986:
922:
938:
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511:
348:
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569:) is the only species of parrotfish known not to change sex. In most species, the initial phase is dull red, brown, or grey, while the terminal phase is vividly green or blue with bright pink, orange or yellow patches. In a smaller number of species the phases are similar, and in the Mediterranean parrotfish the adult female is brightly colored, while the adult male is gray. In most species, juveniles have a different color pattern from adults. Juveniles of some tropical species can alter their color temporarily to
58:
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80:
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401:, but polyps can make up as much as half their diet or even more in the green humphead parrotfish. Overall it has been estimated that fewer than one percent of parrotfish bites involve live corals and all except the green humphead parrotfish prefer algae-covered surfaces over live corals. Nevertheless, when they do eat coral polyps, localized coral death can occur. Their feeding activity is important for the production and distribution of coral sands in the reef
409:. After they digest the edible portions from the rock, they excrete it as sand, helping create small islands and the sandy beaches. The humphead parrotfish can produce 90 kg (200 lb) of sand each year. Or, on average (as there are so many variables i.e. size/species/location/depth etc.), almost 250 g (9 oz) per parrotfish per day. While feeding, parrotfish must be cognizant of predation by one of their main predators, the
310:
330:), secrete a mucus cocoon, particularly at night. Prior to going to sleep, some species extrude mucus from their mouths, forming a protective cocoon that envelops the fish, presumably hiding its scent from potential predators. This mucus envelope may also act as an early warning system, allowing the parrotfish to flee when it detects predators such as
561:. This means that some females do not change sex (they remain females throughout their lives), the ones that do change from female to male do it while still immature (reproductively functioning females do not change to males) and there are no males with female-like colors (the initial phase males in other parrotfish). The
420:
Analysis of parrotfish feeding biology describes three functional groups: excavators, scrapers and browsers. Excavators have larger, stronger jaws that can gouge the substrate, leaving visible scars on the surface. Scrapers have less powerful jaws that can but infrequently do leave visible scraping
630:
The sex change in parrotfishes is accompanied by changes in circulating steroids. Females have high levels of estradiol, moderate levels of T and undetectable levels of the major fish androgen 11-ketotestosterone. During the transition from initial to terminal coloration phases, concentrations of
501:
Microscopy and molecular barcoding of coral reef substrate bitten by scraping and excavating parrotfish suggest that coral reef cyanobacteria from the order
Nostocales are important in the feeding of these parrotfish. Additional microscopy and molecular barcoding research indicates that some
549:), a number of individuals develop directly to males (i.e., they do not start as females). These directly developing males usually most resemble the initial phase, and often display a different mating strategy than the terminal phase males of the same species. A few species such as the
1976:
Georgina M Nicholson, Kendall D Clements, Micro-photoautotroph predation as a driver for trophic niche specialization in 12 syntopic Indo-Pacific parrotfish species, Biological
Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 139, Issue 2, June 2023, Pages 91–114,
1953:
Clements, Kendall D.; German, Donovan P.; Piché, Jacinthe; Tribollet, Aline; Choat, John Howard (November 2016). "Integrating ecological roles and trophic diversification on coral reefs: multiple lines of evidence identify parrotfishes as microphages".
573:
other species. Where the sexes and ages differ, the remarkably different phases often were first described as separate species. As a consequence early scientists recognized more than 350 parrotfish species, which is almost four times the actual number.
496:
Most parrotfishes are microphages that target cyanobacteria and other protein-rich autotrophic microorganisms that live on (epilithic) or within (endolithic) calcareous substrata, are epiphytic on algae or seagrasses, or endosymbiotic within sessile
577:
Most tropical species form large schools when feeding and these are often grouped by size. Harems of several females presided over by a single male are normal in most species, with the males vigorously defending their position from any challenge.
647:. Protecting parrotfishes is proposed as a way of saving Caribbean coral reefs from being overgrown with seaweed and sponges. Despite their striking colors, their feeding behavior renders them highly unsuitable for most marine
1989:
Nicholson, G.M., Clements, K.D. A role for encrusting, endolithic sponges in the feeding of the parrotfish Scarus rubroviolaceus? Evidence of further trophic diversification in Indo-Pacific
Scarini. Coral Reefs (2024).
334:
disturbing the membrane. The skin itself is covered in another mucous substance which may have antioxidant properties helpful in repairing bodily damage, or repelling parasites, in addition to providing protection from
405:, and can prevent algal overgrowth of the reef structure. The teeth grow continuously, replacing material worn away by feeding. Whether they feed on coral, rock or seagrasses, the substrate is ground up between the
1892:
Price, Samantha A.; Wainwright, Peter C.; Bellwood, David R.; Kazancioglu, Erem; Collar, David C.; Near, Thomas J. (1 October 2010). "Functional
Innovations and Morphological Diversification in Parrotfish".
288:
Maximum sizes vary within the group, with the majority of species reaching 30–50 cm (12–20 in) in length. However, a few species reach lengths in excess of 1 m (3 ft 3 in), and the
631:
11-ketotestosterone rise dramatically and estrogen levels decline. If a female is injected with 11-ketotestosterone, it will cause a precocious change in gonadal, gametic and behavioural sex.
1607:
Comeros-Raynal, Choat; Polidoro, Clements; Abesamis, Craig; Lazuardi, McIlwain; Muljadi, Myers; Nañola Jr, Pardede; Rocha, Russell; Sanciangco, Stockwell; Harwell; Carpenter (2012).
2370:
Smith, J.L.B. (1959). "The identity of Scarus gibbus
Ruppell, 1828 and of other parrotfishes of the family Callyodontidae from the Red Sea and the Western Indian Ocean".
1386:
417:. An indirect effect of parrotfish grazing on sponges is the protection of reef-building corals that would otherwise be overgrown by fast-growing sponge species.
1161:
Bellwood, D. R., Hoey, A. S., Choat, J. H. (2003). "Limited functional redundancy in high diversity systems: resilience and ecosystem function on coral reefs".
1044:
1449:
Videlier, H.; Geertjes, G.J.; Videlier, J.J. (1999). "Biochemical characteristics and antibiotic properties of the mucous envelope of the queen parrotfish".
2066:
de
Girolamo, Scaggiante; Rasotto (1999). "Social organization and sexual pattern in the Mediterranean parrotfish Sparisoma cretense (Teleostei: Scaridae)".
2729:
2398:
Randall, John E.; Bruce, Robin W. (1983). "The parrotfishes of the subfamily
Scarinae of the Western Indian Ocean with descriptions of three new species".
2010:
1427:
1258:
Ostéologie céphalique de deux poissons perroquets (Scaridae: Teleostei) TH Monod, JC Hureau, AE Bullock - Cybium, 1994 - Société française d'ichtyologie
1245:
1188:
1147:
774:
534:
1434:" pp. 177–220 in Elewa, A.M.T. ed. Predation in organisms: a distinct phenomenon. Heidelberg, Germany, Springer-Verlag. 2007. Accessed 2009-06-21.
2588:
2441:
2614:
1202:
Lokrantz, J., Nyström, Thyresson, M., M., C. Johansson (2008). "The non-linear relationship between body size and function in parrotfishes".
461:, which also feed as scrapers in early juvenile stages, retain the scraping feeding mode as adults. Browsing species are found in the genera
489:. Feeding modes reflect habitat preferences, with browsers chiefly living in the grassy seabed, and excavators and scrapers on coral reefs.
2246:
1541:
Bellwood, D.R.; Choat, J.H. (1990). "A functional analysis of grazing in parrotfishes (family
Scaridae): the ecological implications".
1300:
658:; it is the only one of thousands of reef fish species that regularly performs the task of scraping and cleaning inshore coral reefs.
2197:
541:, starting as females (known as the initial phase) and then changing to males (the terminal phase). In many species, for example the
1609:"The Likelihood of Extinction of Iconic and Dominant Herbivores and Detritivores of Coral Reefs: The Parrotfishes and Surgeonfishes"
2562:
492:
Recently, the microphage feeding hypothesis challenged the prevailing paradigm of parrotfish as algal consumers by proposing that:
421:
scars on the substrate. Some of these may also feed on sand instead of hard surfaces. Browsers mainly feed on seagrasses and their
1328:
2601:
1405:
921:
2292:
2150:
1736:
Dunlap, M; Pawlik, JR (1996). "Video-monitored predation by
Caribbean reef fishes on an array of mangrove and reef sponges".
1720:
1675:
1280:
2606:
1063:
Westneat, MW; Alfaro, ME (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the reef fish family
Labridae".
690:). Some authorities have preferred to maintain the parrotfishes as a family-level taxon, resulting in Labridae not being
2171:
1595:
937:
1373:
273:. Their numerous teeth are arranged in a tightly packed mosaic on the external surface of their jaw bones, forming a
1390:. The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago. The University of the West Indies. Accessed 11 March 2018.
985:
2686:
953:
698:
2619:
40:
2007:
1022:
2724:
1424:
1406:
Distribution of Ultraviolet-Absorbing Sunscreen Compounds Across the Body Surface of Two Species of Scaridae.
872:
526:
in 1829. In 1835, he mistakenly described the terminal phase, featured on this photo, as a separate species,
146:
1033:
643:
exists for some of the larger species, particularly in the Indo-Pacific, but also for a few others like the
2390:
Bullock, A.E. and T. Monod, 1997. "Myologie céphalique de deux poissons perroquets (Teleostei: Scaridae)".
1024:
1586:
Bonaldo, R.M. & R.D. Rotjan (2018). The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Parrotfishes as Coral Predators.
1029:
2523:
1040:
1035:
1031:
581:
As pelagic spawners, parrotfish release many tiny, buoyant eggs into the water, which become part of the
1042:
905:
32:"Scarinae" and "Scarini" redirect here. For the group of leafhoppers formerly known by these names, see
1499:"A phylogenetic study of the parrotfish family Scaridae (Pisces: Labroidea), with a revision of genera"
1025:
2668:
2528:
1036:
969:
889:
2691:
2629:
1023:
538:
533:
The development of parrotfishes is complex and accompanied by a series of changes in sex and colour (
290:
79:
2267:
1028:
1026:
2349:
Smith, J.L.B. (1956). "The parrotfishes of the family Callyodontidae of the Western Indian Ocean".
1692:
1039:
1037:
1034:
644:
550:
17:
1100:"Evolutionary History of The Parrotfishes: Biogeography, Ecomorphology, and Comparative Diversity"
1776:"Chemical defenses and resource trade-offs structure sponge communities on Caribbean coral reefs"
1030:
2655:
2029:
1041:
1032:
1001:
2463:
912:
713:
427:
353:
1027:
2650:
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Evolutionary consequences of predation: avoidance, escape, reproduction, and diversification.
1239:
1182:
1141:
1038:
976:
928:
896:
2678:
2642:
654:
A new study has discovered that the parrotfish is extremely important for the health of the
2719:
2549:
2510:
2451:
1838:"Indirect effects of overfishing on Caribbean reefs: sponges overgrow reef-building corals"
1787:
1620:
1211:
944:
542:
370:
369:
algae. A wide range of other small organisms are sometimes eaten, including invertebrates (
2212:
686:
Cheilini, and are now commonly referred to as scarine labrids (subfamily Scarinae, family
8:
2318:
Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM)
2164:
Mediterranean and Atlantic Fish Guide: From Spain to Turkey - From Norway to South Africa
1791:
1624:
1215:
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2118:
2083:
1926:
1864:
1837:
1810:
1775:
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1462:
1227:
1129:
1116:
1099:
960:
655:
562:
515:
510:
294:
74:
1201:
233:(Scaridae), but now often treated as a subfamily (Scarinae) or tribe (Scarini) of the
2714:
2637:
2536:
2288:
2167:
2146:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1869:
1815:
1716:
1671:
1648:
1591:
1520:
1369:
1276:
1174:
1121:
1080:
678:
and evolutionary analyses of parrotfishes are ongoing, they are now accepted to be a
2325:
2316:
Monod, Th., 1979. "Scaridae". pp. 444–445. In J.C. Hureau and Th. Monod (eds.)
2087:
1930:
1757:
1562:
1271:
Choat, J.H. & Bellwood, D.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
1231:
1133:
523:
347:
2446:
2407:
2379:
2358:
2110:
2101:
Sadovy; Shapiro (1987). "Criteria for the diagnosis of hermaphroditism in fishes".
2075:
2048:
1959:
1902:
1859:
1849:
1805:
1795:
1745:
1638:
1628:
1550:
1515:
1510:
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1458:
1219:
1170:
1111:
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1008:
879:
667:
619:
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445:
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323:
238:
230:
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2052:
2541:
2515:
2311:
2228:
2014:
1633:
1431:
851:
683:
394:
314:
66:
1076:
57:
121:
2018:
Florida Museum of Natural History, Ichthyology Department. Accessed 15-12-2009
1223:
861:. They also do not support the division of the Scaridae into two subfamilies.
449:. These excavating species all feed as scrapers in early juvenile stages, but
293:
can reach up to 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in). The smallest species is the
2708:
2486:
1991:
1978:
1914:
1524:
1324:
1296:
992:
611:
1800:
502:
parrotfish may ingest microscopic biota associated with endolithic sponges.
1922:
1873:
1819:
1652:
1125:
1084:
691:
675:
593:
558:
281:
from coral and other rocky substrates (which contributes to the process of
242:
162:
2411:
2383:
2362:
2079:
1160:
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2282:
858:
854:
805:
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749:
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469:
451:
410:
398:
390:
378:
336:
198:
192:
186:
131:
2426:
1590:
Hoey, A.S. & R.M. Bonaldo, eds. Biology of Parrotfishes. CRC Press.
2280:
2122:
1749:
1554:
842:
Some sources retain the Scaridae as a family, placing it alongside the
817:
725:
481:
433:
282:
254:
246:
204:
174:
1963:
1854:
1606:
2580:
2372:
Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University
2351:
Ichthyological Bulletin, Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University
2030:"Spatial patterns in reproductive traits of the temperate parrotfish
1410:
829:
781:
737:
463:
439:
385:. A few mostly larger species such as the green humphead parrotfish (
366:
362:
331:
266:
216:
180:
168:
91:
2567:
2457:
2114:
1448:
2480:
1337:
1309:
847:
706:
687:
648:
582:
422:
382:
250:
111:
33:
1891:
413:. On Caribbean coral reefs, parrotfish are important consumers of
309:
2554:
640:
585:. The eggs float freely, settling into the coral until hatching.
570:
374:
2186:
Cardwell JR1, Liley NR.Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1991 Jan;81(1):7-20
1097:
843:
761:
457:
414:
274:
270:
234:
210:
101:
1021:
2663:
2028:
Afonso, Pedro; Morato, Telmo; Santos, Ricardo SerrĂŁo (2008).
679:
671:
666:
Traditionally, the parrotfishes have been considered to be a
402:
278:
2406:. J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University.
1952:
1713:
The private life of sharks : the truth behind the myth
237:(Labridae). With roughly 95 species, this group's largest
1270:
301:), which has a maximum size of 13 cm (5.1 in).
229:
are a group of fish species traditionally regarded as a
2244:
1098:
Streelman, J. T., Alfaro, M. E.; et al. (2002).
269:, which is distinct from other fish, including other
2281:
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016).
701:divides the group into two subfamilies as follows:
2065:
2027:
1699:. Charles E. Merrill Publishing. pp. 303–313.
1943:Environmental Biology of Fishes 28: 189-214, 1990
2706:
1780:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1275:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 209–211.
2144:Reef and Shore Fishes of the Hawaiian Islands.
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
1693:"Chapter 12, Benthos on the Continental Shelf"
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1062:
2326:"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"
2100:
2001:
1999:
1690:
1540:
846:of the family Labridae and the weed whitings
2442:Parrot Fish Profile from National Geographic
2397:
2195:
2161:
2155:
2059:
1735:
1503:Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement
1244:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1187:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1146:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2730:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
2129:
1569:
1536:
1534:
2247:"Single species may be key to reef health"
1996:
1992:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-024-02482-z
1979:https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blad005
1444:
1442:
1440:
1058:
1056:
56:
2287:(5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 429–430.
1956:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1863:
1853:
1809:
1799:
1773:
1642:
1632:
1514:
1368:2nd edition. Princeton University Press.
1115:
253:beds, and can play a significant role in
2323:
2245:Australian Geographic (September 2014).
1531:
1496:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
509:
346:
308:
2274:
2021:
1684:
1437:
1387:Cryptotomus roseus (Slender Parrotfish)
1323:
1295:
1065:Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution
1053:
322:Some parrotfish species, including the
14:
2707:
1715:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.
1710:
1665:
1492:
694:(unless split into several families).
634:
357:is able to grind the sturdiest corals.
2462:
2461:
2369:
2348:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1831:
1829:
1769:
1767:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1345:
1266:
1264:
1016:
2669:FD1087D9-FFB6-4A47-FF67-A20E4D15FA09
2630:d172eb3c-0e3e-419b-a263-0fa338240dcd
425:. Mature excavating species include
1835:
1691:Thurman, H.V; Webber, H.H. (1984).
1497:Bellwood, David R. (14 July 1994).
24:
2330:Bulletins of American Paleontology
2304:
1880:
1826:
1764:
1668:Coral Reefs: Cities Under The Seas
1469:
1463:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00864.x
1393:
1364:Lieske, E., and Myers, R. (1999).
1261:
1117:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01408.x
25:
2741:
2419:
1195:
1154:
1091:
1907:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01036.x
1175:10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00432.x
1000:
984:
968:
952:
936:
920:
904:
888:
871:
699:World Register of Marine Species
610:
592:
277:-like beak with which they rasp
78:
2238:
2222:
2189:
2180:
2094:
1983:
1970:
1946:
1937:
1729:
1704:
1659:
1600:
1417:
1378:
397:). None of these are exclusive
265:Parrotfish are named for their
1516:10.3853/j.0812-7387.20.1994.51
1317:
1289:
1252:
260:
13:
1:
2233:Parrotfish to aid reef repair
2053:10.1016/j.fishres.2007.09.029
1836:Loh, TL; et al. (2015).
1774:Loh, T-L; Pawlik, JR (2014).
1047:
505:
389:) feed extensively on living
1634:10.1371/journal.pone.0039825
361:Most parrotfish species are
7:
2312:The Biology of Parrotfishes
2166:. ConchBooks. p. 221.
1666:Murphy, Richard C. (2002).
1077:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.001
661:
10:
2746:
2211:(V): 48–51. Archived from
1414:2007. Accessed 2009-06-21.
864:
342:
38:
31:
2470:
1670:. The Darwin Press, Inc.
1341:. September 2015 version.
1224:10.1007/s00338-008-0394-3
539:sequential hermaphrodites
291:green humphead parrotfish
159:
154:
75:Scientific classification
73:
64:
55:
50:
2320:. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 1.
1711:Bright, Michael (2000).
1327:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1313:. December 2009 version.
1299:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
645:Mediterranean parrotfish
551:Mediterranean parrotfish
304:
39:Not to be confused with
2400:Ichthyological Bulletin
2324:Sepkoski, Jack (2002).
2142:Randall, J. E. (2007).
2013:20 January 2016 at the
1801:10.1073/pnas.1321626111
1451:Journal of Fish Biology
2427:"parrotfish factsheet"
2262:Cite journal requires
2205:Revista Mundo Submerso
1411:DigitalCollections@SIT
1303:Bolbometopon muricatum
1273:Encyclopedia of Fishes
913:Bolbometopon muricatum
567:Leptoscarus vaigiensis
530:
499:
428:Bolbometopon muricatum
387:Bolbometopon muricatum
358:
354:Bolbometopon muricatum
319:
2651:Paleobiology Database
2196:Cardigos, F. (2001).
2162:Debelius, H. (1997).
2080:10.1007/s002270050634
2008:Stoplight parrotfish.
977:Hipposcarus longiceps
929:Calotomus viridescens
897:Chlorurus microrhinos
674:, Scaridae. Although
513:
494:
350:
312:
2725:Marine fish families
1701:Accessed 2009-06-14.
1430:14 June 2011 at the
945:Cetoscarus ocellatus
543:stoplight parrotfish
537:). Most species are
377:species, as well as
365:, feeding mainly on
249:, rocky coasts, and
245:. They are found in
2284:Fishes of the World
1792:2014PNAS..111.4151L
1625:2012PLoSO...739825C
1404:Cerny-Chipman, E. "
1384:Shah, A.K. (2016).
1216:2008CorRe..27..967L
635:Economic importance
522:) was described by
351:The strong beak of
318:in its mucus cocoon
2310:Hoey and Bonaldo.
2231:(1 November 2007)
2041:Fisheries Research
2032:Sparisoma cretense
1750:10.1007/BF00571383
1555:10.1007/BF00751035
1423:Langerhans, R.B. "
1366:Coral Reef Fishes.
1331:Cryptotomus roseus
1017:Timeline of genera
961:Chlorurus sordidus
656:Great Barrier Reef
623:(= terminal phase)
563:marbled parrotfish
531:
520:Cetoscarus bicolor
516:bicolor parrotfish
359:
320:
299:Cryptotomus roseus
295:bluelip parrotfish
2702:
2701:
2638:Open Tree of Life
2464:Taxon identifiers
2429:. Waitt Institute
2294:978-1-118-34233-6
2151:978-1-929054-03-9
1964:10.1111/bij.12914
1901:(10): 3057–3068.
1855:10.7717/peerj.901
1786:(11): 4151–4156.
1722:978-0-8117-2875-1
1677:978-0-87850-138-0
1543:Environ Biol Fish
1282:978-0-12-547665-2
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
767:
755:
743:
731:
719:
605:(= initial phase)
224:
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150:
16:(Redirected from
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2447:Parrot Fish Care
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2229:Morelle, Rebecca
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1681:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1636:
1604:
1598:
1584:
1567:
1566:
1549:(1–4): 189–214.
1538:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1494:
1467:
1466:
1457:(5): 1124–1127.
1446:
1435:
1421:
1415:
1402:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1362:
1343:
1342:
1321:
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1178:
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1152:
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1145:
1137:
1119:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1060:
1009:Sparisoma viride
1004:
988:
972:
956:
940:
924:
908:
892:
880:Scarus globiceps
875:
833:
821:
809:
797:
785:
765:
753:
741:
729:
717:
620:Scarus psittacus
614:
602:Scarus psittacus
596:
557:) are secondary
547:Sparisoma viride
446:Sparisoma viride
407:pharyngeal teeth
381:), bacteria and
324:queen parrotfish
239:species richness
145:
83:
82:
60:
48:
47:
27:Family of fishes
21:
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2479:
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2452:Parrotfish info
2432:
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2307:
2305:Further reading
2302:
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2227:
2223:
2218:on 8 July 2018.
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2115:10.2307/1446046
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315:Scarus zelindae
307:
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67:Scarus frenatus
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2421:
2420:External links
2418:
2417:
2416:
2412:10962/d1019747
2395:
2394:21(2):173–199.
2388:
2384:10962/d1018777
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2363:10962/d1018535
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2173:978-3925919541
2172:
2154:
2128:
2109:(1): 136–156.
2093:
2074:(2): 353–360.
2068:Marine Biology
2058:
2047:(1–3): 92–99.
2020:
1995:
1982:
1969:
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1936:
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1738:Marine Biology
1728:
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1697:Marine Biology
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1596:978-1482224016
1568:
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1325:Froese, Rainer
1316:
1297:Froese, Rainer
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1210:(4): 967–974.
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840:
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834:Swainson, 1839
825:
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810:Swainson, 1839
801:
789:
775:Sparisomatinae
771:
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766:ForsskĂĄl, 1775
757:
745:
742:Swainson, 1839
733:
721:
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535:polychromatism
524:Eduard RĂĽppell
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1070:
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993:Scarus vetula
987:
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786:Gilbert, 1890
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639:A commercial
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584:
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536:
529:
528:C. pulchellus
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328:Scarus vetula
325:
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63:
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49:
46:
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35:
30:
19:
2471:
2431:. Retrieved
2403:
2399:
2391:
2375:
2371:
2354:
2350:
2338:. Retrieved
2333:
2329:
2317:
2283:
2276:
2255:cite journal
2240:
2224:
2213:the original
2208:
2204:
2191:
2182:
2163:
2157:
2143:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2071:
2067:
2061:
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2006:
1985:
1972:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1898:
1894:
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1841:
1783:
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1741:
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1731:
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1706:
1696:
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1602:
1587:
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1506:
1502:
1454:
1450:
1419:
1409:
1380:
1365:
1336:
1330:
1319:
1308:
1302:
1291:
1272:
1254:
1240:cite journal
1207:
1203:
1197:
1183:cite journal
1166:
1162:
1156:
1142:cite journal
1107:
1103:
1093:
1068:
1064:
1007:
991:
975:
959:
943:
927:
911:
895:
878:
841:
836:(15 species)
828:
822:Fowler, 1915
816:
804:
792:
780:
768:(53 species)
760:
748:
744:(18 species)
736:
724:
714:Bolbometopon
712:
696:
692:monophyletic
676:phylogenetic
665:
653:
638:
629:
618:
600:
580:
576:
566:
559:gonochorists
554:
546:
532:
527:
519:
500:
495:
491:
486:
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474:
468:
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456:
450:
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438:
432:
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419:
399:corallivores
386:
360:
352:
327:
321:
313:
298:
287:
264:
243:Indo-Pacific
226:
225:
215:
209:
203:
197:
191:
185:
179:
173:
167:
163:Bolbometopon
161:
160:
141:
65:
45:
29:
2720:Labriformes
2576:iNaturalist
2496:Wikispecies
2454:on Fishbase
2005:Bester, C.
1744:: 117–123.
1204:Coral Reefs
859:Percomorpha
855:Labriformes
824:(3 species)
812:(1 species)
806:Leptoscarus
800:(1 species)
794:Cryptotomus
788:(5 species)
756:(2 species)
754:Smith, 1956
750:Hipposcarus
732:(2 species)
730:Smith, 1956
720:(1 species)
718:Smith, 1956
555:S. cretense
476:Leptoscarus
470:Cryptotomus
452:Hipposcarus
411:lemon shark
379:zooplankton
261:Description
247:coral reefs
199:Leptoscarus
193:Hipposcarus
187:Cryptotomus
132:Labriformes
51:Parrotfish
2709:Categories
1048:References
818:Nicholsina
798:Cope, 1870
773:subfamily
726:Cetoscarus
705:subfamily
506:Life cycle
482:Nicholsina
434:Cetoscarus
363:herbivores
332:moray eels
283:bioerosion
255:bioerosion
241:is in the
227:Parrotfish
205:Nicholsina
175:Cetoscarus
147:Rafinesque
1915:1558-5646
1895:Evolution
1525:0812-7387
1104:Evolution
830:Sparisoma
782:Calotomus
738:Chlorurus
487:Sparisoma
464:Calotomus
440:Chlorurus
423:epiphytes
367:epilithic
267:dentition
217:Sparisoma
181:Chlorurus
169:Calotomus
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2715:Scaridae
2555:46572622
2516:Scaridae
2502:Scaridae
2481:Wikidata
2472:Scaridae
2088:85428235
2011:Archived
1931:19070148
1923:20497217
1874:25945305
1848:: e901.
1820:24567392
1758:84799900
1653:22808066
1613:PLOS ONE
1563:11262999
1509:: 1–86.
1428:Archived
1338:FishBase
1310:FishBase
1232:37926874
1134:41840374
1126:12093031
1085:15955516
848:Odacidae
707:Scarinae
688:Labridae
662:Taxonomy
583:plankton
383:detritus
337:UV light
251:seagrass
142:Scaridae
138:Family:
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
34:Gyponini
18:Scaridae
2487:Q502220
2198:"Vejas"
2123:1446046
1865:4419544
1811:3964098
1788:Bibcode
1644:3394754
1621:Bibcode
1212:Bibcode
865:Gallery
850:in the
844:wrasses
682:in the
649:aquaria
641:fishery
599:Female
415:sponges
375:benthic
371:sessile
343:Feeding
271:labrids
235:wrasses
155:Genera
128:Order:
118:Class:
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2679:114357
2676:uBio:
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2433:8 June
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791:genus
779:genus
762:Scarus
759:genus
747:genus
735:genus
723:genus
711:genus
670:level
668:family
458:Scarus
395:polyps
275:parrot
231:family
211:Scarus
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2589:IRMNG
2581:49692
2340:3 May
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684:tribe
680:clade
672:taxon
617:Male
571:mimic
403:biome
391:coral
305:Mucus
279:algae
2615:NCBI
2602:ITIS
2568:4504
2563:GBIF
2524:BOLD
2435:2015
2342:2014
2289:ISBN
2268:help
2168:ISBN
2147:ISBN
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