106:
148:
815:
706:
characteristics. The chassis was divided into a 3 x 5 matrix of cells separated by walls through which coolant was circulated to remove the 138 watts of power dissipated by the computer. Slots in the cell walls held "pages" of electronics. The decision to cool the LVDC by circulating coolant through the walls of the computer was unique at the time and allowed the LVDC and LVDA (part-cooled using this technique) to be placed in one cold plate location due to the three dimensional packaging. The cold plates used to cool most equipment in the
140:. At each stage in the pipeline, a voting system would take a majority vote on the results, with the most popular result being passed on to the next stage in all pipelines. This meant that, for each of the seven stages, one module in any one of the three pipelines could fail, and the LVDC would still produce the correct results. The result was an estimated reliability of 99.6% over 250 hours of operation, which was far more than the few hours required for an Apollo mission.
1754:
1630:
98:
31:
714:
A page consisted of two 2.5–3-inch (64–76 mm) boards back to back and a magnesium-lithium frame to conduct heat to the chassis on low power pages and magnesium-aluminun-zinc on higher power pages. The 12-layer boards contained signal, power, and ground layers and connections between layers were
211:
Multiply the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address by the contents of the accumulator register. This instruction took four instruction cycles to complete, but didn't stall program execution, so other instructions could execute before it finished. The result was left in a
710:
were inefficient from a space view although versatile for the variety of equipment used. The alloy LA 141 had been used by IBM on the Gemini keyboard, read out units, and computer in small quantities and the larger frame of the LVDC was produced from the largest billets of LA 141 cast at the time
113:
Its master clock ran at 2.048 MHz, but operations were performed bit-serially, with 4 cycles required to process each bit, 14 bits per instruction phase, and 3 phases per instruction, for a basic instruction cycle time of 82 ÎĽs (168 clock cycles) for a simple add. A few instructions
718:
Up to 35 alumina squares of 0.3 by 0.3 by 0.07 inches (7.6 mm Ă— 7.6 mm Ă— 1.8 mm) could be reflow soldered to a board. These alumina squares had conductors silk screened to the top side and resistors silk-screened to the bottom side. Semiconductor chips of 0.025 by 0.025
164:
LVDC instruction words were split into a 4-bit opcode field (least-significant bits) and a 9-bit operand address field (most-significant bits). This left it with sixteen possible opcode values when there were eighteen different instructions: consequently, three of the instructions used the same
330:
Process input or output: communicate with external hardware via the Data
Adapter. "The low order address bits, A1 and A2, determine whether the operation is an input or output instruction. The high order address bits, A8 and A9, determine whether the data contents are transferred from the main
705:
The LVDC was approximately 30 inches (760 mm) wide, 12.5 inches (320 mm) high, and 10.5 inches (270 mm) deep and weighed 72.5 pounds (32.9 kg). The chassis was made of magnesium-lithium alloy LA 141, chosen for its high stiffness, low weight, and good vibration damping
719:
inches (0.64 mm Ă— 0.64 mm), each containing either one transistor or two diodes, were reflow soldered to the top side. The complete module was called a unit logic device. The unit logic device (ULD) was a smaller version of IBM's
433:
In flight the LVDC ran a major computation loop every 2 seconds for vehicle guidance, and a minor loop 25 times a second for attitude control. The minor loop is triggered by a dedicated interrupt every 40 ms and takes 18 ms to run.
1125:
S. Bonis, R. Jackson, and B. Pagnani. IBM Space
Guidance Center, Owego, NY. "Mechanical and Electronic Packaging for a Launch-Vehicle Guidance Computer." International Electronic Circuit Packaging Symposium 21–24 August 1964. Pages
143:
With four memory modules, giving a total capacity of 16,384 words, the computer weighed 72.5 lb (32.9 kg), was 29.5 by 12.5 by 10.5 inches (750 mm Ă— 320 mm Ă— 270 mm) in size and consumed 137W.
197:
Transfer execution to a different part of the program. Unlike a modern 'jump' instruction the operand address did not actually specify the address to jump to, but pointed to a 26-bit 'HOP constant' which specified the address.
168:
Memory was broken into 256-word "sectors". 8 bits of the address specified a word within a sector, and the 9th bit selected between the software-selectable "current sector" or a global sector called "residual memory".
264:
Multiply the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address by the contents of the accumulator register. Unlike MPY, this instruction does halt execution until the multiplication is complete.
155:
The LVDC communicated digitally with a Launch
Vehicle Data adapter (LVDA). The LVDA converted analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog with a Flight Control Computer (FCC). The FCC was an analog computer.
1121:
M.M. Dickinson, J.B. Jackson, G.C. Randa. IBM Space
Guidance Center, Owego, NY. "Saturn V Launch Vehicle Digital Computer and Data Adapter." Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, 1964, pages
715:
made by plated-through holes. The plated-through holes were deliberately placed below the unit logic devices (ULD) to help conduct heat from the devices to the metal frames and thus the coolant walls.
960:
M.M. Dickinson, J.B. Jackson, G.C. Randa. IBM Space
Guidance Center, Owego, NY. "Saturn V Launch Vehicle Digital Computer and Data Adapter." Proceedings of the Fall Joint Computer Conference, 1964
238:
Divide the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address into the accumulator. This instruction took eight instruction cycles to complete, but didn't stall program execution.
304:
Transfer execution to the memory location specified in the operand address. The address is within the current instruction sector; the 9th (residual) bit of the operand selects the syllable.
441:
software, the software which ran on the LVDC seems to have vanished. While the hardware would be fairly simple to emulate, the only remaining copies of the software are probably in the
409:
Transfer execution to one of eight addresses dependent on the operand address, which also specifies modifications to the operand address of the next instruction before it is executed.
946:
Apollo Study Report, Volume 2, pages 3-36 to 3-37. The log book for the LVDC at
National Air and Space Museum says the dimensions were 31x13.1x13 inches and the weight was 90 pounds.
383:
Contents of accumulator are shifted by up to two bits, based on a value in the operand address. This instruction can also clear the accumulator if the operand address bits are zero.
1741:
94:. For comparison, as of 2022, researchers at the University of California created a chip capable of running at 1.78 trillion instructions per second, 146 million times faster.
79:
1148:
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 1 Nov 1968. MSFC No. IV-4-401-1. IBM No. 68-966-0002. 419 pages. Chapter 15 is about the LVDC and Launch
Vehicle Data Adapter.
814:
2816:
17:
921:
370:
Contents of the accumulator are subtracted from the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address, and the result left in the accumulator.
1081:
1060:
1190:
121:, each with a 14th parity bit. Instructions were one syllable in size, while data words were two syllables (26 bits). Main memory was random access
1788:
1158:
2927:
2110:
2629:
1468:
1145:
1907:
1664:
2786:
2352:
2169:
3734:
3140:
2132:
2781:
1473:
1448:
2853:
1164:
High-resolution photos of LDVC components at the SpaceAholic collection of Apollo Lunar Module and Saturn V spaceflight artifacts
867:
3135:
2606:
1536:
1183:
723:(SLT) module, but with clip connections. Copper balls were used for contacts between the chips and the conductive patterns.
105:
3550:
2674:
1937:
1781:
1520:
1463:
1458:
78:
rockets. The LVDC also supported pre- and post-launch checkout of the Saturn hardware. It was used in conjunction with the
3560:
2701:
1436:
846:
317:
Logically XOR the contents of the accumulator with the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address.
278:
Logically AND the contents of the accumulator with the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address.
136:
and a voting system. The computer included three identical logic systems. Each logic system was split into a seven-stage
1828:
1490:
1030:
125:, in the form of 4,096-word memory modules. Up to 8 modules provided a maximum of 32,768 words of memory. Ultrasonic
2868:
2696:
2669:
2048:
1443:
3724:
3683:
3246:
2139:
2105:
2100:
2019:
1984:
1657:
1633:
1176:
1114:
147:
3729:
3658:
3555:
2956:
2863:
2664:
1885:
1774:
2684:
2403:
1838:
1551:
1431:
1401:
2858:
2706:
2679:
2540:
2154:
2115:
1972:
1541:
1510:
1485:
225:
Subtract the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address from the accumulator register.
1065:
3295:
3057:
2533:
2494:
2149:
2144:
2078:
1890:
1685:
1610:
1330:
251:
Transfers instruction execution to the operand address specified if the accumulator contents are not zero.
82:(LVDA) which performed signal conditioning from the sensor inputs to the computer from the launch vehicle.
1000:
3719:
2922:
2619:
2317:
2014:
1757:
1650:
1589:
1421:
1072:
344:
Store the contents of the accumulator register in the memory location specified in the operand address.
3572:
3219:
2636:
2127:
2095:
1865:
1853:
1833:
1556:
1500:
1163:
291:
Add the contents of the memory location specified in the operand address to the accumulator register.
3663:
3626:
3616:
2004:
1505:
1453:
1365:
133:
3678:
3085:
3021:
2998:
2848:
2810:
2646:
2596:
2591:
2068:
1962:
1870:
1695:
1690:
1495:
1370:
1340:
1335:
1256:
1051:
835:
707:
446:
438:
63:
1095:
Description and
Performance Of The Saturn Launch Vehicle's Navigation, Guidance And Control System
165:
opcode value, and used two bits of the address value to determine which instruction was executed.
3631:
3414:
3308:
3272:
3189:
3173:
3015:
2804:
2763:
2751:
2614:
2528:
2449:
2214:
1875:
1818:
1478:
1391:
1288:
91:
1022:
3437:
3409:
3319:
3284:
3033:
3027:
3009:
2743:
2737:
2641:
2545:
2436:
2375:
2237:
1880:
1355:
720:
114:(such as multiply or divide) took several multiples of the basic instruction cycle to execute.
357:
Transfer execution to the operand address specified if the accumulator contents are negative.
3611:
3520:
3266:
2978:
2796:
2555:
2523:
2481:
2393:
2194:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1949:
1932:
1797:
1296:
1282:
909:
1093:
62:'s Electronics Systems Center in Owego, New York, it was one of the major components of the
3641:
3577:
3163:
2885:
2775:
2722:
2254:
1967:
1823:
1805:
1605:
1515:
1426:
137:
122:
8:
3688:
3673:
3493:
3344:
3326:
3290:
3278:
2932:
2879:
2656:
2572:
2454:
2309:
2204:
2063:
1577:
1546:
1301:
1277:
1089:
3545:
3537:
3389:
3364:
3168:
3043:
2567:
2508:
2388:
2120:
1848:
1307:
1015:
3498:
3465:
3381:
3313:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3038:
2967:
2873:
2833:
2466:
2416:
2366:
2342:
2224:
2164:
2159:
2041:
1957:
1026:
821:
126:
55:
1052:
Saturn V Launch
Vehicle Digital Computer, Volume One: General Description and Theory
461:
The LVDC could also respond to a number of interrupts triggered by external events.
3668:
3601:
3587:
3442:
3349:
3303:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3080:
2950:
2917:
2828:
2823:
2732:
2584:
2579:
2562:
2550:
2489:
2053:
2031:
1917:
1895:
1813:
1583:
1375:
1360:
1133:
IBM Space
Guidance Center, Owego, NY, 1 October 1963. 133 pages. Also available on
769:
0.3-by-0.3-by-0.07-inch (7.6 mm Ă— 7.6 mm Ă— 1.8 mm) alumina
442:
30:
3582:
3567:
3515:
3419:
3394:
3231:
3224:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3004:
2912:
2902:
2624:
2459:
2411:
2174:
2058:
2026:
1927:
1922:
1843:
1721:
1700:
1134:
118:
51:
882:
3693:
3527:
3510:
3503:
3399:
3256:
2993:
2907:
2838:
2421:
2383:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2036:
1860:
1251:
1246:
1199:
3713:
3488:
3404:
2444:
2426:
2219:
1912:
1213:
1061:
Saturn V Guidance Computer, Semiannual Progress Report, 1 Apr. - 30 Sep. 1963
2347:
1001:"A circuit board from the Saturn V rocket, reverse-engineered and explained"
3698:
3636:
3452:
3429:
3241:
2962:
1900:
1572:
1350:
840:
726:
The hierarchy of the electronic structure is shown in the following table.
1168:
3483:
3447:
3158:
3130:
2988:
2843:
1766:
1616:
1130:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3336:
3236:
3209:
2471:
2304:
2274:
1994:
1705:
1396:
3460:
3457:
3199:
2269:
2247:
1642:
1223:
75:
97:
3475:
2294:
1228:
1218:
450:
71:
47:
1073:
Memory Requirements for the Launch Vehicle Digital Computer (LVDC)
783:
2.5-by-3-inch (64 mm Ă— 76 mm) printed circuit board
2284:
2242:
881:"Chapter Seven - The Evolution of Automated Launch Processing".
2299:
2264:
2229:
1726:
755:
0.025-by-0.025-inch (0.64 mm Ă— 0.64 mm) silicon
2757:
2289:
2259:
1731:
67:
928:
3621:
2769:
2689:
2279:
1345:
981:
2209:
2199:
868:"World's first 1,000-processor chip designed by UC Davis"
59:
54:, and the trans-lunar injection burn that would send the
159:
151:
Apollo Saturn V analog Flight Control Computer Unit FCC
46:) was a computer that provided the autopilot for the
1082:Saturn V Launch Vehicle Guidance Equations, SA-504
1014:
1146:Astrionics System Handbook Saturn Launch Vehicles
1012:
3711:
1351:Primary guidance, navigation, and control system
956:
954:
952:
912:. Popular Science. Oct 1965. p. 94-95; 206-208.
904:
902:
711:and subsequently CNC machined into the frame.
172:The eighteen possible LVDC instructions were:
1782:
1658:
1469:Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment
1184:
1013:Pugh, Emerson; Johnson; Palmer, John (1991).
884:Computers in Spaceflight: The NASA Experience
1088:
987:
949:
934:
899:
2787:Computer performance by orders of magnitude
1198:
1796:
1789:
1775:
1665:
1651:
1191:
1177:
766:Up to 14 transistors, diodes and resistors
428:
58:to the Moon. Designed and manufactured by
34:LVDC from Instrument Unit technical manual
533:Manual Initiation of S-IVB Engine Cutoff
331:memory, residual memory or accumulator."
1449:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
978:Apollo Study Report, Volume 2, page 2-37
969:Apollo Study Report, Volume 2, page 3-4.
910:"Tiny Computers Steer Mightiest Rockets"
662:S-IC Propellant Depletion/Engine Cutoff
654:S-II Propellant Depletion/Engine Cutoff
146:
104:
96:
90:The LVDC was capable of executing 12190
29:
786:MIB (Multilayer Interconnection Board)
464:For a Saturn IB these interrupts were:
14:
3712:
1672:
1474:Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment
1159:IBM Archives: Saturn Guidance Computer
915:
589:For a Saturn V these interrupts were:
18:Saturn Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
1770:
1646:
1172:
678:Program Recycle (RCA-110A Interrupt)
422:(Clear accumulator and) load memory.
2758:Floating-point operations per second
1521:Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment
1464:Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment
1459:Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment
160:Software architecture and algorithms
847:Gemini Spacecraft On-Board Computer
24:
1491:Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment
1479:Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment
1112:NASA Marshall Spaceflight Center,
1105:NASA Marshall Spaceflight Center,
843:primary spacecraft guidance system
622:Computer Interface Unit Interrupt
453:rockets on display at NASA sites.
50:rocket from launch, through Earth
25:
3746:
3735:Spacecraft navigation instruments
1444:Solar Wind Composition Experiment
1152:
3684:Semiconductor device fabrication
1753:
1752:
1634:Category:Apollo program hardware
1629:
1628:
923:Saturn Launch Vehicles TR X-881
813:
694:Command LVDA/RCA-110A Interrupt
573:S-IB Low Fuel Level Sensors Dry
3659:History of general-purpose CPUs
1886:Nondeterministic Turing machine
1742:Universal Space Guidance System
1737:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
1262:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
1017:IBM's 360 and Early 370 Systems
1006:
993:
700:
132:For reliability, the LVDC used
40:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
27:Computer of the Saturn V rocket
1839:Deterministic finite automaton
1552:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
1432:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
1402:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment
1131:Apollo Study Report, Volume 2.
1115:Skylab Saturn IB Flight Manual
972:
963:
940:
874:
860:
820:MSFC officials, including Dr.
13:
1:
2630:Simultaneous and heterogenous
1511:Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment
1486:Modular Equipment Transporter
1107:Saturn V Flight Manual SA-503
1043:
824:(on left) looking at an LVDC
543:S-IB Outboard Engines Cutoff
456:
3314:Integrated memory controller
3296:Translation lookaside buffer
2495:Memory dependence prediction
1938:Random-access stored program
1891:Probabilistic Turing machine
1686:Apollo Abort Guidance System
1611:Rendezvous Docking Simulator
1422:Portable Life Support System
1331:Apollo Abort Guidance System
129:provided temporary storage.
7:
2770:Synaptic updates per second
1758:Category:Guidance computers
1590:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
829:
646:Guidance Reference Release
638:Command Receiver Interrupt
523:Guidance Reference Release
85:
80:Launch Vehicle Data Adaptor
10:
3751:
3174:Heterogeneous architecture
2096:Orthogonal instruction set
1866:Alternating Turing machine
1854:Quantum cellular automaton
1557:Mobile quarantine facility
1501:Lunar Surface Magnetometer
806:
730:LVDC electronic packaging
630:Temporary Loss Of Control
614:Switch Selector Interrupt
513:Command Decoder Interrupt
503:Simultaneous Memory Error
117:Memory was in the form of
3664:Microprocessor chronology
3651:
3627:Dynamic frequency scaling
3600:
3536:
3474:
3428:
3380:
3335:
3255:
3182:
3151:
3056:
2977:
2941:
2895:
2795:
2782:Cache performance metrics
2721:
2655:
2605:
2516:
2507:
2480:
2435:
2402:
2374:
2365:
2185:
2088:
2077:
1948:
1804:
1750:
1714:
1678:
1626:
1598:
1565:
1529:
1506:Lunar Traverse Gravimeter
1454:Active Seismic Experiment
1412:
1384:
1366:Descent propulsion system
1321:
1270:
1237:
1206:
734:
594:
469:
177:
3679:Hardware security module
3022:Digital signal processor
2999:Graphics processing unit
2811:Graphics processing unit
1696:Gemini Guidance Computer
1691:Apollo Guidance Computer
1496:Lunar Surface Gravimeter
1371:Ascent propulsion system
1346:Lunar Sounder Experiment
1341:Apollo Guidance Computer
1336:Apollo Docking Mechanism
853:
836:Apollo Guidance Computer
772:ULD (Unit Logic Device)
686:S-IC Inboard Engine Out
439:Apollo Guidance Computer
101:LVDC with cover removed.
3725:Apollo program hardware
3632:Dynamic voltage scaling
3415:Memory address register
3309:Branch target predictor
3273:Address generation unit
3016:Physics processing unit
2805:Central processing unit
2764:Transactions per second
2752:Instructions per second
2675:Array processing (SIMT)
1819:Stored-program computer
1437:list of retroreflectors
1200:Apollo program hardware
908:Dr. Wernher von Braun.
797:Magnesium-lithium frame
449:LVDCs of the remaining
429:Programs and algorithms
92:instructions per second
3730:IBM avionics computers
3438:Hardwired control unit
3320:Memory management unit
3285:Memory management unit
3034:Secure cryptoprocessor
3028:Tensor Processing Unit
3010:Vision processing unit
2744:Cycles per instruction
2738:Instructions per cycle
2685:Associative processing
2376:Instruction pipelining
1798:Processor technologies
1542:Launch Umbilical Tower
1356:Apollo Telescope Mount
721:Solid Logic Technology
152:
134:triple-redundant logic
110:
102:
35:
3521:Sum-addressed decoder
3267:Arithmetic logic unit
2394:Classic RISC pipeline
2348:Epiphany architecture
2195:Motorola 68000 series
1297:Apollo service module
1283:Apollo command module
1021:. MIT Press. p.
606:Minor Loop Interrupt
150:
108:
100:
33:
3642:Performance per watt
3220:replacement policies
2886:Package on a package
2776:Performance per watt
2680:Pipelined processing
2450:Tomasulo's algorithm
2255:Clipper architecture
2111:Application-specific
1824:Finite-state machine
1679:On crewed spacecraft
1606:Lunar escape systems
1516:Heat Flow Experiment
1427:Lunar Roving Vehicle
1090:Haeussermann, Walter
396:Change data sector.
3674:Digital electronics
3327:Instruction decoder
3279:Floating-point unit
2933:Soft microprocessor
2880:System in a package
2455:Reservation station
1985:Transport-triggered
1578:Lunar Flag Assembly
1547:Crawler-transporter
1302:Apollo Lunar Module
1118:, 30 September 1972
1064:, 31 October 1963;
731:
595:LVDC Data Word Bit
583:RCA-110A Interrupt
563:RCA-110A Interrupt
470:LVDC Data Word Bit
3720:Guidance computers
3546:Integrated circuit
3390:Processor register
3044:Baseband processor
2389:Operand forwarding
1849:Cellular automaton
1715:On launch vehicles
1673:Guidance computers
1055:, 30 November 1964
729:
153:
111:
103:
36:
3707:
3706:
3596:
3595:
3215:Instruction cache
3205:Scratchpad memory
3052:
3051:
3039:Network processor
2968:Network on a chip
2923:Ultra-low-voltage
2874:Multi-chip module
2717:
2716:
2503:
2502:
2490:Branch prediction
2467:Register renaming
2361:
2360:
2343:VISC architecture
2165:Quantum computing
2160:VISC architecture
2042:Secondary storage
1958:Microarchitecture
1918:Register machines
1764:
1763:
1640:
1639:
1392:Apollo/Skylab A7L
1109:, 1 November 1968
1101:. NASA TN D-5869.
988:Haeussermann 1970
937:, pp. 30–31.
935:Haeussermann 1970
822:Wernher von Braun
804:
803:
752:Transistor, diode
698:
697:
670:S-IVB Engine Out
587:
586:
553:S-IVB Engine Out
483:Internal to LVDC
426:
425:
56:Apollo spacecraft
16:(Redirected from
3742:
3669:Processor design
3561:Power management
3443:Instruction unit
3304:Branch predictor
3253:
3252:
2951:System on a chip
2893:
2892:
2733:Transistor count
2657:Flynn's taxonomy
2514:
2513:
2372:
2371:
2175:Addressing modes
2086:
2085:
2032:Memory hierarchy
1896:Hypercomputation
1814:Abstract machine
1791:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1631:
1584:Fallen Astronaut
1376:Scimitar antenna
1361:Apollo TV camera
1193:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1102:
1100:
1076:, April 25, 1967
1037:
1036:
1020:
1010:
1004:
997:
991:
985:
979:
976:
970:
967:
961:
958:
947:
944:
938:
932:
926:
919:
913:
906:
897:
896:
894:
892:
878:
872:
871:
864:
817:
732:
728:
592:
591:
580:
570:
560:
550:
540:
530:
520:
510:
500:
490:
480:
467:
466:
443:core rope memory
416:
403:
390:
377:
364:
351:
338:
324:
311:
298:
285:
272:
258:
245:
232:
219:
212:known register.
205:
191:
175:
174:
119:13-bit syllables
66:, fitted to the
21:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3689:Tick–tock model
3647:
3603:
3592:
3532:
3516:Address decoder
3470:
3424:
3420:Program counter
3395:Status register
3376:
3331:
3291:Load–store unit
3258:
3251:
3178:
3147:
3048:
3005:Image processor
2980:
2973:
2943:
2937:
2913:Microcontroller
2903:Embedded system
2891:
2791:
2724:
2713:
2651:
2601:
2499:
2476:
2460:Re-order buffer
2431:
2412:Data dependency
2398:
2357:
2187:
2181:
2080:
2079:Instruction set
2073:
2059:Multiprocessing
2027:Cache hierarchy
2020:Register/memory
1944:
1844:Queue automaton
1800:
1795:
1765:
1760:
1746:
1722:ATHENA computer
1710:
1674:
1671:
1641:
1636:
1622:
1594:
1561:
1537:Mobile Launcher
1525:
1414:
1408:
1380:
1323:
1317:
1266:
1257:Instrument unit
1239:
1233:
1207:Launch vehicles
1202:
1197:
1155:
1098:
1070:Bellcomm, Inc,
1046:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1011:
1007:
998:
994:
986:
982:
977:
973:
968:
964:
959:
950:
945:
941:
933:
929:
920:
916:
907:
900:
890:
888:
880:
879:
875:
866:
865:
861:
856:
832:
825:
818:
809:
708:Instrument Unit
703:
578:
568:
558:
548:
538:
528:
518:
508:
498:
488:
478:
459:
447:Instrument Unit
431:
414:
401:
388:
375:
362:
349:
336:
322:
309:
296:
283:
270:
256:
243:
230:
217:
203:
189:
162:
88:
64:Instrument Unit
52:orbit insertion
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3694:Pin grid array
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3542:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3528:Barrel shifter
3525:
3524:
3523:
3518:
3511:Binary decoder
3508:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3400:Stack register
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3263:
3261:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:AI accelerator
2991:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2960:
2957:Multiprocessor
2954:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2908:Microprocessor
2905:
2899:
2897:
2896:By application
2890:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Tile processor
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2625:Hyperthreading
2617:
2611:
2609:
2607:Multithreading
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:Pipeline stall
2380:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2333:z/Architecture
2330:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2037:Virtual memory
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1861:Turing machine
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1810:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1530:Ground support
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1238:Launch vehicle
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1153:External links
1151:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1103:
1086:
1085:, 15 July 1967
1077:
1068:
1056:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1032:978-0262161237
1031:
1005:
999:Ken Shirriff.
992:
990:, pp. 23.
980:
971:
962:
948:
939:
927:
914:
898:
873:
858:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
844:
838:
831:
828:
827:
826:
819:
812:
808:
805:
802:
801:
798:
795:
792:
788:
787:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
746:
745:
742:
739:
736:
702:
699:
696:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
680:
679:
676:
672:
671:
668:
664:
663:
660:
656:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
640:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
624:
623:
620:
616:
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
600:
599:
596:
585:
584:
581:
575:
574:
571:
565:
564:
561:
555:
554:
551:
545:
544:
541:
535:
534:
531:
525:
524:
521:
515:
514:
511:
505:
504:
501:
495:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
471:
458:
455:
430:
427:
424:
423:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
404:
398:
397:
394:
391:
385:
384:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
365:
359:
358:
355:
352:
346:
345:
342:
339:
333:
332:
328:
325:
319:
318:
315:
312:
306:
305:
302:
299:
293:
292:
289:
286:
280:
279:
276:
273:
267:
266:
262:
259:
253:
252:
249:
246:
240:
239:
236:
233:
227:
226:
223:
220:
214:
213:
209:
206:
200:
199:
195:
192:
186:
185:
182:
179:
161:
158:
87:
84:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3747:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:Demultiplexer
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Memory buffer
3408:
3406:
3405:Register file
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Combinational
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2445:Scoreboarding
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2427:False sharing
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:Stanford MIPS
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:architectures
2076:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Heterogeneous
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:Memory access
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:Random-access
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:Stack machine
1911:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:with datapath
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1635:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:Lunar surface
1411:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Little Joe II
1212:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1096:
1092:(July 1970).
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1002:
996:
989:
984:
975:
966:
957:
955:
953:
943:
936:
931:
925:
924:
918:
911:
905:
903:
886:
885:
877:
869:
863:
859:
848:
845:
842:
839:
837:
834:
833:
823:
816:
811:
810:
799:
796:
793:
790:
789:
785:
782:
780:Up to 35 ULDs
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:
743:
740:
737:
733:
727:
724:
722:
716:
712:
709:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
681:
677:
674:
673:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
657:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
641:
637:
634:
633:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
601:
597:
593:
590:
582:
577:
576:
572:
567:
566:
562:
557:
556:
552:
547:
546:
542:
537:
536:
532:
527:
526:
522:
517:
516:
512:
507:
506:
502:
497:
496:
492:
487:
486:
482:
477:
476:
472:
468:
465:
462:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
421:
418:
413:
412:
408:
405:
400:
399:
395:
392:
387:
386:
382:
379:
374:
373:
369:
366:
361:
360:
356:
353:
348:
347:
343:
340:
335:
334:
329:
326:
321:
320:
316:
313:
308:
307:
303:
300:
295:
294:
290:
287:
282:
281:
277:
274:
269:
268:
263:
260:
255:
254:
250:
247:
242:
241:
237:
234:
229:
228:
224:
221:
216:
215:
210:
207:
202:
201:
196:
193:
188:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
157:
149:
145:
141:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
123:magnetic core
120:
115:
109:LVDC closeup
107:
99:
95:
93:
83:
81:
77:
73:
70:stage of the
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
3699:Chip carrier
3637:Clock gating
3556:Mixed-signal
3453:Write buffer
3430:Control unit
3242:Clock signal
2981:accelerators
2963:Cypress PSoC
2620:Simultaneous
2437:Out-of-order
2069:Neuromorphic
1950:Architecture
1908:Belt machine
1901:Zeno machine
1834:Hierarchical
1736:
1615:
1582:
1573:Lunar plaque
1306:
1287:
1261:
1138:
1137:(search for
1113:
1106:
1094:
1080:
1071:
1059:
1050:
1016:
1008:
995:
983:
974:
965:
942:
930:
922:
917:
891:November 19,
889:. Retrieved
883:
876:
862:
841:Apollo PGNCS
725:
717:
713:
704:
701:Construction
588:
463:
460:
436:
432:
171:
167:
163:
154:
142:
131:
116:
112:
89:
43:
39:
37:
3484:Multiplexer
3448:Data buffer
3159:Single-core
3131:bit slicing
2989:Coprocessor
2844:Coprocessor
2725:performance
2647:Cooperative
2637:Speculative
2597:Distributed
2556:Superscalar
2541:Instruction
2509:Parallelism
2482:Speculative
2314:System/3x0
2186:Instruction
1963:Von Neumann
1876:Post–Turing
1617:Moon Museum
1385:Space suits
1144:NASA MSFC,
1135:Virtual AGC
437:Unlike the
178:Instruction
127:delay lines
3714:Categories
3604:management
3499:Multiplier
3360:Logic gate
3350:Sequential
3257:Functional
3237:Clock rate
3210:Data cache
3183:Components
3164:Multi-core
3152:Core count
2642:Preemptive
2546:Pipelining
2529:Bit-serial
2472:Wide-issue
2417:Structural
2339:Tilera ISA
2305:MicroBlaze
2275:ETRAX CRIS
2170:Comparison
2015:Load–store
1995:Endianness
1706:IBM AP-101
1566:Ceremonial
1397:Beta cloth
1324:components
1322:Spacecraft
1271:Spacecraft
1252:J-2 engine
1247:F-1 engine
1240:components
1139:63-928-130
1044:References
457:Interrupts
3538:Circuitry
3458:Microcode
3382:Registers
3225:coherence
3200:CPU cache
3058:Word size
2723:Processor
2367:Execution
2270:DEC Alpha
2248:Power ISA
2064:Cognitive
1871:Universal
1415:equipment
1224:Saturn IB
744:IBM term
738:Component
598:Function
473:Function
184:Function
76:Saturn IB
3476:Datapath
3169:Manycore
3141:variable
2979:Hardware
2615:Temporal
2295:OpenRISC
1990:Cellular
1980:Dataflow
1973:modified
1701:IBM TC-1
1289:Columbia
1229:Saturn V
1219:Saturn I
1126:226–241.
1122:501–516.
1079:Boeing,
830:See also
794:Two MIBs
741:Material
451:Saturn V
138:pipeline
86:Hardware
72:Saturn V
48:Saturn V
3652:Related
3583:Quantum
3573:Digital
3568:Boolean
3466:Counter
3365:Quantum
3126:512-bit
3121:256-bit
3116:128-bit
2959:(MPSoC)
2944:on chip
2942:Systems
2760:(FLOPS)
2573:Process
2422:Control
2404:Hazards
2290:Itanium
2285:Unicore
2243:PowerPC
1968:Harvard
1928:Pointer
1923:Counter
1881:Quantum
1599:Related
1278:Apollo
1066:archive
1003:. 2020.
807:Gallery
445:of the
406:11 1110
393:x0 1110
380:01 1110
3588:Switch
3578:Analog
3316:(IMC)
3287:(MMU)
3136:others
3111:64-bit
3106:48-bit
3101:32-bit
3096:24-bit
3091:16-bit
3086:15-bit
3081:12-bit
2918:Mobile
2834:Stream
2829:Barrel
2824:Vector
2813:(GPU)
2772:(SUPS)
2740:(IPC)
2592:Memory
2585:Vector
2568:Thread
2551:Scalar
2353:Others
2300:RISC-V
2265:SuperH
2234:Power
2230:MIPS-X
2205:PDP-11
2054:Fabric
1806:Models
1727:ASC-15
1029:
887:. NASA
493:Spare
181:Opcode
3644:(PPW)
3602:Power
3494:Adder
3370:Array
3337:Logic
3298:(TLB)
3281:(FPU)
3275:(AGU)
3269:(ALU)
3259:units
3195:Cache
3076:8-bit
3071:4-bit
3066:1-bit
3030:(TPU)
3024:(DSP)
3018:(PPU)
3012:(VPU)
3001:(GPU)
2970:(NoC)
2953:(SoC)
2888:(PoP)
2882:(SiP)
2876:(MCM)
2817:GPGPU
2807:(CPU)
2797:Types
2778:(PPW)
2766:(TPS)
2754:(IPS)
2746:(CPI)
2517:Level
2328:S/390
2323:S/370
2318:S/360
2260:SPARC
2238:POWER
2121:TRIPS
2089:Types
1308:Eagle
1129:IBM,
1099:(PDF)
1058:IBM,
1049:IBM,
854:Notes
849:(OBC)
800:Page
735:Level
68:S-IVB
3622:ACPI
3355:Glue
3247:FIFO
3190:Core
2928:ASIP
2869:CPLD
2864:FPOA
2859:FPGA
2854:ASIC
2707:SPMD
2702:MIMD
2697:MISD
2690:SWAR
2670:SIMD
2665:SISD
2580:Data
2563:Task
2534:Word
2280:M32R
2225:MIPS
2188:sets
2155:ZISC
2150:NISC
2145:OISC
2140:MISC
2133:EPIC
2128:VLIW
2116:EDGE
2106:RISC
2101:CISC
2010:HUMA
2005:NUMA
1732:D-17
1027:ISBN
893:2022
419:1111
367:1101
354:1100
341:1011
327:1010
314:1001
301:1000
288:0111
275:0110
261:0101
248:0100
235:0011
222:0010
208:0001
194:0000
74:and
44:LVDC
38:The
3617:APM
3612:PMU
3504:CPU
3461:ROM
3232:Bus
2849:PAL
2524:Bit
2310:LMC
2215:ARM
2210:x86
2200:VAX
1023:108
415:CLA
402:EXM
389:CDS
376:SHR
363:RSU
350:TMI
337:STO
323:PIO
310:XOR
297:TRA
284:ADD
271:AND
257:MPH
244:TNZ
231:DIV
218:SUB
204:MPY
190:HOP
60:IBM
3716::
3551:3D
1141:).
1025:.
951:^
901:^
758:-
691:12
683:11
675:10
579:11
569:10
1790:e
1783:t
1776:v
1666:e
1659:t
1652:v
1192:e
1185:t
1178:v
1035:.
895:.
870:.
791:4
777:3
763:2
749:1
667:9
659:8
651:7
643:6
635:5
627:4
619:3
611:2
603:1
559:9
549:8
539:7
529:6
519:5
509:4
499:3
489:2
479:1
42:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
