century developments" 3328:

Scottish Firsts: a Celebration of Innovation and Achievement

1078:

Board of Trustees for Fisheries and Manufactures in Scotland

905:

The late 18th and 19th centuries saw a fragmentation of the

734:, the Scots began developing a uniquely practical branch of 713: 5920:

Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil

5276: 4029:

The Highland Clearances People, Landlords and Rural Turmoil

3845:

Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South

3099:

British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888–1906

3057:

Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1900 to Devolution and Beyond

2942: 1320: 1205: 4336:

John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic

3797:

Clyde Built: a History of Ship-Building on the River Clyde

3175:

EUROPA: Enlightenment Lecture Series, Edinburgh University

2980: 761:, one of his major contributions to world thought was the 663:, which had been in abeyance since 1746. He appointed the 6073:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003), 6052:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003), 5434: 5432: 4469:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003), 4056:. Beckenham, Kent and Sydney, Australia: Croom Helm Ltd. 3714:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 1989), 3428:

An Economic History of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century

1370:

The statue of emigrant, industrialist and philanthropist

580:. Scotland's economic contribution to the Empire and the 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5095:

Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture

3625:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1934), p. 122. 2333:, opened in 2004 and intended to evoke the crags of the 635:

A map showing the civil parishes of Wigtownshire c. 1854

8248: 7562: 4338:(Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005). 2500:. Those with the most adherents in the 2011 census are 7787: 7561: 3946:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 227. 3943:

The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest

3746:

The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest

3360:

Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volumes 1–5

2576:

Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department

2183:

by a German U-Boat in the early stages of World War II

1991:

became a key political figure in what became known as

8013: 5409: 4854: 4852: 1942:

An election advertisement for Scottish Labour leader

1872: 606: 5511: 5509: 5507: 4485: 4483: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3238:

Capital of the Mind: how Edinburgh Changed the World

6288:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009), 6246:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009), 6196: 6194: 5493:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009), 5377: 5375: 5373: 5223: 5221: 5009:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009), 4925:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009), 4818:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009), 3165: 2926:(1977–), whose painting is often sexually explicit. 2226:. The shipyards and heavy engineering factories in 1512:

considered by many to be the Scottish national poet

4849: 4829: 4757: 4755: 4210: 4128: 2246:by which fishing boats helped Norwegians fled the 1794:world of continental Europe and helped define the 1344:bequeath tenancies to descendants; and creating a 1127:to become a cattle breed of worldwide reputation. 540:, producing major figures including the economist 6278: 6236: 6013: 5738:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), 5717:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988), 5504: 5483: 5406:,' Oct 2004, vol. 83 (2), Issue 216, pp. 196–215. 5338:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977), 5186:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985), 5118:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), 4480: 4304:(Glasgow: Glasgow University Press, 1953), p. 10. 3812:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 3778:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003), 3523:vol. 52, no. 153, Part 1 (April 1973), pp. 30–49 3373: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3101:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), 2504:(1.4%, mainly among immigrants from South Asia), 1645:" at the end of the century, brought elements of 8446: 8347:Mathematics, science, technology and engineering 6191: 5370: 5218: 4999: 4915: 4808: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3939: 3776:Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity 3112: 5900:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 5519:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005), 5097:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 5089: 5087: 5073:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002), 5069:M. 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Magnusson (10 November 2003), 2995:Scotland in the Twentieth Century 2585: 2557:Scottish Certificate of Education 2210:in Orkney served as an important 1963:in 1930. They merged to form the 1590:(the last day of the year), and " 1230:cycle published by Scottish poet 1044:Industrial Revolution in Scotland 685:Mid Lanarkshire by-election, 1888 8429: 8428: 6343: 6320: 6299: 6267:(Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2002), 6257: 6215: 6169: 6141: 6114: 6084: 5983: 5962: 5947: 5926: 5911: 5890: 5879:from the original on 20 May 2011 5869:"Scottish election: SNP profile" 5860: 5799: 5770: 5749: 5728: 5707: 5686: 5665: 5644: 5631:Rudolf Hess: The Uninvited Envoy 5623: 5602: 5589: 5578:(Manchester: Ayer, rpt., 1979), 5568: 5547: 5530: 5396: 5349: 5328: 5315: 5302: 5255: 5242: 5197: 5176: 5163: 5142: 5129: 5108: 4429:"School education prior to 1873" 4410:from the original on 16 May 2011 4381:(Sydney NSW: UNSW Press, 2008), 3477:April 1964 vol. 16, pp. 468–477 3464:Feb 1976, vol. 29 (1), pp. 1–13. 3409:(Bingley: Emerald Group, 2006), 3250:from the original on 6 June 2011 3213:from the original on 6 June 2011 2860:(1920–), influenced by jazz and 2687:, and the historical fiction of 2542:History of education in Scotland 2460:, the largest mosque in Scotland 2214:base. 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Finlay, 2936: 2291:Secretary of State for Scotland 2111:(1877–1931). Influenced by the 2044:" (1936), developing a form of 1950:middle classes, who now feared 1472:Leaving Certificate Examination 1362:Demographic history of Scotland 1328:concentration of land ownership 1137:Demographic history of Scotland 1130: 1072:in St Andrews Square, Edinburgh 1068:The former headquarters of the 661:Secretary of State for Scotland 615:with England and the demise of 147:(843–878; 889–1040) 8330:Economy, society and knowledge 7901:Visit of George IV to Scotland 7721:Society of the United Scotsmen 6327:C. Higgins (17 October 2011), 6030:. National Records of Scotland 5759:(Abdingdon: Routledge, 2002), 5694:The Scottish Nation, 1700–2000 5673:The Scottish Nation, 1700–2000 5652:The Scottish Nation, 1700–2000 5359:(1983, rpt, J. Donald, 2000), 4541:History of Education Quarterly 4491:The Scottish Nation, 1700–2000 4188:. 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OUP Oxford. p. 376. 3967:Norman C Milne (May 2010). 3540:1993, vol. 6 (2), pp. 71–6. 3492:Scottish Historical Review, 3288:(London: Routledge, 1992), 3038:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011), 2536:Twentieth-century education 2195:, as was the leadership at 1806:, his wife the painter and 1770:(1835–1910). Aberdeen born 1582:them. His poem (and song) " 886: 626: 10: 8486: 8470:Modern history of Scotland 7172:Inventions and discoveries 6875:Supreme Courts of Scotland 5970:Modern Scotland: 1914–2000 5932:J. Vickers and G. Yarrow, 5555:Modern Scotland: 1914–2000 5404:Scottish Historical Review 5287:C. Cook and J. Stevenson, 5263:Sea Power: a Naval History 5150:Scotland and the Great War 4589:, Harper Collins, p. 4559:, Harper Collins, p. 4081:. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd. 3538:Journal of Design History, 3521:Scottish Historical Review 3362:(London: ABC-CLIO, 2006), 3034:F. 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Divine (1999), 3657:Labour History Review 2882:Glasgow School of Art 2840: 2785:Christopher Brookmyre 2603: 2568:ministry of education 2486:West Central Scotland 2482:Roman Catholic Church 2456: 2328: 2302:some power away from 2272: 2199:of Air Chief Marshal 2172: 2097:John Duncan Fergusson 2084:, and the playwright 2020: 1981: 1941: 1886:Royal Scots Fusiliers 1882:Sir Winston Churchill 1880: 1858:Georgian architecture 1728: 1609:'s work included the 1508: 1480:University of Glasgow 1460: 1369: 1311: 1200: 1146:Shipping on the Clyde 1144: 1106: 1067: 1050:Industrial Revolution 1030: 1023:Industrial Revolution 991:Catholic Emancipation 977: 967:and a remnant as the 900: 819:The Wealth of Nations 755:University of Glasgow 716: 689:Scottish Labour Party 634: 582:Industrial Revolution 205:Scandinavian Scotland 8309:The Earl of Rosebery 8284:The Earl of Aberdeen 8134:Scottish Renaissance 8119:Highland Land League 8109:The Edinburgh School 7942:Highland Land League 7278:World Heritage Sites 6475:Wars of Independence 6350:S. Thornton (2012). 4686:N. Davidson (2000), 4184:Devine, T M (1995). 4159:Devine, T M (1994). 4077:Devine, T M (2006). 3997:Devine, T M (2018). 3169:(28 November 2006), 2764:(1992) and Kelman's 2621:Sydney Goodsir Smith 2580:student tuition fees 2449:Religion in Scotland 2321:Politics of Scotland 2310:Postwar 1946–present 2137:Scottish Renaissance 2082:Lewis Grassic Gibbon 2025:sculpted in 1927 by 2009:Scottish Renaissance 2003:Scottish renaissance 1969:independent Scotland 1679:Art and architecture 1449:ministers and local 1374:in his home town of 1333:Highland Land League 669:the Earl of Rosebery 426:Scottish Reformation 211:Wars of independence 8352:Society and culture 7881:Evangelical revival 7871:Highland Clearances 7690:Evangelical revival 7675:Highland Clearances 7068:International trade 6622:Mountains and hills 6530:Highland Clearances 6505:Glorious Revolution 6470:Davidian Revolution 6417:Outline of Scotland 6156:, pp. 185–95, 6091:P. 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Chilvers, ed., 6242:I. Chilvers, ed., 6202:Frommer's Scotland 5848:on 6 December 2006 5736:How Scotland Votes 5725:, pp. 153 and 174. 5489:I. Chilvers, ed., 5466:Visit Scotland.com 5116:How Scotland Votes 5005:I. Chilvers, ed., 4965:Frommer's Scotland 4921:I. Chilvers, ed., 4879:E. K. Waterhouse, 4858:C. W. J. Withers, 4814:I. Chilvers, ed., 4583:J. Buchan (2003), 4553:J. Buchan (2003), 4300:A. K. Cairncross, 4289:10.1093/ehr/cei124 3744:William Ferguson, 3384:G. M. Ditchfield, 2903:The Singing Butler 2850: 2740:Aonghas MacNeacail 2705:William McIlvanney 2613: 2572:Scottish Executive 2478:Church of Scotland 2462: 2366:government of the 2342: 2335:Scottish landscape 2279: 2189:Robert Watson-Watt 2185: 2179:which was sunk in 2030: 1984: 1947: 1894: 1864:Early 20th century 1811:Margaret MacDonald 1764:Joseph Farquharson 1735: 1731:The Falls of Clyde 1708:Alexander Runciman 1706:(1744–1768/9) and 1643:kailyard tradition 1633:Arthur Conan Doyle 1514: 1467: 1388:Scottish Americans 1384:Scottish Canadians 1379: 1324: 1280:At the end of the 1212: 1193:Scottish Highlands 1154: 1109: 1097:American Civil War 1082:British Linen Bank 1074: 1070:British Linen Bank 1036: 983: 965:Free Presbyterians 945:Disruption of 1843 907:Church of Scotland 903: 722: 683:'s success in the 637: 593:industrial decline 466:Edinburgh timeline 256:The Scots language 187:Acts of Union 1707 124:History (timeline) 8442: 8441: 8294:Benjamin Disraeli 8279:The Earl of Derby 8274:Lord John Russell 8158: 8157: 7981: 7980: 7755: 7754: 7529: 7528: 7496: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7484:Ethnic minorities 7442:Roman Catholicism 7391: 7390: 7076: 7075: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6938:Prison population 6918:Sheriff principal 6913:Solicitor General 6908:Procurator fiscal 6817:Political parties 6677: 6676: 6455:Early Middle Ages 6363:978-1-84708-693-8 6163:978-0-906391-46-4 5079:978-0-7486-0849-2 4946:(Dundurn, 1992), 4745:978-0-19-162243-4 4170:978-0-7190-9076-9 4088:978-1-906566-23-4 4038:978-1-78027-165-1 3980:978-1-899820-79-5 3953:978-0-7486-1071-6 3905:978-3-638-81651-9 3621:W. O. Henderson, 2752:(1993), Warner's 2661:Alexander Trocchi 2635:from Orkney, and 2386:in 1999. The new 2283:Winston Churchill 2193:Battle of Britain 2129:William Johnstone 1768:William McTaggart 1760:Horatio McCulloch 1744:Alexander Nasmyth 1550:Romantic movement 1416:Lachlan Macquarie 1319:on the island of 1008:Congregationalist 1000:Church of England 855:and chemist, and 810:William Robertson 771:scientific method 751:Francis Hutcheson 732:the Enlightenment 677:Liberal Unionists 552:, and scientists 546:Francis Hutcheson 523: 522: 471:Glasgow timeline 448:Islam and Muslims 183:(1652–1660) 171:(1306–1371) 165:(1292–1296) 159:(1058–1286) 153:(1040–1058) 8477: 8432: 8431: 8260:Prime ministers 8185: 8178: 8171: 8162: 8161: 8143:Related articles 8017: 8008: 8001: 7994: 7985: 7984: 7961:Related articles 7791: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7759: 7758: 7730:Related articles 7650:Jacobite risings 7565: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7509: 7430:General Assembly 7320:Scottish English 7315:Highland English 7303: 7302: 7192:Oldest buildings 7091: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7033:Renewable energy 6978:Bank of Scotland 6966: 6965: 6879:Court of Session 6860:Advocate General 6790:Military history 6768:Local government 6697: 6696: 6688: 6687: 6560: 6559: 6480:Late Middle Ages 6465:High Middle Ages 6398: 6391: 6384: 6375: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6324: 6318: 6303: 6297: 6282: 6276: 6261: 6255: 6240: 6234: 6219: 6213: 6198: 6189: 6188: 6173: 6167: 6166: 6145: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6088: 6082: 6067: 6061: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6025: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6007: 5987: 5981: 5966: 5960: 5951: 5945: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5915: 5909: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5864: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5784:, 1 April 2009, 5774: 5768: 5753: 5747: 5732: 5726: 5711: 5705: 5690: 5684: 5669: 5663: 5648: 5642: 5627: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5593: 5587: 5572: 5566: 5551: 5545: 5534: 5528: 5513: 5502: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5472:on 29 April 2008 5468:, archived from 5458: 5452: 5451: 5436: 5407: 5400: 5394: 5379: 5368: 5353: 5347: 5332: 5326: 5319: 5313: 5306: 5300: 5285: 5274: 5259: 5253: 5246: 5240: 5225: 5216: 5201: 5195: 5180: 5174: 5167: 5161: 5146: 5140: 5133: 5127: 5112: 5106: 5091: 5082: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5045: 5039: 5024: 5018: 5003: 4997: 4982: 4976: 4961: 4955: 4940: 4934: 4919: 4913: 4898: 4892: 4877: 4871: 4856: 4847: 4833: 4827: 4812: 4806: 4799:"Gavin Hamilton" 4796: 4790: 4780: 4774: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4550: 4544: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4508: 4502: 4487: 4478: 4463: 4448: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4425: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4396: 4390: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4356:, archived from 4345: 4339: 4334:J. H. Morrison, 4332: 4326: 4311: 4305: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4239:Scottish Studies 4234: 4228: 4227: 4216: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4156: 4147: 4146: 4134: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4024: 4013: 4012: 3994: 3985: 3984: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3937: 3931: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3889: 3880: 3863: 3857: 3840: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3759: 3753: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3708: 3702: 3689:C. F. Marshall, 3687: 3681: 3666: 3660: 3653: 3647: 3632: 3626: 3619: 3613: 3602: 3596: 3581: 3575: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3517: 3511: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3437: 3431: 3426:Henry Hamilton, 3424: 3418: 3403: 3397: 3382: 3371: 3356: 3339: 3324: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3282: 3276: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3199: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3163: 3157: 3137: 3131: 3116: 3110: 3095: 3089: 3074: 3068: 3053: 3047: 3032: 3026: 3012: 3006: 2991: 2978: 2963: 2946: 2940: 2912:installation art 2870:Eduardo Paolozzi 2781:Frederic Lindsay 2703:and the work of 2685:Alistair MacLean 2562:('O-Grade') and 2424:Forties oilfield 2368:Community Charge 2315:Postwar politics 2273:The wreckage of 2260:Duke of Hamilton 2242:resulted in the 2121:Stanley Cursiter 2107:(1871–1935) and 2056:, the novelists 1846:William Chambers 1766:(1846–1935) and 1754:(1783–1844) and 1663:George MacDonald 1530:James Macpherson 1404:John A MacDonald 1392:John Witherspoon 1236:Sir Walter Scott 1232:James Macpherson 1224:Romantic revival 1086:Bank of Scotland 1054:Colonial America 936:General Assembly 881:Sir Walter Scott 767:consequentialist 665:Duke of Richmond 578:Sir Walter Scott 530:Jacobite risings 515: 508: 501: 487: 486: 485: 443:Jews and Judaism 436:Great Disruption 356:Local government 163:House of Balliol 157:House of Dunkeld 55: 49: 39: 21: 20: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8438: 8415: 8325: 8269:Sir Robert Peel 8212: 8208:Edwardian era → 8194: 8189: 8159: 8154: 8138: 8085: 8019: 8015: 8012: 7982: 7977: 7956: 7947:Kailyard school 7927:Arts and Crafts 7905: 7859: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7756: 7751: 7725: 7694: 7633: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7530: 7525: 7512: 7505: 7488: 7387: 7339: 7325:Scottish Gaelic 7292: 7197:Performing arts 7072: 6947: 6943:Police Scotland 6846: 6827:Scotland Office 6673: 6634:Protected areas 6549: 6421: 6408: 6402: 6372: 6371: 6364: 6348: 6344: 6325: 6321: 6304: 6300: 6283: 6279: 6262: 6258: 6241: 6237: 6221:C. Richardson, 6220: 6216: 6199: 6192: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6146: 6142: 6133: 6131: 6123:The Scots Makar 6120: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6089: 6085: 6068: 6064: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6005: 6003: 5988: 5984: 5967: 5963: 5952: 5948: 5931: 5927: 5916: 5912: 5895: 5891: 5882: 5880: 5865: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5820: 5818: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5791: 5789: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5754: 5750: 5733: 5729: 5715:Thomas Johnston 5712: 5708: 5691: 5687: 5670: 5666: 5649: 5645: 5628: 5624: 5607: 5603: 5594: 5590: 5576:Fighter Command 5573: 5569: 5552: 5548: 5535: 5531: 5514: 5505: 5488: 5484: 5475: 5473: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5438: 5437: 5410: 5401: 5397: 5380: 5371: 5354: 5350: 5333: 5329: 5320: 5316: 5307: 5303: 5286: 5277: 5260: 5256: 5247: 5243: 5226: 5219: 5202: 5198: 5181: 5177: 5168: 5164: 5147: 5143: 5134: 5130: 5113: 5109: 5092: 5085: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5042: 5025: 5021: 5004: 5000: 4983: 4979: 4962: 4958: 4941: 4937: 4920: 4916: 4899: 4895: 4878: 4874: 4857: 4850: 4834: 4830: 4813: 4809: 4797: 4793: 4781: 4777: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4730: 4726: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4660: 4656: 4626: 4622: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4551: 4547: 4538: 4534: 4525: 4523: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4488: 4481: 4464: 4451: 4442: 4440: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4377:M. D. Prentis, 4376: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4348:J. M. Bunsted, 4346: 4342: 4333: 4329: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4295: 4283:(487): 633–66, 4273: 4269: 4254: 4250: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4025: 4016: 4009: 3995: 3988: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3938: 3934: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3890: 3883: 3865:J. L. Roberts, 3864: 3860: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3807: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3773: 3769: 3760: 3756: 3743: 3739: 3730: 3726: 3709: 3705: 3688: 3684: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3650: 3634:C. A. Whatley, 3633: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3603: 3599: 3583:M. J. Daunton, 3582: 3578: 3561: 3557: 3549:C. A. Malcolm, 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3518: 3514: 3506:Textile History 3502: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3455: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3425: 3421: 3404: 3400: 3383: 3374: 3357: 3342: 3325: 3321: 3304: 3300: 3283: 3279: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3232: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3164: 3160: 3138: 3134: 3117: 3113: 3096: 3092: 3075: 3071: 3054: 3050: 3033: 3029: 3013: 3009: 2992: 2981: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2886:Steven Campbell 2835: 2829: 2817:Carol Ann Duffy 2809:Robert Crawford 2801:Inspector Rebus 2789:Quintin Jardine 2758:(1995), Gray's 2712:Philip Hobsbaum 2689:Dorothy Dunnett 2629:Maurice Lindsay 2605:Carol Ann Duffy 2598: 2590:Main articles: 2588: 2548: 2540:Main articles: 2538: 2451: 2445: 2415: 2407:Main articles: 2405: 2323: 2317: 2312: 2281:Prime Minister 2167: 2161: 2141:Hugh MacDiarmid 2074:Naomi Mitchison 2046:Synthetic Scots 2038:Hugh MacDiarmid 2023:Hugh MacDiarmid 2015: 2007:Main articles: 2005: 1936: 1923: 1875: 1866: 1819:Herbert MacNair 1691: 1683:Main articles: 1681: 1638:Sherlock Holmes 1628:Treasure Island 1596:national anthem 1503: 1491:Main articles: 1489: 1446: 1440: 1420:Thomas Brisbane 1400:Andrew Carnegie 1396:John Paul Jones 1372:Andrew Carnegie 1364: 1358: 1282:Napoleonic Wars 1249:castle Balmoral 1240:Waverley novels 1220:Napoleonic Wars 1195: 1189: 1177:First World War 1139: 1133: 1046: 1038:Main articles: 1025: 941:Thomas Chalmers 924:First Secession 895: 889: 869:William Murdoch 825:economic policy 711: 705: 673:Irish Home Rule 629: 609: 544:, philosophers 519: 483: 481: 476: 475: 461: 453: 452: 416: 406: 405: 381: 371: 370: 346: 336: 335: 306: 296: 295: 291:Natural history 200: 192: 191: 175:House of Stuart 140: 130: 129: 128: 63: 50: 37: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8483: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8440: 8439: 8437: 8436: 8426: 8420: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8405: 8404: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8316:Queen Victoria 8313: 8312: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8258: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8233: 8231:British empire 8228: 8222: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8203:← Georgian era 8199: 8196: 8195: 8188: 8187: 8180: 8173: 8165: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8114:Glasgow school 8111: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8093: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8020: 8011: 8010: 8003: 7996: 7988: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7952:Glasgow School 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7932:Celtic Revival 7929: 7924: 7919: 7913: 7911: 7907: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7867: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7785: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7762: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7733: 7731: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7665:Porteous Riots 7662: 7660:Malt tax riots 7657: 7652: 7647: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7559: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7536: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7518: 7511: 7510: 7502: 7501: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7460: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7438: 7437: 7432: 7422: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7354: 7352: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7309: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7291: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7244: 7239: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7099: 7097: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7028:Power stations 7025: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6948: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6903:Lord President 6900: 6895: 6890: 6872: 6862: 6856: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6845: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6719:First Minister 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6694: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6664:Municipalities 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6431: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: articles 6401: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6378: 6370: 6369: 6362: 6342: 6333:Guardian.co.uk 6319: 6298: 6277: 6256: 6235: 6214: 6190: 6183:, 1 May 2009, 6168: 6162: 6140: 6113: 6107: 6083: 6062: 6041: 6012: 5996:Guardian.co.uk 5982: 5961: 5946: 5925: 5922:. Luath Press. 5910: 5889: 5859: 5827: 5798: 5769: 5748: 5727: 5706: 5692:T. M. Devine, 5685: 5671:T. M. Devine, 5664: 5650:T. M. Devine, 5643: 5622: 5601: 5588: 5567: 5546: 5536:D. Macmillan, 5529: 5503: 5482: 5453: 5408: 5395: 5369: 5348: 5327: 5314: 5301: 5275: 5261:E. B. Potter, 5254: 5241: 5217: 5196: 5175: 5162: 5141: 5128: 5107: 5083: 5062: 5040: 5019: 4998: 4977: 4956: 4935: 4914: 4893: 4872: 4848: 4828: 4807: 4791: 4775: 4751: 4744: 4724: 4702: 4696: 4678: 4673:978-0754661429 4672: 4654: 4620: 4605: 4599: 4575: 4569: 4545: 4532: 4503: 4489:T. M. Devine, 4479: 4449: 4420: 4391: 4370: 4360:on 23 May 2011 4340: 4327: 4306: 4293: 4267: 4248: 4229: 4223: 4201: 4194: 4176: 4169: 4148: 4141: 4119: 4112: 4094: 4087: 4069: 4063:978-0709922599 4062: 4044: 4037: 4014: 4008:978-0241304105 4007: 3986: 3979: 3959: 3952: 3932: 3911: 3904: 3881: 3858: 3835: 3822: 3801: 3788: 3767: 3754: 3750:online edition 3737: 3724: 3703: 3682: 3661: 3648: 3627: 3614: 3597: 3576: 3555: 3542: 3529: 3512: 3496: 3483: 3466: 3453: 3432: 3419: 3398: 3372: 3340: 3319: 3298: 3277: 3260: 3223: 3207:The New Yorker 3191: 3158: 3132: 3118:T. M. Devine, 3111: 3090: 3069: 3048: 3027: 3007: 2979: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2920:Richard Wright 2916:Susan Philipsz 2908:Douglas Gordon 2898:Jack Vettriano 2831:Main article: 2828: 2825: 2813:Kathleen Jamie 2755:Morvern Callar 2680:Tunes of Glory 2657:James Kennaway 2647:(the official 2625:Norman MacCaig 2617:Robert Garioch 2587: 2586:New literature 2584: 2560:Ordinary Grade 2552:Roman Catholic 2537: 2534: 2447:Main article: 2444: 2441: 2428:Brent oilfield 2404: 2401: 2392:Holyrood House 2390:, adjacent to 2319:Main article: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2220:Firth of Forth 2160: 2157: 2147:(1907–98) and 2101:Francis Cadell 2095:in the 1920s: 2078:Eric Linklater 2054:William Soutar 2004: 2001: 1961:Scottish Party 1935: 1932: 1922: 1919: 1911:Unionist Party 1898:Khaki Election 1874: 1871: 1865: 1862: 1844:(1728–92) and 1840:(1721–92) and 1826:Colen Campbell 1780:Celtic Revival 1776:Glasgow School 1714:(1740–93) and 1700:Gavin Hamilton 1680: 1677: 1584:Auld Lang Syne 1488: 1485: 1442:Main article: 1439: 1436: 1428:James Mckenzie 1414:), Australia ( 1360:Main article: 1357: 1354: 1234:'s in 1761–2. 1209:King George IV 1191:Main article: 1188: 1185: 1167:Scott family's 1135:Main article: 1132: 1129: 1125:Aberdeen Angus 1024: 1021: 1017:Salvation Army 919:Moderate Party 891:Main article: 888: 885: 841:James Anderson 837:William Cullen 794:science of man 707:Main article: 704: 701: 657:Lord Salisbury 628: 625: 621:British Empire 608: 605: 554:William Cullen 521: 520: 518: 517: 510: 503: 495: 492: 491: 478: 477: 474: 473: 468: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 440: 439: 438: 433: 428: 417: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 398: 393: 388: 382: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 363: 358: 353: 347: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 307: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 288: 283: 281:Historiography 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 201: 198: 197: 194: 193: 190: 189: 184: 178: 172: 169:House of Bruce 166: 160: 154: 151:House of Moray 148: 145:House of Alpin 141: 136: 135: 132: 131: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 110: 109: 104: 99: 89: 83: 82: 81: 65: 64: 61: 60: 57: 56: 42: 41: 32: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8482: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8455:Victorian era 8453: 8452: 8450: 8435: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8418: 8410: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8259: 8257: 8256:Pax Britannia 8254: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8192:Victorian era 8186: 8181: 8179: 8174: 8172: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8129:Red Clydeside 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8009: 8004: 8002: 7997: 7995: 7990: 7989: 7986: 7974: 7973:Victorian era 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7783: 7778: 7776: 7771: 7769: 7764: 7763: 7760: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7706:Enlightenment 7704: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7557: 7552: 7550: 7545: 7543: 7538: 7537: 7534: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7452:Baptist Union 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7398: 7394: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7295: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7252:national flag 7250: 7249: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7023: 7022:North Sea oil 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6898:Lord Advocate 6896: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6857: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6822:Republicanism 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6520:Enlightenment 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6406: 6399: 6394: 6392: 6387: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6354: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6195: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6144: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6108:0-330-33550-2 6104: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6087: 6080: 6079:0-7486-1625-X 6076: 6072: 6066: 6060:, pp. 132–40. 6059: 6058:0-7486-1625-X 6055: 6051: 6045: 6029: 6022: 6016: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5978:1-86197-308-X 5975: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5942:0-262-72011-6 5939: 5935: 5929: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5906:0-7486-1085-5 5903: 5899: 5893: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5844: 5837: 5831: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5802: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5766: 5765:0-7146-5223-7 5762: 5758: 5752: 5745: 5744:0-7190-4510-X 5741: 5737: 5731: 5724: 5723:0-7190-1997-4 5720: 5716: 5710: 5703: 5702:0-14-100234-4 5699: 5695: 5689: 5682: 5681:0-14-100234-4 5678: 5674: 5668: 5662:, pp. 549–50. 5661: 5660:0-14-100234-4 5657: 5653: 5647: 5640: 5639:0-7551-0041-7 5636: 5632: 5626: 5619: 5618:1-59921-321-4 5615: 5611: 5605: 5598: 5595:J. Creswell, 5592: 5585: 5584:0-405-12209-8 5581: 5577: 5571: 5565:, pp. 162–97. 5564: 5563:1-86197-308-X 5560: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5515:M. Gardiner, 5512: 5510: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5486: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5391:981-234-950-2 5388: 5384: 5381:J. Buchanan, 5378: 5376: 5374: 5366: 5365:0-85976-516-4 5362: 5358: 5352: 5346:, pp. 258–78. 5345: 5344:0-8476-6013-3 5341: 5337: 5331: 5324: 5318: 5311: 5305: 5298: 5297:0-582-35674-1 5294: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5272: 5271:0-87021-607-4 5268: 5264: 5258: 5251: 5245: 5238: 5237:981-234-950-2 5234: 5230: 5227:J. Buchanan, 5224: 5222: 5214: 5213:0-14-026367-5 5210: 5206: 5200: 5193: 5192:0-7190-1737-8 5189: 5185: 5179: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5158:1-86232-056-X 5155: 5151: 5145: 5138: 5132: 5125: 5124:0-7190-4510-X 5121: 5117: 5111: 5104: 5103:1-902930-16-9 5100: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4984:F. M. Szasz, 4981: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4855: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4784: 4783:"Alan Ramsey" 4779: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4736: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4616: 4609: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4579: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4542: 4536: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4501:, pp. 91–100. 4500: 4499:0-14-100234-4 4496: 4492: 4486: 4484: 4477:, pp. 219–28. 4476: 4475:0-7486-1625-X 4472: 4468: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4388: 4387:1-921410-21-3 4384: 4380: 4374: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4344: 4337: 4331: 4324: 4323:0-14-026367-5 4320: 4316: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4258:History Today 4252: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4224:0-670-88811-7 4220: 4215: 4214: 4205: 4197: 4195:1-904607-42-X 4191: 4187: 4180: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4153: 4144: 4142:9780712698931 4138: 4133: 4132: 4123: 4115: 4113:9780773511569 4109: 4105: 4098: 4090: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4048: 4040: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3936: 3929: 3928:0-8387-5526-7 3925: 3921: 3915: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3877:1-902930-29-0 3874: 3870: 3869: 3862: 3855: 3854:0-8078-4913-8 3851: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3819: 3818:0-7190-4101-5 3815: 3811: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3786:, pp. 215–23. 3785: 3784:0-7190-6497-X 3781: 3777: 3771: 3764: 3758: 3751: 3747: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3721: 3720:0-7486-0102-3 3717: 3713: 3707: 3700: 3699:3-86195-239-4 3696: 3692: 3686: 3679: 3678:0-7546-0191-9 3675: 3671: 3668:A. Campbell, 3665: 3658: 3652: 3645: 3644:0-521-57643-1 3641: 3637: 3631: 3624: 3618: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3594: 3593:0-19-822281-5 3590: 3586: 3580: 3573: 3572:0-7486-0757-9 3569: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3546: 3539: 3533: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3509: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3416: 3415:0-7623-1298-X 3412: 3408: 3402: 3395: 3394:1-85728-481-X 3391: 3387: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3370:, pp. 416–17. 3369: 3368:1-85109-440-7 3365: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3336:1-84018-611-9 3333: 3329: 3323: 3317:, pp. 117–43. 3316: 3315:0-7382-0692-X 3312: 3308: 3305:J. Repcheck, 3302: 3295: 3294:0-415-06164-4 3291: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3249: 3245: 3244:New Statesman 3241: 3239: 3230: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3154:0-609-80999-7 3151: 3147: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3129: 3128:0-14-100234-4 3125: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3107:0-7190-1791-2 3104: 3100: 3094: 3087: 3086:0-521-77736-4 3083: 3079: 3073: 3066: 3065:0-19-726331-3 3062: 3058: 3052: 3045: 3044:1-4094-0922-8 3041: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3022:1-905641-28-1 3019: 3011: 3004: 3003:0-7486-0839-7 3000: 2996: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2976: 2975:0-7453-1608-5 2972: 2968: 2965:N. Davidson, 2962: 2958: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2927: 2925: 2924:Lucy McKenzie 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2888:(1953–2007), 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2821:Poet Laureate 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2749:Trainspotting 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728:Alasdair Gray 2725: 2721: 2720:Polygon Books 2717: 2716:Peter Kravitz 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2669:Robin Jenkins 2666: 2665:Jessie Kesson 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2649:national poet 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2609:Poet Laureate 2606: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2351:Conservatives 2347: 2340: 2339:fishing boats 2336: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109:Leslie Hunter 2106: 2105:Samuel Peploe 2103:(1883–1937), 2102: 2099:(1874–1961), 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1993:Red Clydeside 1990: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1945: 1940: 1931: 1929: 1918: 1914: 1913:in Scotland. 1912: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1890:Western Front 1887: 1883: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832:(1682–1754), 1831: 1828:(1676–1729), 1827: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:Andrew Geddes 1749: 1745: 1741: 1740:Henry Raeburn 1732: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1720:Neoclassicism 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592:Scots Wha Hae 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572:national poet 1569: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:Habbie stanza 1519: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424:Andrew Fisher 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412:Tommy Douglas 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1350:Liberal Party 1347: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1290:potato blight 1285: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1121:Kirkintilloch 1118: 1113: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1058:Tobacco Lords 1055: 1051: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1029: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 988: 981: 976: 972: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 937: 933: 929: 928:Relief Church 925: 920: 916: 912: 908: 899: 894: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 829:globalisation 826: 822: 820: 815: 811: 807: 803: 802:Adam Ferguson 799: 798:James Burnett 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 759:Thomas Hobbes 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 728: 719: 715: 710: 703:Enlightenment 700: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 653:Lord Aberdeen 650: 646: 645:Liberal Party 642: 633: 624: 622: 618: 614: 604: 602: 598: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538:Enlightenment 534: 531: 527: 516: 511: 509: 504: 502: 497: 496: 494: 493: 490: 480: 479: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 449: 446: 444: 441: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 423: 422: 419: 418: 415: 410: 409: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 380: 375: 374: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 345: 340: 339: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 305: 300: 299: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 241:Enlightenment 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 196: 195: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 170: 167: 164: 161: 158: 155: 152: 149: 146: 143: 142: 139: 134: 133: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 87: 84: 80: 77: 76: 74: 70: 67: 66: 59: 58: 54: 48: 44: 43: 40: 34: 33: 28: 23: 22: 19: 8424:Bibliography 8337:Demographics 8235:By location 8226:British Army 8124:Independence 8031:Architecture 7805:Architecture 7788: 7742:Georgian era 7579:Architecture 7415:Christianity 7405:Baháʼí Faith 7298:Demographics 7242:coat of arms 7212:Prostitution 7145:Universities 7127: 7103:Architecture 7063:Unemployment 7058:Silicon Glen 7018:Oil industry 7003:Harris Tweed 6893:Crown Office 6785:Armed forces 6763:Independence 6751:Human rights 6582:Conservation 6572:Central Belt 6544: 6490:Early modern 6352: 6345: 6332: 6322: 6306: 6305:P. Küppers, 6301: 6285: 6280: 6264: 6259: 6243: 6238: 6222: 6217: 6201: 6180: 6171: 6149: 6143: 6132:, retrieved 6122: 6116: 6093: 6086: 6081:, pp. 62–73. 6070: 6065: 6049: 6044: 6032:. Retrieved 6027: 6015: 6004:, retrieved 5995: 5985: 5969: 5964: 5954: 5949: 5933: 5928: 5919: 5913: 5897: 5892: 5881:, retrieved 5872: 5862: 5850:. Retrieved 5843:the original 5830: 5819:, retrieved 5810: 5801: 5790:, retrieved 5781: 5772: 5756: 5751: 5735: 5730: 5714: 5709: 5704:, pp. 553–4. 5693: 5688: 5683:, pp. 551–2. 5672: 5667: 5651: 5646: 5630: 5625: 5609: 5608:D. Howarth, 5604: 5596: 5591: 5575: 5574:P. Wykeham, 5570: 5554: 5549: 5542:Scotsman.com 5541: 5532: 5516: 5490: 5485: 5474:, retrieved 5470:the original 5465: 5456: 5443: 5403: 5398: 5382: 5356: 5351: 5335: 5330: 5322: 5317: 5309: 5304: 5288: 5262: 5257: 5249: 5244: 5228: 5204: 5199: 5183: 5178: 5170: 5165: 5149: 5144: 5136: 5131: 5115: 5110: 5094: 5070: 5065: 5053:. 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Adams, 3757: 3745: 3740: 3732: 3727: 3722:, pp. 17–52. 3711: 3706: 3690: 3685: 3669: 3664: 3656: 3651: 3635: 3630: 3622: 3617: 3605: 3600: 3584: 3579: 3563: 3562:R. Saville, 3558: 3550: 3545: 3537: 3532: 3520: 3515: 3504: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3474: 3469: 3461: 3456: 3440: 3435: 3427: 3422: 3406: 3401: 3385: 3359: 3358:J. T. Koch, 3327: 3322: 3306: 3301: 3285: 3280: 3268: 3263: 3252:, retrieved 3243: 3237: 3215:, retrieved 3206: 3183:, retrieved 3174: 3161: 3143: 3135: 3130:, pp. 84–89. 3119: 3114: 3098: 3093: 3077: 3072: 3056: 3051: 3035: 3030: 3024:, pp. 37–40. 3015: 3010: 2994: 2966: 2961: 2938: 2901: 2890:Peter Howson 2878:John Bellany 2862:Zen Buddhism 2854:Anne Redpath 2851: 2845: 2805:Don Paterson 2777:Val McDermid 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2744:Irvine Welsh 2732:Liz Lochhead 2724:James Kelman 2718:, editor of 2709: 2701:Allan Massie 2693:Shena Mackay 2678: 2672: 2653:Muriel Spark 2641:Edwin Morgan 2614: 2564:Higher Grade 2549: 2518:Bahá'í Faith 2463: 2437:Silicon Glen 2416: 2364:Conservative 2343: 2287:Tom Johnston 2280: 2264: 2244:Shetland Bus 2224:East Lothian 2205: 2201:Hugh Dowding 2186: 2175: 2165:World War II 2149:Edward Baird 2090: 2086:James Bridie 2066:Nan Shepherd 2062:George Blake 2031: 2027:William Lamb 1997: 1989:John MacLean 1985: 1973: 1959:in 1928 and 1948: 1924: 1915: 1907:Labour Party 1895: 1867: 1823: 1808:glass artist 1772:William Dyce 1756:David Wilkie 1736: 1730: 1729:Jacob More, 1696:Allan Ramsay 1692: 1685:Scottish art 1666: 1655:J. M. Barrie 1636: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1611:urban Gothic 1604: 1568:Walter Scott 1564:Robert Burns 1562: 1544: 1518:Allan Ramsay 1515: 1510:Robert Burns 1476: 1468: 1451:presbyteries 1447: 1432:Peter Fraser 1408:James Murray 1380: 1337:Isle of Skye 1326:The unequal 1325: 1286: 1279: 1253: 1213: 1202:David Wilkie 1181: 1171: 1155: 1145: 1131:Urbanisation 1114: 1110: 1094: 1075: 1047: 984: 915:Evangelicals 904: 861:James Hutton 857:James Hutton 849:Joseph Black 817: 783: 748: 744:civilization 723: 697: 638: 610: 590: 562:James Hutton 558:Joseph Black 535: 525: 524: 421:Christianity 311:Architecture 181:Commonwealth 118: 114:Early Modern 18: 8382:Masculinity 7917:Romanticism 7886:Radical War 7711:Romanticism 6973:Agriculture 6837:Nationalism 6756:LGBT rights 6659:Environment 6540:Romanticism 6495:Reformation 6485:Renaissance 6450:Middle Ages 6445:Roman times 6440:Prehistoric 5968:R. Finlay, 5852:10 December 5821:14 November 5792:19 November 5713:G. Walker, 5553:R. Finlay, 5355:I. McLean, 4846:, pp. 34–5. 4526:18 November 4414:22 November 4325:, p. xxxii. 3930:, pp. 75–6. 3918:P. Morère, 3842:R. C. Ray, 3808:C. H. Lee, 3417:, pp. 23–4. 3405:T. A. Lee, 3097:D. Howell, 3005:, pp. 64–5. 2977:, pp. 94–5. 2793:Denise Mina 2772:Thatcherism 2761:Poor Things 2736:Tom Leonard 2697:Alan Spence 2645:Scots Makar 2512:(0.2%) and 2494:immigration 2474:2011 census 2470:Pentecostal 2275:Rudolf Hess 2256:Rudolf Hess 2133:abstraction 1944:Keir Hardie 1854:James Craig 1842:Robert Adam 1836:(1732–94), 1830:James Gibbs 1796:Art Nouveau 1762:(1806–67), 1716:David Allan 1710:(1736–85), 1698:(1713–84), 1526:poetic form 1402:), Canada ( 1376:Dunfermline 1216:1745 rising 1159:River Clyde 1048:During the 971:from 1900. 969:Free Church 911:Reformation 877:Lord Kelvin 806:John Millar 763:utilitarian 681:Keir Hardie 647:. From the 574:Lord Kelvin 391:Rugby union 246:Romanticism 226:Restoration 221:Reformation 216:Renaissance 92:Middle Ages 69:Prehistoric 36:History of 8449:Categories 8097:Devolution 8071:Literature 8041:Demography 7845:Literature 7815:Demography 7619:Literature 7589:Demography 7435:Moderators 7378:Scientists 7264:regimental 7207:Placenames 7202:Philosophy 7177:Literature 6807:Parliament 6739:Government 6709:Devolution 6692:Government 6649:Ecoregions 6639:Waterfalls 6515:Jacobitism 6315:0816646538 6294:019953294X 6273:1858288878 6252:019953294X 6231:0754661245 6210:1119992761 6154:Mainstream 6134:28 October 5629:J. Leasor 5525:0748620273 5499:019953294X 5093:J. Hearn, 5055:28 January 5036:0486417948 5015:019953294X 4994:0806132531 4973:1119992761 4952:1550021591 4931:019953294X 4910:1906261083 4889:0300058330 4868:0521642027 4844:061825210X 4824:019953294X 4771:1409426181 4697:0745316085 4600:0060558881 4570:0060558881 4443:1 November 4217:, Viking, 3326:E. Wills, 3217:6 February 3076:K. Kumar, 3014:M. Oaten, 2953:References 2894:Ken Currie 2858:Alan Davie 2842:David Mach 2827:Modern art 2797:Ian Rankin 2530:secularism 2520:and small 2212:Royal Navy 2208:Scapa Flow 2181:Scapa Flow 2163:See also: 2153:surrealism 2139:with poet 2070:A J Cronin 2050:Edwin Muir 2021:A bust of 1792:modern art 1712:Jacob More 1668:Phantasies 1576:folk songs 1487:Literature 1356:Emigration 1172:Clydebuilt 1032:New Lanark 865:James Watt 845:agronomist 790:empiricist 779:Adam Smith 775:David Hume 727:free trade 718:Adam Smith 617:Jacobitism 586:clearances 566:James Watt 550:David Hume 542:Adam Smith 351:Devolution 331:Philosophy 326:Literature 286:Demography 8402:Burlesque 8377:Jewellery 8357:Cosmetics 8090:Movements 8051:Education 7910:Movements 7825:Education 7699:Movements 7599:Education 7420:Christmas 7373:Musicians 7368:Inventors 7307:Languages 7283:Festivals 7123:Education 7048:Transport 6988:Companies 6983:Charities 6714:Elections 6602:Highlands 6555:Geography 6296:, p. 657. 6275:, p. 114. 6263:D. Reid, 6254:, p. 255. 5944:, p. 317. 5908:, p. 255. 5896:W. Knox, 5527:, p. 173. 5501:, p. 575. 5273:, p. 231. 5215:, p. 426. 5017:, p. 195. 4996:, p. 136. 4954:, p. 401. 4942:D. Kemp, 4933:, p. 433. 4891:, p. 293. 4826:, p. 554. 4773:, p. 153. 4650:144358210 3701:, p. 223. 3595:, p. 344. 3140:A. Herman 3109:, p. 144. 3088:, p. 183. 2892:(1958–), 2846:Big Heids 2490:Highlands 2420:North Sea 2403:Economics 2346:Unionists 2304:Whitehall 2296:Home Rule 2252:North Sea 2232:Luftwaffe 2176:Royal Oak 2174:HMS 2117:modernism 2058:Neil Gunn 2034:modernism 1952:Bolshevik 1888:near the 1884:with the 1788:Japonisme 1733:(1771–73) 1659:Peter Pan 1622:Kidnapped 1538:Classical 1438:Education 1317:Borreraig 1187:Highlands 1163:Clydeside 1012:Methodist 853:physicist 814:modernity 460:By region 266:Education 261:Economics 8434:Category 8392:Painting 8387:Morality 8249:Scotland 8081:Religion 8061:Language 8056:Identity 7922:Tartanry 7855:Religion 7835:Language 7830:Identity 7629:Religion 7609:Language 7604:Identity 7516:Category 7464:Hinduism 7410:Buddhism 7397:Religion 7227:Surnames 7167:Identity 7162:Hogmanay 7140:Colleges 6998:Forestry 6933:Udal law 6842:Unionism 6797:Monarchs 6701:Politics 6683:Politics 6617:Lowlands 6435:Timeline 6405:Scotland 6337:archived 6317:, p. 61. 6233:, p. 58. 6212:, p. 25. 6185:archived 6181:BBC News 6128:archived 6034:12 April 6006:25 April 6000:archived 5980:, ch. 9. 5877:archived 5873:BBC News 5815:archived 5811:BBC News 5786:archived 5782:BBC News 5767:, p. 33. 5746:, p. 46. 5641:, p. 15. 5586:, p. 87. 5448:archived 5393:, p. 51. 5383:Scotland 5310:History, 5299:, p. 93. 5239:, p. 49. 5229:Scotland 5194:, p. 11. 5126:, p. 60. 5105:, p. 45. 5081:, p. 73. 4975:, p. 23. 4912:, p. 84. 4719:archived 4520:archived 4518:, 2006, 4437:archived 4435:, 2010, 4408:archived 4245:: 95–111 3856:, p. 41. 3820:, p. 43. 3646:, p. 51. 3610:in JSTOR 3525:in JSTOR 3479:in JSTOR 3396:, p. 91. 3284:M. 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6961:Economy 6773:History 6627:Highest 6607:Islands 6597:Geology 6577:Climate 6460:Kingdom 6427:History 5883:21 June 4400:"Scots" 4350:"Scots" 4264:: 23–28 3748:(1998) 3553:(1950). 3449:4248011 3430:(1963). 2874:pop art 2514:Sikhism 2300:devolve 2228:Glasgow 1896:In the 1892:in 1916 1815:Frances 1675:genre. 1673:fantasy 1647:fantasy 1266:run rig 1264:farmed 1257:Factors 1004:Baptist 833:tariffs 304:Culture 8372:Houses 8244:London 8024:Topics 7864:Events 7798:Topics 7638:Events 7572:Topics 7521:Portal 7358:Actors 7345:People 7288:Comedy 7259:tartan 7237:anthem 7053:Whisky 6865:Courts 6778:Cities 6545:Modern 6360: 6313: 6292: 6271: 6250: 6229: 6208: 6160: 6105: 6077: 6056: 5976: 5940: 5904: 5763: 5742: 5721: 5700: 5679: 5658: 5637: 5616: 5582: 5561: 5523: 5497: 5389: 5363: 5342: 5295: 5269: 5235: 5211: 5190: 5156: 5122: 5101: 5077: 5034: 5013: 4992: 4971: 4950: 4929: 4908: 4887: 4866: 4842: 4822: 4769: 4742: 4694: 4670: 4648: 4597: 4567: 4497: 4473: 4404:Te Ara 4385: 4321: 4221: 4192: 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Scotland in the modern era

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