750:
907:
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25:
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enjoyed by
Satsuma, and the degree of their influence in Ryukyu, are subjects debated by scholars, but the political prestige and influence gained through this relationship is not questioned. The Shimazu continually made efforts to emphasize their unique position as the only feudal domain to claim an entire foreign kingdom as its vassal, and engineered repeated increases to their own official Court rank, in the name of maintaining their power and prestige in the eyes of Ryukyu.
184:
883:, another policy meant to restrict the wealth and power of the daimyō. Under this policy, every feudal lord was mandated to travel to Edo at least once a year, and to spend some portion of the year there, away from his domain and his power base. The Shimazu were granted permission to make this journey only once every two years. These exceptions thus allowed Satsuma to gain even more power and wealth relative to the majority of other domains.
161:
994:
1773:
1977:
131:
1164:
1787:
929:, was very interested in Western thought and technology, and sought to open the country. At the time, contacts with Westerners increased dramatically, particularly for Satsuma, as Western ships frequently landed in the Ryukyus and sought not only trade, but formal diplomatic relations. To increase his influence in the shogunate, Nariakira engineered a marriage between
890:, and the peace and order of the domain; the shogunal ban on Christianity was enforced more strictly and brutally in Satsuma, perhaps, than anywhere else in the archipelago. The ban on smuggling, perhaps unsurprisingly, was not so strictly enforced, as the domain gained significantly from trade performed along its shores, some ways away from
876:
The
Shimazu exercised their influence to exact from the shogunate a number of special exceptions. Satsuma was granted an exception to the shogunate's limit of one castle per domain, a policy which was meant to restrict the military strength of the domains; the Shimazu then formed sub-fiefs within
806:
were imposed upon much of Japan beginning in the 1630s, Satsuma's ability to enjoy a trade in
Chinese goods, and information, via Ryukyu, provided it a distinct and important, if not entirely unique, role in the overall economy and politics of the Tokugawa state. The degree of economic benefits
860:), Satsuma remained among the wealthiest and most powerful domains throughout the Edo period. This derived not only from their connection to Ryukyu, but also from the size and productive wealth of Satsuma province itself, and from their extreme distance from
1123:, which was established in the aftermath of these events, was largely dominated by politicians from Satsuma and Chōshū. Though the samurai class, domain system, and much of the political and social structures surrounding these were
877:
their domain, and doled out castles to their vassals, administering the domain in a manner not unlike a mini-shogunate. They also received special exceptions from the shogunate in regard to the policy of
886:
Though arguably opposed to the shogunate, Satsuma was perhaps one of the strictest domains in enforcing particular policies. Christian missionaries were seen as a serious threat to the power of the
1095:
Despite attempts by the new shōgun to reform the government, he was unable to contain the growing movement to overthrow the shogunate led by
Satsuma and Chōshū. Even after he stepped down as
1015:
the following year. Even though
Satsuma was able to withstand the attack, this event showed how necessary it was for Japan to import western technology and reform its military.
422:
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landed in Japan and forced an end to the isolation policy of the shogunate. However, the treaties signed between Japan and the western powers, particularly the
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Meanwhile, the focus of
Japanese politics shifted to Kyoto, where the major struggles of the time occurred. The shogunate entrusted Satsuma and
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For the remainder of the Edo period, Satsuma influenced their politics and dominated their trading policies to take advantage of Ryukyu's
1103:
1868. The shōgun, defeated, escaped to Edo. Saigo
Takamori then led his troops to Edo, where Tenshō-in was instrumental in the bloodless
631:
1080:
This second expedition ended in a disaster for the shogunate. It was defeated on the battlefield, and Shōgun
Iemochi died of illness in
2262:
2333:
2323:
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894:, where the shogunate monopolized commerce. In the 1830s, Satsuma used its illegal Okinawa trade to rebuild its finances under
2318:
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of 1858, put Japan at a serious disadvantage. In the same year, both Iesada and
Nariakira died. Nariakira named his nephew,
709:
controlled
Satsuma province for roughly four centuries prior to the beginning of the Edo period. Despite being chastised by
2002:
1138:
However, the beginning of the period was marked by growing discontent of the former samurai class, which erupted in the
618:
The Satsuma Domain was one of the most powerful and prominent of Japan's domains during the Edo period, conquering the
68:
46:
39:
717:, and forced back to Satsuma, they remained one of the most powerful clans in the archipelago. During the decisive
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in 1600, the Shimazu fought on the losing side. Satsuma was one of the most powerful feudal domains in
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1038:. Saigō, however, avoided a military conflict and allowed Chōshū to resolve the issue with the
50:
980:
was a major success for this faction. However, this put Satsuma at odds with the more radical
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1569:
1727:
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and agreed to return the power to the Imperial court, the two sides finally clashed in the
789:, demanded tribute, and forced the King and his descendants to pledge loyalty to Satsuma's
718:
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8:
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694:
693:. Since the 1880s, the former territory of Kagoshima Domain is now part of Kagoshima and
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Origins of Japanese Wealth and Power: Reconciling Confucianism and Capitalism, 1830–1885
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Sakai, Robert (May 1957). "Feudal Society and Modern Leadership in Satsuma-han".
1722:
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587:, who had ruled the Kagoshima area since the 1200s, and covered territory in the
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A 150-pound Satsuma cannon, cast in 1849. It was mounted on Fort Tenpozan at
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continued until the last of the shogunate forces were defeated in 1869.
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of 1864. The shogunate decided to punish Chōshū for this event with the
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2018:
1940:
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1946:
Sakai, Robert (1968). "The Consolidation of Power in Satsuma-han". In
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which met stiff resistance, Satsuma captured the Ryukyuan capital of
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of the three perpetrators behind the attack on the Imperial palace.
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with the protection of the Imperial court, against attempts of the
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1880:
Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century
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requested permission from the shogunate to invade Ryukyu. After a
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1007:
an Englishman was killed by retainers of Satsuma, leading to the
993:
986:, or "revere the Emperor and repel the barbarians" faction, with
1744:
955:, as his successor. As Tadayoshi was still a child, his father,
2030:
2022:
1976:
1174:
1127:
shortly afterwards, figures from these two areas dominated the
832:", transferring Satsuma's authority over the country to Tokyo.
803:
730:
569:
130:
1061:
the next year, Satsuma, under the lead of Saigo Takamori and
850:(the official measure of the wealth and therefore power of a
725:
473:
117:
1163:
1180:
1019:
856:
607:
1948:
Studies in the Institutional History of Early Modern Japan
1057:
When the shogunate decided to finally defeat Chōshū in a
861:
1687:, president of the Naval War College, Admiral and baron.
753:
Map showing southern Kyushu and the Ryukyu Islands, 1781
572:. The Satsuma Domain was ruled for its existence by the
728:. It was controlled throughout the Edo period by the
677:, with some parts of the domain separated as part of
1963:
The Status System and Social Organization of Satsuma
1768:
757:
Since the mid-15th century, Satsuma fought with the
654:
and became instrumental in the establishment of the
1465:
781:. In the ensuing peace treaty, Satsuma annexed the
697:which was ultimately split from Kagoshima in 1883.
685:). The first prefectural governor of Kagoshima was
2300:
1049:Pavilion of the "Government of Satsuma" at the
611:, the second-highest domain in Japan after the
530:
511:
1450:
1428:
1406:
1384:
1362:
1340:
1318:
1296:
1274:
1252:
1230:
1208:
1159:were head of the clan and head of the domain.
1034:, under the leadership of a Satsuma retainer,
524:
505:
102:
89:
2314:States and territories disestablished in 1871
2003:
1920:. 1st ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
1877:Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987).
16:Japanese historical feudal estate (1602–1871)
1958:eds.) Princeton: Princeton University Press.
599:. The Satsuma Domain was assessed under the
188:Maximum extent of Satsuma Domain during the
1069:between Satsuma and Chōshū was brokered by
943:In 1854, the first year of Iesada's reign,
936:and his adopted daughter, Atsu-hime (later
2309:States and territories established in 1602
2010:
1996:
182:
129:
1834:Flag used by the Satsuma army during the
959:, effectively held the power in Satsuma.
765:, which lie southwest of Japan. In 1609,
658:. The Kagoshima-han was dissolved in the
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1044:
992:
905:
748:
568:, located in the south of the island of
486:
467:
32:This article includes a list of general
828:that he was designated "Domain Head of
824:, and the following year informed King
689:until 1877 when he was executed in the
605:system and its value peaked at 770,000
2301:
2017:
1991:
1927:. Vol. 16, no. 3. pp. 365–376.
1821:
1549:Meiji period statesmen and diplomats
18:
1598:, younger brother of Saigo Takamori
135:Former site of Kagoshima Castle in
13:
1910:
1145:
495:. Caliber: 290 mm, length: 4220 mm
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2370:
1969:
564:, the core of the modern city of
513:Satsuma-han Ryukyuan: Sachima-han
1975:
1965:. Tokyo: Tokyo University Press.
1785:
1771:
1466:Other major figures from Satsuma
1162:
1026:faction to take over, as in the
642:. The Satsuma Domain formed the
556:The Satsuma Domain was based at
420:
406:
381:
367:
159:
147:
23:
2334:History of Kagoshima Prefecture
2324:1871 disestablishments in Japan
1861:and William B. Hauser. (1987).
1816:Museum of the Meiji Restoration
1806:History of Kagoshima Prefecture
1114:
1065:, decided to switch sides. The
962:Hisamitsu followed a policy of
630:in 1609, and clashing with the
2339:History of Miyazaki Prefecture
1961:Sakai, Robert, et al. (1975).
1887:
1871:
1864:The Bakufu in Japanese History
1852:
1828:
1142:under Saigo Takamori in 1877.
1:
1845:
835:
2319:1602 establishments in Japan
1566:, 4th and 6th Prime Minister
901:
7:
1801:Abolition of the han system
1764:
531:
512:
295:Abolition of the han system
10:
2375:
1680:Governor-General of Taiwan
840:Though not the wealthiest
700:
673:when Kagoshima-han became
2243:
2222:
2029:
1451:
1429:
1407:
1385:
1363:
1341:
1319:
1297:
1275:
1253:
1231:
1209:
1092:, brokered a cease fire.
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83:
1925:Journal of Asian Studies
1059:Second Chōshū expedition
1009:bombardment of Kagoshima
990:as the major supporter.
976:, and imperial princess
636:bombardment of Kagoshima
1559:Prime Minister of Japan
1105:surrender of Edo castle
1032:First Chōshū expedition
763:Northern Ryukyu Islands
518:, briefly known as the
53:more precise citations.
1693:Imperial Japanese Army
1614:Imperial Japanese Navy
1101:Battle of Toba–Fushimi
1054:
1051:Exposition Universelle
1000:
918:
802:with China. As strict
754:
496:
484:
2263:Hokuriku & Kōshin
2253:Tōhoku & Hokkaidō
1572:. 22nd Prime Minister
1048:
996:
909:
804:maritime prohibitions
752:
679:Miyakonojō Prefecture
664:and establishment of
490:
471:
309:Contained within
1984:at Wikimedia Commons
1728:Takashima Tomonosuke
864:, and thus from the
719:battle of Sekigahara
553:from 1602 to 1871.
549:in Japan during the
443:Kagoshima Prefecture
402:Kagoshima Prefecture
1564:Matsukata Masayoshi
1129:Japanese government
761:for control of the
695:Miyazaki Prefecture
451:Miyazaki Prefecture
447:Kumamoto Prefecture
416:Miyakojō Prefecture
283:• Established
1899:Early Modern Japan
1838:from 1868 to 1869.
1631:Kawamura Sumiyoshi
1626:Saneyoshi Yasuzumi
1602:Mishima Michitsune
1591:Terashima Munenori
1570:Yamamoto Gonnohyōe
1336:Shimazu Shigetoshi
1090:Tokugawa Yoshinobu
1055:
1001:
919:
810:In 1871, however,
755:
711:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
638:in 1863 after the
628:invasion of Ryukyu
547:Tokugawa shogunate
497:
485:
457:Fukuoka Prefecture
2359:Satsuma Rebellion
2349:Meiji Restoration
2296:
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1980:Media related to
1822:Explanatory notes
1685:Samejima Kazunori
1676:Kabayama Sukenori
1656:Kamimura Hikonojō
1641:Shibayama Yahachi
1531:Satsuma Rebellion
1479:Shimazu Yoshihiro
1463:
1462:
1446:Shimazu Tadayoshi
1424:Shimazu Nariakira
1358:Shimazu Shigehide
1292:Shimazu Tsugutoyo
1270:Shimazu Yoshitaka
1248:Shimazu Tsunataka
1226:Shimazu Mitsuhisa
1140:Satsuma Rebellion
1005:Namamugi Incident
957:Shimazu Hisamitsu
953:Shimazu Tadayoshi
927:Shimazu Nariakira
916:Shimazu Nariakira
691:Satsuma Rebellion
652:Meiji Restoration
640:Namamugi Incident
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246:• 1858–1871
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2329:Domains of Japan
2248:Japanese domains
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1053:in 1867 in Paris
1003:In 1862, in the
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800:tributary status
687:Ōyama Tsunayoshi
671:Meiji government
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1719:, field marshal
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1707:, field marshal
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934:Tokugawa Iesada
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771:three-month war
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715:Kyūshū campaign
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669:in 1871 by the
656:Empire of Japan
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1593:
1588:
1586:Nishi Tokujirō
1583:
1581:Makino Nobuaki
1578:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1538:Beppu Shinsuke
1527:
1526:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1498:Saigō Takamori
1487:
1486:
1484:Niiro Tadamoto
1481:
1472:Sengoku period
1467:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1355:
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1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1311:
1307:
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1303:
1289:
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1284:
1281:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1204:Shimazu Iehisa
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1150:
1144:
1131:roughly until
1116:
1113:
1071:Sakamoto Ryōma
1036:Saigō Takamori
998:Saigō Takamori
925:of the 1850s,
903:
900:
896:Zusho Hirosato
854:, measured in
837:
834:
787:Tokara Islands
767:Shimazu Iehisa
759:Ryukyu Kingdom
746:
743:
707:Shimazu family
702:
699:
683:Miyakonojō-ken
620:Ryukyu Kingdom
501:Satsuma Domain
464:
463:
438:
434:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
418:
412:
411:
404:
395:
392:
391:
389:Ōsumi Province
386:
378:
377:
372:
360:
359:
354:
344:
343:
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336:
335:
322:
313:
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306:
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301:
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275:
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269:
268:Historical era
265:
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261:
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248:
245:
242:
241:
236:Shimazu Iehisa
233:
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
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210:
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198:
194:
193:
190:Sengoku period
179:
178:
165:
158:
157:
153:
146:
145:
144:
141:
140:
134:
126:
125:
121:
120:
110:
109:
97:Satsuma Domain
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2371:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Kyushu region
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
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2289:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
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2269:
2266:
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2259:
2256:
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2233:
2230:
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2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
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2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
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2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
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2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
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2087:
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2077:
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2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:Marius Jansen
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1814:
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1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1783:
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1769:
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1754:
1753:Entrepreneurs
1747:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
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1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
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1703:
1701:
1700:Uehara Yūsaku
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1671:Inoue Yoshika
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Nire Kagenori
1649:
1647:
1644:
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1634:
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1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:official wife
1514:
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1509:
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1504:
1501:
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1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1485:
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1397:
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1199:
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1191:
1189:
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1014:
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989:
985:
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960:
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954:
950:
949:Harris Treaty
946:
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935:
932:
928:
924:
917:
913:
912:daguerreotype
908:
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881:
874:
869:
868:
863:
859:
858:
853:
849:
848:
843:
833:
831:
830:Ryukyu Domain
827:
823:
821:
816:
813:
812:Emperor Meiji
808:
805:
801:
796:
794:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
751:
742:
740:
736:
735:
732:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:Kagoshima-ken
672:
668:
667:
663:
660:abolition of
657:
653:
649:
648:Chōshū Domain
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
609:
604:
603:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
577:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
533:
532:Kagoshima-han
521:
514:
502:
494:
489:
483:
479:
475:
470:
462:
458:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:Today part of
435:
419:
417:
414:
413:
405:
403:
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396:
390:
387:
380:
379:
376:
373:
366:
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317: •
314:
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220:
218:
217:
212:
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185:
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174:
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150:
142:
138:
132:
127:
122:
119:
115:
111:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2213:
2194:Higo-Shinden
1962:
1952:John W. Hall
1947:
1924:
1917:
1898:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1854:
1830:
1779:Japan portal
1752:
1751:
1743:
1740:Kuroda Seiki
1733:
1732:
1691:
1690:
1666:Itō Sukeyuki
1612:
1611:
1576:Mori Arinori
1548:
1547:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1489:
1488:
1470:
1469:
1179:
1173:
1169:Shimazu clan
1167:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1137:
1118:
1115:Meiji period
1096:
1094:
1085:
1082:Osaka Castle
1079:
1056:
1023:
1017:
1002:
981:
973:
963:
961:
942:
930:
922:
921:The Satsuma
920:
887:
885:
880:sankin-kōtai
878:
875:
865:
855:
851:
845:
844:in terms of
841:
839:
819:
809:
797:
790:
756:
739:Shimazu clan
729:
713:in his 1587
704:
665:
661:
624:vassal state
617:
606:
600:
591:of Satsuma,
585:Shimazu clan
578:
573:
555:
542:
519:
500:
498:
357:Succeeded by
356:
351:
214:
166:
65:
56:
37:
2235:(1872–1879)
1811:List of han
1172:1602–1871 (
1133:World War I
1084:. The next
972:, the next
965:Kōbu gattai
873:s armies.
650:during the
634:during the
613:Kaga Domain
482:cartography
476:, 1789—the
352:Preceded by
101:(1602–1869)
88:(1869–1871)
51:introducing
2303:Categories
1896:. (1993).
1846:References
1836:Boshin War
1711:Ōyama Iwao
1661:Ijuin Gorō
1459:1858–1871
1437:1851–1858
1415:1809–1851
1393:1787–1809
1371:1755–1787
1349:1749–1755
1327:1746–1749
1305:1721–1746
1283:1704–1721
1261:1687–1704
1239:1638–1687
1217:1602–1638
1178:; 770,000
1109:Boshin War
1013:Royal Navy
978:Kazunomiya
836:Edo period
626:after the
551:Edo period
478:Han system
272:Edo period
207:Government
59:April 2009
34:references
2209:Hitoyoshi
2174:Shimabara
2139:Hasunoike
1125:abolished
1024:Sonnō jōi
983:Sonnō jōi
938:Tenshō-in
902:Bakumatsu
815:abolished
777:and King
589:provinces
566:Kagoshima
545:) of the
493:Kagoshima
480:affected
454:Partial:
137:Kagoshima
124:1602–1871
2199:Kumamoto
2124:Yanagawa
2099:Sadowara
2094:Takanabe
1901:, p. 119
1866:, p. 150
1765:See also
1513:Tenshōin
1146:List of
892:Nagasaki
847:kokudaka
723:Tokugawa
602:Kokudaka
537:, was a
319:Province
2283:Shikoku
2278:Chūgoku
2214:Satsuma
2154:Karatsu
2144:Kashima
2114:Akizuki
2109:Fukuoka
2089:Nobeoka
2054:Kitsuki
2049:Nakatsu
2019:Domains
1941:2941231
1882:, p. 18
1748:painter
1734:Artists
1195:Tenure
1156:daimyōs
1148:daimyōs
1040:Seppuku
1011:by the
826:Shō Tai
779:Shō Nei
737:of the
701:History
632:British
583:of the
472:Map of
440:Whole:
325:Satsuma
293:•
239:(first)
197:Capital
173:Shimazu
171:of the
47:improve
2288:Kyūshū
2232:Ryūkyū
2159:Hirado
2119:Kurume
2039:Kokura
2031:Kyūshū
2023:Kyūshū
1954:&
1939:
1678:, 1st
1557:, 2nd
1521:shogun
1175:Tozama
1107:. The
1097:shōgun
1086:shōgun
988:Chōshū
974:shōgun
931:Shōgun
923:daimyō
888:daimyō
867:shōgun
822:system
792:daimyō
745:Ryukyu
734:daimyō
731:tozama
580:daimyō
575:Tozama
570:Kyushu
539:domain
254:(last)
221:
216:Daimyō
192:, 1586
114:Domain
36:, but
2273:Kinki
2268:Chūbu
2258:Kantō
2184:Tomie
2179:Fukue
2169:Ōmura
2129:Miike
2079:Saiki
2074:Usuki
2069:Funai
1937:JSTOR
1073:from
871:'
783:Amami
775:Shuri
726:Japan
622:as a
597:Hyūga
593:Ōsumi
474:Japan
333:Hyūga
329:Ōsumi
118:Japan
2134:Saga
2064:Mori
2059:Hiji
1745:yōga
1452:島津忠義
1430:島津斉彬
1408:島津斉興
1386:島津斉宣
1364:島津重豪
1342:島津重年
1320:島津宗信
1298:島津継豊
1276:島津吉貴
1254:島津綱貴
1232:島津光久
1210:島津家久
1192:Name
1181:koku
1119:The
1075:Tosa
1020:Aizu
857:koku
817:the
785:and
705:The
608:koku
595:and
526:鹿児島藩
499:The
300:1871
287:1602
154:Flag
91:鹿児島藩
2204:Uto
2149:Ogi
2104:Obi
2084:Oka
2021:of
1950:. (
1929:doi
1519:of
1135:.
940:).
914:of
862:Edo
852:han
842:han
820:han
795:.
666:ken
662:han
615:.
560:in
543:han
507:薩摩藩
168:Mon
116:of
104:薩摩藩
2305::
1935:.
1742:,
1515:,
1442:12
1420:11
1398:10
1184:)
1088:,
1077:.
910:A
898:.
741:.
529:,
510:,
331:,
327:,
2011:e
2004:t
1997:v
1943:.
1931::
1903:.
1884:.
1868:.
1455:)
1449:(
1433:)
1427:(
1411:)
1405:(
1389:)
1383:(
1376:9
1367:)
1361:(
1354:8
1345:)
1339:(
1332:7
1323:)
1317:(
1310:6
1301:)
1295:(
1288:5
1279:)
1273:(
1266:4
1257:)
1251:(
1244:3
1235:)
1229:(
1222:2
1213:)
1207:(
1200:1
681:(
541:(
535:)
523:(
516:)
504:(
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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