490:
44:
1215:
396:. When in the lumen, granuloma cells disperse leaving the eggs to be excreted within feces. Unfortunately, about two-thirds of eggs are not excreted, instead they build up in the gut. Chronic infection can lead to characteristic Symmer's fibrosis (also known as "clay pipe stem" fibroses, these occur due to intrahepatic
356:
through a series of stages called sporocysts. After the asexual reproduction stage cercaria (another free-swimming larva) are generated in large quantities, which then leave (shed into the environment) the snail and must infect a suitable vertebrate host. Once the cercaria penetrates the skin of the
547:
are small, concentration techniques may be required. Biopsies are mostly performed to test for chronic schistosomiasis with no eggs. An ELISA test can be performed to test for antibodies specific to schistosomes. A positive result indicates a present or recent infection (within the past two years).
310:
of the female is ridged and pitted and possesses fewer spines than in the oral sucker, the ventral sucker, and the gynecophoric canal of the male. Anterior to the acetabulum, the integumental surfaces are devoid of spines. However, in the other areas, spines are equally distributed except for the
563:
Combination treatment may prevent morbidity due to schistosomiasis. Praziquantel is most active against adult worms. However, it has been found that artemether prevents the development of adult worms, thus decreasing egg production in the host. If both praziquantel and artemether can be used
252:
Important factors to influence transmission are age, sex of an individual, as well as the economic and educational level of a population. Males show the highest rates of infection, as well as the most intense infections. This may be due to occupational risk. As was the case of
Suriname, the
584:(fertilization of crops with human waste) and unsanitary conditions should be improved. To avoid infection, individuals should avoid contact with water (including swimming and walking through water) that is contaminated by human or animal waste, especially water sources that are endemic to
516:
Eggs can be present in the stool in infections with all
Schistosoma species. The examination can be performed on a simple smear (1 to 2 mg of fecal material). Since eggs may be passed intermittently or in small amounts, their detection will be enhanced by repeated examinations and/or
1145:
548:
Ultrasonographic examination can be performed to assess the extent of hepatic and spleen-related morbidity. The problems with immunodiagnostic methods are that 1) It is only positive a certain time after infection 2) They can cross interact with other helminthes infections.
467:
in Japan in 1904. The disease was named after an area it was endemic to, Katayama district, Hiroshima, Japan. If left untreated, it will develop into a chronic condition characterized by hepatosplenic disease and impaired physical and cognitive development. The severity of
454:
that occurs in China, Philippines, and Sri Lanka. It is the cause of schistosomiasis japonica, a disease that still remains a significant health problem especially in lake and marshland regions. Schistosomiasis is an infection caused mainly by three schistosome species;
284:
worms are yellow or yellow-brown. The males of this species are slightly larger than the other schistosomes and they measure ~ 1.2 cm by 0.5 mm. The females measure 2 cm by 0.4 mm. The adult worms are longer and narrower than the related
599:
If necessary to enter potentially infected water, cercarial repellents and cercaricidal ointments can be applied to the skin before entering the water. Barrier cream with a dimethicone base offered high levels of protection for at least 48 hours.
1189:
1090:
Xiao S, Tanner M, N'Goran EK, Utzinger J, Chollet J, Bergquist R, Chen M, Zheng J (May 2002). "Recent investigations of artemether, a novel agent for the prevention of schistosomiasis japonica, mansoni and haematobia".
472:
arises in 60% of all neurological diseases in schistosomes due to the migration of schistosome eggs to the brain. Symptoms an infected person might experience include: fever, cough, abdominal pain, diarrhea,
591:
Other important prevention techniques include: drinking purchased mineral water from stores and boiling water on high temperature for at least one minute before it would be used for drinking or bathing.
1039:
Segura-Muñoz, Susana I.; Rodrigues, Roberta Braga; Trevilato, Tânia M. B.; Ferrassino, Marinês D. B.; Mariano, Ana Paula; Fregonesi, Brisa Maria; Tonani, Karina A. A.; Anécimo, Régis Silva (2012).
365:
where they mate and start laying eggs. Each pair deposits around 1500–3500 eggs per day in the vessels of the intestinal wall. The eggs infiltrate through the tissues and are passed in the feces.
493:
Histopathological image of old state of schistosomiasis incidentally found at autopsy. The deposition of calcified eggs in the colonic submucosa suggests prior infection of
Schistosoma japonicum.
298:
there are no bosses or spines on the dorsal surface of the male, which is ridged and presents a spongy appearance. Many spines cover the inner surface of the oral sucker and extend to the
463:
being the most infectious of the three species. Infection by schistosomes is followed by an acute
Katayama fever. Historical accounts of Katayama disease dates back to the discovery of
388:
Once the parasite has entered the body and begun to produce eggs, it uses the hosts' immune system (granulomas) for transportation of eggs into the gut. The eggs stimulate formation of
517:
concentration procedures (such as the formalin – ethyl acetate technique). In addition, for field surveys and investigational purposes, the egg output can be quantified by using the
618:
Education can be highly effective, but difficult with lack of resources. Also, asking people to change customs, traditions and behaviors can prove a difficult task.
249:
are farmers who often wade in their irrigation water, fishermen who wade in streams and lakes, children who play in water, and people who wash clothes in streams.
536:
membrane of a standard volume of urine followed by egg counts on the membrane. Tissue biopsy (rectal biopsy for all species and biopsy of the bladder for
439:. Some eggs may pass the liver and enter lungs, nervous system and other organs where they can adversely affect the health of the infected individual.
580:
snail intermediate host is a major cause to the perpetuation of schistosomiasis. To prevent this from occurring, human waste should never be used for
268:
has been restricted to areas where the mean
January temperature has been over 0 °C. With rising climate change, it is predicted that by 2050,
1556:
358:
272:
will be able to cover 8.1% of the surface area of China, thus leading to greater concern to new populations being at risk to schistosomiasis.
2419:
560:, a quinolone derivative. Praziquantel is generally administered in an oral form in one or two doses from 40 to 60 mg/kg body weight.
532:. Detection will be enhanced by centrifugation and examination of the sediment. Quantification is possible by using filtration through a
962:
Ishii A, Tsuji M, Tada I (December 2003). "History of
Katayama disease: schistosomiasis japonica in Katayama district, Hiroshima, Japan".
306:
possesses many spines which are smaller than in the oral sucker. The lining of the gynecophoric canal is roughened by minute spines. The
1229:
2393:
1263:
2491:
1219:
404:
is the most pathogenic of the schistosoma species because it produces up to 3,000 eggs per day, ten times greater than that of
615:
requires multiple efforts consisting of education, eliminating the disease from infected individuals, controlling the vector.
2486:
859:
793:
336:
and if they come in contact with water they hatch into free-swimming larva, called miracidia. The larva then has to infect a
2501:
817:
Zhou XN, Yang GJ, Yang K, Wang XH, Hong QB, Sun LP, Malone JB, Kristensen TK, Bergquist NR, Utzinger J (February 2008).
2516:
2496:
1146:"Dimethicone barrier cream prevents infection of human skin by schistosome cercariae: evidence from Franz cell studies"
302:
opening. The oral sucker shows a rim with spines of variable size and sharpness inward and outward from the rim. The
362:
2424:
1235:
1161:
256:
Climate change may have potential impact on the transmission of schistosomiasis in China. The development of
2463:
206:. Travelers should be well-aware of where this parasite might be a problem and how to prevent the infection.
1722:
2367:
2059:
1708:
1615:
1256:
20:
2372:
43:
501:
is the most practical method for diagnosis. Stool examination should be performed when infection with
2450:
2299:
2222:
2193:
2305:
1400:
1344:
2242:
2037:
2026:
1610:
1550:
1536:
1359:
1338:
864:
303:
1041:"Adaptation of Ritchie's Method for Parasites Diagnosing with Minimization of Chemical Products"
2511:
2335:
2140:
1935:
1788:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1440:
1249:
785:
778:
2506:
2021:
1564:
1445:
1126:
997:
138:
2437:
1241:
1015:
314:
The ova are about 55–85 μm by 40–60 μm, oval with a minute lateral spine or knob.
2273:
2100:
1940:
1914:
1896:
1666:
914:
489:
353:
348:
307:
8:
2312:
2287:
2214:
1881:
1830:
1405:
1386:
1332:
1321:
646:
428:
373:
328:
295:
287:
1225:
2173:
2159:
2065:
2045:
2015:
1875:
1850:
1750:
1700:
1591:
1522:
1425:
1181:
1165:
1067:
1040:
939:
707:
690:
603:
The search for a practical vaccine continues and could greatly benefit affected areas.
474:
230:
38:
1104:
975:
915:"Assessment of the age-specific disability weight of chronic schistosomiasis japonica"
210:
occurs in the Far East, such as China, the
Philippines, Indonesia and Southeast Asia.
2432:
1420:
1365:
1272:
1173:
1108:
1072:
979:
944:
840:
799:
789:
712:
1185:
253:
highest prevalence occurs in both sexes where both male and females work in fields.
2206:
2199:
2079:
1693:
1661:
1157:
1100:
1062:
1052:
971:
934:
926:
830:
702:
393:
226:
155:
105:
178:. This parasite has a very wide host range, infecting at least 31 species of wild
2033:
1947:
1685:
1635:
1630:
1528:
1513:
1452:
1351:
424:
175:
2358:
2165:
2128:
2073:
1888:
1867:
1836:
1794:
1673:
1622:
1601:
1570:
1542:
1485:
1412:
730:
691:"Non-human vertebrate hosts of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni"
576:
Human waste should be hygienically disposed of. Human waste in water with the
518:
420:
416:
392:
around them. The granulomas, consisting of motile cells, carry the eggs to the
835:
818:
2480:
2152:
2133:
1907:
1902:
1653:
1641:
1392:
1276:
819:"Potential impact of climate change on schistosomiasis transmission in China"
2292:
2248:
2144:
2051:
1926:
1497:
1177:
1112:
1076:
983:
948:
844:
803:
716:
664:
581:
557:
478:
432:
199:
195:
95:
1057:
930:
2406:
2279:
2264:
2120:
2001:
1982:
1973:
1961:
1815:
1779:
1761:
1728:
1714:
1506:
1432:
1377:
1312:
451:
397:
342:
115:
2398:
1144:
Ingram RJ, Bartlett A, Brown MB, Marriott C, Whiffield RJ (April 2002).
1038:
2184:
2106:
2091:
1861:
1820:
1169:
533:
400:
calcification which assume the shape of a clay pipe in cross section).
183:
2411:
913:
Jia TW, Zhou XN, Wang XH, Utzinger J, Steinmann P, Wu XH (June 2007).
540:) may demonstrate eggs when stool or urine examinations are negative.
2380:
1806:
1649:
1302:
1297:
389:
332:
are very similar. In brief, eggs of the parasite are released in the
85:
55:
2329:
2385:
2352:
2233:
2114:
2006:
1955:
1770:
1284:
203:
171:
75:
528:(recommended time for collection: between noon and 3 PM) and with
2458:
1844:
1586:
629:
snails are amphibious and only frequent water to lay their eggs.
436:
299:
191:
187:
1214:
885:
593:
521:(20 to 50 mg of fecal material) or the Ritchie technique.
377:
361:. The worms then migrate through the circulation ending at the
179:
65:
2445:
1271:
1089:
498:
337:
333:
352:
within one or two days. Inside the snail, the larva undergo
1162:
10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0399:DBCPIO]2.0.CO;2
1143:
509:
is suspected, and urine examination should be performed if
222:
647:"CDC - Schistosomiasis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors"
264:
occurred at the threshold of 15.4 °C. Previously,
596:
treatment does not guarantee the safety of the water.
1045:
823:
The
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
912:
1127:"CDC - Schistosomiasis - Prevention & Control"
777:
524:Eggs can be found in the urine in infections with
625:with molluscicide has proved ineffective because
2478:
860:"Schistosomiasis in Cattle - Circulatory System"
816:
497:Microscopic identification of eggs in stool or
961:
775:
1257:
233:in 1904. Later, Katsurada named the parasite
851:
857:
1760:
1264:
1250:
457:Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum
202:and therefore it can be considered a true
174:and one of the major infectious agents of
1066:
1056:
938:
919:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
834:
706:
695:Bulletin of the World Health Organization
568:would be covered in the vertebrate host.
488:
688:
2479:
908:
906:
245:Individuals at risk to infection from
2334:
2333:
1245:
771:
731:"国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション – 官報. 1904年08月13日"
665:"第６回 岡山医専教授 桂田富士郎 日本住血吸虫発見 世界注目の奇病解明"
461:Schistosoma haematobium. S. japonicum
357:host it loses its tail and becomes a
2464:6650825D-6FC3-4A5D-B79C-A8C89700D467
2451:FACCD33F-F588-285D-F8FC-BAE2BD0BBA6A
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
903:
810:
13:
1137:
1083:
955:
14:
2528:
1207:
998:"CDC - Schistosomiasis - Biology"
748:
682:
564:together, the entire lifespan of
240:
1213:
311:vicinity of the excretory pore.
42:
1119:
1032:
1008:
990:
776:Roberts LS, Schmidt GD (2005).
878:
858:Yogeshpriya, S. (2022-03-09).
723:
657:
639:
1:
2492:Parasitic helminths of humans
1105:10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00009-8
976:10.1016/S1383-5769(03)00046-1
886:"Dunkelfeldtier – Startseite"
632:
611:Control against infection of
571:
317:
275:
2487:Parasitic animals of mammals
1723:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
551:
484:
383:
213:
7:
2502:Infectious causes of cancer
2060:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1709:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
1150:The Journal of Parasitology
780:Foundations of Parasitology
21:blood worm (disambiguation)
10:
2533:
964:Parasitology International
606:
442:
18:
2517:Animals described in 1904
2497:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
2342:
2300:Capillaria philippinensis
2263:
2232:
2223:Halicephalobus gingivalis
2194:Strongyloides stercoralis
2183:
2090:
2000:
1972:
1925:
1814:
1805:
1778:
1769:
1747:
1684:
1600:
1585:
1496:
1463:
1376:
1311:
1296:
1283:
836:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.188
784:(7th ed.). pp.
556:The therapy of choice is
260:in the intermediate host
144:
137:
39:Scientific classification
37:
30:
2306:Intestinal capillariasis
1401:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
1236:Schistosomiasis in China
368:
19:Not to be confused with
2293:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
2243:Enterobius vermicularis
2038:Cutaneous larva migrans
1611:Echinococcus granulosus
1551:Heterophyes heterophyes
1537:Gastrodiscoides hominis
1360:Trichobilharzia regenti
865:Merck Veterinary Manual
2141:Visceral larva migrans
1936:Gnathostoma spinigerum
1789:Dracunculus medinensis
1695:Diphyllobothrium latum
1474:Paragonimus westermani
1441:Opisthorchis viverrini
494:
411:As a chronic disease,
2344:Schistosoma japonicum
2022:Ancylostoma duodenale
1565:Metagonimus yokogawai
1220:Schistosoma japonicum
931:10.2471/BLT.06.033035
890:www.dunkelfeldtier.de
492:
448:Schistosoma japonicum
324:Schistosoma japonicum
235:Schistosoma japonicum
219:Schistosoma japonicum
167:Schistosoma japonicum
148:Schistosoma japonicum
32:Schistosoma japonicum
2274:Trichinella spiralis
2101:Ascaris lumbricoides
1915:Lymphatic filariasis
1897:Wuchereria bancrofti
1222:at Wikimedia Commons
354:asexual reproduction
349:Oncomelania hupensis
262:Oncomelania hupensis
2288:Trichuris trichiura
2215:Trichostrongyliasis
1831:Onchocerca volvulus
1387:Clonorchis sinensis
1322:Schistosoma mansoni
1303:Trematode infection
1058:10.1155/2012/409757
689:Martins AV (1958).
519:Kato-Katz technique
429:portal hypertension
346:such as species of
329:Schistosoma mansoni
322:The life cycles of
296:electron microscopy
229:, a pathologist in
2174:Parascaris equorum
2160:Dioctophyme renale
2066:Angiostrongyliasis
2046:Necator americanus
2016:Hookworm infection
1876:Dirofilaria repens
1701:Diphyllobothriasis
1592:Tapeworm infection
1523:Fasciolopsis buski
1133:. 27 October 2020.
1004:. August 14, 2019.
543:Since the eggs of
495:
475:hepatosplenomegaly
450:is the only human
231:Okayama University
221:was discovered in
2474:
2473:
2433:Open Tree of Life
2336:Taxon identifiers
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2259:
2258:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1743:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1617:E. multilocularis
1581:
1580:
1421:Fasciola hepatica
1273:Parasitic disease
1218:Media related to
795:978-0-8016-4345-3
669:岡山の医療健康ガイド MEDICA
653:. April 22, 2019.
182:, including nine
163:
162:
130:S. japonicum
2524:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2453:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2415:
2414:
2402:
2401:
2389:
2388:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2331:
2330:
2208:Trichostrongylus
2200:Strongyloidiasis
2080:Metastrongylosis
1812:
1811:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1662:Hymenolepis nana
1598:
1597:
1498:Intestinal fluke
1309:
1308:
1294:
1293:
1266:
1259:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1217:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1188:. Archived from
1141:
1135:
1134:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1016:"Kato technique"
1012:
1006:
1005:
994:
988:
987:
959:
953:
952:
942:
910:
901:
900:
898:
897:
882:
876:
875:
873:
872:
855:
849:
848:
838:
814:
808:
807:
783:
773:
746:
745:
743:
742:
727:
721:
720:
710:
686:
680:
679:
677:
676:
661:
655:
654:
643:
394:intestinal lumen
363:mesenteric veins
227:Fujiro Katsurada
170:is an important
150:
106:Schistosomatidae
47:
46:
28:
27:
16:Species of fluke
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2384:
2379:
2371:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2338:
2328:
2319:
2255:
2228:
2179:
2086:
2034:Ancylostomiasis
2004:
1988:
1968:
1948:Gnathostomiasis
1921:
1818:
1801:
1752:
1749:
1735:
1686:Pseudophyllidea
1680:
1631:Taenia saginata
1589:
1577:
1529:Fasciolopsiasis
1514:Echinostomiasis
1492:
1459:
1453:Opisthorchiasis
1372:
1352:Schistosomiasis
1346:S. intercalatum
1300:
1298:Fluke/trematode
1289:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1238:at UC-Berkeley.
1226:Schistosomiasis
1210:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1142:
1138:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1088:
1084:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1009:
996:
995:
991:
960:
956:
911:
904:
895:
893:
884:
883:
879:
870:
868:
856:
852:
815:
811:
796:
774:
749:
740:
738:
729:
728:
724:
701:(5–6): 931–44.
687:
683:
674:
672:
663:
662:
658:
645:
644:
640:
635:
609:
574:
554:
487:
445:
425:liver cirrhosis
386:
371:
320:
278:
243:
216:
176:schistosomiasis
159:
152:
146:
133:
76:Platyhelminthes
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2530:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2429:
2416:
2403:
2390:
2377:
2364:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2189:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2166:Dioctophymosis
2156:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2129:Toxocara canis
2125:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2074:Metastrongylus
2070:
2069:
2068:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2028:A. braziliense
2018:
2012:
2010:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1931:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:Dirofilariasis
1879:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1868:Mansonelliasis
1858:
1857:
1856:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1837:Onchocerciasis
1826:
1824:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1795:Dracunculiasis
1784:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1674:Hymenolepiasis
1658:
1657:
1656:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1623:Echinococcosis
1606:
1604:
1602:Cyclophyllidea
1595:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1571:Metagonimiasis
1561:
1560:
1559:
1557:Heterophyiasis
1547:
1546:
1545:
1543:Amphistomiasis
1533:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:Paragonimiasis
1469:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:Dicrocoeliasis
1397:
1396:
1395:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:Swimmer's itch
1356:
1355:
1354:
1340:S. haematobium
1317:
1315:
1306:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1228:link from the
1223:
1209:
1208:External links
1206:
1203:
1202:
1156:(2): 399–402.
1136:
1118:
1082:
1031:
1007:
989:
954:
902:
877:
850:
809:
794:
747:
722:
681:
656:
637:
636:
634:
631:
608:
605:
573:
570:
553:
550:
538:S. haematobium
526:S. haematobium
513:is suspected.
511:S. haematobium
486:
483:
444:
441:
421:liver fibrosis
417:Katayama fever
385:
382:
370:
367:
319:
316:
304:ventral sucker
277:
274:
242:
241:Social impacts
239:
215:
212:
161:
160:
153:
142:
141:
135:
134:
127:
125:
121:
120:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
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93:
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88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2529:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:Helminthiases
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
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2413:
2408:
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2395:
2391:
2387:
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2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2316:
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2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2153:Baylisascaris
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:Brugia malayi
1899:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1746:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1654:Cysticercosis
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1480:P. kellicotti
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:Clonorchiasis
1391:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:platyhelminth
1282:
1278:
1277:helminthiases
1274:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1192:on 2017-07-29
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1099:(2): 175–81.
1098:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1003:
999:
993:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
950:
946:
941:
936:
932:
928:
925:(6): 458–65.
924:
920:
916:
909:
907:
891:
887:
881:
867:
866:
861:
854:
846:
842:
837:
832:
829:(2): 188–94.
828:
824:
820:
813:
805:
801:
797:
791:
787:
782:
781:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
737:(in Japanese)
736:
732:
726:
718:
714:
709:
704:
700:
696:
692:
685:
671:(in Japanese)
670:
666:
660:
652:
648:
642:
638:
630:
628:
624:
619:
616:
614:
604:
601:
597:
595:
589:
587:
583:
579:
569:
567:
561:
559:
549:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
522:
520:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
491:
482:
480:
476:
471:
466:
462:
458:
453:
449:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
375:
366:
364:
360:
359:schistosomule
355:
351:
350:
345:
344:
340:of the genus
339:
335:
331:
330:
325:
315:
312:
309:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
289:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
250:
248:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:(human), two
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:
157:
151:
149:
143:
140:
139:Binomial name
136:
132:
131:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
2507:Diplostomida
2343:
2313:
2298:
2286:
2272:
2249:Enterobiasis
2241:
2221:
2207:
2192:
2172:
2158:
2151:
2145:Toxocariasis
2134:
2127:
2113:
2099:
2072:
2058:
2052:Necatoriasis
2044:
2027:
2020:
1981:
1954:
1941:
1934:
1927:Thelazioidea
1908:
1901:
1895:
1882:
1874:
1860:
1851:
1843:
1829:
1787:
1721:
1707:
1694:
1667:
1660:
1642:
1636:
1629:
1616:
1609:
1563:
1549:
1535:
1521:
1512:
1505:
1479:
1472:
1446:
1439:
1427:F. gigantica
1426:
1419:
1406:
1399:
1385:
1358:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1328:S. japonicum
1327:
1326:
1320:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:the original
1153:
1149:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1096:
1093:Acta Tropica
1092:
1085:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1024:, retrieved
1022:, 2019-02-10
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
970:(4): 313–9.
967:
963:
957:
922:
918:
894:. Retrieved
889:
880:
869:. Retrieved
863:
853:
826:
822:
812:
779:
739:. Retrieved
735:dl.ndl.go.jp
734:
725:
698:
694:
684:
673:. Retrieved
668:
659:
650:
641:
626:
623:S. japonicum
622:
621:Controlling
620:
617:
613:S. japonicum
612:
610:
602:
598:
590:
585:
582:nightsoiling
577:
575:
566:S. japonicum
565:
562:
558:praziquantel
555:
545:S. japonicum
544:
542:
537:
530:S. japonicum
529:
525:
523:
515:
510:
507:S. japonicum
506:
502:
496:
479:eosinophilia
470:S. japonicum
469:
465:S. Japonicum
464:
460:
456:
447:
446:
433:splenomegaly
415:can lead to
413:S. japonicum
412:
410:
405:
402:S. japonicum
401:
387:
372:
347:
341:
327:
323:
321:
313:
293:
286:
282:S. japonicum
281:
279:
269:
265:
261:
258:S. japonicum
257:
255:
251:
247:S. japonicum
246:
244:
234:
218:
217:
208:S. japonicum
207:
200:artiodactyls
196:insectivores
166:
165:
164:
147:
145:
129:
128:
116:
96:Diplostomida
31:
25:
2407:iNaturalist
2314:C. hepatica
2280:Trichinosis
2265:Adenophorea
2121:Anisakiasis
2002:Strongylida
1983:Gongylonema
1974:Spiruroidea
1962:Thelaziasis
1942:G. hispidum
1816:Filarioidea
1780:Camallanida
1762:Secernentea
1729:Sparganosis
1715:Sparganosis
1668:H. diminuta
1637:T. asiatica
1507:Echinostoma
1447:O. felineus
1433:Fasciolosis
1378:Liver fluke
1313:Blood fluke
1131:www.cdc.gov
1002:www.cdc.gov
892:(in German)
651:www.cdc.gov
627:Oncomelania
586:Oncomelania
578:Oncomelania
452:blood fluke
398:portal vein
343:Oncomelania
270:O. hupensis
266:O. hupensis
117:Schistosoma
2481:Categories
2185:Rhabditida
2107:Ascariasis
2092:Ascaridida
1883:D. immitis
1862:Mansonella
1854:filariasis
1821:Filariasis
1748:Roundworm/
1465:Lung fluke
1334:S. mekongi
1275:caused by
1196:2019-07-21
1051:: 409757.
1026:2019-05-01
896:2017-10-05
871:2022-05-28
741:2018-05-11
675:2018-05-11
633:References
572:Prevention
534:nucleopore
503:S. mansoni
406:S. mansoni
318:Life cycle
308:integument
300:pharyngeal
288:S. mansoni
276:Morphology
198:and three
184:carnivores
1909:B. timori
1807:Spirurida
1753:infection
1650:Taeniasis
1643:T. solium
1407:D. hospes
1290:infection
1285:Flatworm/
1020:Knowledge
552:Treatment
485:Diagnosis
390:granuloma
384:Pathology
225:basin by
214:Discovery
156:Katsurada
124:Species:
86:Trematoda
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
2399:10592508
2359:Q1256989
2353:Wikidata
2234:Oxyurida
2115:Anisakis
2007:hookworm
1956:Thelazia
1771:Spiruria
1751:Nematode
1186:29635427
1178:12054019
1113:12020890
1077:22934108
984:14665388
949:17639243
845:18256410
717:13573118
588:snails.
427:, liver
376:include
204:zoonosis
172:parasite
102:Family:
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
2459:ZooBank
2135:T. cati
1852:Loa loa
1845:Loa loa
1587:Cestoda
1170:3285596
1068:3425788
940:2636356
804:2645424
786:247–261
708:2537966
607:Control
443:Disease
437:ascites
291:worms.
192:primate
188:rodents
180:mammals
158:, 1904)
112:Genus:
92:Order:
82:Class:
2438:191484
2412:417417
2386:SCHSJA
1645:(pork)
1184:
1176:
1168:
1111:
1075:
1065:
982:
947:
937:
843:
802:
792:
715:
705:
594:Iodine
435:, and
378:cattle
190:, one
2446:Plazi
2373:30534
1182:S2CID
1166:JSTOR
499:urine
374:Hosts
369:Hosts
338:snail
334:feces
186:, 16
2425:6182
2420:NCBI
2394:GBIF
2381:EPPO
2368:BOLD
2210:spp.
1174:PMID
1109:PMID
1073:PMID
1049:2012
980:PMID
945:PMID
841:PMID
800:OCLC
790:ISBN
713:PMID
477:and
459:and
326:and
280:The
223:Kofu
1230:CDC
1158:doi
1101:doi
1063:PMC
1053:doi
972:doi
935:PMC
927:doi
831:doi
703:PMC
505:or
294:By
2483::
2461::
2448::
2435::
2422::
2409::
2396::
2383::
2370::
2355::
2143:/
2132:/
2036:/
2025:/
1939:/
1906:/
1900:/
1665:/
1652:/
1640:/
1634:/
1614:/
1477:/
1444:/
1424:/
1404:/
1343:/
1337:/
1331:/
1325:/
1180:.
1172:.
1164:.
1154:88
1152:.
1148:.
1129:.
1107:.
1097:82
1095:.
1071:.
1061:.
1047:.
1043:.
1018:,
1000:.
978:.
968:52
966:.
943:.
933:.
923:85
921:.
917:.
905:^
888:.
862:.
839:.
827:78
825:.
821:.
798:.
788:.
750:^
733:.
711:.
699:18
697:.
693:.
667:.
649:.
481:.
431:,
423:,
419:,
408:.
380:.
237:.
2295:)
2291:(
2009:)
2005:(
1823:)
1819:(
1594:)
1590:(
1305:)
1301:(
1265:e
1258:t
1251:v
1232:.
1199:.
1160::
1115:.
1103::
1079:.
1055::
986:.
974::
951:.
929::
899:.
874:.
847:.
833::
806:.
744:.
719:.
678:.
154:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
