500:
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975:
49:
118:
705:
484:
987:
244:
563:
76:
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809:
492:
912:. Though several local populations appear to be in decline, global totals remain relatively large and the current rate of losses is not considered a threat to the species' survival. Nonetheless, recent losses by established populations in French Guiana have become a concern for conservationists, and in Brazil the bird has been included on a national list of
712:
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708:
706:
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1036:
537:
Adults are 55–63 centimetres (22–25 in) long, and the males, slightly larger than females, typically weigh about 1.4 kilograms (3.1 lb). Their bills are also on average around 22% longer than those of females. The life span of the scarlet ibis is approximately sixteen years in the wild and
709:
739:
To attract a female, the male will perform a variety of mating rituals such as "preening, shaking, bill popping, head rubbing, and high flights. As with most birds, mating does not involve any coupling or insertion: instead, a transfer of seminal fluids occurs during external contact between the
523:– otherwise the birds' coloration is "a vivid orange-red, almost luminous in quality." Scarlet ibises have red bills and feet however the bill is sometimes blackish, especially toward the end. They have a long, narrow, decurved bill. Their legs and neck are long and extended in flight.
452:, and have proposed that these birds be classified as a single species. Hybridization has been known to occur frequently in captivity. However, the two color forms persist in the wild despite overlapping ranges and hybrid offspring having a distinctive color type, so according to the
887:
The scarlet ibis is a sociable and gregarious bird, and very communally-minded regarding the search for food and the protection of the young. They live in flocks of thirty or more. Members stay close, and mating pairs arrange their nests in proximity to other pairs in the same tree.
891:
For protection, flocks often congregate in large colonies of several thousand individuals. They also regularly participate in mixed flocks, gaining additional safety through numbers: storks, spoonbills, egrets, herons and ducks are all common companions during feedings and flights.
1038:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1042:
686:
specimens he encountered in
Louisiana. However, virtually all modern occurrences of the species in North America have been introduced or escaped birds. In one notable example from 1962, scarlet ibis eggs were placed in white ibis nests in Florida's
735:
trees. Scarlet ibises like wet, muddy areas such as swamps, but for safety they build their nests in trees well above the water. If they can, they nest on islands, where their eggs and chicks are less likely to be in danger from predators.
436:. The two birds each have exactly the same bones, claws, beaks, feather arrangements and other features – their one marked difference lies in their pigmentation. Traditional taxonomy has regarded the two as separate and distinct.
870:
The Llanos are notable in that these wetland plains support seven species of ibis in the one region. Here, scarlet ibis are the most aggressive, and attack other species to steal their food. They have also been observed trailing
1040:
812:"While showering dignity and color on the scarlet ibis, nature seems to have been reluctant in the bestowal of weapons. The bird's beak was blunt, its toenails were unsharpened, and its eyes had a gentle, soft Bambi quality."
439:
Early ornithological field research revealed no natural crossbreeding among the red and white, lending support to the two-species viewpoint. More recent observation, however, has documented significant crossbreeding and
538:
twenty years in captivity. An adult scarlet ibis has a wingspan of around 54 centimetres (21 in). Though it spends most of its time on foot or wading through water, the bird is a very strong flyer: they are highly
2109:
707:
667:
have been identified in Belize, Ecuador, and Panama; Aruba, Cuba, Dominica, Grenada, and
Jamaica; sightings have even been made in the United States. The species may well have been a natural vagrant to the
755:
in mid-September and build nests at the beginning of
November. Egg laying within the colony was synchronous, with female birds laying eggs in three waves in early November, late December and late January.
519:, but only the tips of their wings deviate from their namesake color. A small but reliable marking, these wingtips are a rich inky black (or occasionally dark blue) and are found only on the longest
867:), fruits and seeds are also occasional prey items for scarlet ibises. When kept in zoos, the birds' diet often contains beetroot and carrot supplement to maintain color vibrancy in their plumage.
530:, around the time it begins to fly: the change starts on the back and spreads gradually across the body while increasing in intensity over a period of about two years. The scarlet ibis is the only
940:. The cocrico is found on Tobago, Venezuela and Colombia. The scarlet ibis is associated with Trinidad; there are not documented records of the scarlet ibis on Tobago for the last fifteen years.
444:
in the wild. Researchers
Cristina Ramo and Benjamin Busto found evidence of interbreeding in a population where the ranges of the scarlet and white ibises overlap along the coast and in the
526:
A juvenile scarlet ibis is a mix of grey, brown, and white. As it grows, a heavy diet of red crustaceans produces the scarlet coloration. The color change begins with the juvenile's second
731:
in a simple style, typically "loose platforms of sticks" of a quality described as "artless". They roost in leaf canopies, mostly preferring the convenient shelter of young waterside
448:
in
Colombia and Venezuela. They observed individuals of the two species mating and pairing, as well as hybrid ibises with pale orange plumage, or white plumage with occasional orange
1039:
1583:
2038:
Frederick, Peter C.; Bildstein, Keith L. "Foraging
Ecology of Seven Species of Neotropical Ibises (Threskiornithidae) during the Dry Season in the Llanos of Venezuela".
1394:
748:
which typically incubate for 19–23 days. After a successful courtship, pairs remain faithful and cohabitant, sharing parental responsibilities for the young.
570:
The range of the scarlet ibis is very large, and colonies are found throughout vast areas of South
America and the Caribbean islands. Native flocks exist in
789:
3487:
3302:
1466:
Ridgway, Robert. “Upon the Close
Relationship Between the White and Scarlet Ibises(Eudocimus Albus and E. Rubber).” The Auk 1. 3 (1884): 239-240.
1405:
901:
3354:
1723:
453:
3447:
2319:
1664:
Olmos, Fábio; Silva E Silva, Robson (2001). "Breeding
Biology and Nest Site Characteristics of the Scarlet Ibis in Southeastern Brazil".
947:
of
Trinidad, a 199 hectares (490 acres) wetland reserve first designated in 1953 specifically to provide a habitat for the scarlet ibis.
3467:
2095:
3276:
1640:
1016:
3497:
3315:
1502:
1922:
Aguilera, Eduardo; Ramo, Cristina; Busto, Benjamin (1993). "Food Habits of the Scarlet and White Ibis in the Orinoco Plains".
3472:
2236:
2195:
2155:
2068:
1996:
1759:
1559:
1444:
1343:
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1475:
McWilliams, Gerald M, and Daniel W. Brauning. The Birds of Pennsylvania. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 2000. Print.
3507:
2297:
3477:
937:
855:) and other crustaceans, such as crayfish. The large quantity of shrimp and other red shellfish produces a surfeit of
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3359:
499:
3263:
2312:
233:
1830:
998:
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openings. After a gestation period of five to six days, the female lays a clutch of three to five smooth, matte
1602:
3341:
2228:
1632:
691:, and the resulting population hybridised easily, producing "pink ibises" that are still occasionally seen.
315:. In form, it resembles most of the other twenty-seven extant species of ibis, but its remarkably brilliant
3151:
17:
3372:
801:. In contrast, the diet of the co-occurring American white ibis there differed, the latter consuming more
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3206:
3201:
2895:
1498:
3482:
2305:
872:
327:
1100:
117:
3180:
3142:
2286:
1248:
362:
1221:
986:
3457:
3367:
1699:
974:
2020:
1967:
950:
Using the bird as a literary symbol, American author James Hurst composed a popular short story, "
3064:
3398:
2187:
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of the Llanos provides a safe haven far from human encroachment. Together with its relative the
639:
3307:
3188:
3104:
1551:
631:
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of the same American ibis. Others simply define both of them as one and the same species, with
3333:
2145:
2058:
1749:
1333:
3393:
3034:
2509:
2456:
1786:
1434:
768:
are used to probe for food in soft mud or under plants. Popularly imagined to be eating only
394:
212:
2327:
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which is the key component of the birds' red pigmentation. Frogs, small snakes, small fish (
349:
is a hardy, numerous, and prolific bird, and it has protected status around the world. Its
3250:
3193:
3162:
2906:
2425:
1889:
London: Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc., 2008. Credo Reference. Web. 17 September 2012.
833:
674:
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619:
57:
8:
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1539:
933:
720:
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323:
65:
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1077:
369:
classifies it as a unique species, but some scientists have moved to reclassify it as a
3452:
3024:
2622:
2612:
2554:
2544:
2180:
1939:
1782:
1681:
1606:
1544:
1202:
960:
913:
679:
664:
650:
433:
319:
251:
112:
1847:
The scarlet ibis builds its artless nest of brush in inaccessible places on low trees.
3224:
3074:
3044:
2720:
2474:
2446:
2341:
2232:
2191:
2151:
2064:
1992:
1755:
1555:
1440:
1339:
1287:
634:. In recent years, bird colonies can be seen as far south as in the coastal areas of
366:
304:
179:
1610:
627:
611:
3229:
2836:
2687:
2677:
2337:
1931:
1673:
1598:
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951:
623:
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31:
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has found that much of their diet consists of insects, of which the majority were
3502:
3424:
3380:
3268:
3216:
3054:
2869:
2766:
2292:
2222:
1986:
1514:
1177:
Ramo, Cristina; Busto, Benjamin (1987). "Hybridization Between the Scarlet Ibis (
955:
657:
512:
316:
3411:
3346:
2436:
1306:
2667:
2499:
839:
688:
615:
610:. Outlying colonies have been identified in the coastal areas of the states of
539:
429:
169:
48:
2019:
Matheu, Eloïsa; Del Hoyo, Josep; Garcia, Ernest; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020).
1966:
Matheu, Eloïsa; Del Hoyo, Josep; Garcia, Ernest; Boesman, Peter F. D. (2020).
3441:
3328:
3127:
2957:
2930:
1584:"Selection for sexual bill dimorphism in ibises: An evaluation of hypotheses"
1086:
943:
An important local habitat for the scarlet ibis is the wildlife sanctuary of
929:
909:
905:
781:
745:
579:
547:
390:
354:
308:
229:
85:
80:
2107:
483:
373:
of a more general American ibis species, along with its close relative, the
2642:
2577:
2406:
2267:
1985:
Krinsky, Norman I.; Mathews-Roth, Micheline M.; Taylor, Richard F. (1989).
1279:
1146:
1122:
1023:
1004:
944:
815:
794:
777:
335:
1291:
924:
The scarlet ibis and the rufous-vented chachalaca, popularly known as the
3289:
3136:
2826:
2697:
2658:
2632:
856:
802:
752:
660:, the scarlet ibis is remarkably prolific and conspicuous in the region.
649:
region of western Venezuela and eastern Colombia. The fertile and remote
551:
543:
3385:
825:
They do, however, eat much shrimp and other similar fare like ragworms (
3419:
3281:
2743:
2602:
2593:
2535:
2519:
2218:
1943:
1724:"Leitora flagra ave rara na Baía da Babitonga, litoral Norte do Estado"
1685:
1206:
965:
860:
798:
786:
669:
607:
562:
464:
370:
1581:
243:
3013:
2960:
2885:
2846:
2782:
2490:
2354:
2333:
2147:
Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A guide for planners and managers
864:
728:
635:
591:
312:
189:
129:
3294:
3098:
2261:
1935:
1677:
1246:
1198:
3242:
3121:
2817:
2281:
1027:
1008:
808:
732:
603:
587:
575:
527:
449:
149:
2037:
964:(1983). The name also belongs to a book of verse by American poet
879:) and domestic livestock, and catching insects disturbed by them.
491:
3255:
3175:
2999:
2392:
2387:
1663:
925:
508:
296:
2385:
1546:
A Field Guide to the Birds of Eastern and Central North America
900:
The species has protected status throughout the world, and the
851:
827:
773:
769:
741:
646:
583:
571:
445:
339:
139:
1860:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
606:
and other marshy habitats, including mud flats, shoreline and
322:
makes it unmistakable. It is one of the two national birds of
3406:
3237:
2988:
2376:
2056:
1286:. Indianapolis/New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co. pp. 192–193.
793:, formed a large part of the diet. Other insect prey include
653:
531:
420:
Biologically the scarlet ibis is very closely related to the
402:
346:
102:
96:
2108:
Government of the Republic of Trinidad & Tobago (2008).
1247:
Kushlan, James A.; Bildstein, Keith L. (February 10, 2009).
2357:
2329:
2018:
1965:
1810:
Zahl, Paul A. (1967). "New Scarlet Ibis In Florida Skies".
1497:
1060:
765:
350:
300:
159:
1432:
1984:
1603:
10.1675/1524-4695(2007)30[199:SFSBDI]2.0.CO;2
1395:"The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago:
845:
30:
This article is about the bird. For the short story, see
2144:
Salm, Rodney V.; Clark, John R.; Siirila, Erkki (2000).
1748:
Hilty, Steven L.; de Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer (2003).
1313:. Smithsonian Institution: Marine Station at Fort Pierce
1436:
Remarkable Birds: 100 of the World's Most Notable Birds
954:" (1960). A more recent short story, "Scarlet Ibis" by
1075:
622:(for example in the Santos-Cubatão mangroves of the
2098:, Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Foreign Affairs].
1335:
Common Coastal Birds of Florida & the Caribbean
432:with it, leaving modern science divided over their
2179:
2130:Martyn Kenefick, Robin Restall & Floyd Hayes,
2050:
1747:
1543:
1921:
1630:
1582:Babbitt, Gregory A.; Frederick, Peter C. (2007).
1222:"Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber) (Linnaeus, 1758)"
1101:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697415A93612751.en
3439:
2143:
1538:
904:has classified the scarlet ibis as a species of
2132:Helm Field Guides: Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
1741:
1858:
1831:"Life Histories of North American Marsh Birds"
1406:University of the West Indies at St. Augustine
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
902:International Union for Conservation of Nature
456:they would be functionally different species.
2313:
2021:"Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber), version 1.0"
1968:"Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber), version 1.0"
1917:
1915:
1913:
1433:Moss, Steven; Birdlife International (2008).
936:respectively. Both birds are featured on the
784:. One species in particular, a scarab beetle
751:In southeastern Brazil, the ibises gather in
1219:
645:The highest concentrations are found in the
2091:
2089:
2087:
1852:
1754:. Princeton University Press. p. 218.
1534:
1532:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1163:
919:
557:
459:Some biologists now wish to pair them with
409:, "red"), the species was later designated
2320:
2306:
2060:Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World
1910:
1659:
1657:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1240:
242:
74:
47:
2137:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1176:
1099:
2084:
2057:James Hancock; James A. Kushlan (2010).
1791:. Vol. VI. J.J. Audubon. p. 53
1641:University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
1529:
1392:
1284:Coro-Coro: The World of the Scarlet Ibis
807:
703:
561:
498:
490:
482:
3488:National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago
2186:. University Press of Florida. p.
2177:
2112:. Trinidad and Tobago Government Online
1978:
1901:
1781:
1654:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1478:
1359:
1304:
1267:
14:
3440:
1835:United States National Museum Bulletin
1803:
1575:
1419:
1331:
1213:
365:, however, is in dispute. Traditional
3103:
3102:
2956:
2353:
2301:
1550:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
1325:
487:An older juvenile with a touch of red
2217:
1828:
1809:
1617:
1338:. Pineapple Press Inc. p. 151.
1278:
672:in the 19th century or earlier – in
542:and easily capable of long-distance
389:The species was first classified by
3448:IUCN Red List least concern species
1542:; Peterson, Virginia Marie (2002).
1087:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
938:coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago
682:made brief remarks regarding three
24:
2255:
2178:Lutwack, Leonard (February 1994).
1988:Carotenoids: chemistry and biology
1700:"AVESCATARINENSES :: ANIMAIS"
882:
534:with red coloration in the world.
25:
3519:
3468:Birds of the Netherlands Antilles
2274:
1837:(35). Smithsonian Institution: 36
334:, is part of the name of several
2280:
2270:(New York: Hill and Wang; 1969).
1513:. Binghamton Zoo. Archived from
1034:
1015:
997:
985:
973:
594:, as well as the islands of the
515:. The feathers may show various
116:
2211:
2171:
2124:
2101:
2031:
2012:
1959:
1950:
1892:
1887:Animals: A Visual Encyclopedia.
1879:
1829:Bent, Arthur Cleveland (1926).
1822:
1716:
1692:
1469:
1460:
1332:Nellis, David W. (March 2001).
1307:"Species Name: Eudocimus albus"
1076:BirdLife International (2016).
3498:Birds of the Amazon rainforest
2063:. A&C Black. p. 359.
1298:
1139:
1115:
478:
428:) and is sometimes considered
13:
1:
2229:Northwestern University Press
1439:. HarperCollins. p. 42.
1253:Birds of North America Online
1054:
764:Their distinctive long, thin
719:in a nest with baby birds at
393:in 1758. Initially given the
3473:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
2362:subfamily: Threskiornithinae
7:
3508:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2997:
1704:www.avescatarinenses.com.br
1499:Binghamton Zoo at Ross Park
873:white-faced whistling ducks
699:
694:
471:being a color variation of
401:(the name incorporates the
384:
10:
3524:
3478:Birds of the Guiana Shield
2293:Scarlet ibis photo gallery
2150:. IUCN. pp. 334–337.
1991:. New York: Plenum Press.
1631:Phelps, Katherine (2008).
759:
29:
3111:
3011:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2952:
2920:
2883:
2860:
2815:
2780:
2757:
2734:
2711:
2656:
2591:
2568:
2533:
2488:
2404:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2349:
1730:(in Brazilian Portuguese)
1393:Moolchan, Esther (2011).
895:
363:biological classification
257:
250:
241:
218:
211:
113:Scientific classification
111:
94:
72:
63:
55:
46:
41:
2896:Moloka'i flightless ibis
1867:. NHL Stenden Hogeschool
1228:. BirdLife International
1094:: e.T22697415A93612751.
920:Relationship with humans
805:, fish and crustaceans.
772:, a recent study in the
558:Distribution and habitat
454:cohesion species concept
3493:Birds described in 1758
3065:Yellow-billed spoonbill
2328:Traditional listing of
2224:The Scarlet Ibis: Poems
1859:Jan Hein Ribot (2010).
1049:Video of a Scarlet ibis
992:The wing tips are black
503:Skull of a scarlet ibis
307:. It inhabits tropical
2463:) and supporting page
1885:Herons and Relatives.
1181:) and the White Ibis (
822:
724:
567:
504:
496:
488:
3394:Paleobiology Database
3035:Black-faced spoonbill
2510:White-shouldered ibis
2457:Australian white ibis
1220:Denis Lepage (2003).
831:), mollusks (such as
811:
715:
565:
502:
494:
486:
395:binomial nomenclature
2907:Maui flightless ibis
2469:T. moluccus pygmaeus
2426:Malagasy sacred ibis
2391:(prefix † indicates
2263:Journey to Red Birds
1907:Zahl (1954), p. 195.
1898:Zahl (1954), p. 194.
1788:The Birds of America
1540:Peterson, Roger Tory
1255:. Cornell University
1123:"Appendices | CITES"
675:The Birds of America
640:São Francisco do Sul
596:Netherlands Antilles
566:Head of scarlet ibis
357:. The legitimacy of
2792:American white ibis
2465:Solomons white ibis
2416:African sacred ibis
2182:Birds in Literature
2040:The Wilson Bulletin
1812:National Geographic
1783:Audubon, John James
1728:www.nsctotal.com.br
1226:Avibase.bsc-eoc.org
1187:Colonial Waterbirds
1151:Portal Guaraqueçaba
934:Trinidad and Tobago
877:Dendrocygna viduata
727:Mating pairs build
721:Busch Gardens Tampa
602:. Flocks gather in
600:Trinidad and Tobago
422:American white ibis
375:American white ibis
338:along the coast of
324:Trinidad and Tobago
303:in the bird family
285:, sometimes called
272:Linnaeus, 1766
264:Linnaeus, 1758
66:Conservation status
3463:Birds of Venezuela
3025:Eurasian spoonbill
2623:Spot-breasted ibis
2555:Southern bald ibis
2545:Northern bald ibis
2110:"National Emblems"
2025:Birds of the World
1972:Birds of the World
1751:Birds of Venezuela
914:endangered species
823:
725:
680:John James Audubon
651:tropical grassland
638:and the island of
568:
505:
497:
495:Taxidermy specimen
489:
345:This medium-sized
56:A scarlet ibis at
3483:Birds of Colombia
3435:
3434:
3105:Taxon identifiers
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3075:Roseate spoonbill
3045:African spoonbill
3007:
3006:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2721:Sharp-tailed ibis
2475:Straw-necked ibis
2451:T. melanocephalus
2447:Black-headed ibis
2400:
2399:
2342:Threskiornithidae
2238:978-0-8101-5183-3
2197:978-0-8130-1254-4
2157:978-2-8317-0540-8
2070:978-1-4081-3500-6
1998:978-0-306-43607-9
1761:978-0-691-09250-8
1561:978-0-395-74047-7
1446:978-0-06-162664-7
1345:978-1-56164-191-8
1185:) in Venezuela".
1044:
958:, is included in
713:
511:is virtually all
367:Linnaean taxonomy
305:Threskiornithidae
279:
278:
180:Threskiornithidae
106:
89:
16:(Redirected from
3515:
3428:
3427:
3415:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3389:
3388:
3376:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3349:
3347:NHMSYS0001689482
3337:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3246:
3245:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3183:
3181:45039A43F7F8A9CF
3171:
3170:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3100:
3099:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2954:
2953:
2837:White-faced ibis
2688:Black-faced ibis
2678:Buff-necked ibis
2382:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2351:
2350:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2285:Data related to
2284:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2227:. Evanston, IL:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2185:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1919:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1842:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1661:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1588:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1549:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1517:on 24 March 2012
1495:
1476:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1430:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1390:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1305:K. Hill (2001).
1302:
1296:
1295:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1073:
1046:
1045:
1019:
1001:
989:
977:
952:The Scarlet Ibis
837:), small crabs (
816:Dr. Paul A. Zahl
714:
624:Baixada Santista
517:tints and shades
311:and part of the
273:
265:
246:
224:
121:
120:
100:
83:
78:
77:
51:
39:
38:
32:The Scarlet Ibis
21:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3458:Birds of Brazil
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3425:Eudocimus-ruber
3423:
3418:
3410:
3405:
3397:
3392:
3384:
3381:Observation.org
3379:
3371:
3366:
3358:
3353:
3345:
3340:
3332:
3327:
3319:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3249:
3241:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3213:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3168:Eudocimus_ruber
3166:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3143:Eudocimus ruber
3141:
3140:
3135:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3113:Eudocimus ruber
3107:
3097:
3084:
3055:Royal spoonbill
3017:
3003:
2979:
2940:
2916:
2879:
2870:Madagascar ibis
2856:
2811:
2776:
2767:Bare-faced ibis
2753:
2730:
2707:
2672:T. caerulescens
2652:
2587:
2564:
2529:
2484:
2396:
2367:
2345:
2326:
2287:Eudocimus ruber
2277:
2258:
2256:Further reading
2253:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2055:
2051:
2036:
2032:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1983:
1979:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1936:10.2307/1369623
1920:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1857:
1853:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1780:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1678:10.2307/1522244
1662:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1637:: Scarlet Ibis"
1635:Eudocimus ruber
1629:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1537:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1511:Rossparkzoo.com
1505:Eudocimus ruber
1503:"Scarlet Ibis (
1496:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1431:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1401:
1399:(Scarlet Ibis)"
1397:Eudocimus ruber
1391:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1303:
1299:
1277:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1218:
1214:
1199:10.2307/1521240
1183:Eudocimus albus
1179:Eudocimus ruber
1175:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1080:Eudocimus ruber
1074:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1035:
1030:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
990:
981:
978:
961:Bluebeard's Egg
956:Margaret Atwood
922:
898:
885:
883:Social behavior
813:
762:
717:Eudocimus ruber
704:
702:
697:
658:bare-faced ibis
560:
546:. They move as
481:
461:Eudocimus albus
426:Eudocimus albus
415:Eudocimus ruber
413:and ultimately
387:
379:Eudocimus albus
359:Eudocimus ruber
292:Eudocimus ruber
271:
263:
237:
226:
222:Eudocimus ruber
220:
207:
115:
107:
90:
79:
75:
68:
35:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3521:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3416:
3403:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3351:
3338:
3325:
3312:
3299:
3286:
3273:
3260:
3247:
3234:
3221:
3211:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3148:
3133:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3062:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3021:
3019:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2935:X. xympithecus
2926:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2903:
2891:
2889:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2844:
2834:
2831:P. falcinellus
2823:
2821:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2748:M. cayennensis
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2675:
2668:Plumbeous ibis
2664:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2647:B. carunculata
2640:
2630:
2620:
2610:
2599:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2552:
2541:
2539:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2500:Red-naped ibis
2496:
2494:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2479:T. spinicollis
2472:
2454:
2444:
2433:
2423:
2420:T. aethiopicus
2412:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2347:
2346:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2289:at Wikispecies
2276:
2275:External links
2273:
2272:
2271:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2237:
2210:
2196:
2170:
2156:
2136:
2134:(2007), p. 58.
2123:
2100:
2083:
2069:
2049:
2030:
2011:
1997:
1977:
1958:
1949:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1878:
1865:Nhlstenden.com
1861:"Scarlet Ibis"
1851:
1821:
1802:
1774:
1760:
1740:
1715:
1691:
1653:
1616:
1597:(2): 199–206.
1574:
1560:
1528:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1445:
1418:
1358:
1344:
1324:
1297:
1266:
1239:
1212:
1162:
1138:
1114:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1033:
1031:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1003:
996:
994:
991:
984:
982:
979:
972:
930:national birds
921:
918:
897:
894:
884:
881:
782:ground beetles
761:
758:
701:
698:
696:
693:
689:Greynolds Park
632:Santa Catarina
616:Rio de Janeiro
612:Espírito Santo
559:
556:
480:
477:
399:Scolopax rubra
386:
383:
336:municipalities
277:
276:
275:
274:
269:Tantalus ruber
266:
261:Scolopax rubra
255:
254:
248:
247:
239:
238:
227:
216:
215:
209:
208:
201:
199:
195:
194:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
170:Pelecaniformes
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
109:
108:
95:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
58:L'Oceanogràfic
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3520:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3029:P. leucorodia
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3002:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2936:
2932:
2931:Jamaican ibis
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2771:P. infuscatus
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2736:Mesembrinibis
2733:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2613:São Tomé ibis
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:T. solitarius
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2214:
2199:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2174:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2096:National Bird
2092:
2090:
2088:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1956:Zahl, p. 188.
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:(3): 739–41.
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1904:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1472:
1463:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1280:Zahl, Paul A.
1275:
1273:
1271:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:(1): 111–14.
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1000:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
970:
969:
967:
963:
962:
957:
953:
948:
946:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
917:
915:
911:
910:IUCN Red List
907:
906:Least Concern
903:
893:
889:
880:
878:
874:
868:
866:
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854:
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692:
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663:Scarlet ibis
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621:
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550:in a classic
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442:hybridization
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400:
396:
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391:Carl Linnaeus
382:
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364:
360:
356:
355:Least Concern
352:
348:
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333:
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321:
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314:
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309:South America
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213:Binomial name
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204:E. ruber
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87:
82:
81:Least Concern
71:
67:
62:
59:
54:
50:
45:
42:Scarlet ibis
40:
37:
33:
19:
3112:
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3068:
3058:
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3038:
3028:
3018:(spoonbills)
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2998:
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2966:
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2910:
2899:
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2795:
2781:
2770:
2758:
2747:
2735:
2724:
2712:
2702:T. branickii
2701:
2692:T. melanopis
2691:
2681:
2671:
2657:
2646:
2643:Wattled ibis
2636:
2626:
2616:
2606:
2592:
2581:
2578:Crested ibis
2569:
2558:
2548:
2534:
2523:
2513:
2504:P. papillosa
2503:
2489:
2478:
2468:
2460:
2450:
2440:
2437:Réunion ibis
2429:
2419:
2407:Threskiornis
2405:
2386:
2268:Jan Lindblad
2262:
2242:. Retrieved
2223:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2181:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2146:
2139:
2131:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2103:
2074:. Retrieved
2059:
2052:
2043:
2039:
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2024:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
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1980:
1971:
1961:
1952:
1927:
1923:
1903:
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1886:
1881:
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1854:
1846:
1839:. Retrieved
1834:
1824:
1815:
1811:
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1787:
1777:
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1750:
1743:
1732:. Retrieved
1727:
1718:
1707:. Retrieved
1703:
1694:
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1669:
1665:
1644:. Retrieved
1634:
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1577:
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1545:
1519:. Retrieved
1515:the original
1510:
1504:
1471:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1435:
1409:. Retrieved
1396:
1349:. Retrieved
1334:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1310:
1300:
1283:
1257:. Retrieved
1252:
1249:"White Ibis"
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1225:
1215:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1154:. Retrieved
1150:
1141:
1130:. Retrieved
1126:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1091:
1085:
1079:
1024:Caroni Swamp
1005:Caroni Swamp
959:
949:
945:Caroni Swamp
942:
923:
899:
890:
886:
876:
869:
850:
844:
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832:
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683:
673:
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406:
398:
388:
378:
358:
344:
331:
328:Tupi–Guarani
291:
290:
286:
283:scarlet ibis
282:
280:
268:
260:
221:
219:
203:
202:
190:
36:
18:Scarlet Ibis
3368:Neotropical
3290:iNaturalist
3137:Wikispecies
3069:P. flavipes
2967:Plataleinae
2965:subfamily:
2874:L. cristata
2851:P. ridgwayi
2827:Glossy ibis
2725:C. oxycerca
2698:Andean ibis
2682:T. caudatus
2659:Theristicus
2637:B. hagedash
2633:Hadada ibis
2607:B. olivacea
2524:P. gigantea
2514:P. davisoni
2461:T. moluccus
2430:T. bernieri
2244:12 December
2219:Hahn, Susan
2203:17 December
2163:12 December
2116:12 December
2076:12 December
2004:12 December
1871:12 December
1841:12 December
1795:12 December
1767:12 December
1646:12 December
1567:12 December
1521:12 December
1452:12 December
1411:12 December
1351:12 December
1317:12 December
1259:12 December
1232:12 December
1107:19 November
857:astaxanthin
626:district),
552:V formation
479:Description
430:conspecific
411:Guara rubra
99:Appendix II
3442:Categories
3420:Xeno-canto
2961:Spoonbills
2862:Lophotibis
2744:Green ibis
2617:B. bocagei
2603:Olive ibis
2594:Bostrychia
2549:G. eremita
2536:Geronticus
2520:Giant ibis
2334:spoonbills
2046:(1): 1–21.
1924:The Condor
1818:: 874–882.
1734:2020-12-31
1709:2020-12-31
1666:Waterbirds
1591:Waterbirds
1311:Sms.si.edu
1156:2020-12-31
1132:2022-01-14
1055:References
1022:Roosting,
966:Susan Hahn
928:, are the
861:carotenoid
799:water bugs
787:Dyscinetus
670:Gulf Coast
608:rainforest
465:subspecies
405:adjective
371:subspecies
353:status is
326:, and its
320:coloration
3453:Eudocimus
2922:Xenicibis
2911:A. brevis
2900:A. glenos
2886:Apteribis
2847:Puna ibis
2783:Eudocimus
2582:N. nippon
2559:G. calvus
2491:Pseudibis
1147:"O GUARÁ"
1127:cites.org
865:Cichlidae
820:Coro-Coro
636:Joinville
620:São Paulo
592:Venezuela
540:migratory
532:shorebird
521:primaries
313:Caribbean
198:Species:
191:Eudocimus
136:Kingdom:
130:Eukaryota
3407:Species+
3334:22697415
3308:11232704
3256:45509051
3194:22697415
3189:BirdLife
3122:Wikidata
3079:P. ajaja
3059:P. regia
3039:P. minor
3014:Platalea
2973:Platalea
2841:P. chihi
2818:Plegadis
2806:E. ruber
2796:E. albus
2759:Phimosus
2713:Cercibis
2570:Nipponia
2395:species)
2221:(2007).
1785:(1843).
1611:20175660
1501:(2011).
1282:(1954).
1028:Trinidad
1009:Trinidad
980:Juvenile
834:Melampus
753:colonies
733:mangrove
700:Breeding
695:Behavior
665:vagrants
604:wetlands
588:Suriname
576:Colombia
450:feathers
434:taxonomy
385:Taxonomy
295:), is a
287:red ibis
252:Synonyms
230:Linnaeus
176:Family:
150:Chordata
146:Phylum:
140:Animalia
126:Domain:
86:IUCN 3.1
3282:5229204
3176:Avibase
3128:Q467996
3049:P. alba
3000:Species
2971:genus:
2627:B. rara
2393:extinct
2388:Species
1944:1369623
1686:1522244
1207:1521240
926:cocrico
908:on the
778:scarabs
760:Feeding
742:cloacal
513:scarlet
509:plumage
463:as two
317:scarlet
297:species
186:Genus:
166:Order:
156:Class:
101: (
84: (
3503:Ibises
3399:400332
3373:scaibi
3360:335483
3321:174931
3264:EURING
3243:scaibi
3217:scaibi
3207:112816
3156:scaibi
2358:Ibises
2338:family
2330:ibises
2235:
2194:
2154:
2067:
1995:
1942:
1758:
1684:
1609:
1558:
1443:
1342:
1292:799120
1290:
1205:
896:Status
852:Ucides
840:Aratus
828:Nereis
790:dubius
774:Llanos
770:shrimp
647:Llanos
628:Paraná
598:, and
590:; and
584:Guyana
572:Brazil
548:flocks
544:flight
507:Adult
446:Llanos
340:Brazil
330:name,
3303:IRMNG
3238:eBird
3230:3C2DL
3214:BOW:
2989:Genus
2377:Genus
1940:JSTOR
1682:JSTOR
1607:S2CID
1587:(PDF)
1402:(PDF)
1203:JSTOR
766:bills
729:nests
684:rubra
654:plain
630:and
528:moult
473:albus
469:ruber
407:ruber
403:Latin
361:as a
347:wader
332:guará
103:CITES
97:CITES
3412:6234
3386:7741
3355:NCBI
3329:IUCN
3316:ITIS
3295:3750
3277:GBIF
3269:1390
3202:BOLD
2332:and
2246:2011
2233:ISBN
2205:2011
2192:ISBN
2165:2011
2152:ISBN
2118:2011
2078:2011
2065:ISBN
2006:2011
1993:ISBN
1873:2011
1843:2011
1797:2011
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1569:2011
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1523:2011
1454:2011
1441:ISBN
1413:2011
1353:2011
1340:ISBN
1319:2011
1288:OCLC
1261:2011
1234:2011
1109:2021
1092:2016
859:, a
849:and
803:bugs
797:and
780:and
746:eggs
397:of
351:IUCN
301:ibis
281:The
234:1758
160:Aves
3342:NBN
3251:EoL
3225:CoL
3163:ADW
3152:ABA
2266:by
2188:235
2044:104
1932:doi
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