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quality of the scientific study itself. Yet many international universities require publication in these high-impact journals by both their students and faculty. One way that some international authors are beginning to overcome this problem is by contracting with freelance copy editors who are native speakers of
English and specialize in ESL (English as a second language) editing to polish their manuscripts' English to a level that high-impact journals will accept.
302:
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1142:, laid out in a section usually called "Materials and Methods", should be described in such a way that a subsequent scientist, with appropriate knowledge of and experience in the relevant field, should be able to repeat the observations and know whether he or she has obtained the same result. This naturally varies between subjects, and does not apply to mathematics and related subjects.
1092:
Although the content of an article is more important than the format, it is customary for scientific articles to follow a standard structure, which varies only slightly in different subjects. Although the IMRAD structure emphasizes the organization of content, and in scientific journal articles, each
1047:
The actual day-to-day records of scientific information are kept in research notebooks or logbooks. These are usually kept indefinitely as the basic evidence of the work, and are often kept in duplicate, signed, notarized, and archived. The purpose is to preserve the evidence for scientific priority,
1342:
Authors
Disputes. The authorship of an article is simply the author of the article. The ethical issue with this is when there are two people that believe to be the author, but there is only one true author. There are guidelines to help pick which get authorship of the writing. The one that does not
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of the meaning of the results is usually addressed in a "Discussion" or "Conclusions" section. The conclusions drawn should be based on the new empirical results while taking established knowledge into consideration, in such a way that any reader with knowledge of the field can follow the argument
1326:
Human
Welfare Concerns. The guidelines for human experimentation started during WWII with the Nuremberg Code. It has evolved into three main principles from The Belmont Report. The subject must be able to make their own choices to protect themselves, benefits must outweigh the risks, and subjects
1077:
Often, career advancement depends upon publishing in high-impact journals, which, especially in hard and applied sciences, are usually published in
English. Consequently, scientists with poor English writing skills are at a disadvantage when trying to publish in these journals, regardless of the
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Animal
Welfare Concerns. Is the ethical care of animals in scientific experiments. The APS has set strict guidelines and regulations to stop animals from being unnecessarily harmed in experiments. These are being updated regularly by the APS and is a federal law in the United States enforced by
1294:
from author to publisher, used by some journals, can be controversial because many authors want to propagate their ideas more widely and re-use their material elsewhere without the need for permission. Usually an author or authors circumvent that problem by rewriting an article and using other
1104:
attracts readers' attention and informs them about the contents of the article. Titles are distinguished into three main types: declarative titles (state the main conclusion), descriptive titles (describe a paper's content), and interrogative titles (challenge readers with a question that is
1048:
and in particular for priority for obtaining patents. They have also been used in scientific disputes. Since the availability of computers, the notebooks in some data-intensive fields have been kept as database records, and appropriate software is commercially available.
764:, ensures the quality, validity, and reliability of the research before it becomes part of the scientific literature. Peer-reviewed publications contribute significantly to advancing our understanding of the world and shaping future research endeavors.
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comprise review articles that summarize the results of published studies to underscore progress and new research directions, as well as books that tackle extensive projects or comprehensive arguments, including article compilations.
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is the responsibility of a different author or group of authors, while the editor is responsible for determining the scope of the project, keeping the work on schedule, and ensuring consistency of style and
1504:
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Benos, Dale J.; Fabres, Jorge; Farmer, John; Gutierrez, Jessica P.; Hennessy, Kristin; Kosek, David; Lee, Joo Hyoung; Olteanu, Dragos; Russell, Tara (2005–2006). "Ethics and scientific publication".
900:", as they are published outside of traditional channels. This material is customarily not indexed by major databases and can include manuals, theses and dissertations, or newsletters and bulletins.
911:, peer-reviewed journals are the most prominent and prestigious form of publication. University presses are more prestigious than commercial press publication. The status of working papers and
1055:
followed by a formal article. Articles are usually prepared at the end of a project, or at the end of components of a particularly large one. In preparing such an article vigorous rules for
1013:" This type of material comes from the result of an article being published. It does not advance an article scientifically but instead contributes to its reputation as a scientific article.
760:
findings to a wider audience. Researchers submit their work to reputable journals or conferences, where it undergoes rigorous evaluation by experts in the field. This evaluation, known as
1339:
Conflicts of
Interests. This is referring to the biased assumption due to private interest. It can be done knowingly or not. This is unethical because it makes data inaccurate.
1020:": Other types of papers not listed under non-scientific material or in any of the above eight categories. They can vary depending on the objective and style of the article.
939:
Scientific papers have been categorised into ten types. Eight of these carry specific objectives, while the other two can vary depending on the style and the intended goal.
1865:. In: Stefano Pagliara 2nd International Junior Researcher and Engineer Workshop on Hydraulic Structures (IJREW'08), Pisa, Italy, Keynote, pp. 3-13, 30 July-1 August 2008.
1891:"Research Quality, Publications and Impact in Civil Engineering into the 21st Century. Publish or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries ?"
1136:
of previous scientific investigations should be presented, by citation of relevant documents in the existing literature, usually in a section called an "Introduction".
1051:
The work on a project is typically published as one or more technical reports, or articles. In some fields both are used, with preliminary reports, working papers, or
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summarizes the work (in a single paragraph or in several short paragraphs) and is intended to represent the article in bibliographic databases and to furnish subject
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Review process. The peer-review process contributes to the quality control and it is an essential step to ascertain the standing and originality of the research.
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acceptance in the academic discourse is predicted by the inclusion in such selective sources. Commercial providers of proprietary data include
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The significance of different types of the scientific publications can vary between disciplines and change over time. According to
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issued by individual researchers or research organizations on their own initiative; these are sometimes organized into a series.
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Talbott, T.; M. Peterson; J. Schwidder; J.D. Myers (2005). "Adapting the electronic laboratory notebook for the semantic era".
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is a description of a technique or piece of equipment that has been modified from an existing one to be new and more effective.
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63:
17:
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Honesty. Honesty and integrity is a duty of each author and person, expert-reviewer and member of journal editorial boards.
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answered in the text). Some journals indicate, in their instructions to authors, the type (and length) of permitted titles.
322:
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The following are key guidelines for formatting, although each journal etc will to some extent have its own house style:
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1318:
Data
Fabrications. Is the process of purposefully changing data to make the information more in the favor of the author.
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1169:). These display elements should be accompanied by a caption and should be discussed in the text of the article.
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and confirm that the conclusions are sound. That is, acceptance of the conclusions must not depend on personal
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327:
112:
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get authorship is put in the acknowledgments. The guidelines come from NIH and The
Council of Science Editors.
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section (Introduction, Methods, Results, and
Discussion) has unique conventions for scientific writing style.
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of the investigation, in a section usually called "Results", should be presented in tabular or graphic form (
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are communications directed to the editor of an article to ask questions and provide constructive criticism.
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contributions. These papers serve as essential sources of knowledge and are commonly referred to simply as “
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The first recorded editorial pre-publication peer-review occurred in 1665 by the founding editor of
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Ethical standards. Recent journal editorials presented some experience of unscrupulous activities.
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The following two categories are variable, including for example historical articles and speeches:
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cases, publishers often require that all co-authors know and agree on the content of the article.
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1475:, SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 9–21,
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2236:
1803:"Open access and Scopus: A new approach to scientific visibility from the standpoint of access"
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Authorship. Who may claim a right to authorship? In which order should the authors be listed?
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In terms of research publications, a number of key issues include and are not restricted to:
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2018:
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Redundant
Publications. Publications that contain copyrighted and new unpublished material.
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8:
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1177:
928:
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410:
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38:
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For information about journal article databases, and abstract and indexing services, see
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or scientific report on the web has in the past been low, but in some subjects, such as
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pictures. Some publishers may also want publicity for their journal so will approve
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1991:
1940:
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1862:
Digital Publishing, Ethics and Hydraulic Engineering: The Elusive or "Boring" Bore?
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787:, which cover minor research results and engineering and design efforts, including
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must be evaluated for their selection and benefits must go to all of society.
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are unique events that researchers read to obtain information on the subject.
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889:
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565:
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1960:
1801:
Miguel, Sandra; Chinchilla-Rodriguez, Zaida; de Moya-AnegĂłn, FĂ©lix (2011).
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1767:. European Federation of Psychology Students' Associations. Archived from
881:(although e.g. scientific journals are now commonly published on the web).
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Peh, Wilfred (2008). "Basic structure and types of scientific papers".
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Scientific literature can include the following kinds of publications:
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The frontispiece for some early scientific literature published in the
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Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
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provides new information from original research supported by evidence.
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2055:"The Origin of the Scientific Journal and the Process of Peer Review"
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1995:
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Scientific And Medical Communication: A Guide For Effective Practice
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depends on the discipline; they are typically more important in the
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is a series of high-quality images published for teaching purposes.
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1591:. Los Alamitos, CA, US: IEEE Computer Society. pp. 136–143.
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International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems
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741:. It primarily consists of academic papers that present original
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Finally, a "References" or "Literature Cited" section lists the
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and similar works designed for widespread public consumption.
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1531:"Evaluation based on scientific publishing: Evaluating books"
1471:Ă–chsner, Andreas (2013), "Types of Scientific Publications",
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2009:"Publication Ethical Standards: Guidelines and Procedures".
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Literature may also be published in areas considered to be "
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Scientific fraud#Responsibility of authors and of coauthors
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The process of academic publishing involves disseminating
1730:"Titles in medical articles: What do we know about them?"
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is a detailed analysis of recent developments on a topic.
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unconditionally; other publishers are more resistant.
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Books wholly written by one author or a few co-authors.
987:
is a short summary of an author's personal experience.
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are short reviews or critiques of original articles.
1373:Technical and scientific books were a specialty of
811:
685:. In order to explore related topics, please visit
115:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
934:
2645:
1761:"How to write a good title for journal articles"
1503:Speight, James G.; Foote, Russell (2011-04-27).
1442:"A brief history of the mathematical literature"
1381:re-published contemporary scientific articles.
1363:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
274:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
1982:D. Mavinic (2006). "The "Art" of Plagiarism".
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827:Patents in the relevant subject (for example,
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870:conducted by a government agency such as the
791:, are also classified as primary literature.
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32:List of academic databases and search engines
2053:Select Committee on Science and Technology.
1502:
1975:
1879:
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942:Papers that carry specific objectives are:
78:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1981:
1625:United States National Library of Medicine
733:that spans various disciplines within the
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1029:For broader class of these articles, see
255:Learn how and when to remove this message
237:Learn how and when to remove this message
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
2002:
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200:This article includes a list of general
37:For broader coverage of this topic, see
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14:
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1700:
1576:– via Singapore Medical Journal.
1509:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 241.
1081:
2603:Academic databases and search engines
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1984:Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
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1895:Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering
1631:from the original on October 16, 2011
1473:Introduction to Scientific Publishing
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931:, it is now an accepted alternative.
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1038:Types of scientific journal articles
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113:adding citations to reliable sources
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1652:"Crossing the language limitations"
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753:” within specific research fields.
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2373:Academic journal publishing reform
2057:. Parliament of the United Kingdom
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1108:The names and affiliations of all
206:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1506:Ethics in Science and Engineering
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1356:Scientific writing § History
820:Scientific articles published in
59:This article has multiple issues.
1933:Advances in Physiology Education
919:. The value of publication as a
856:, especially those organized by
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1210:Increasing reliance on digital
1112:are given. In the wake of some
877:Scientific publications on the
100:needs additional citations for
67:or discuss these issues on the
1728:Langdon-Neuner, Elise (2007).
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935:Scientific papers and articles
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2633:Category:Scientific documents
1446:American Mathematical Society
1431:
2659:Academic works about science
2628:Category:Academic publishing
1669:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030410
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7:
1481:10.1007/978-3-642-38646-6_3
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729:encompasses a vast body of
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1701:Mogull, Scott A. (2017).
1562:Effective Medical Writing
1401:Digital object identifier
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1945:10.1152/advan.00056.2004
1421:Scientific communication
1411:Open access (publishing)
556:Research and development
2669:Technical communication
2623:Style/formatting guides
2525:Scholarly communication
2225:Other publication types
1707:. New York: Routledge.
1650:Pan, Z; Gao, J (2006).
1250:-led) services include
1216:academic search engines
221:more precise citations.
124:"Scientific literature"
2565:Least publishable unit
2237:Collection of articles
2043:Wagner (2006) p. 220-1
1274:records enriched with
1129:for indexing services.
1011:Nonscientific material
913:conference proceedings
868:forensic investigation
468:Extrascientific fields
380:Intrascientific fields
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18:Scientific publication
2555:Electronic publishing
2530:Scientific literature
2307:Article-level metrics
1206:Scholarly peer review
1195:cited by the authors.
1114:scientific misconduct
1059:have to be followed.
999:Letters to the editor
727:Scientific literature
632:Science communication
481:Communication studies
270:
2598:Open-access journals
2545:Open scientific data
2352:SCImago Journal Rank
2312:Author-level metrics
2297:Acknowledgment index
1621:"MEDLINE Fact Sheet"
1391:Acknowledgment index
1379:Engineering Magazine
1212:abstracting services
1140:Empirical techniques
854:academic conferences
589:Scientific integrity
571:Vocational education
506:Knowledge management
109:improve this article
2664:Information science
2654:Academic literature
2593:Scientific journals
2104:Academic publishing
2023:2007AIAAJ..45.1794.
1771:on 28 December 2012
1416:Research paper mill
1082:Structure and style
947:An original article
929:high energy physics
822:scientific journals
773:scientific journals
771:first published in
769:scientific research
283:Part of a series on
39:Academic publishing
2613:Copyright policies
2608:University presses
2515:Scientific writing
2383:Citation advantage
2290:Impact and ranking
2123:Scientific journal
1535:University of Oulu
1375:David Van Nostrand
1272:Microsoft Academic
1057:scientific writing
1025:Scientific article
866:reports such as a
829:biological patents
777:primary literature
743:empirical research
307:Science portal
278:
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2618:Preprint policies
2588:Academic journals
2571:Publish or perish
2426:Version of record
2366:Reform and access
2168:Literature review
2017:(8): 1794. 2007.
1872:978-88-8492-568-8
1822:10.1002/asi.21532
1759:Vasilev, Martin.
1623:. Washington DC:
1031:Scholarly article
888:, pamphlets, and
886:technical reports
858:learned societies
852:Presentations at
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789:computer software
785:technical reports
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647:Scientific method
637:Science education
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2118:Academic journal
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905:James G. Speight
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617:
616:
612:Research ethics
607:Logical fallacy
597:Reproducibility
592:
591:
580:
579:
438:Social sciences
394:Formal sciences
373:
372:
352:
299:
298:
261:
250:
249:
248:
243:
232:
226:
223:
213:Please help to
212:
196:
192:
181:
170:
164:
161:
118:
116:
106:
94:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2682:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2503:Related topics
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2484:Web of Science
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2454:Google Scholar
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2390:Serials crisis
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2357:Scientometrics
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:Citation index
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2276:Poster session
2273:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2163:Position paper
2160:
2158:Review article
2155:
2154:
2153:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2045:
2036:
2001:
1974:
1912:
1901:(8): 946–951.
1887:Hubert Chanson
1878:
1871:
1857:Hubert Chanson
1845:
1793:
1782:
1751:
1720:
1713:
1693:
1642:
1612:
1605:
1579:
1547:
1522:
1515:
1495:
1489:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:Citation index
1393:
1386:
1383:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1287:
1284:
1228:Web of Science
1204:Main article:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1173:Interpretation
1170:
1143:
1137:
1130:
1117:
1106:
1086:Main article:
1083:
1080:
1064:
1061:
1044:
1041:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1003:
1002:
996:
988:
981:
972:
963:
960:technical note
956:
950:
936:
933:
894:
893:
890:working papers
882:
879:World Wide Web
875:
861:
850:
842:Edited volumes
839:
836:
825:
813:
810:
751:the literature
720:
719:
717:
716:
709:
702:
694:
691:
690:
674:
673:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
652:Science policy
649:
644:
639:
634:
628:
624:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
602:Cognitive bias
599:
593:
587:
586:
585:
582:
581:
576:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
470:
469:
465:
464:
463:
462:
461:
460:
455:
450:
445:
435:
434:
433:
428:
423:
413:
408:
407:
406:
401:
391:
383:
382:
374:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
333:Disambiguation
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
295:
292:
291:
285:
284:
263:
262:
245:
244:
199:
197:
190:
183:
182:
97:
95:
88:
83:
57:
56:
54:
47:
27:Literary genre
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2681:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Open research
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:Impact factor
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:Bibliometrics
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2201:Annual report
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Working paper
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2128:Public health
2126:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2075:
2056:
2049:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1990:(3): iii–vi.
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1786:
1770:
1766:
1765:JEPS Bulletin
1762:
1755:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1714:9781138842557
1710:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1656:PLOS Medicine
1653:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1606:0-7695-2387-0
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1516:9781118104842
1512:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1492:
1490:9783642386459
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1280:open archives
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:Impact factor
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1032:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
989:
986:
982:
979:
978:
973:
970:
969:
964:
961:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
943:
940:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:Russell Foote
906:
901:
899:
891:
887:
883:
880:
876:
873:
869:
865:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:, where each
843:
840:
837:
834:
830:
826:
823:
819:
818:
817:
809:
807:
806:encyclopedias
803:
799:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
715:
710:
708:
703:
701:
696:
695:
693:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
590:
584:
583:
572:
569:
567:
566:Urban studies
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:
467:
466:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
439:
436:
432:
431:Environmental
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
414:
412:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
385:
384:
381:
378:
377:
370:
366:
362:
356:
355:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
308:
303:
297:
296:
294:
293:
290:
287:
286:
282:
281:
276:
275:
269:
259:
256:
241:
238:
230:
227:November 2012
220:
216:
210:
209:
203:
198:
189:
188:
179:
176:
168:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126: –
125:
121:
120:Find sources:
114:
110:
104:
103:
98:This article
96:
92:
87:
86:
81:
79:
72:
71:
66:
65:
60:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2529:
2059:. Retrieved
2048:
2039:
2014:
2011:AIAA Journal
2010:
2004:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1939:(2): 59–74.
1936:
1932:
1898:
1894:
1881:
1861:
1813:
1809:
1796:
1785:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:the original
1764:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1740:(4): 158–160
1737:
1733:
1723:
1703:
1696:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1615:
1588:
1582:
1568:(7): 522–5.
1565:
1561:
1538:. Retrieved
1534:
1525:
1505:
1498:
1472:
1372:
1361:
1359:
1304:
1300:reproduction
1289:
1219:
1209:
1192:
1172:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1076:
1073:Copy editing
1050:
1046:
1017:
1010:
1004:
998:
990:
984:
975:
966:
959:
953:Case reports
952:
946:
941:
938:
902:
895:
815:
800:
793:
775:constitutes
766:
755:
750:
726:
725:
723:
521:Liberal arts
399:Mathematical
342:
272:
251:
233:
224:
205:
171:
162:
152:
145:
138:
131:
119:
107:Please help
102:verification
99:
75:
68:
62:
61:Please help
58:
2520:Peer review
2400:#ICanHazPDF
2378:Open access
2337:Eigenfactor
2281:Proceedings
2191:White paper
1831:10760/16100
1775:25 February
1744:25 February
1662:(9): E410.
1635:October 15,
1540:November 4,
1260:open access
1240:open source
1238:(and often
1200:Peer review
1043:Preparation
925:mathematics
762:peer review
747:theoretical
625:Instruments
546:Professions
219:introducing
165:August 2009
2648:Categories
2436:Retraction
2409:Versioning
2302:Altmetrics
2247:Biological
2061:5 December
1432:References
1377:, and his
1354:See also:
1278:data from
1266:(based on
1244:non-profit
1067:See also:
1036:See also:
992:Editorials
985:commentary
864:Government
804:encompass
687:navigation
683:philosophy
677:This is a
667:Technology
541:Polemology
536:Philosophy
526:Literature
501:Humanities
491:Futurology
448:Economical
348:Philosophy
343:Literature
202:references
135:newspapers
64:improve it
2421:Postprint
2264:Monograph
2216:Lab notes
1953:1043-4046
1453:Footnotes
1297:facsimile
1292:copyright
1264:Unpaywall
1258:and (for
1236:open data
1178:authority
1159:schematic
1053:preprints
767:Original
679:subseries
657:Scientist
458:Political
70:talk page
2494:OpenAlex
2489:Paperity
2416:Preprint
2252:Chemical
2206:Pamphlet
2151:Abstract
2111:Journals
1969:27019082
1961:15905149
1889:(2007).
1859:(2008).
1688:17002510
1629:Archived
1574:18695858
1385:See also
1268:CrossRef
1234:, while
1220:de facto
1127:metadata
1122:abstract
1063:Language
921:preprint
849:content.
758:research
662:Research
551:Religion
443:Cultural
421:Physical
404:Computer
328:Glossary
318:Category
2510:Imprint
2431:Erratum
2395:Sci-Hub
2342:h-index
2269:Chapter
2019:Bibcode
1840:5924132
1679:1576334
1440:(1990)
1350:History
1276:OAI-PMH
1262:works)
1248:library
1193:sources
1167:drawing
1163:diagram
1147:results
1134:context
1110:authors
884:Books,
846:chapter
781:Patents
735:natural
496:History
365:Outline
338:History
313:Outline
289:Science
215:improve
149:scholar
2479:Scopus
2459:AMiner
2242:Patent
2232:Thesis
2139:Papers
1967:
1959:
1951:
1869:
1838:
1711:
1686:
1676:
1603:
1572:
1513:
1487:
1286:Ethics
1232:Scopus
977:review
361:Fields
204:, but
151:
144:
137:
130:
122:
2581:Lists
2550:ORCID
2211:Essay
2146:Paper
1965:S2CID
1836:S2CID
1806:(PDF)
1444:from
1331:DHHS.
1186:faith
1184:, or
1155:chart
1151:image
1102:title
1088:IMRAD
1018:Other
531:Music
486:Craft
453:Human
323:Index
156:JSTOR
142:books
2469:CORE
2464:BASE
2259:Book
2063:2014
1957:PMID
1949:ISSN
1867:ISBN
1777:2013
1746:2013
1709:ISBN
1684:PMID
1637:2011
1601:ISBN
1570:PMID
1542:2019
1511:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1426:UKSG
1270:and
1256:DOAJ
1252:DOAB
1246:and
1230:and
1214:and
1132:The
1100:The
1071:and
907:and
898:grey
872:NTSB
831:and
783:and
745:and
737:and
476:Arts
426:Life
369:List
128:news
2027:doi
1992:doi
1941:doi
1903:doi
1826:hdl
1818:doi
1674:PMC
1664:doi
1593:doi
1477:doi
1282:).
1165:or
1119:An
927:or
681:on
516:Law
111:by
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