116:
777:
1823:
1472:
1718:
1965:
735:
1500:
756:
1183:
976:
1083:
882:
998:
1552:
139:
1132:
916:
1376:
1213:
1887:
1153:
946:
1344:
1602:
1427:
1912:
4374:
3525:
1927:, prey 3 to 14 millimetres (0.12 to 0.55 in) long give between 1 and 17 minutes of mating. Larger males of that species give prey as big as houseflies, earning up to 29 minutes of mating, maximal sperm transfer, more oviposition, and a refractory period during which the female does not mate with other males: all of these increase the number of offspring the male is likely to have.
1834:
Mecopterans mostly inhabit moist environments although a few species are found in semi-desert habitats. Scorpionflies, family
Panorpidae, generally live in broad-leaf woodlands with plentiful damp leaf litter. Snow scorpionflies, family Boreidae, appear in winter and are to be seen on snowfields and
1935:
The female lays the eggs in close contact with moisture, and the eggs typically absorb water and increase in size after deposition. In species that live in hot conditions, the eggs may not hatch for several months, the larvae only emerging when the dry season has finished. More typically, however,
1922:
Hangingflies (Bittacidae) provide a nuptial meal in the form of a captured insect prey, such as a caterpillar, bug, or fly. The male attracts a female with a pheromone from vesicles on his abdomen; he retracts these once a female is nearby, and presents her with the prey. While she evaluates the
1250:
All the families were formerly treated as part of a single order, Mecoptera. The relationships between the families are, however, a matter of debate. The cladogram, from
Cracraft and Donoghue 2004, places the Nannochoristidae as a separate order, with the Boreidae, as the sister group to the
1988:. In areas where the family Panorpidae occurs, such as the eastern United States, these scorpionflies can be the first insects to arrive at a donated human cadaver, and remain on a corpse for one or two days. The presence of scorpionflies thus indicates that a body must be fresh.
1903:
to attract mates. The male may provide an edible gift such as a dead insect or a brown salivary secretion to the female. Some boreids have hook-like wings which the male uses to pick up and place the female on his back while copulating. Male panorpids vibrate their wings or even
519:. Besides this there are about four hundred known fossil species in about eighty-seven genera, which are more diverse than the living members of the order. The group is sometimes called the scorpionflies, from the turned-up "tail" of the male's genitalia in the Panorpidae.
3069:
Recently, a close affinity between
Siphonaptera and Mecoptera has been convincingly demonstrated via morphology (Bilinski et al. 1998) and molecular data (Whiting 2002), rendering Mecoptera paraphyletic, but making the clade including Mecoptera and Siphonaptera
708:, which have ovulate organs that are either poorly suited for wind pollination or have structures that could support long-proboscid fluid feeding. The Aneuretopsychina were the most diverse group of mecopterans in the Latest Permian, taking the place of the
1948:
insects. The tenth abdominal segment bears either a suction disc, or, less commonly, a pair of hooks. They generally eat vegetation or scavenge for dead insects, although some predatory larvae are known. The larva crawls into the soil or decaying wood to
1839:. Hangingflies, family Bittacidae, occur in forests, grassland and caves with high moisture levels. They mostly breed among mosses, in leaf litter and other moist places, but their reproductive habits have been little studied, and at least one species,
1923:
gift, he locates her genitalia with his. If she stays to eat the prey, his genitalia attach to hers, and the female lowers herself into an upside-down hanging position, and eats the prey while mating. Larger prey result in longer mating times. In
455:, or hangingflies, are another prominent family and are known for their elaborate mating rituals, in which females choose mates based on the quality of gift prey offered to them by the males. A smaller group is the snow scorpionflies, family
1729:
A, Body in lateral view; B–D. male genital bulb and gonostyli. B, dorsal view; C, ventral view; D, lateral view. ep, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gs, gonostylus; hv, hypovalva; hyp, hypandrium. Scale bars represent 3 mm in A, 1 mm in
644:
periods before other pollinating groups such as the bees evolved. These were mainly wind-pollinated plants, but fossil mecopterans had siphon-feeding apparatus that could have fertilized these early gymnosperms by feeding on their
474:
or moss, and the eggs may not hatch until the wet season arrives. The larvae are caterpillar-like and mostly feed on vegetable matter, and the non-feeding pupae may pass through a diapause until weather conditions are favorable.
3087:
Meusemann, Karen; Trautwein, Michelle; Friedrich, Frank; Beutel, Rolf G.; Wiegmann, Brian M.; et al. (2020). "Are Fleas Highly
Modified Mecoptera? Phylogenomic Resolution of Antliophora (Insecta: Holometabola)".
486:
before the evolution of other insect pollinators such as bees. Adults of modern species are overwhelmingly predators or consumers of dead organisms. In a few areas, some species are the first insects to arrive at a
1814:
on the first eight abdominal segments, and a suction disc or pair of hooks on the terminal tenth segment. The pupae have free appendages rather than being secured within a cocoon (they are exarate).
2247:
Krzemiński, W.; Soszyńska-Maj, A.; Bashkuev, A. S.; Kopeć, K (2015). "Revision of the unique Early
Cretaceous Mecoptera from Koonwarra (Australia) with description of a new genus and family".
470:(true flies). They are somewhat fly-like in appearance, being small to medium-sized insects with long slender bodies and narrow membranous wings. Most breed in moist environments such as
2066:
Novokshonov, V. G.; Ross, A. J.; Cook, E.; Krzemiński, W.; Soszyńska-Maj, A. (2016). "A new family of scorpionflies (Insecta; Mecoptera) from the Lower
Cretaceous of England".
776:
1957:, meaning the limbs are free of the body, and are able to move their mandibles, but are otherwise entirely nonmotile. In drier environments, they may spend several months in
681:. The proboscis could be as long as 10 mm (0.39 in). It has been suggested that these mecopterans transferred pollen on their mouthparts and head surfaces, as do
2897:
The earliest
Mesopsychidae and revision of the family Mesopanorpodidae (Mecoptera) Advances in the Systematics of Fossil and Modern Insects: Honouring Alexandr Rasnitsyn
818:(caddisflies), probably evolved from ancestors belonging to, or strictly related to, the Mecoptera. Evidence includes anatomical and biochemical similarities as well as
734:
1878:
and moss fragments. Most mecopterans live in moist environments; in hotter climates, the adults may therefore be active and visible only for short periods of the year.
1841:
593:
meaning wings. The families of
Mecoptera are well accepted by taxonomists but their relationships have been debated. In 1987, R. Willman treated the Mecoptera as a
4786:
3006:; Whiting, Alison S.; Hastriter, Michael W.; Dittmar, Katharina (2008). "A molecular phylogeny of fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): origins and host associations".
845:(fleas) are inside that clade, so that the traditional "Mecoptera" taxon is paraphyletic. However the earlier suggestion that the Siphonaptera are sister to the
459:, adults of which are sometimes seen walking on snowfields. In contrast, the majority of species in the order inhabit moist environments in tropical locations.
4813:
4419:
1862:
to feed on trapped insects and even the spiders themselves, and hangingflies capture flies and moths with their specially modified legs. Some groups consume
303:
4740:
4659:
1775:
The fore and hind wings are similar in shape, being long and narrow, with numerous cross-veins, and somewhat resembling those of primitive insects such as
2282:
Archibald, S.B. (2005). "New
Dinopanorpida (Insecta: Mecoptera) from the Eocene Okanogan Highlands (British Columbia, Canada and Washington State, USA)".
4858:
4821:
4749:
4708:
4695:
4309:
709:
670:
371:
4867:
4836:
4772:
4718:
4703:
4677:
4251:
4231:
725:
3314:
4880:
4844:
4726:
4685:
4324:
834:, which lie between the Mecoptera and Diptera. The group was once much more widespread and diverse than it is now, with four suborders during the
5115:
4875:
281:
4621:
4339:
2143:"New data from the Middle Jurassic of China shed light on the phylogeny and origin of the proboscis in the Mesopsychidae (Insecta: Mecoptera)"
546:
ability is low, with
Trinidad, Taiwan and Japan, where they are found, having had recent land bridges to the nearest continental land masses.
5154:
4885:
4271:
4246:
755:
315:
4630:
2688:
Wang, Chen; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong (2014). "A New Fossil Hangingfly (Mecoptera: Cimbrophlebiidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China".
4266:
3428:
2837:
Ren, D.; Labandeira, C.C.; Santiago-Blay, J.A.; Rasnitsyn, A.; Shih, C.K.; Bashkuev, A.; Logan, M.A.; Hotton, C.L.; Dilcher, D. (2009).
5254:
4412:
2619:
5089:
5128:
2327:
Wang, C.; Shih, C.; Ren, D (2014). "A new fossil hangingfly (Mecoptera: Cimbrophlebiidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China".
3230:
3205:
3173:
3062:
2987:
2915:
2672:
2523:
2407:
5133:
4405:
1791:
consist of one or two segments. The abdomen typically curves upwards in the male, superficially resembling the tail of a
3391:
2284:
3362:
2895:
2452:
per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2106:
Bashkuev, A.S. (2011). "Nedubroviidae, a new family of Mecoptera: the first Paleozoic long-proboscid scorpionflies".
1991:
Scorpionflies are sometimes described as looking "sinister", particularly from the male's raised "tail" resembling a
5068:
5159:
3248:"Ultrastructure and Morphology of Compound Eyes of the Scorpionfly Panorpa dubia (Insecta: Mecoptera: Panorpidae)"
3109:
Tihelka, Erik; Giacomelli, Mattia; Huang, Di-Ying; Pisani, Davide; Donoghue, Philip C. J.; Cai, Chen-Yang (2020).
5081:
3421:
570:
1944:. They have sclerotised heads with mandibulate mouthparts. Larvae possess compound eyes, which is unique among
1753:
2013:"Fossils from the Middle Jurassic of China shed light on morphology of Choristopsychidae (Insecta, Mecoptera)"
5141:
741:
4058:
806:
Mecoptera have special importance in the evolution of the insects. Two of the most important insect orders,
5259:
849:
is not supported; instead, there is the possibility that they are sister to another Mecopteran family, the
4998:
4985:
629:, hangingflies (Bittacidae and Cimbrophlebiidae), Orthophlebiidae, and Cimbrophlebiidae have been found.
17:
3414:
115:
5208:
5003:
1822:
1748:, membranous wings and slender, elongated bodies. They have relatively simple mouthparts, with a long
542:. They are absent from Madagascar and many islands and island groups; this may demonstrate that their
443:, in which the males have enlarged genitals raised over the body that look similar to the stingers of
138:
5169:
3386:
3137:
601:
declared the Mecoptera so-defined as paraphyletic, with the Boreidae as sister to another order, the
578:
3020:
2955:
2553:
2423:
1471:
689:
today, but no such associated pollen has been found, even when the insects were finely preserved in
5216:
503:
Mecopterans vary in length from 2 to 35 mm (0.1 to 1.4 in). There are about six hundred
1972:-like tail of the male has earned the scorpionflies a sinister reputation, but they do not sting.
666:
657:
rules out their use for drinking blood. Eleven species have been identified from three families,
287:
5195:
2647:
1964:
522:
Distribution of mecopterans is worldwide; the greatest diversity at the species level is in the
5249:
4925:
3440:
3195:
3015:
2397:
205:
3161:
2662:
2497:
5190:
5182:
4397:
1899:
Various courtship behaviours have been observed among mecopterans, with males often emitting
1780:
5120:
3052:
1749:
1499:
5037:
4972:
3259:
3089:
2850:
2795:
2740:
2697:
2576:
2503:
2336:
2293:
2256:
2154:
2075:
2020:
1255:
is suggested to be the sister group to the rest of the Mecoptera, with the position of the
784:
543:
2206:
Grimaldi and Rasnitsyn (Mecoptera: Pseudopolycentropodidae): new data and interpretations"
8:
4963:
1981:
819:
492:
357:
210:
3263:
2854:
2799:
2744:
2733:"The earliest fossil record of Panorpidae (Mecoptera) from the Middle Jurassic of China"
2701:
2580:
2507:
2340:
2297:
2260:
2158:
2079:
2024:
5244:
4826:
4349:
3864:
3290:
3247:
3033:
3003:
2943:
2926:
2871:
2838:
2819:
2763:
2732:
2713:
2639:
2620:"Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera"
2615:
2592:
2588:
2541:
2529:
2352:
2309:
2229:
2177:
2142:
2123:
2043:
2012:
728:
and Orthophlebiidae. Modern mecopteran families are derived from the Orthophlebiidae.
598:
539:
133:
2839:"Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies"
5177:
5024:
4909:
4667:
4299:
3295:
3277:
3226:
3201:
3169:
3142:
3127:
3110:
3058:
3029:
2983:
2931:
2911:
2876:
2811:
2768:
2717:
2668:
2635:
2519:
2403:
2356:
2182:
2048:
1772:
on the top. The antennae are filiform (thread-shaped) and contain multiple segments.
1745:
1717:
830:
701:
662:
448:
269:
243:
3037:
2643:
2596:
2454:. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae . Vol. Tomus I, Editio decima, reformata: i–ii, 1–824.
2313:
2233:
2127:
1954:
1182:
1082:
997:
975:
881:
4803:
4795:
4551:
4530:
4522:
4241:
4092:
3778:
3285:
3267:
3132:
3122:
3025:
2921:
2901:
2866:
2858:
2803:
2758:
2748:
2705:
2631:
2584:
2533:
2511:
2477:
2344:
2301:
2264:
2221:
2213:
2172:
2162:
2115:
2083:
2038:
2028:
1891:
1515:
1290:
1177:
969:
850:
841:
It is unclear as of 2020 whether the Mecoptera form a single clade, or whether the
746:
641:
614:
561:
527:
432:
386:
309:
294:
249:
226:
124:
4977:
2823:
2268:
2201:
2087:
5029:
4990:
4762:
4757:
4385:
4319:
4236:
4226:
4203:
3770:
3272:
2449:
1995:'s sting. A popular but incorrect belief is that they can sting with their tails.
1936:
they hatch after a relatively short period of time. The larvae are usually quite
1551:
721:
713:
637:
420:
339:
5146:
4163:
3339:
5076:
5063:
4767:
4646:
4378:
4334:
4329:
4314:
4261:
1945:
1779:. A few genera, however, have reduced wings, or have lost them altogether. The
1263:
is the most basal, and the relationships of the rest are not completely clear.
824:
789:
762:
582:
408:
363:
321:
3396:
3094:
2167:
2119:
1690:
Some studies find Nannomecoptera as sister to the Boreidae+Siphonaptera clade.
5238:
4948:
4289:
4281:
3507:
3499:
3281:
3146:
2906:
2753:
2033:
856:(a) Mecoptera (clades in boldface) is paraphyletic, containing Siphonaptera:
717:
658:
618:
574:
275:
73:
2862:
2807:
2731:
Ding, He; Shih, Chungkun; Bashkuev, Alexei; Zhao, Yunyun; Ren, Dong (2014).
2709:
2348:
1852:, feeding on decaying vegetation and the soft bodies of dead invertebrates.
1375:
1212:
1131:
915:
511:
in nine families. The majority of the species are contained in the families
4564:
4476:
4221:
3994:
3971:
3963:
3905:
3860:
3692:
3635:
3464:
3299:
2935:
2880:
2815:
2772:
2186:
2052:
1765:
1567:
1369:
1204:
1122:
992:
905:
842:
697:
693:
602:
463:
428:
393:
350:
1886:
1152:
945:
5102:
4957:
4538:
4502:
4344:
4276:
4208:
4109:
4010:
3940:
3791:
3729:
3605:
2482:
2465:
1937:
1807:
1799:
1494:
1417:
1252:
1064:
863:
815:
807:
479:
471:
333:
254:
237:
190:
48:
3401:
1783:
is cylindrical with eleven segments, the first of which is fused to the
530:, but there is greater diversity at the generic and family level in the
4556:
4543:
4514:
4294:
4018:
3828:
3737:
3721:
3705:
3533:
2786:
Ollerton, J.; Coulthard, E. (2009). "Evolution of Animal Pollination".
1915:
1905:
1859:
1827:
1784:
1761:
1703:
1592:
1546:
1466:
1443:
1343:
1260:
1256:
767:
724:, Aneuretopsychina species were gradually replaced by species from the
686:
633:
632:
Extinct Mecoptera species may have been important pollinators of early
622:
523:
516:
512:
504:
483:
452:
440:
379:
344:
259:
93:
58:
2444:
5107:
5050:
4638:
4464:
4452:
4256:
4100:
4035:
3888:
3799:
3758:
3745:
3576:
3563:
3458:
2515:
2225:
1900:
1849:
1706:
is unclear. Two alternative positions, either basal within Mecoptera
1601:
682:
654:
531:
170:
150:
98:
5094:
5016:
4919:
2396:
Dunford, James C.; Somma, Louis A. (2008). Capinera, John L. (ed.).
2305:
2246:
1795:, the tip containing an enlarged structure called the genital bulb.
1426:
5055:
5011:
4942:
4470:
4304:
4213:
4002:
3872:
3664:
3470:
2977:
2836:
2217:
1992:
1969:
1961:, before emerging as adults once the conditions are more suitable.
1958:
1792:
1776:
1596:
1421:
1338:
1147:
939:
846:
835:
705:
597:, containing the Boreidae as sister to the Meropeidae, but in 2002
566:
535:
456:
444:
327:
231:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
3643:
3524:
3086:
2065:
1911:
1875:
1854:
1723:
1126:
1077:
910:
876:
811:
488:
467:
103:
78:
41:
3406:
2661:
Martill, David M.; Bechly, Günter; Loveridge, Robert F. (2007).
2567:
Willman, R. (1987). "The phylogenetic system of the Mecoptera".
2395:
1940:-like, with short, clawed, true legs, and a number of abdominal
4458:
4446:
3980:
3880:
3807:
3713:
3622:
3614:
3452:
3437:
1985:
1941:
1867:
1863:
1811:
1788:
1769:
1744:
Mecoptera are small to medium-sized insects with long beaklike
793:
690:
650:
646:
508:
424:
180:
160:
4427:
4373:
3002:
2466:"A novel diagrammatic representation of the orders of insects"
2373:
2011:
Qiao, X.; Shih, C. K.; Petrulevičius, J. F.; Dong, R. (2013).
5203:
2664:
The Crato Fossil Beds of Brazil: Window into an Ancient World
2402:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 3304–3309.
1871:
1803:
621:
age. Fossil Mecoptera become abundant and diverse during the
594:
5042:
3220:
3108:
1810:
heads with mandibles (jaws), short true legs on the thorax,
4577:
4433:
4068:
3082:
3080:
3078:
1950:
1836:
1757:
3193:
27:
Order of insects with markedly different larvae and adults
5221:
4078:
2141:
Lin, X.; Shih, M. J.; Labandeira, C. C.; Ren, D. (2016).
2010:
3402:
Mecoptera in UK on BBC wildlife website (third image in)
3075:
3102:
1057:(b) Mecoptera is monophyletic, sister to Siphonaptera:
673:. Their lengths range from 3 mm (0.12 in) in
4021:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions)
2660:
1984:
makes use of scorpionflies' habit of feeding on human
3189:
3187:
3185:
2399:
Encyclopedia of Entomology: Scorpionflies (Mecoptera)
478:
Early Mecoptera may have played an important role in
3315:"Finding Crime Clues In What Insects Had For Dinner"
2980:
Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 2nd ed
2730:
2140:
613:
Among the earliest members of the Mecoptera are the
2374:"Southeast Texas Applied Forensic Science Facility"
3182:
3164:. In Cracraft, Joel; Donoghue, Michael J. (eds.).
653:. The lack of iron enrichment in their fossilized
3044:
2785:
2654:
5236:
2978:Hoell, H.V.; Doyen, J.T.; Purcell, A.H. (1998).
2667:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 367–369.
2199:
625:, for example in China, where panorpids such as
2281:
3050:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2059:
1684:
4413:
3858:
3422:
3246:Chen, Qing-Xiao; Hua, Bao-Zhen (2016-06-03).
2982:. Oxford University Press. pp. 488–491.
2887:
2457:
2275:
2240:
1760:, which resemble those of the more primitive
1698:
1696:
1953:, and does not spin a cocoon. The pupae are
1835:on moss; the larvae being able to jump like
466:(fleas), and a little more distantly to the
435:worldwide. Mecopterans are sometimes called
3690:
3498:
2996:
2687:
2603:
2566:
2464:Hyatt, Alpheus; Arms, Jennie Maria (1891).
2326:
2193:
2094:
4420:
4406:
3604:
3429:
3415:
3051:Wiegmann, Brian; Yeates, David K. (2012).
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
1976:
1693:
853:. The two possible trees are shown below:
549:
114:
3289:
3271:
3162:"Phylogeny of the Holometabolous Insects"
3138:1983/8d3c12c6-529c-4754-b59d-3abf88a32fc9
3136:
3126:
3093:
3019:
2925:
2905:
2870:
2762:
2752:
2481:
2463:
2202:"The long-tongued Cretaceous scorpionfly
2176:
2166:
2042:
2032:
1251:Siphonaptera, also as its own order. The
1245:
801:
462:The Mecoptera are closely related to the
4150:Four most speciose orders are marked in
3740:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts)
3168:. Oxford University Press. p. 355.
3057:. Columbia University Press. p. 5.
2893:
2779:
2105:
1963:
1910:
1885:
1821:
1764:. Like many other insects, they possess
1716:
696:. They likely pollinated plants such as
507:species known, divided into thirty-four
3392:Mecoptera image gallery at myrmecos.net
3245:
3221:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2010).
3159:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2690:Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition
2614:
2380:
2368:
2366:
2329:Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition)
2320:
2004:
1768:on the sides of their heads, and three
431:with about six hundred species in nine
14:
5237:
3312:
2200:Grimaldi, D.; Johnston, M. A. (2014).
2134:
1259:unclear. Of those other families, the
4924:
4923:
4401:
4188:
3483:
3410:
3223:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
3197:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
3194:Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. (2014).
1710:or sister to Panorpodidae, are shown.
5209:106887C7-FFFD-7501-6E84-FE0FF0AFFB3C
5170:0c858b71-8ee1-4516-9c64-4705534c9554
5082:855f2d46-5966-45ad-b1b4-9f70d4a511a4
4013:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies)
3225:(4th ed.). Wiley. p. 129.
2962:
2363:
1830:scorpionfly feeding on a dead insect
554:
265:†Mesopsychoidea (=Aneuretopsychina)
3111:"Fleas are parasitic scorpionflies"
2830:
2502:. Vol. 91. 2011. p. 858.
1881:
1599:to present, common scorpionflies)
559:The European scorpionfly was named
24:
3363:"Scorpionflies & Hangingflies"
3360:
3313:Rutsch, Poncie (22 January 2015).
2589:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1987.tb00222.x
2424:"Scorpionflies (Order: Mecoptera)"
2285:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1125:(scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400
909:(scorpionflies, hangingflies, 400
25:
5271:
3436:
3380:
3054:The Evolutionary Biology of Flies
749:) reconstruction, Jurassic; China
608:
5255:Extant Permian first appearances
4372:
3523:
3128:10.11646/palaeoentomology.3.6.16
3030:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00211.x
2636:10.1046/j.0300-3256.2001.00095.x
2426:. Amateur Entomologists' Society
1600:
1550:
1498:
1470:
1425:
1374:
1342:
1211:
1181:
1180:(southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.)
1151:
1130:
1081:
996:
974:
973:(southern scorpionflies, 8 spp.)
944:
914:
880:
775:
754:
733:
137:
46:
3397:Video of Mecoptera from Austria
3354:
3332:
3306:
3239:
3214:
3153:
2724:
2681:
2560:
2490:
2470:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
2438:
2416:
1918:have distinct mating behaviour.
1518:(Tasmanian snow scorpionflies)
677:to 28 mm (1.1 in) in
4525:(Tasmanian snow scorpionflies)
1150:(snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.)
943:(snow scorpionflies, 30 spp.)
581:in 1891. The name is from the
573:. The Mecoptera were named by
13:
1:
4649:(chigoe and sticktight fleas)
3943:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees)
3387:Mecoptera at the Tree of Life
3200:. Wiley. pp. 1345–1347.
2269:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.04.004
2088:10.1016/j.cretres.2016.01.013
1998:
1930:
1848:Adult mecopterans are mostly
1739:
742:Juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia
4517:(earwigflies or forcepflies)
3891:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs)
3273:10.1371/journal.pone.0156970
3160:Whiting, Michael F. (2004).
1908:while approaching a female.
1570:(short-faced scorpionflies)
810:(butterflies and moths) and
675:Parapolycentropus burmiticus
636:seed plants during the late
498:
439:after their largest family,
7:
4908:Classification is based on
4567:(short-faced scorpionflies)
4189:
3166:Assembling the Tree of Life
1497:(Australian scorpionflies)
1424:to present), 1 extant sp.)
353:(short-faced scorpionflies)
10:
5276:
4081:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies)
3974:(twisted-winged parasites)
3646:(dragonflies, damselflies)
3484:
2499:A Dictionary of Entomology
1817:
1734:
4932:
4906:
4866:
4857:
4835:
4812:
4794:
4785:
4748:
4739:
4717:
4694:
4676:
4658:
4629:
4620:
4616:
4576:
4485:
4441:
4366:
4199:
4195:
4184:
4146:
4091:
4049:
4034:
3993:
3962:
3953:
3935:
3904:
3854:
3827:
3790:
3757:
3701:
3686:
3663:
3634:
3613:
3600:
3575:
3559:
3532:
3521:
3494:
3490:
3479:
3447:
3342:. EnkiVillage. 2015-05-13
3095:10.1101/2020.11.19.390666
2210:American Museum Novitates
2168:10.1186/s12862-015-0575-y
2120:10.11646/zootaxa.2895.1.3
1590:
1565:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1513:
1492:
1485:
1464:
1457:
1440:
1415:
1408:
1398:
1366:
1336:
1329:
1319:
1312:
1288:
1281:
1271:
1208:
1175:
1145:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1096:
1075:
1068:
1030:
990:
966:
959:
936:
929:
902:
895:
874:
867:
814:(true flies), along with
223:
218:
134:Scientific classification
132:
122:
113:
34:
3732:(stick and leaf insects)
3365:. University of Kentucky
2907:10.3897/zookeys.130.1611
2894:Bashkuev, A. S. (2011).
2754:10.3897/zookeys.431.7561
2147:BMC Evolutionary Biology
2034:10.3897/zookeys.318.5226
679:Lichnomesopsyche gloriae
491:, making them useful in
4159:are paraphyletic groups
3802:(cockroaches, termites)
3566:(silverfish, firebrats)
3340:"Weirdest Looking Bugs"
2863:10.1126/science.1178338
2808:10.1126/science.1181154
2710:10.1111/1755-6724.12180
2349:10.1111/1755-6724.12180
1977:Interaction with humans
1842:Nannochorista philpotti
667:Pseudopolycentropodidae
550:Evolution and phylogeny
288:Pseudopolycentropodidae
4559:(common scorpionflies)
3510:(jumping bristletails)
1973:
1919:
1896:
1845:, has aquatic larvae.
1831:
1731:
1246:Internal relationships
802:External relationships
347:(common scorpionflies)
5191:Paleobiology Database
4910:Whiting, M. F. (2002)
4787:Hystrichopsyllomorpha
2569:Systematic Entomology
1967:
1925:Hylobittacus apicalis
1914:
1889:
1825:
1720:
1341:(snow scorpionflies)
796:; Washington state
763:Jurassipanorpa sticta
5077:Fauna Europaea (new)
4533:(snow scorpionflies)
4112:(moths, butterflies)
2900:. pp. 263–279.
1702:The position of the
820:transitional fossils
785:Dinokanaga andersoni
447:, and long beaklike
234:(snow scorpionflies)
5260:Paraphyletic groups
4814:Hystrichopsylloidea
4796:Stephanocircidoidea
3264:2016PLoSO..1156970C
3004:Whiting, Michael F.
2855:2009Sci...326..840R
2800:2009Sci...326..808O
2745:2014ZooK..431...79D
2702:2014AcGlS..88...29W
2616:Whiting, Michael F.
2581:1987SysEn..12..519W
2508:1913Natur..91S.134.
2341:2014AcGlS..88...29W
2298:2005CaJES..42..119A
2261:2015CrRes..52..501K
2249:Cretaceous Research
2159:2016BMCEE..16....1L
2080:2016CrRes..62...44N
2068:Cretaceous Research
2025:2013ZooK..318...91Q
1982:Forensic entomology
1210:(fleas, 2500 spp.)
995:(fleas, 2500 spp.)
540:Australasian realms
493:forensic entomology
482:extinct species of
358:Protorthophlebiidae
304:Australochoristidae
4827:Hystrichopsyllidae
4741:Ceratophyllomorpha
4660:Ancistropsylloidea
4379:Insects portal
4350:Triadophlebioptera
2483:10.1155/1891/39454
2447:, Carolus. 1758.
1974:
1920:
1897:
1832:
1732:
1647:sensu stricto
770:), Jurassic; China
599:Michael F. Whiting
589:meaning long, and
427:in the superorder
5232:
5231:
5178:Open Tree of Life
4926:Taxon identifiers
4917:
4916:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4859:Pygiopsyllomorpha
4853:
4852:
4822:Chimaeropsyllidae
4781:
4780:
4735:
4734:
4668:Ancistropsyllidae
4650:
4642:
4610:
4568:
4560:
4547:
4534:
4526:
4523:Apteropanorpidae
4518:
4510:
4507:Notiothauma reedi
4496:
4395:
4394:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4300:Palaeodictyoptera
4285:
4217:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4113:
4104:
4082:
4072:
4064:
4042:
4030:
4029:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3984:
3975:
3944:
3900:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3803:
3782:
3779:Mantophasmatodea
3774:
3763:
3749:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3647:
3626:
3615:Ephemeropteroidea
3567:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3232:978-1-118-84615-5
3207:978-1-118-84616-2
3175:978-0-19-972960-9
3064:978-0-231-50170-5
2989:978-0-19-510033-4
2917:978-954-642-609-3
2849:(5954): 840–847.
2794:(5954): 808–809.
2674:978-1-139-46776-6
2624:Zoologica Scripta
2525:978-1-84593-542-9
2409:978-1-4020-6242-1
2204:Parapolycentropus
1679:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1613:
1612:
1579:
1578:
1387:
1386:
1355:
1354:
1301:
1300:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1194:
1193:
1164:
1163:
1054:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1027:
1026:
1018:
1017:
1009:
1008:
831:Choristotanyderus
702:Cheirolepidiaceae
669:within the clade
663:Aneuretopsychidae
579:Jennie Maria Arms
555:Taxonomic history
528:Palearctic realms
419:= "wings") is an
402:
401:
270:Aneuretopsychidae
244:Choristopsychidae
214:
16:(Redirected from
5267:
5225:
5224:
5212:
5211:
5199:
5198:
5186:
5185:
5173:
5172:
5163:
5162:
5150:
5149:
5147:NBNSYS0000160388
5137:
5136:
5124:
5123:
5111:
5110:
5098:
5097:
5085:
5084:
5072:
5071:
5059:
5058:
5046:
5045:
5033:
5032:
5020:
5019:
5007:
5006:
4994:
4993:
4981:
4980:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4921:
4920:
4864:
4863:
4804:Stephanocircidae
4792:
4791:
4750:Ceratophylloidea
4746:
4745:
4709:Rhopalopsyllidae
4696:Malacopsylloidea
4648:
4640:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4566:
4558:
4552:Nannochoristidae
4545:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4399:
4398:
4377:
4376:
4310:Permoplectoptera
4283:
4242:Diaphanopterodea
4215:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4185:
4111:
4102:
4093:Amphiesmenoptera
4080:
4074:
4070:
4062:
4052:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4020:
4012:
4004:
3982:
3973:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3890:
3882:
3875:(barklice, lice)
3874:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3809:
3801:
3780:
3772:
3771:Grylloblattodea
3761:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3645:
3624:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3527:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3480:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3275:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3130:
3115:Palaeoentomology
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3084:
3073:
3072:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3023:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2975:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2929:
2909:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2646:. Archived from
2612:
2601:
2600:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2516:10.1038/091134c0
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2461:
2455:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2393:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2170:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2103:
2092:
2091:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2008:
1892:Panorpa communis
1882:Mating behaviour
1711:
1700:
1691:
1688:
1604:
1554:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1516:Apteropanorpidae
1502:
1488:
1487:
1474:
1460:
1459:
1429:
1420:(mainly fossil (
1411:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1378:
1346:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1291:Nannochoristidae
1284:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1215:
1185:
1178:Nannochoristidae
1155:
1134:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1085:
1071:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1035:
1000:
978:
970:Nannochoristidae
962:
961:
948:
932:
931:
918:
898:
897:
884:
870:
869:
860:
859:
851:Nannochoristidae
779:
758:
747:Cimbrophlebiidae
737:
710:Permochoristidae
671:Aneuretopsychina
642:Early Cretaceous
615:Nannochoristidae
562:Panorpa communis
387:Cimbrophlebiidae
372:Permochoristidae
310:Austropanorpidae
295:Nannochoristidae
250:Englathaumatidae
227:Apteropanorpidae
204:
142:
141:
125:Panorpa communis
118:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5228:
5220:
5215:
5207:
5202:
5194:
5189:
5181:
5176:
5168:
5166:
5158:
5153:
5145:
5140:
5132:
5127:
5119:
5114:
5106:
5101:
5093:
5088:
5080:
5075:
5067:
5062:
5054:
5049:
5041:
5036:
5028:
5023:
5015:
5010:
5002:
4997:
4989:
4984:
4976:
4971:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4928:
4918:
4913:
4890:
4868:Pygiopsylloidea
4849:
4837:Macropsylloidea
4831:
4808:
4777:
4773:Xiphiopsyllidae
4763:Ischnopsyllidae
4758:Ceratophyllidae
4731:
4719:Vermipsylloidea
4713:
4704:Malacopsyllidae
4690:
4678:Coptopsylloidea
4672:
4654:
4647:Hectopsyllidae
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4572:
4493:(scorpionflies)
4492:
4491:
4489:
4481:
4437:
4426:
4396:
4391:
4371:
4354:
4320:Protelytroptera
4252:Eudiaphanoptera
4237:Coxoplectoptera
4232:Carbotriplurida
4227:Campylopteridae
4204:Aethiocarenodea
4191:
4172:
4118:
4087:
4063:(scorpionflies)
4050:
4039:
4037:
4026:
3989:
3954:
3949:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3896:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3815:
3786:
3760:
3753:
3748:(angel insects)
3691:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3651:
3630:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3571:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3528:
3515:
3486:
3475:
3443:
3435:
3383:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3361:Newton, Blake.
3359:
3355:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3311:
3307:
3258:(6): e0156970.
3244:
3240:
3233:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3192:
3183:
3176:
3158:
3154:
3107:
3103:
3085:
3076:
3065:
3049:
3045:
3021:10.1.1.731.5211
3001:
2997:
2990:
2976:
2963:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2918:
2892:
2888:
2835:
2831:
2784:
2780:
2729:
2725:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2659:
2655:
2613:
2604:
2565:
2561:
2549:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2462:
2458:
2450:Systema naturae
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2394:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2364:
2325:
2321:
2306:10.1139/e04-073
2280:
2276:
2245:
2241:
2198:
2194:
2139:
2135:
2104:
2095:
2064:
2060:
2019:(318): 91–111.
2009:
2005:
2001:
1979:
1933:
1884:
1820:
1742:
1737:
1728:
1715:
1714:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1580:
1549:(hangingflies)
1446:(hangingflies)
1388:
1356:
1302:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1195:
1165:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1010:
804:
797:
780:
771:
759:
750:
738:
726:Parachoristidae
722:Middle Jurassic
714:Middle Triassic
638:Middle Jurassic
611:
557:
552:
501:
340:Orthophlebiidae
209:
203:
136:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5273:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5213:
5200:
5187:
5174:
5164:
5151:
5138:
5125:
5112:
5099:
5086:
5073:
5064:Fauna Europaea
5060:
5047:
5034:
5021:
5008:
4995:
4982:
4969:
4954:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4881:Pygiopsyllidae
4878:
4872:
4870:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4845:Macropsyllidae
4841:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4768:Leptopsyllidae
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4729:
4727:Vermipsyllidae
4723:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4686:Coptopsyllidae
4682:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4644:
4641:(common fleas)
4635:
4633:
4624:
4611:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4562:
4554:
4549:
4546:(hangingflies)
4541:
4536:
4528:
4520:
4512:
4499:
4497:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4425:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4335:Protozygoptera
4332:
4330:Protorthoptera
4327:
4325:Protephemerida
4322:
4317:
4315:Protanisoptera
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4284:(griffinflies)
4282:Meganisoptera
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4262:Glosselytrodea
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4160:
4154:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4106:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4055:
4053:
4044:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4016:
4008:
4003:Raphidioptera
3999:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3955:Neuropteroidea
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3936:
3930:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3869:
3867:
3849:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3773:(ice-crawlers)
3767:
3765:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3702:
3696:
3681:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:Ephemeroptera
3619:
3617:
3608:
3595:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3560:
3554:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:Archaeognatha
3504:
3502:
3488:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3382:
3381:External links
3379:
3377:
3376:
3353:
3331:
3305:
3238:
3231:
3213:
3206:
3181:
3174:
3152:
3121:(6): 641–653.
3101:
3074:
3063:
3043:
3014:(5): 677–707.
2995:
2988:
2961:
2952:|journal=
2916:
2886:
2829:
2778:
2739:(431): 79–92.
2723:
2680:
2673:
2653:
2650:on 2013-01-05.
2602:
2575:(4): 519–524.
2559:
2550:|journal=
2524:
2489:
2476:(177): 11–13.
2456:
2437:
2415:
2408:
2379:
2362:
2319:
2292:(2): 119–136.
2274:
2239:
2218:10.1206/3793.1
2212:(3793): 1–24.
2192:
2133:
2093:
2058:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1978:
1975:
1946:holometabolous
1932:
1929:
1883:
1880:
1819:
1816:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1713:
1712:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1469:(earwigflies)
1463:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1278:Nannomecoptera
1272:
1270:
1265:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
989:
986:
985:
982:
981:
965:
960:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
935:
930:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
901:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
873:
868:
866:
858:
825:Permotanyderus
803:
800:
799:
798:
790:Dinopanorpidae
781:
774:
772:
760:
753:
751:
739:
732:
716:. During the
627:Jurassipanorpa
610:
609:Fossil history
607:
556:
553:
551:
548:
500:
497:
400:
399:
398:
397:
391:
390:
389:
383:
382:(hangingflies)
374:
368:
367:
366:
364:Worcestobiidae
360:
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
324:
322:Dinopanorpidae
318:
312:
306:
297:
292:
291:
290:
284:
278:
272:
263:
257:
252:
246:
240:
235:
229:
221:
220:
216:
215:
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5272:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5250:Insect orders
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4911:
4905:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Lycopsyllidae
4874:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4601:
4575:
4569:
4565:Panorpodidae
4563:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4423:
4418:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Megasecoptera
4288:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4183:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4105:
4103:(caddisflies)
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4076:
4073:
4069:Siphonaptera
4066:
4065:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:(Mecopterida)
4033:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3976:
3972:Strepsiptera
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3903:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3881:Thysanoptera
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3826:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3756:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3736:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3724:(webspinners)
3720:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3662:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3531:
3526:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3364:
3357:
3341:
3335:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2991:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2957:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:(1): 93–104.
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2425:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1829:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:compound eyes
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1726:
1725:
1724:Panorpa dubia
1719:
1709:
1708:sensu stricto
1705:
1699:
1697:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1080:(true flies)
1079:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1023:
1022:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
977:
972:
971:
964:
963:
957:
956:
953:
952:
949:
947:
942:
941:
934:
933:
927:
926:
923:
922:
919:
917:
912:
908:
907:
900:
899:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
883:
879:(true flies)
878:
872:
871:
865:
862:
861:
857:
854:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
832:
827:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
795:
791:
787:
786:
778:
773:
769:
765:
764:
757:
752:
748:
744:
743:
736:
731:
730:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:Late Triassic
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Mesopsychidae
656:
652:
648:
643:
639:
635:
630:
628:
624:
620:
619:Upper Permian
616:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:Alpheus Hyatt
572:
568:
564:
563:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
496:
494:
490:
485:
481:
476:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:scorpionflies
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
395:
392:
388:
384:
381:
378:
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
359:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
341:
337:
335:
331:
329:
325:
323:
319:
317:
313:
311:
307:
305:
301:
300:
298:
296:
293:
289:
285:
283:
282:Nedubroviidae
279:
277:
276:Mesopsychidae
273:
271:
267:
266:
264:
262:(earwigflies)
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
247:
245:
241:
239:
236:
233:
230:
228:
225:
224:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
135:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
43:
42:Early Permian
33:
30:
19:
5217:Tree of Life
4933:
4622:Pulicomorpha
4506:
4503:Eomeropidae
4486:
4477:Holometabola
4475:Superorder:
4469:Infraclass:
4434:Siphonaptera
4429:
4384:
4370:
4340:Syntonoptera
4222:Caloneurodea
4214:Blattoptera
4165:
4156:
4151:
4110:Lepidoptera
4108:
4101:Trichoptera
4077:
4060:
4059:
4011:Megaloptera
4005:(snakeflies)
3995:Neuropterida
3979:
3964:Coleopterida
3941:Hymenoptera
3939:
3861:Paraneoptera
3859:
3781:(gladiators)
3730:Phasmatodea
3708:(stoneflies)
3693:Polyneoptera
3636:Odonatoptera
3500:Monocondylia
3465:Pancrustacea
3463:(unranked):
3367:. Retrieved
3356:
3344:. Retrieved
3334:
3322:. Retrieved
3318:
3308:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3222:
3216:
3196:
3165:
3155:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3070:monophyletic
3068:
3053:
3046:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2979:
2896:
2889:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2736:
2726:
2696:(1): 29–34.
2693:
2689:
2683:
2663:
2656:
2648:the original
2627:
2623:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2498:
2492:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2448:
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2418:
2398:
2335:(1): 29–34.
2332:
2328:
2322:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2209:
2203:
2195:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2114:(1): 47–57.
2111:
2107:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2016:
2006:
1990:
1980:
1934:
1924:
1921:
1916:Hangingflies
1898:
1890:
1853:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1797:
1774:
1743:
1722:
1707:
1686:
1646:
1591:
1568:Panorpodidae
1566:
1544:
1514:
1493:
1465:
1441:
1416:
1404:
1370:Siphonaptera
1368:
1367:
1337:
1326:Neomecoptera
1325:
1289:
1277:
1249:
1209:
1205:Siphonaptera
1176:
1146:
1123:Pistillifera
1121:
1102:
1076:
1056:
993:Siphonaptera
991:
968:
967:
938:
937:
906:Pistillifera
904:
903:
875:
855:
843:Siphonaptera
840:
829:
823:
805:
783:
782:Forewing of
761:
740:
720:through the
698:Caytoniaceae
694:Baltic amber
678:
674:
631:
626:
612:
603:Siphonaptera
590:
586:
560:
558:
521:
502:
477:
464:Siphonaptera
461:
436:
429:Holometabola
416:
412:
404:
403:
394:Siphonaptera
351:Panorpodidae
299:Panorpoidea
200:
187:(unranked):
123:
29:
5103:iNaturalist
4958:Wikispecies
4886:Stivaliidae
4557:Panorpidae
4544:Bittacidae
4539:Choristidae
4515:Meropeidae
4386:Wikispecies
4345:Titanoptera
4277:Lapeyriidae
4272:Hypoperlida
4247:Eoblattodea
4216:(roachoids)
4209:Archodonata
4051:Antliophora
4019:Neuroptera
3981:Coleoptera
3792:Dictyoptera
3762:(Xenonomia)
3738:Orthoptera
3722:Embioptera
3714:Dermaptera
3706:Plecoptera
3606:Palaeoptera
3469:Subphylum:
3369:25 February
2255:: 501–506.
2153:(1): 1–22.
1968:The raised
1938:caterpillar
1860:spider webs
1808:sclerotised
1800:caterpillar
1756:and fleshy
1495:Choristidae
1418:Eomeropidae
1253:Eomeropidae
1065:Antliophora
864:Antliophora
816:Trichoptera
808:Lepidoptera
484:gymnosperms
480:pollinating
472:leaf litter
376:Raptipedia
334:Holcorpidae
316:Cantabridae
255:Eomeropidae
238:Choristidae
191:Antliophora
18:Scorpionfly
5239:Categories
4639:Pulicidae
4631:Pulicoidea
4463:Subclass:
4453:Arthropoda
4295:Miomoptera
4061:Mecoptera
3889:Hemiptera
3810:(mantises)
3800:Blattodea
3746:Zoraptera
3625:(mayflies)
3564:Zygentoma
3459:Arthropoda
3008:Cladistics
1999:References
1931:Life-cycle
1906:stridulate
1901:pheromones
1850:scavengers
1806:have hard
1785:metathorax
1762:true flies
1740:Morphology
1704:Bittacidae
1593:Panorpidae
1547:Bittacidae
1467:Meropeidae
1444:Bittacidae
1261:Meropeidae
1257:Bittacidae
822:, such as
768:Panorpidae
687:hoverflies
634:gymnosperm
623:Cretaceous
524:Afrotropic
517:Bittacidae
513:Panorpidae
453:Bittacidae
441:Panorpidae
415:= "long",
407:(from the
380:Bittacidae
345:Panorpidae
260:Meropeidae
171:Arthropoda
5245:Mecoptera
4991:Mecoptera
4978:Mecoptera
4964:Mecoptera
4934:Mecoptera
4531:Boreidae
4487:Mecoptera
4465:Pterygota
4445:Kingdom:
4430:Mecoptera
4267:Heraridea
4257:Geroptera
4162:Based on
4036:Panorpida
3983:(beetles)
3873:Psocodea
3808:Mantodea
3759:Notoptera
3716:(earwigs)
3451:Kingdom:
3282:1932-6203
3147:2624-2834
3016:CiteSeerX
2954:ignored (
2944:cite book
2718:129796533
2552:ignored (
2542:cite book
2357:129796533
2226:2246/6466
2074:: 44–51.
1754:mandibles
1405:Mecoptera
1103:Mecoptera
1034:Mecoptera
712:, to the
683:bee flies
655:probosces
605:(fleas).
544:dispersal
532:Neotropic
499:Diversity
445:scorpions
405:Mecoptera
396:? (fleas)
219:Families
201:Mecoptera
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
35:Mecoptera
5012:BugGuide
4943:Wikidata
4471:Neoptera
4451:Phylum:
4447:Animalia
4436:families
4305:Paoliida
4079:Diptera
3883:(thrips)
3644:Odonata
3471:Hexapoda
3457:Phylum:
3453:Animalia
3300:27258365
3252:PLOS ONE
3038:33808144
2936:22259282
2881:19892981
2816:19892970
2773:25152669
2644:56100681
2618:(2002).
2597:86349146
2376:. STAFS.
2314:55513480
2234:54799375
2187:26727998
2128:83075922
2053:23950679
1993:scorpion
1970:scorpion
1959:diapause
1874:larvae,
1828:Panorpid
1793:scorpion
1777:mayflies
1597:Jurassic
1422:Triassic
1373:(fleas)
1339:Boreidae
1148:Boreidae
940:Boreidae
847:Boreidae
836:Mesozoic
706:Gnetales
567:Linnaeus
536:Nearctic
457:Boreidae
433:families
328:Eorpidae
232:Boreidae
211:Comstock
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
44:- Recent
5183:1094288
4949:Q205301
4607:(fleas)
4459:Insecta
4457:Class:
4428:Extant
4190:Extinct
4164:Sasaki
4071:(fleas)
3865: *
3346:22 June
3324:22 June
3291:4892548
3260:Bibcode
3090:bioRxiv
2927:3260765
2872:2944650
2851:Bibcode
2843:Science
2796:Bibcode
2788:Science
2764:4141175
2741:Bibcode
2737:ZooKeys
2698:Bibcode
2577:Bibcode
2534:3947767
2504:Bibcode
2445:Linnæus
2337:Bibcode
2294:Bibcode
2257:Bibcode
2178:4700641
2155:Bibcode
2108:Zootaxa
2076:Bibcode
2044:3744206
2021:Bibcode
2017:ZooKeys
1986:corpses
1955:exarate
1942:prolegs
1876:carrion
1855:Panorpa
1818:Ecology
1812:prolegs
1781:abdomen
1752:, long
1735:Biology
1078:Diptera
979:
877:Diptera
812:Diptera
640:to mid–
489:cadaver
468:Diptera
425:insects
206:Packard
197:Order:
181:Insecta
177:Class:
128:, male
5196:136708
5167:NZOR:
5134:114994
5056:1MECOO
4912:
4168:(2013)
4166:et al.
4157:Italic
3485:Extant
3441:orders
3438:Insect
3298:
3288:
3280:
3229:
3204:
3172:
3145:
3092:
3061:
3036:
3018:
2986:
2934:
2924:
2914:
2879:
2869:
2824:856038
2822:
2814:
2771:
2761:
2716:
2671:
2642:
2595:
2532:
2522:
2430:5 July
2406:
2355:
2312:
2232:
2185:
2175:
2126:
2051:
2041:
1951:pupate
1895:mating
1868:nectar
1864:pollen
1804:larvae
1802:-like
1787:. The
1770:ocelli
1750:labium
1746:rostra
794:Eocene
704:, and
691:Eocene
665:, and
651:pollen
647:nectar
509:genera
505:extant
451:. The
449:rostra
213:, 1895
208:, 1886
5204:Plazi
5160:27420
5121:10423
5116:IRMNG
5108:49369
5069:11364
3034:S2CID
2820:S2CID
2714:S2CID
2640:S2CID
2593:S2CID
2530:S2CID
2353:S2CID
2310:S2CID
2230:S2CID
2124:S2CID
1872:midge
1858:raid
1837:fleas
1789:cerci
1758:palps
1721:Male
595:clade
591:ptera
587:mecos
583:Greek
421:order
417:ptera
413:mecos
409:Greek
5222:8227
5155:NCBI
5129:ITIS
5095:1000
5090:GBIF
5051:EPPO
4999:BOLD
4432:and
4152:bold
3371:2017
3348:2015
3326:2015
3296:PMID
3278:ISSN
3227:ISBN
3202:ISBN
3170:ISBN
3143:ISSN
3059:ISBN
2984:ISBN
2956:help
2932:PMID
2912:ISBN
2877:PMID
2812:PMID
2769:PMID
2669:ISBN
2554:help
2520:ISBN
2432:2020
2404:ISBN
2183:PMID
2112:2895
2049:PMID
1798:The
1442:(?)
828:and
685:and
649:and
577:and
571:1758
538:and
526:and
515:and
49:PreꞒ
5142:NBN
5043:928
5038:EoL
5030:3J4
5025:CoL
5004:109
4986:AFD
4973:ADW
3319:NPR
3286:PMC
3268:doi
3133:hdl
3123:doi
3026:doi
2922:PMC
2902:doi
2867:PMC
2859:doi
2847:326
2804:doi
2792:326
2759:PMC
2749:doi
2706:doi
2632:doi
2585:doi
2512:doi
2478:doi
2345:doi
2302:doi
2265:doi
2222:hdl
2214:doi
2173:PMC
2163:doi
2116:doi
2084:doi
2039:PMC
2029:doi
1730:B–D
1545:(?)
1129:.)
1127:spp
913:.)
911:spp
792:),
617:of
569:in
565:by
423:of
5241::
5219::
5206::
5193::
5180::
5157::
5144::
5131::
5118::
5105::
5092::
5079::
5066::
5053::
5040::
5027::
5017:56
5014::
5001::
4988::
4975::
4960::
4945::
4067:+
3317:.
3294:.
3284:.
3276:.
3266:.
3256:11
3254:.
3250:.
3184:^
3141:.
3131:.
3117:.
3113:.
3077:^
3067:.
3032:.
3024:.
3012:24
3010:.
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2948::
2946:}}
2942:{{
2930:.
2920:.
2910:.
2875:.
2865:.
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2818:.
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2626:.
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2591:.
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2540:{{
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2472:.
2468:.
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2331:.
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2300:.
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2288:.
2263:.
2253:52
2251:.
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2220:.
2208:.
2181:.
2171:.
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2149:.
2145:.
2122:.
2110:.
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2082:.
2072:62
2070:.
2047:.
2037:.
2027:.
2015:.
1870:,
1866:,
1826:A
1695:^
838:.
700:,
661:,
585:,
534:,
495:.
411::
99:Pg
4600:a
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4592:p
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4586:o
4584:h
4582:p
4580:i
4578:S
4509:)
4505:(
4421:e
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4407:v
3928:a
3926:l
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3922:b
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3918:t
3916:e
3914:m
3912:o
3910:l
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3906:H
3847:a
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3841:b
3839:a
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3833:m
3831:u
3829:E
3679:a
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3350:.
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3270::
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