342:. Then, when the Arab Spring began, he was deeply shaken by the rapid developments and the early victories achieved in Tunisia and Egypt, and described them as "a rain that fell suddenly on a barren desert". Therefore, he decided to stop writing and rethink the book's thesis, which until then had been influenced by the previous gloomy atmosphere. The stop was only expected to last for few months or a year at most until the events unfolded. But Kadhim only resumed writing in September 2012, a time when some countries were still in upheaval, while others were in transition. He was determined and motivated to re-examine the original thesis, to defend the Arab Spring, and most importantly to defend "the hope that this Spring had revived".
155:, the book discusses this wave of protests from two sides; the past and the future. The past is divided into three waves, each of them corresponding to an era of hope and aspiration. First is the enlightenment wave, followed by the revolutionary wave and finally the democratic wave. The author then tackles the Arab Spring and argues that it is not the time for celebration, but an important station in the long way towards democracy.
855:
569:
500:, not enlightenment or revolution would pave the way for democracy in the Arab world. Civil society was seen as essential for emergence of democracy and that once a strong civil society developed, democracy was sure to follow. It was hoped that democracy would be achieved by the end of 1990s or early twenty-first century at most. The
380:. Another shared theme was their attempt to explain the backwardness of the Arab world and the progress of the Western world by one grand cause, each of them claiming to have found this cause. Despite the long time-frame and successive generations of this wave, the author concludes that it failed to achieve its goals.
548:
The author concludes by arguing that change is hard and that one should not rush to think that the Arab Spring is the "time of festival". Instead the author blames this rush and exaggerated expectations for the diminishing of hope. He adds that although the way forward is long and hard (the events of
911:
parties in the Arab world. Writing for the same newspaper, Mahir
Abdulqadir praised the thesis of the book, stating that unlike many of the superficial analysis of the Arab Spring, Kadhim succeeded in tackling and examining the Arabic subconscious while keeping the reader in suspense until the last
529:
of democratic change was being weakened and replaced by small narratives of quality of life and personal consumption of commodities and services. Arab states used these narratives to polish their tarnished legitimacy. However, these small narratives were not sustainable. Dissatisfaction and despair
893:
was Kadhim's most important book so far. Writing for the same newspaper, Habib Haidar expressed his admire to the large amount of sources Kadhim used and was able to plot in a homogeneous way that is easy to read. He also noted that two thirds of the book were dedicated to the "memory of hope" and
371:
would allow the region catch up with more developed nations. Although they differed in ideology and worldview, the common theme among the enlightenment intellectuals was their belief in gradual progress without sudden leaps even if it takes decades. They did not support violence or revolution, but
388:
This wave started in the middle of the twentieth century and was characterized by the hope to achieve al-Nahda via rapid radical changes. Its theorists criticized the previous gradual approach as futile. They thought that the Arab world was held back from progress by two major forces: foreign
350:
The book discusses the Arab Spring from two sides: the past and the future. The author argues that the Arab Spring was a result of a past which extends to the nineteenth century, which he names the "memory of hope". He then divides this long period into three eras: enlightenment wave of hope,
24:
1636:
329:
in 2012 suggested that while
Tunisia was showing significant improvements, Egypt's improvements were limited and there were declines in some areas. Bahrain on the other hand was scoring record declines and was ranked lowest. The situation in Yemen was not much better than Bahrain.
907:'s proposal by stating that local narratives had reached an impasse. While praising his division of the "memory of hope", Madan thought that Kadhim should have expanded more about the divisions between the first and the second wave and should have explored more about
304:
erupted in mid-March and were met by government repression. The brutal repression radicalized the opposition and the country slid into full scale civil war that has left more than 100,000 killed by July 2013. Less significant protests also occurred in
516:
in the Arab world jumped from less than 20,000 in the mid-1960s to over 70,000 in the late 1980s to 300,000 in 2008. Despite all of these developments, there was no significant democratic change in any Arab state throughout this period.
534:'s self-immolation. Although the Arab Spring began with great hopes for change, these hopes were replaced by fear and then by frustration. Setbacks such as the struggle between Islamists and seculars,
915:
One attendant of a cultural seminar about the book criticized it for lacking
Islamic theorizing, while another described it as too optimistic. Overall comments were however positive. Writing for
512:
have formed a strong reaction against tyranny, which was seen as the main cause of the crisis. It also weakened authoritarian regimes and gave civil society more space to maneuver. The number of
925:
warned against judging the book from its optimistic cover image or title. It praised the book and described it as a "thoughtful and interesting study". Fahad al-Hindal praised the author's
182:
newspapers gave it favorable reviews. There were mild criticisms for the book, mainly concerned with its scope. Every critic thought it should have expanded more on a certain aspect.
558:
549:
early 2011 being an important station in it), we should hold on to the hope rescued by the Arab Spring and believe that a better future can be built by our own hands.
817:
723:
397:
and revolutions. To them, revolution was the only way to overcome the backwardness of the Arab world. The
Western world was no more a model to follow, instead
772:
837:
792:
260:
903:. He considered it the first Bahraini attempt to analyze the roots of the Arab Spring. He noted that throughout the book, the author had argued against
797:
777:
738:
842:
619:
802:
743:
243:
was able to remain in power for months before signing an agreement in
November by which he handed over power, but remained a political player. In
432:
into the leadership of Egypt. Nasser's ascend to power was a turning point in the history of the region and the revolutionary wave had spread to
827:
1120:
1702:
807:
1773:
239:
started shortly after the
Tunisian Revolution. Protesters were emboldened by the fall of Mubarak and their numbers grew. The president,
325:. The initial hopes of democratic change have faced several setbacks in Syria, Yemen, Libya, Bahrain, Egypt and Tunisia. A report by
310:
1783:
889:, Mohammed Jalal praised the book's title and subtitle saying they reflected positiveness and reality. He also stated that
248:
200:
was a wave of protests, uprisings and revolutions that erupted at the end of 2010 and beginning of 2011. Starting from the
228:
on 11 February. These events "jolted the rest of the region" and several other Arab countries were quick to follow suit.
225:
322:
275:. They developed into a civil war that has claimed the lives of tens of thousands. In September, six months after the
1778:
539:
110:
220:, which also swelled and spread all over the country. After several failed attempts to stop the movement, President
1035:
1768:
1710:
314:
876:
were published before the official release. The cover of the 314 pages book showed a
Tunisian woman waving the
469:
975:
884:
872:. Unlike Kadhim's three previous books, which were published gradually as articles in the media, no parts of
513:
394:
306:
159:
338:
Kadhim began writing the book in
December 2010, a time he described as gloomy with no hope of change in the
1303:
912:
pages. He however criticized the book for not covering the "West aggressive attitude to the
Renaissance".
708:
425:
351:
revolutionary wave of hope and democratic wave of hope. Each of these waves is then discussed in detail.
217:
919:
newspaper, Mohammed al-Mahfodh stated that the book was well worth reading and stopping by. A review by
212:
began in mid-December 2010 and was soon faced with government repression. On 14 January 2011, President
1674:
931:
868:
was published by Masaa
Publishing & Distribution in Bahrain and Kuwait in 2013, with the subtitle,
476:. The Arab revolutions that succeeded did not bring al-Nadha nor freedom, instead they had turned into
178:
609:
453:
449:
372:
preferred peaceful methods such as education and science to bring about change. Most of them saw the
1243:
359:
This wave started at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was characterized by the hope that
728:
437:
904:
1315:
604:
456:. The author states that this defeat was worse than that of 1948 and had signaled the end of the
256:
213:
782:
445:
268:
252:
148:
1703:"The 2011 uprisings in the Arab Middle East: political change and geopolitical implications"
758:
683:
634:
589:
561:
535:
477:
368:
1402:
1369:
1198:
1167:
968:
579:
For each wave, the author cites a number of characters as its thinkers and intellectuals.
8:
493:
433:
318:
276:
209:
158:
The book was positively received by reviewers in several Bahraini media outlets such as
1255:
787:
748:
713:
572:
505:
465:
441:
429:
417:
240:
1219:
1094:
147:, it is the ninth book by Kadhim, who works as a Professor of Cultural Studies at the
1727:
1345:
898:
698:
678:
668:
594:
530:
were very high. This situation was ready to explode at any moment and was ignited by
481:
236:
165:
105:
1667:
421:
1723:
1608:
1579:
1045:
926:
531:
301:
1338:
1040:
673:
649:
599:
377:
290:
124:
693:
614:
501:
216:
fled to Saudi Arabia. Inspired by the events, the Egyptians organized similar
1762:
1719:
1127:
644:
629:
526:
497:
373:
326:
221:
1742:
1121:
Divergence and Decline: The Middle East and the World after the Arab Spring
858:
832:
822:
812:
733:
703:
654:
420:, the Arab world went into an era of political assassinations and military
140:
34:
1231:
1090:
718:
688:
639:
402:
398:
390:
364:
205:
197:
191:
152:
132:
72:
753:
624:
473:
339:
1551:
1522:
1493:
1464:
1435:
1312:, pp. 88–91, 103, 107, 111, 117–8, 129, 131, 138, 146, 148, 152.
457:
880:. The book has received favorable reviews in various media outlets.
23:
1643:
1098:
921:
854:
568:
509:
461:
360:
285:
272:
172:
1036:"Death Toll In Syria Rises To 100,000, UN Chief Ban Ki-Moon Says"
908:
484:
have struck a fatal blow to the Arab revolutionary wave of hope.
406:
244:
201:
136:
90:
1267:
877:
144:
1279:
1252:, pp. 14–5, 98–9, 101–2, 114–5, 125–7, 144, 150–1, 156–9.
1200:نادر كاظم يُصدر "إنقاذ الأمل: الطريق الطويل إلى الربيع العربي"
297:
264:
232:
464:
wave. This wave reached its climax in early 1980s after the
376:
as a model to follow and imitate; some even called for full
263:
to put down protests and announced a state of emergency. In
1324:, pp. 175, 180–5, 191, 196, 200, 205, 207, 224, 228–9.
410:
280:
1071:
1015:
897:
Hassan Madan reviewed the book in 5 articles published in
557:
1404:ملاحظات عابرة على هامش كتاب "إنقاذ الأمل" لنادر كاظم (2)
1371:ملاحظات عابرة على هامش كتاب "إنقاذ الأمل" لنادر كاظم (1)
1291:
1003:
991:
861:
signing a copy of the book in the 2014 Bahrain Book Fair
1753:] (in Arabic). Masaa Publishing & Distribution.
224:
announced his resignation and transferred power to the
1665:
1142:
1059:
259:. A month later, the government called in troops from
1400:
1367:
1407:[Passing notes on the margins of Nader Kadhim's
1374:[Passing notes on the margins of Nader Kadhim's
929:
of the three waves of hope in a review published in
1606:
575:
was a main figure in the revolutionary wave of hope
452:. This wave however faced a historic defeat in the
949:
492:This wave began at the end of the 1980s after the
1264:, pp. 174, 182–7, 192, 196, 198, 200–1, 208.
383:
354:
1760:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1228:, pp. 13, 41, 55, 67–8, 85–7, 93, 116, 132.
1033:
564:, the pioneer of the enlightenment wave of hope
520:
151:. Written in two stages, before and during the
1581:اشتباكات نقدية وقراءات مختلفة لـ "إنقاذ الأمل"
1193:
1191:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1118:
487:
460:revolutionary wave, which was replaced by the
271:started on 17 February in the eastern city of
1327:
17:Saving Hope: The Long Way to the Arab Spring
1751:Saving Hope: The Long Way to the Arab Spring
1747:إنقاذ الأمل: الطريق الطويل إلى الربيع العربي
1549:
1520:
1491:
1462:
1433:
1165:
961:
525:In this chapter, the author argues that the
129:إنقاذ الأمل: الطريق الطويل إلى الربيع العربي
120:Saving Hope: The Long Way to the Arab Spring
46:إنقاذ الأمل: الطريق الطويل إلى الربيع العربي
44:
1188:
1154:
1089:
416:Following the defeat of Arab armies in the
894:only 100 pages discussed the Arab Spring.
545:have diminished much of the initial hope.
472:, which turned Afghanistan into a hub for
333:
208:and spreading throughout the country, the
82:2013 (Masaa Publishing & Distribution)
22:
1700:
1610:"إنقاذ الأمل" قراءة مختلفة للربيع العربيّ
1169:كاظم: يستقرئ مدونة الأمل في الربيع العربي
1077:
1065:
1021:
1009:
997:
1666:Fahad Tawfiq al-Hindal (1 August 2013).
1401:Mohammed Nuaman Jalal (6 January 2014).
1368:Mohammed Nuaman Jalal (4 January 2014).
853:
849:
567:
556:
393:and local tyranny. Thus, they supported
170:and al-Bilad. In addition, the pan-Arab
1701:Dalacoura, Katerina (20 January 2012).
709:Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi (1914–1999)
1761:
1741:
1321:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1273:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1225:
1148:
955:
1607:Mohammed al-Mahfodh (17 April 2013).
1340:إنقاذ الأمل.. قراءة فى كتاب نادر كاظم
610:Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi (1855–1902)
1240:, pp. 14, 88–92, 108, 124, 132.
480:. These developments and the 8-year
1638:"إنقاذ الأمل" ... الصعود إلى الأسفل
605:Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani (1838–1897)
496:. Its main theme was the hope that
128:
13:
1774:21st-century Arabic-language books
783:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri (1936–2010)
729:Mohamed Hassanein Heikal (b. 1923)
261:neighboring Persian Gulf countries
14:
1795:
1119:Vanessa Tucker (September 2012).
1095:"Hard winter for the Arab Spring"
1034:Edith M. Lederer (25 July 2013).
818:Mohamed El-Sayed Said (1950–2009)
1728:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01057.x
1669:فاصلة / إنقاذ الأمل... صوت العقل
1466:نادر كاظم: فقدان الأمل أم إنقاذه
1337:Mahir Abdulqadir (1 June 2013).
759:Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1941–1989)
724:Salahuddin al-Munjid (1920–2010)
635:Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed (1872–1963)
45:
1659:
1629:
1600:
1572:
1543:
1514:
1485:
1456:
1427:
1394:
1361:
1112:
870:The Long Way to the Arab Spring
662:The revolutionary wave of hope:
583:The enlightenment wave of hope:
1550:Hassan Madan (28 April 2013).
1521:Hassan Madan (25 April 2013).
1492:Hassan Madan (24 April 2013).
1463:Hassan Madan (23 April 2013).
1434:Hassan Madan (22 April 2013).
1083:
1027:
714:Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918–1970)
514:non-governmental organizations
470:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
384:The revolutionary wave of hope
355:The enlightenment wave of hope
1:
1524:نادر كاظم ونقد المجتمع المدني
1166:Habib Haidar (22 June 2013).
976:Al-Wasat (Bahraini newspaper)
938:
793:Khaldoon al-Naqib (1941–2011)
773:Khair el-din Haseeb (b. 1929)
699:Constantin Zureiq (1909–2000)
684:Abul A'la Maududi (1903–1979)
679:Ruhollah Khomeini (1902–1989)
595:Butrus al-Bustani (1819–1883)
590:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi (1801–1873)
552:
395:national liberation movements
185:
788:Saad Eddin Ibrahim (b. 1938)
766:The democratic wave of hope:
749:Sadiq Jalal al-Azm (b. 1934)
521:The beginning of Arab Spring
7:
1784:Works about the Arab Spring
1553:القديم يموت والجديد لا يولد
674:Muhammad Naguib (1901–1984)
650:Ali Abdel Raziq (1888–1966)
620:Shibli Shumayal (1860–1917)
600:Hayreddin Pasha (1820–1890)
508:in 1990 and the subsequent
488:The democratic wave of hope
426:Egyptian Revolution of 1952
283:military intervention, the
10:
1800:
1647:(in Arabic). 6 August 2013
1207:(in Arabic). 13 April 2013
979:(in Arabic). 13 April 2013
798:Wajih Kawtharani (b. 1941)
778:Al-Habib Jinhani (b. 1934)
744:Yasin al-Hafiz (1930–1978)
739:Nadeem al-Baitar (b. 1925)
694:Ahmad Shukeiri (1908–1980)
669:Sati' al-Husri (1882–1968)
615:Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905)
466:Islamic Revolution in Iran
345:
189:
1588:(in Arabic). 26 June 2013
1495:نادر كاظم والموجات الثلاث
1276:, pp. 250–6, 279–86.
645:Salama Moussa (1887–1958)
630:Shakib Arslan (1869–1946)
104:
96:
86:
78:
68:
60:
52:
40:
30:
21:
1779:Enlightenment philosophy
1746:
1668:
1637:
1609:
1580:
1552:
1523:
1494:
1465:
1436:
1403:
1370:
1339:
1288:, pp. 24–5, 289–92.
1199:
1168:
973:[Nader Kadhim].
969:
803:Al-Taher Labib (b. 1942)
734:Frantz Fanon (1925–1961)
704:Michel Aflaq (1910–1989)
655:Taha Hussein (1889–1973)
506:Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
293:was toppled and killed.
719:Anwar Sadat (1918–1981)
689:Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966)
640:Farah Antun (1874–1922)
424:that culminated in the
401:counties that resisted
334:Inspiration and writing
214:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
1769:2013 non-fiction books
862:
823:Azmi Bishara (b. 1956)
813:Elias Khoury (b. 1948)
754:Mahdi Amel (1936–1987)
625:Qasim Amin (1863–1908)
576:
565:
218:protests on 25 January
1711:International Affairs
857:
850:Release and reception
808:Ali al-Kanz (b. 1946)
571:
560:
478:authoritarian regimes
454:1967 Arab–Israeli War
149:University of Bahrain
1093:(13 December 2013).
542:Innocence of Muslims
536:2012 Benghazi attack
494:Revolutions of 1989
413:became the models.
277:UN Security Council
210:Tunisian Revolution
41:Original title
18:
1300:, pp. 13, 67.
1080:, pp. 72, 79.
1024:, pp. 66, 69.
863:
838:Abdennour Benantar
577:
573:Gamal Abdel Nasser
566:
430:Gamal Abdel Nasser
418:1948 Palestine war
241:Ali Abdullah Saleh
56:Mohammed al-Nabhan
16:
1346:Al Ayam (Bahrain)
562:Rifa'a al-Tahtawi
116:
115:
87:Publication place
53:Cover artist
1791:
1754:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1707:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1437:قراءة لنادر كاظم
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1163:
1152:
1151:, pp. 9–12.
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1125:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1046:Associated Press
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1012:, pp. 65–6.
1007:
1001:
1000:, pp. 63–5.
995:
989:
988:
986:
984:
965:
959:
953:
927:critical reading
532:Mohamed Bouazizi
428:, which brought
255:and were met by
139:cultural critic
130:
48:
26:
19:
15:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1732:
1730:
1705:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1041:Huffington Post
1032:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
982:
980:
971:
967:
966:
962:
954:
950:
941:
852:
847:
843:Baqir al-Najjar
763:
659:
555:
527:grand narrative
523:
490:
386:
378:Europeanization
357:
348:
336:
291:Muammar Gaddafi
194:
188:
12:
11:
5:
1797:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1756:
1755:
1739:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1658:
1628:
1599:
1571:
1542:
1513:
1484:
1455:
1426:
1393:
1360:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1187:
1153:
1141:
1130:. pp. 1–4
1111:
1082:
1078:Dalacoura 2012
1070:
1066:Dalacoura 2012
1058:
1026:
1022:Dalacoura 2012
1014:
1010:Dalacoura 2012
1002:
998:Dalacoura 2012
990:
960:
947:
946:
945:
940:
937:
851:
848:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
762:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
665:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
586:
554:
551:
522:
519:
502:Saddam Hussein
489:
486:
385:
382:
356:
353:
347:
344:
335:
332:
235:, small-scale
190:Main article:
187:
184:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
42:
38:
37:
32:
28:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1796:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1752:
1744:
1743:Kadhim, Nader
1740:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:Chatham House
1717:
1713:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1632:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1501:
1497:
1488:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1192:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1129:
1128:Freedom House
1122:
1115:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1068:, p. 66.
1067:
1062:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
978:
977:
972:
964:
957:
952:
948:
943:
942:
936:
934:
933:
928:
924:
923:
918:
913:
910:
906:
902:
901:
895:
892:
888:
887:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
860:
856:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
767:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
666:
664:
663:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
585:
584:
580:
574:
570:
563:
559:
550:
546:
544:
543:
540:Reactions to
537:
533:
528:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:civil society
495:
485:
483:
482:Iran–Iraq War
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
381:
379:
375:
374:Western world
370:
369:enlightenment
366:
362:
352:
343:
341:
331:
328:
327:Freedom House
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
222:Hosni Mubarak
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
193:
183:
181:
180:
175:
174:
169:
168:
163:
162:
156:
154:
150:
146:
143:. Written in
142:
138:
134:
126:
122:
121:
112:
111:9789995870157
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
36:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1750:
1731:. Retrieved
1715:
1709:
1694:Bibliography
1680:. Retrieved
1673:
1661:
1649:. Retrieved
1642:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1614:
1602:
1590:. Retrieved
1585:
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1557:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1528:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1499:
1487:
1475:. Retrieved
1470:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1441:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1408:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1379:
1375:
1363:
1351:. Retrieved
1344:
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1204:
1178:. Retrieved
1173:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1039:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
981:. Retrieved
974:
963:
958:, p. 2.
951:
930:
920:
916:
914:
899:
896:
890:
885:
883:Writing for
882:
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:Nader Kadhim
833:Larbi Sadiki
828:Amani kandil
765:
764:
661:
660:
582:
581:
578:
547:
541:
524:
491:
415:
387:
358:
349:
337:
323:Saudi Arabia
295:
284:
279:–sanctioned
230:
195:
177:
176:and Kuwaiti
171:
166:
160:
157:
141:Nader Kadhim
131:) is a 2013
119:
118:
117:
35:Nader Kadhim
1678:(in Arabic)
1617:(in Arabic)
1560:(in Arabic)
1531:(in Arabic)
1502:(in Arabic)
1473:(in Arabic)
1444:(in Arabic)
1415:(in Arabic)
1409:Saving Hope
1382:(in Arabic)
1376:Saving Hope
1349:(in Arabic)
1322:Kadhim 2013
1310:Kadhim 2013
1298:Kadhim 2013
1286:Kadhim 2013
1274:Kadhim 2013
1262:Kadhim 2013
1250:Kadhim 2013
1238:Kadhim 2013
1226:Kadhim 2013
1176:(in Arabic)
1149:Kadhim 2013
1091:Lyse Doucet
956:Kadhim 2013
935:newspaper.
891:Saving Hope
874:Saving Hope
866:Saving Hope
403:imperialism
399:Third World
391:colonialism
365:Renaissance
253:14 February
251:erupted on
206:Sidi Bouzid
198:Arab Spring
192:Arab Spring
153:Arab Spring
133:non-fiction
73:Non-fiction
1763:Categories
1411:(2)].
1378:(1)].
1126:(Report).
939:References
553:Characters
474:Mujahideen
340:Arab World
257:repression
186:Background
1745:(2013).
1722:: 63–79.
970:نادر كاظم
944:Footnotes
504:-ordered
458:Nasserite
79:Published
1682:10 April
1651:10 April
1644:Al-Hayat
1621:10 April
1615:Al-Bilad
1592:10 April
1413:Al-Wasat
1380:Al-Wasat
1353:10 April
1205:Al-Wasat
1174:Al-Wasat
1099:BBC News
922:Al-Hayat
917:Al-Bilad
886:Al-Wasat
510:Gulf War
462:Islamist
405:such as
361:al-Nahda
302:protests
286:de facto
273:Benghazi
269:protests
249:protests
237:protests
204:city of
202:Tunisian
173:Al-Hayat
161:Al-Wasat
137:Bahraini
135:book by
61:Language
1733:3 April
1586:Al Ayam
1564:9 April
1558:Al Ayam
1535:9 April
1529:Al Ayam
1506:9 April
1500:Al Ayam
1477:9 April
1471:Al Ayam
1448:9 April
1442:Al Ayam
1419:9 April
1386:9 April
1211:9 April
1180:9 April
1134:4 April
1104:4 April
1051:3 April
983:8 April
909:Marxist
905:Lyotard
900:Al Ayam
438:Bahrain
434:Algeria
407:Vietnam
346:Content
315:Morocco
307:Algeria
245:Bahrain
167:Al Ayam
91:Bahrain
1675:Al Rai
932:Al Rai
878:V sign
367:) and
363:(Arab
311:Jordan
289:ruler
179:Al Rai
145:Arabic
125:Arabic
64:Arabic
31:Author
1749:[
1718:(1).
1706:(PDF)
1124:(PDF)
450:Libya
446:Yemen
422:coups
298:Syria
265:Libya
233:Yemen
97:Pages
69:Genre
1735:2014
1684:2014
1653:2014
1623:2014
1594:2014
1566:2014
1537:2014
1508:2014
1479:2014
1450:2014
1421:2014
1388:2014
1355:2014
1213:2014
1182:2014
1136:2014
1106:2014
1053:2014
985:2014
538:and
468:and
448:and
442:Iraq
411:Cuba
409:and
321:and
319:Oman
281:NATO
226:army
196:The
106:ISBN
1724:doi
296:In
231:In
100:314
1765::
1716:88
1714:.
1708:.
1672:.
1641:.
1613:.
1584:.
1556:.
1527:.
1498:.
1469:.
1440:.
1343:.
1329:^
1203:.
1190:^
1172:.
1156:^
1097:.
1044:.
1038:.
444:,
440:,
436:,
317:,
313:,
309:,
300:,
267:,
247:,
164:,
127::
1737:.
1726::
1686:.
1655:.
1625:.
1596:.
1568:.
1539:.
1510:.
1481:.
1452:.
1423:.
1390:.
1357:.
1215:.
1184:.
1138:.
1108:.
1055:.
987:.
123:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
