Santiago Calatrava

952:, with a later addition in 1975 by David Kahler. The purpose of the new pavilion, as defined by the museum board, was to give the museum a new entrance, and especially "to redefine the identity of the museum with a strong image." Calatrava's design was selected after a competition entered by seventy-seven architects. Calatrava's solution was a glass and steel entry hall 2 metres (6.6 ft) high with a moveable sun screen roof, composed of two large wings made up of twenty-six smaller wings, from 8 to 32 metres (26 to 105 ft) in length. The sunscreen, weighing 115 tonnes (113 long tons; 127 short tons), can be hoisted up by a single pylon, like an enormous bird's wing, or lowered when the wind from the lake is stronger than 65 kilometres per hour (35 kn). The interior of the structure has a conference hall, exposition space, shops, and a restaurant overlooking the lake. He also designed a suspension footbridge between the center of the city and edge of the lake. 1397: 1279:. The eye-shaped central building has an area of 200,000 square feet on two floors, and contains all the classrooms, faculty offices laboratories and public spaces until the other buildings are completed. The building has several signature Calatrava features, including an extendable sun scene on the roof, which entirely changes the appearance of the building when deployed, and whose form changes gradually as the sun moves. The terraces of the building are covered by a curving pergola, or screen, of steel, which reduces the direct sunlight by thirty percent. Inside, the corridors and central courtyard are lit by the central skylight. Plans for the building call for the installation of 1,860 square metres (20,000 sq ft) of solar panels on the sunscreen to provide energy for the building. The library of the university is also distinctive; it does not have a single book; all the collection is digitized. 810: 1675: 1001:, Sweden, was Calatrava's first skyscraper, and was the first twisting skyscraper, a form which later appeared in other cities around the world from Shanghai to Moscow. The building was originally conceived by the architect as a sculpture of "seven cubes stacked on a steel support creating a spiral structure resembling a twisting spinal column." The tower is 190 metres (620 ft) high, and twists a full ninety degrees from the base to the top. Each of the nine cubes cube is like a separate five-story building; each floor contains from one to five apartments. The support holding the structure together is the column of elevators and escalators which communicate between the cubes. A system of discreet cross beams on the exterior frame manage the torsion of the twisting building. In 2016, it was the tallest building in Scandinavia. 1067: 1014:

complex. The roof for the stadium, in the form of bent "leaves" of laminated glass, is designed to reflect 90 percent of the sunlight. The roof covers 25,000 square metres (270,000 sq ft), and is supported by double-tied arches of tubular steel, with a span of 304 metres (997 ft) and a height of 60 metres (200 ft). It is 250 metres (820 ft) long and 20 metres (66 ft) high, suspended by cables from two parabolic arches. The Velodrome has a white cap supported by two concrete arches 45 metres (148 ft) high, weighing 4,000 tonnes (3,900 long tons; 4,400 short tons), from which the glass and steel roof is suspended. Calatrava also designed an enormous parabolic arch at the entrance and the Wall of Nations, a mobile sculpture of tubular steel which moves in a wavelike patterns.

552: 448: 1113: 416: 1160: 432: 617: 1129: 895: 1393:, originally budgeted for about $ 405 million. Ignacio Blanco, the leader of a small opposition party in Valencia, blamed Calatrava of spending nearly three times the original budget, and accused the region of paying him approximately $ 127 million for his work, though the complex was originally lacking elevators for the disabled, and the opera house had 150 seats with obstructed views. In 2013 Calatrava sued his critic for defamation and won, however because the judge ruled that, although the website presented "objective truths", its name "Calatrava te la clava" (a rhyme meaning "Calatrava bleeds you dry") was "insulting and degrading". 1191: 1345:

Calatrava, it resembles "a bird flying from the hands of a child". The "Wings" of the above-ground structure were originally designed to move upward to a maximum height of 51 metres (167 ft) to form a double screen 51 metres (167 ft) high, but this feature had to be dropped to meet new security standards. The main hall of the station is 10 metres (33 ft) underground, and the tracks of the PATH system on another level 8 metres (26 ft) below. The underground station was originally designed so that its roof would open entirely in good weather, but this feature also had to be dropped due to its cost and space limitations.

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clients around the world....But when I was standing on the marble floors in its enormous, gleaming central concourse two stories below street level, staring up at a clear blue sky between bone-white ribs vaulting 160ft over my head, I, like Jonah in the whale, repented – at least for the moment....We deserve grand expressions of our artistic and technological capabilities. We deserve public spaces that inspire. The Oculus is deeply flawed, but I appreciate its aspiration and grandeur.... The Oculus presents a more optimistic vision, one based less on present realities and more on future possibilities. Less

632: 377: 361:, Switzerland for a second degree in civil engineering. In 1981, he was awarded a doctorate in the department of architecture, after completing his thesis on "The Pliability of three-dimensional structures." Speaking of this period, Calatrava told biographer Philip Jodildo (AKA Nick Fendt, Jet):"The desire to start all over at zero was very strong in me. I was fascinated by the concept of gravity and convinced that it was necessary to begin work with simple forms." Calatrava explained that he was particularly influenced by the work of the early 20th century Swiss engineer 761: 1083: 567: 848: 867: 396: 647: 583: 1701: 63: 829: 985:, is a concert hall with 1558 seats and a smaller chamber music hall of 428 seats. With a curving concrete cupola 60 metres (200 ft) high, crowned by a curving roof like a breaking wave, it dominates the city square and old town below. The shell is covered with ceramic tiles and the pavement and most of the floors are made of the local basalt stone. The unusual sculptural form of the building gives it a completely different appearance depending upon from where it is viewed. 736:. Similar to the galleria he designed in Toronto, but on a grander scale, the interior of the station features a forest of white columns like gigantic trees that support the glass roof, 238 by 78 metres (781 by 256 ft), which covers the eight tracks. The station complex also includes a shopping center, and transport links by tram and metro to the center of the city. With its multiple arches and curves, the structure appears to be moving and ready to take off. 1690: 1634: 1145: 1660: 602: 1259:, and designed for pedestrians and cyclists, it is a glass and stew-wrapped tube 126 metres (413 ft) long. It appears extraordinary long for a bridge with no towers or pylons to hold it up. Calatrava described the form in his own particular engineering vocabulary as "defined by a helicoidal movement, with an ovoid cross section, with two clearly materialized tangential lanes expressing an internal architectural volume." 1574:, made sculptures that moved. He wrote his own university thesis on "The Flexibility of three-dimensional structures," and described how objects, by moving, could shift from three dimensions to two and even to one. Moving elements which folded and expanded became an important element of almost all of his projects. "Architecture itself moves", he told a biographer, "and, with a little chance, becomes a magnificent ruin". 1236:, opened for traffic in March 2012. The bridge, carrying six lanes of traffic, is 209 metres (686 ft) long, with the appearance of being suspended from an arc-shaped tubular steel pylon forty stories or 136 metres (446 ft) high by fifty-eight cables, ranging in length from 119 to 196 metres (390 to 643 ft). In form, the bridge resembles one of three bridges constructed in 2005–2005 on the 673:. The concrete pylon leans backwards, and seems to grasp the vertical broadcast antennas. Its form suggests an athlete about to throw a javelin. The circular building at the base of the tower, which contains the broadcast equipment, is clad in white bricks and is equipped with metal resembling an eye which opens and closes. The building has a particularly Catalan touch, borrowed from the park benches of 1030:(1996–2006), all constructed on a plot of 35 hectares between a highway and a river on the east side of the city. The L'Hemisfèric, like a half-sunken globe, is placed in the centre, next to a large artificial lake, in which it seems to be sinking. The dome is covered by a metal screen which opens and closes, and the entrance opens like a human eye. On one side is the 1275:(2009–2014) gave Calatrava the opportunity to design an entire campus in a unified style. The site covers 170 acres (69 ha) of land which once contained phosphorus mines, many of which have been filled with water creating small lakes.Calatrava's plan combined several small lakes into a central lake, which serves as a setting for the central structure, the 717:

long glass and concrete bridge. The glass and steel sides and skylights of the terminal from the inside resemble a modernistic cathedral; the glass panels at the top are intended to suggest flight. From the outside, the station has been said to resemble a prehistoric animal, while the glass-and-steel bridge has been compared to a bird or a

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abound that he is indifferent to the needs of his clients. In 2013 a Dutch councillor in Haarlemmermeer, near Amsterdam, urged his colleagues to take legal action because the three bridges the architect designed for the town cost twice the budgeted amount and then millions more in upkeep since they opened in 2004."

944:(1994–2001) was Calatrava's first building in the United States, and his first museum. It displayed the technical innovations and forms he had first used in his railway stations and airports, but with more freedom of form and architectural theatrics. It is an addition to an existing building, constructed by 777: 330:. His Calatrava surname was an old aristocratic one from medieval times, and was once associated with an order of knights in Spain. He had his primary and secondary schooling in Valencia, and, beginning in 1957, studied drawing and painting at the School of Applied Art. In 1964, as the regime of General 1013:

in Athens, Greece, Calatrava won the commission to cover the existing stadium with a new roof, to make a similar roof for the velodrome, and additionally to build four entrance gateways, a monumental sculpture to symbolize the games, and other architectural features to give harmony and variety to the

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At the beginning of the 1990s, Calatrava built several remarkable railway stations and bridges, but broadened his portfolio by designing a wider range of structures, including a Canadian shopping center, a new passenger terminal for Bilbao airport, and his first building in the United States, the new

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combines two office buildings and a hotel, covered with horizontal bands of glass and steel and perched upon curving concrete pylons, with elliptical conference center, which includes a main theater, exposition hall and seminar rooms. The Center include another signature feature of Calatrava's work;

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Region. The station is covered by a giant shell of steel and glass, 120 by 100 metres (390 by 330 ft), suspended at a maximum height of 40 metres (130 ft), and weighing 1,300 tonnes (1,300 long tons; 1,400 short tons). It is connected with the airport terminal by a 180 metres (590 ft)

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in Barcelona, Spain, which for the first time brought him international notice. The bridge, designed for cyclists and pedestrians, connects two parts of the city by crossing a wasteland of railway tracks. It is 128 metres (420 ft) long, with twin arches which lean at an angle of thirty degrees;

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As soon as Calatrava completed his doctorate in 1981, he opened his own office in Zurich. He designed an exposition hall, a factory, a library, and two bridges, but none were built, Finally in 1983, he began to receive commissions for industrial and transportation structures of increasingly greater

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Much of the criticism focused on Calatrava's WTC Hub, which was completed in 2016 for a cost of $ 4 billion, twice what was expected and seven years behind schedule. Calatrava was paid a fee of 80 million dollars. Some of the additional cost and delay was due to additions and modifications to

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Some of the problems with Calatrava's projects have been caused by unusual design choices and insufficient testing. The glass tiles on the floor of his bridge in Bilbao became slippery in the rain, causing an increased number of claims for injuries and forcing the installation of a black anti-slip

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Daley wrote: "...in numerous interviews, other architects, academics and builders say that Mr. Calatrava is amassing an unusually long list of projects marred by cost overruns, delays and litigation. It is hard to find a Calatrava project that has not been significantly over budget. And complaints

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with the subway and other local transportation, and also has a large retail mall, replacing commercial space destroyed in the attack. The above-ground "oculus" of the station, made of glass and steel, is oval-shaped, and is 35 metres (115 ft) long and 29 metres (95 ft) high. According to

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magazine, the journal of the American Institute of Architects, reported: "The building is full of handsome and even some very impressive spaces, but none of the singularly breathtaking ones that have made Calatrava, despite his price tag, so attractive to clients looking for marketing splash to go

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in Spain, notable both for its unusual control tower, 42 metres (138 ft) high – made of concrete clad with aluminum, which widens as it grows taller, and which resembles a statue holding its hands in front of it – and for terminal buildings, where the white concrete structures are united with

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in creating sculptural art, but he also noted the differences. In 1997 he wrote that "architecture and sculpture are two rivers in which the same water flows. Think of sculpture as a pure plastic art while architecture is a plastic art which is submitted to function, taking into consideration the

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Calatrava, a sculptor, has also spoken frequently about the connection between sculpture and architecture in his work. "In sculpture, I have often used spheres, cubes and other simple forms often connected with my knowledge of engineering." He noted that his Turning Torso building had originally

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in Switzerland (1983–1990). The train station has several of the features that became signatures of his work; straight lines and right angles are rare. The railroad platforms curve, the supporting columns lean, the concrete walls of the modernistic cavern beneath the tracks are everywhere pierced

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wrote: "I despised the new World Trade Center transportation hub before I even saw it. It's $ 2bn over budget, has suffered from construction problems and design compromises, it's seven years late and still incomplete, and its architect, Santiago Calatrava, has left a trail of lawsuits and angry

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The WTC Hub has been controversial because of its cost (4 billion dollars, twice the original estimate, and the most expensive railway station ever built) and its delays (seven years on 3 March 2016, seven years behind schedule). More than $ 1 billion of its cost went to administrative

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with an undulating movement. However the maintenance costs are so high that it has been static since months after its inauguration in 2010. The aluminum and wood covering of a winery in Spain leaked water, interfering with the winemaking and requiring extensive repairs. The ceramic tiles on the

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75 metres (246 ft) over the plaza, and 45 metres (148 ft) toward the sea. and gives the impression that it is floating on the water. Calatrava wrote, "The idea is that the building feels ethereal, almost floating on the sea, like a ship, a bird or a plant." The roof is equipped with

1546:(1872–1940), whose work inspired him to seek simple forms which could create an emotional response. Calatrava defined his objective this way in 2016 in a book about his work: "My major interest is the introduction of a new formal vocabulary, composed of forms adapted to our time." 1518:

Calatrava has never described himself as a follower of any particular school or movement of architecture. Critics have claimed that a number of influences can be seen in his work. In the journal of the American Institute of Architects, Christopher Hawthorne wrote about his design for

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wines made by that winery. Built on a sloping site surrounded by vineyards, the 196-metre (643 ft) long building has an aluminum roof and a facade covered with laminated wood panels, alternating between convex and concave, with a roofline that ripples like a series of waves.

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Calatrava constructed a series of extraordinary bridges, the type of structure which originally brought him global attention, for cities around the world that wanted a symbol of modernity and daring. Among the largest and dramatic are three bridges over the

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in 1974, and further endowed by Eugene's wife, Margaret. Since its inception, the Council has bestowed the award upon 31 individuals producing creative work in the performing, visual and media arts, as well as authors, art historians and patrons of the

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a feature which quickly became the stylistic signature of Calatrava. The upper portion of the bridge, composed of steel arches and cables, is light and airy, like a network of lace, anchored to the massive concrete supports and granite pillars below.

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in St. Petersburg held an exhibition of his work and this was followed up by an exhibition at the Vatican Museum in Rome. Eight of his sculptures were displayed along Park Avenue in New York City in the spring of 2015, between 52nd and 55th Streets.

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is covered with a lace-like roof of glass and steel 160 metres (520 ft) long and 32 metres (105 ft) high, covering the nine tracks and five platforms. The transparent roof seems to eliminate the distinction between indoors and outdoors.

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After years of praise and commendation, in 2013 some of Calatrava's projects began to draw criticism on the grounds of their cost, delays, and functional problems. Many of these criticisms were packaged together in an article by

1034:, behind a line of leaning columns, and on the other is the newest structure, the massive shell of the opera house, described by Calatrava as a "monumental sculpture", which gives the impression of being continually in motion. 1422:, buckled in the heat because concrete and ceramics expand and contract at different rates when temperatures change. Calatrava was sued for the cost of repairs on the bridge in Venice and has been condemned in court. Also the 346:. He received his diploma as an architect and then did higher studies in urbanism. At the university he completed independent projects with fellow students, publishing two books on the vernacular architecture of Valencia and 1409:

carpet on the decking, which blocked the view of the river through the walkway. The metal arches he put over some landscaped gardens sometimes overheated in the sunshine, baking the vines that were supposed to grow on them.

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described it as "an other-worldly edifice that looks like a cross between a solar-powered dinosaur and a giant air conditioning unit", and declared "it must already rank as one of the world's most extraordinary buildings."

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editorial board also described the station when it opened in 2016 as the "world's most obscenely overpriced commuter rail station – and possibly its ugliest", comparing the Oculus to a "giant gray-white space insect".

1447:, rather than the architect. Calatrava's original entry pavilion was scaled back for security reasons and the mechanism for opening the roof to the gallery below was eliminated because of budget and space restraints. 1509:

In October 2023 the Greek government decided to shut down the Athens Olympic Stadium and Velodrome, which both have a roof built by Calatrava, due to stability issues posing a threat for attendees and workers.

1501:. By the time we get to that future, whichever one it may be, the delays and the cost and the controversies will be forgotten, but we will be left with a luminous great hall in the heart of downtown New York." 1128: 1289:

with their museum wing or train station. It reflects serious attention to detail and the bottom line; this is the work of an architect actively trying to prove, or at least re-emphasize, his bona fides."

1112: 681:: a decoration of colorful ceramics tiles. The square next to it is laid out like a giant sundial, on which the tower casts its shadow. In 1992, he also finished his first North American project, the 1310:

moveable screens that adjust to the movements of the sun. The interior design is what Calatrava calls "archetypal" and simplified, to allow for exhibits in a greater variety of forms and sizes.

3315: 1361:, praised the soaring upward view inside the Oculus, but condemned the building's cost, "scale, monotony of materials and color, preening formalism and disregard for the gritty urban fabric." 809: 415: 3842: 536:, it is 200 metres (660 ft) long, crossing the Meandro San Jeronimo River. Its main feature is a single pylon 142 metres (466 ft) high, leaning to 58 degrees, the same angle as the 1523:, which he called "an example of Calatrava's architectural approach and creative sensibility distilled, for better and worse, to its essence. There are all the usual influences on view—the 2461:

in New York held a major exhibition of his work called "Structure and Expression". In 1998 he was elected to become a member of "Les Arts et Lettres", in Paris. In 2005 he received the

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The museum also includes a number of ecological features; water from the sea is used to regulate the temperature inside the building, and to refill the surrounding reflecting pools.

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in Malmö, Sweden, and a City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia, Spain. in Sweden, and a wooden castle-like winery in Spain, all in astonishing forms and all seemingly in motion.

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The structure has been called by some journalists a response to the criticism of the high price and technical flaws of some of Calatrava's earlier buildings. The review in

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in Egypt. The weight of the concrete of the pylon is sufficient to hold up the bridge with just thirteen pairs of cables, eliminating the need for any cables behind it.

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relaxed and Spain became more open to the rest of Europe, he went to France as an exchange student. In 1968, after completing secondary school, he went to study at the

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in Paris, but he arrived in the midst of student uprisings and turmoil in Paris, and returned home. Back in Valencia, he discovered a book about the architecture of

3342: 1567:: "The sculptor only achieves the greatness of expression in concentrating his attention on harmonic contrasts of light and shadow, exactly as an architect does." 1305:

in that city. The building is sited on a 7,600 square metres (82,000 sq ft) plaza next to the harbor, and surrounded by reflecting pools. The building is

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aluminum forms. The terminal buildings themselves lift upwards and seem to be trying to take off, giving them the airport the popular nickname of "The Dove".

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in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The interior of the shopping mall is covered by a glass roof supported by columns like gigantic trees, a modern version of the

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in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which opened in December 2015, is part of the redevelopment of the waterfront of Rio de Janeiro, and opened in time for the

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Calatrava has received a total of twenty-two honorary degrees in recognition of his work. In 2013, Calatrava was awarded an honorary doctorate from

5253: 5223: 4763: 4611: 4344: 3983:, 10 November 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2014. "...Doctorate of Philosophy by Georgia Tech, an accolade only a handful of individuals have achieved..." 3495: 1215:

a moveable sunscreen that folds and unfolds. The ceiling of the concert hall is an ascending series of arcs, which echo the curving rows of seats.

616: 566: 466: 3213: 5258: 4743: 4701: 4545: 2945:"Building As Icon: Santiago Calatrava's first completed bridge in the United States evokes Eero Saarinen's Gateway Arch in shape and motivation" 797: 732:, and is located in a former industrial area. It was designed to bridge the wasteland which separated the residential area of the city from the 866: 207: 3888: 3676: 4719: 4027: 3997: 882: 4671: 4473: 3976: 2293: 3236: 3160: 2894: 1097: 1082: 4737: 1022:

The largest group of buildings by Calatrava is found in his birthplace, Valencia, Spain, and was built in over a decade. It includes the

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in Calgary, Canada, built between 2008 and 2012, is a completely different bridge in purpose, scale and design. Built across the

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Calatrava resides in Zurich and New York City. Two of Calatrava's sons have completed advanced degrees in engineering from the

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described the station in 2014 as it was being built as "a self-indulgent monstrosity" and "a hideous waste of public money".

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Movement is also an important element in the architecture of Calatrava. He noted that many 20th century sculptors, such as

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in New York City held a special one-man exhibition of Calatrava's drawings, sculpture, and architectural models, entitled

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with teardrop shaped skylights, and tilting glass panels provide light and shelter without enclosing the platforms.

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and lose adhesion. The fixing is delayed by disputes between the Calatrava studio and the building companies.

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Calatrava has received numerous awards for his design and engineering work. In 1988, he was awarded with the

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in Barcelona (1989–92), a 136 m (446 ft)-high graceful concrete spire designed for the site of the

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Calatrava himself observed that he was particularly influenced by the work of engineers such as the Swiss

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The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Special Exhibitions: Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture Into Architecture

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Sharq Crossing, Doha, Qatar: project for three bridges and two tunnels (postponed until after 2022)

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Peninsula Place, Greenwich, London (1 billion dollar project for three towers and a footbridge)

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and long-time friend and benefactor to MIT, the award was created by the Council for the Arts at

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Calatrava is also a sculptor and painter. Some of his architectural works, most notably the

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Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry (1989–1994) and the Eastern Train Station in Lisbon (1992–98)

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on 13 September 2013, entitled "Santiago Calatrava collects critics as well as fans."

5078: 4949: 4503: 4443: 4285: 4266: 4237: 4218: 4199: 4180: 4161: 4142: 3977:"Architect John Portman honored with Council for Quality Growth's Four Pillars Award" 3906: 2606: 2395: 1457: 1414: 1272: 1218: 203: 4967: 3764:"The canvas and creativity drive renowned architect Santiago Calatrava's structures" 3524:"Closing of Iconic Athens Olympic Stadium Raises Concerns Over Structural Stability" 1017: 5116: 4979: 4931: 4847: 4695: 4599: 4587: 4509: 4455: 4258: 2473: 2261: 1879: 1700: 1602: 1571: 453: 331: 230: 4973: 4883: 4865: 4557: 4437: 1883: 1587: 838: 457: 326:

Calatrava was born on 28 July 1951, in Benimàmet, an old municipality now part of

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2016 Honorary Doctoral Degree from Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) in México

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in New York City. His other son obtained a law degree from Columbia University.

5112: 5031: 4887: 4859: 4689: 4617: 4563: 4461: 2718: 2462: 2450: 2132: 2079: 2024: 1905: 1708: 982: 819: 745: 652: 637: 622: 497: 221: 62: 4370: 4033: 4002: 3793: 3289:"Multan al arquitecto español Calatrava por el fiasco de su puente en Venecia" 1808: 665:. In 1992, he completed one of his most picturesque and sculptural works, the 5147: 5100: 5019: 5013: 4901: 4891: 4817: 4677: 4515: 4497: 4319: 3090:"Museum of Tomorrow: a captivating invitation to imagine a sustainable world" 2895:"No, Really. Not Joking. Huge Arches on McDermott Bridge Are Fake. Go Figure" 2533: 2523: 2429: 2376: 2301: 2191: 2184: 2165: 2054: 1663: 1648: 1583: 1560: 1550:

been conceived as a work of sculpture, and he praised the liberties taken by

1536: 1528: 1524: 1452: 1419: 1371: 1241: 994: 949: 945: 925: 834: 678: 271: 183: 167: 3130:"Why The World Trade Center Transportation Hub Is Going To Cost $ 4 Billion" 674: 5122: 5025: 4853: 4623: 4593: 4581: 3542:

Architect- the Journal of the Institute of American Institute of Architects

2617: 2243: 2089: 2058: 1956: 1772: 1555: 1491: 1315: 965: 686: 339: 33: 3928: 3496:"New York's Oculus transit hub soars, but it's a phoenix with a price tag" 1425: 700:

Two years later, in 1994, he completed another notable train station, the

5090: 5037: 4983: 4961: 4713: 4605: 4527: 4431: 2446: 2158: 1551: 733: 4339: 3790:"Sculpture by Santiago Calatrava to be unveiled at SMU's Meadows Museum" 1689: 1633: 5001: 4683: 4094: 4003:"YouTube – Dr. Santiago Calatrava Receives Honorary Degree and Remarks" 3064:"Calatrava's "Museum of Tomorrow" to Showcase a Greener Future for Rio" 2000: 1815: 1473: 1472:

magazine referred to it in 2015 as it neared completion as a "Glorious

1306: 713: 689: 505: 354: 113: 3189:"Santiago Calatrava's Transit Hub Is a Soaring Symbol of a Boondoggle" 1993: 1659: 4995: 4551: 2195: 2043: 2039: 1894: 1667: 1626: 1622: 1497: 1256: 1134:

Interior of the Innovation, Science and Technology (IST) building at

752: 718: 255: 3792:. Southern Methodist University News. 7 October 2002. Archived from 2143: 1747: 406: 386: 315: 4479: 2548:

2004 Honorary Degree from Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

2217: 1986: 1840: 1786: 1729: 1431: 1390: 307: 225: 89: 3580:"Architectural Record – News, Continuing Ed, Products, Green Bldg" 2232: 2169: 1652: 1219:

Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge (2007–2012) and Peace Bridge (2008–2012)

1047: 998: 904: 275: 3692:

Images from the March 2006 Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibition.

3038:"Santiago Calatrava's Museum of Tomorrow Opens in Rio de Janeiro" 2494:, an award that has only been given to a small number of people. 2433: 2329: 1872: 1801: 1758: 1559:

human scale." Calatrava also noted the influence of the sculptor

1450:

Even before it opened the station was a target of criticism: the

1340:

in 2001. The new station connects the regional trains of the new

1292: 1210:

The conference center and exposition hall in the Spanish city of

1051: 1018:

City of Arts and Sciences and Opera House in Valencia (1991–2006)

908: 705: 501: 479: 37: 3012:"Florida Polytechnic University, Designed by Santiago Calatrava" 2657: 2655: 2279: 2268: 2072: 2028: 2017: 1934: 1861: 1833: 1736: 1418:

surface of the opera house in Valencia, placed as a tribute to

1229: 1211: 1073: 509: 295: 4073:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement" 3843:"New Dubai skyscraper to surpass the world's tallest building" 2601:

2011: On 10 December, Calatrava was appointed a member of the

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2005 Honorary Degree from Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

1118:

The Innovation, Science, and Technology (IST) Building of the

3605: 3468: 2504:

1993 Honorary Degree from Universidad Politecnica de Valencia

2399: 2343: 2221: 1945: 1779: 1262: 592: 368: 347: 4340:

Extended profile of the architect in the NYRB, December 2006

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2005, The bridge connecting the Avnat shopping mall and the

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1999 Honorary Degree from Universita degli Studi di Ferrara

1826: 1532: 311: 1037: 916:

Following 2000, Calatrava completed a new addition to the

5184:

Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni

4800: 3910: 3711:"'Santiago Calatrava: The Quest for Movement' Exhibition" 3471:"$ 4 Billion Buys the World's Ugliest Commuter Rail Stop" 2920:. Dallas, Texas: D Magazine Partners, Inc. Archived from 2519:

1997 Honorary Degree from Milwaukee School of Engineering

2477: 709: 3112: 3110: 2874: 2862: 2828: 2801: 1846:

1989–96, Bohl Bus and Tram stop, St. Gallen, Switzerland

4054:

NOMINA DI MEMBRI DEL PONTIFICIO CONSIGLIO DELLA CULTURA

3817:"Santiago Calatrava to Design His First London Complex" 2767: 2765: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2637:

Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science

2620:

during the International Achievement Summit in Chicago.

2612:

2004: Calatrava received the Golden Plate Award of the

2551:

2005 Honorary Degree from Southern Methodist University

1466:, referred to the structure as "a kitsch stegosaurus". 1205: 425:

in Barcelona, Spain (1984–87): Calatrava's first bridge

310:. His architectural firm has offices in New York City, 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 1979:

Centro Internacional de Ferias y Congresos de Tenerife

3655: 3643: 3237:"Santiago Calatrava Collects Critics as Well as Fans" 3107: 2991: 2979: 2967: 2816: 2575:

2009 Honorary Degree from University Camilo Jose Cela

2455:

Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers

1323: 744:

One of his last projects in the 20th century was the

3593: 2914:"Is Our Calatrava Bridge a Copy of Reggio Emilia's?" 2789: 2777: 2762: 2733: 2721:. Southern Methodist University News. 7 October 2002 2127:

2004, Three bridges (called Harp, Cittern and Lute)

1590:, were originally works of sculpture. In 2006, the 1357:. Michael Kimmelman, the architecture critic of the 972: 964:, Spain (1998–2001) was designed as a symbol of the 803:

Bodegas Ysios winery in Laguardia, Spain (1998–2001)

728:, or eastern train station, was constructed for the 5002:

Sistema de Orquesta Juvenil e Infantil de Venezuela

3434: 3365:"Approval Expected Today for Trade Center Rail Hub" 2750: 2692: 2516:

1996 Honorary Degree from University of Strathclyde

955: 931: 3905:Established to honor Eugene McDermott, founder of 3469:New York Post Editorial Board (23 February 2016). 3382: 3356: 2099:, the architect's first performing arts facility, 1277:Innovation, Science, and Technology (IST) building 753:Museums, concert halls and skyscrapers (2000–2010) 500:, Germany, an addition to the main post office in 4279: 4257: 1400:Missing and ill-fitting tiles on the wall of the 5145: 4194:Prina, Francesca; Demaratini, Demartini (2006). 3737:"Santiago Calatrava: The Metamorphosis of Space" 2507:1994 Honorary Degree from Heriot-Watt University 1504: 1058: 508:, Switzerland (1983–85) the roof of a school in 5239:Grand Officers of the Order of Merit (Portugal) 4400: 4193: 3029: 2513:1995 Honorary Degree from University of Salford 2510:1994 Honorary Degree from University of Seville 1596:Santiago Calatrava: Sculpture Into Architecture 1484:The Hub also had its defenders. Jimmy Stamp of 44: and the second or maternal family name is 5234:Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres 4174: 3611: 3391:"Design of Ground Zero Transit Hub Is Trimmed" 3003: 2661: 2357: 1349:expenses and the decision to build around the 1293:Museum of Tomorrow, Rio de Janeiro (2010–2015) 208:St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church (Manhattan) 5209:Members of the Pontifical Council for Culture 4771: 4386: 4175:Taschen, Aurelia; Taschen, Balthazar (2016). 3729: 3703: 3286: 3161:"A Star Architect Leaves Some Clients Fuming" 2578:2010 Honorary Degree from Universite de Liège 2569:2008 Honorary Degree from Tel Aviv University 1443:the original plan by the project owners, the 1423: 739: 5269:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts 3154: 3152: 3150: 1364: 988: 4335:Great Buildings On-Line: Santiago Calatrava 4263:Santiago Calatrava: The Poetics of Movement 4031: 3808: 3254: 2572:2009 Honorary Degree from Oxford University 2415:(Taoyuan International Conference Center), 2267:2011, Palacio de Exposiciones y Congresos, 2142:, "Bibliothekseinbau" library remodelling, 1849:1991–95, Alameda Bridge and Metro Station, 520:In 1984–87, he built his first bridge, the 4778: 4764: 4393: 4379: 3228: 3081: 3035: 3010:Hawthorne, Christopher (13 October 2014). 2936: 1263:Florida Polytechnic University (2009–2014) 369:First projects and international attention 61: 3952:"Santiago Calatrava: Blurring Boundaries" 3949: 3925:"Senior Fellows – Design Futures Council" 3755: 3414: 3408: 3186: 3147: 3009: 2581:2012 Honorary Degree from Pratt Institute 2542:1999 Honorary Degree from Lund University 2113:2004, Katehaki Footbridge, Athens, Greece 1445:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 1005:Athens Olympic Sports Complex (2001–2004) 4215:Les styles en architecture- guide visuel 4107: 3834: 3036:Rosenfield, Karissa (17 December 2015). 1699: 1688: 1673: 1658: 1643: 1632: 1613: 1563:, citing Rodin's words in his 1914 book 1395: 1244:, Italy. Work on the second bridge, the 543: 5254:Architects from the Valencian Community 5224:Technical University of Valencia alumni 5056:Princess of Asturias Award for the Arts 4231: 4212: 4136: 3986: 3661: 3649: 3599: 3462: 3313: 3307: 3116: 3061: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2880: 2868: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2795: 2783: 2771: 2756: 2744: 2705: 2205:footbridge from Piazzale Roma over the 1513: 1038:Liège-Guillemins railway station (2009) 14: 5259:Engineers from the Valencian Community 5229:Members of the Académie d'architecture 5146: 4325:Map of Santiago Calatrava Architecture 4282:Santiago Calatrava: The Complete Works 4179:(in French). Bibliotheca Universalis. 3814: 3761: 3415:Kimmelman, Michael (2 December 2014). 3388: 3362: 3340: 2911: 2563:2007 Honorary Engineering Degree from 2554:2006 Honorary Engineering Degree from 1771:1984–88, Barenmatte Community Center, 298:, Texas, and his largest project, the 5054: 4801:Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts 4799: 4759: 4374: 4366:CNN interview with Santiago Calatrava 4356:, 17 January 2006, "The Gaudí Effect" 4196:Petite encyclopédie de l'architecture 3927:. Design Intelligence. Archived from 3234: 3158: 3087: 2476:Award by the Council for the Arts of 2323:World Trade Center Transportation Hub 1694:World Trade Center Transportation Hub 1640:, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain (1992) 1385:Much of the criticism focused on the 1198:World Trade Center Transportation Hub 1182:World Trade Center Transportation Hub 924:in Tenerife in the Canary Islands, a 888:Palace of the Arts in Valencia (2006) 355:Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 280:World Trade Center Transportation Hub 114:Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 4788:Prince or Princess of Asturias Award 4234:Architecture contemporaine- le guide 4155: 3440: 3235:Daley, Suzanne (25 September 2013). 3159:Daley, Suzanne (13 September 2013). 3088:Watts, Jonathan (17 December 2015). 2942: 2013:1999, New York Times Capsule, U.S.A. 1814:1989–98, Emergency Services Centre, 1232:, Texas. The first of these was the 1206:Oviedo Conference Center (2000–2011) 496:, Switzerland, another warehouse in 3840: 3206: 3187:Kimmelman, Michael (2 March 2016). 2892: 2625:James Parks Morton Interfaith Award 2616:presented by Awards Council member 2584:2013 Honorary Doctoral Degree from 2497: 2472:In 2005, Calatrava was awarded the 770:in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1994–2001) 704:(1989–1994) at the Lyon airport in 150:Institution of Structural Engineers 24: 4251: 4108:Davidson, Justin (28 April 2013). 3062:Murdock, James (10 October 2010). 2605:for a five-year renewable term by 2483:He is also a Senior Fellow of the 2351:St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church 1324:WTC Hub, New York City (2003–2016) 514:Zürich Stadelhofen railway station 403:Zürich Stadelhofen railway station 383:Zürich Stadelhofen railway station 344:Polytechnic University of Valencia 110:Polytechnic University of Valencia 25: 5290: 4361:Pictures and profile at Specifier 4348:, 31 October 2005, "The Sculptor" 4299: 4110:"Santiago Calatrava's Three Sons" 3815:Nayeri, Farah (2 February 2017). 3627:, Skira, Kutsmuseum, Berne (1997) 3363:Dunlap, David W. (28 July 2005). 3268:. Europa Press. 22 September 2014 2342:2021, UAE Pavilion at EXPO 2020, 1430:tiles of the Tenerife Auditorium 973:Auditorio de Tenerife (1991–2003) 872:The City of Arts and Sciences in 200:World Trade Center station (PATH) 188:Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències 5264:Recipients of the AIA Gold Medal 3889:"SOM Foundation Fellows Archive" 3389:Dunlap, David W. (2 July 2008). 3341:Walker, Alissa (20 April 2016). 3314:Morales, Álvaro (18 June 2024). 3287:LaInformacion (14 August 2019). 2848:"Athens Olympics Sports Complex" 2630: 2595: 2556:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 2467:American Institute of Architects 2449:International Fellowship by the 2298:Milan–Bologna high-speed railway 2229:Liège-Guillemins railway station 2181:Milan–Bologna high-speed railway 1807:1987–96, Buchen Housing Estate, 1721:1983–84, Jakem Steel Warehouse, 1609: 1332:in New York City at the rebuilt 1189: 1173: 1168:in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2015) 1158: 1143: 1127: 1111: 1096: 1081: 1065: 1044:Liège-Guillemins railway station 956:Bodegas Ysios winery (1998–2001) 932:Milwaukee Art Museum (1994–2001) 901:Liège-Guillemins railway station 893: 881: 865: 846: 827: 808: 796: 775: 759: 645: 630: 615: 600: 581: 565: 550: 504:, Switzerland; a bus shelter in 488:size; he designed and built the 465: 446: 430: 414: 394: 375: 264:Olympic Sports Complex of Athens 192:Liège-Guillemins railway station 5274:20th-century Spanish architects 5164:21st-century Spanish architects 4320:Calatrava's projects on the map 4177:L'Architecture Moderne de A à Z 4130: 4101: 4087: 4081:American Academy of Achievement 4065: 4047: 4032:AGENCIA EFE (10 October 2016). 4016: 3969: 3943: 3917: 3899: 3881: 3860: 3782: 3685: 3667: 3630: 3617: 3572: 3547: 3534: 3516: 3488: 3334: 3280: 3216:. De Zeen Magazine. 21 May 2014 3180: 3122: 3055: 2951:. Dallas, Texas. Archived from 2943:Rago, Danielle (7 March 2012). 2905: 2886: 2840: 2719:"Biography: Santiago Calatrava" 2614:American Academy of Achievement 2586:Georgia Institute of Technology 2492:Georgia Institute of Technology 1832:1989–91, La Devesa Footbridge, 1153:, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2015) 218:European Prize for Architecture 5279:21st-century Spanish engineers 5244:20th-century Spanish engineers 4908:Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza 3762:Chaban, Matt (21 March 2014). 3441:Rice, Andrew (12 March 2015). 3417:"Michael Kimmelman on Twitter" 2711: 2667: 2603:Pontifical Council for Culture 2528:Delft University of Technology 2440: 2370:University of Rome Tor Vergata 2309:Florida Polytechnic University 2258:Palacio de Congresos de Oviedo 1823:Lyon-Saint-Exupéry TGV Station 1785:1986–88, 9 De Octubre Bridge, 1778:1986–87, Tabourettli Theater, 1521:Florida Polytechnic University 1269:Florida Polytechnic University 1196:Interior of the Oculus of the 1136:Florida Polytechnic University 1120:Florida Polytechnic University 655:Passenger Terminal (1990–2000) 640:Passenger Terminal (1990–2000) 27:Spanish engineer and architect 13: 1: 5154:Santiago Calatrava structures 2646: 2198:, a light rail bridge, Israel 2108:Athens Olympic Sports Complex 2077:Southern Methodist University 1992:1996–2000, Pont de l'Europe, 1963:, Greater Manchester, England 1891:Montjuic Communications Tower 1735:1983–88, Wohlen High School, 1728:1983–85, Ernsting Warehouse, 1666:for pedestrians and train in 1638:Montjuïc Communications Tower 1505:Athens Olympic Sports Complex 1059:Recent major projects (2011–) 667:Montjuïc Communications Tower 558:Montjuïc Communications Tower 441:in Barcelona, Spain (1984–87) 321: 172:Athens Olympic Sports Complex 3950:Treadaway, Dan (Fall 2013). 3841:Kim, Soo (12 October 2016). 2912:Rogers, Tim (22 June 2011). 2423: 2118:Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay 1715: 960:The Bodegas Ysios winery in 730:1998 Lisbon World Exposition 712:trains, and a symbol of the 595:(Alicante), Spain (1992–95) 353:In 1975, he enrolled in the 36:, the first or paternal 7: 5199:IStructE Gold Medal winners 3868:"Santiago Calatrava Awards" 3640:, Armand Colin, Paris, 1914 2413:Yuan Ze University Building 2358:Under construction/proposed 2175:2007, Three bridges on the 2016:1999, Puente del Hospital, 1999:1997, Pfalzkeller Gallery, 1744:Stadelhofen Railway Station 1577: 10: 5295: 4280:Tzonis, Alexander (2004). 3623:cited in Gonzales, Julio, 3612:Taschen & Taschen 2016 2662:Taschen & Taschen 2016 2328:2018, Crati River Bridge, 2289:, Calgary, Alberta, Canada 1592:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1460:, architecture critic for 1437: 740:Bilbao Airport (1990–2000) 702:Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry 625:control tower (1990–2000) 574:Brookfield Place (Toronto) 31: 5061: 5050: 4806: 4795: 4409: 4236:(in French). Flammarion. 4097:. Academy of Achievement. 3443:"The Glorious Boondoggle" 2436:, Illinois, United States 2337:Margaret McDermott Bridge 2276:Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge 1968:City of Arts and Sciences 1931:Campo Volantin Footbridge 1387:City of Arts and Sciences 1365:Controversy and criticism 1246:Margaret McDermott Bridge 1234:Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge 1106:in Calgary, Canada (2012) 1089:Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge 1046:for high-speed trains in 1024:City of Arts and Sciences 989:Turning Torso (1999–2004) 610:, Lisbon, Portugal (1998) 300:City of Arts and Sciences 292:Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge 254:(born 28 July 1951) is a 245: 213: 163: 155: 145: 134: 127: 119: 105: 97: 72: 60: 53: 5179:Spanish bridge engineers 4232:De Bure, Gilles (2015). 4137:Jodidio, Philip (2016). 3697:10 December 2005 at the 3679:29 December 2005 at the 3638:Les Cathedrals de France 2318:, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2203:Ponte della Costituzione 1839:1989–95, Puerto Bridge, 1267:The project for the new 1072:Palace of Congresses in 576:, Ontario, Canada (1992) 409:. Switzerland (1983–90) 252:Santiago Calatrava Valls 236:Prince of Asturias Award 55:Santiago Calatrava Valls 18:Santiago Calatrava Valls 4872:Victoria de los Ángeles 4160:(in French). Larousse. 4059:7 November 2012 at the 3540:Christopher Hawthorne, 2375:New railway station in 2311:, Lakeland, Florida, US 1755:Lucerne railway station 1411:The Caja Madrid Obelisk 1328:Calatrava designed the 1184:in New York City (2016) 1091:in Dallas, Texas (2012) 389:. Switzerland (1983–90) 5194:High-tech architecture 4540:Alan Garnett Davenport 4468:Knud Winstrup Johansen 4213:Hopkins, Owen (2014). 4158:L'Architecture Moderne 4141:(in French). Taschen. 3625:Dessiner dans l'espace 2679:notablebiographies.com 2485:Design Futures Council 2131:the main canal of the 2101:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 2023:2000, New terminal at 1989:, Canary island, Spain 1983:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1794:Allen Lambert Galleria 1712: 1697: 1696:, New York City (2016) 1686: 1683:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 1671: 1656: 1641: 1630: 1527:forms rendered in the 1424: 1405: 1330:WTC Transportation Hub 683:Allen Lambert Galleria 288:Santa Cruz de Tenerife 282:in New York City, the 5219:Artists from Valencia 5174:Skyscraper architects 4920:Fernando Fernán Gómez 3555:"Calatrava, Santiago" 2538:University of Cassino 2339:, Dallas, Texas, U.S. 2240:Samuel Beckett Bridge 2097:Auditorio de Tenerife 2064:2001, Bodegas Ysios, 1893:at the Olympic Ring, 1703: 1692: 1679:Auditorio de Tenerife 1677: 1662: 1647: 1636: 1617: 1402:Auditorio de Tenerife 1399: 979:Auditorio de Tenerife 816:Auditorio de Tenerife 560:, Barcelona (1989–92) 544:Projects of the 1990s 538:Great Pyramid of Giza 528:His next bridge, the 284:Auditorio de Tenerife 176:Auditorio de Tenerife 141:, Architect, sculptor 5249:Structural engineers 5214:Organic architecture 5067:Francis Ford Coppola 4956:Krzysztof Penderecki 4842:Luis García Berlanga 4836:Antonio López García 4217:(in French). Dunod. 4198:(in French). Solar. 4043:– via YouTube. 4012:– via YouTube. 3068:Architectural Record 2459:Museum of Modern Art 2294:Medio Padana Station 2151:Rabin Medical Center 2140:University of Zurich 2036:Milwaukee Art Museum 1942:Llonja de Sant Jordi 1904:, Kuwaiti Pavilion, 1619:Milwaukee Art Museum 1565:Cathedrals of France 1514:Style and influences 1355:New York City Subway 1338:September 11 attacks 1303:2016 Summer Olympics 1026:(1991–2000) and the 942:Milwaukee Art Museum 918:Milwaukee Art Museum 789:Milwaukee Art Museum 768:Milwaukee Art Museum 663:Milwaukee Art Museum 589:Llonja de Sant Jordi 336:Ecole des Beaux Arts 268:Milwaukee Art Museum 240:Auguste Perret Prize 5169:Futurist architects 4630:Leslie E. Robertson 4570:Olgierd Zienkiewicz 4402:IStructE Gold Medal 4156:Bony, Anne (2012). 4077:www.achievement.org 2641:Columbia University 2565:Columbia University 2251:Caja Madrid Obelisk 2194:at the entrance to 1913:Mimico Creek Bridge 1336:at the site of the 1076:, Spain (2000–2011) 981:, Tenerife, in the 926:twisting skyscraper 530:Puente del Alamillo 494:Münchwilen, Thurgau 473:Puente del Alamillo 306:in his birthplace, 260:structural engineer 139:Structural engineer 5129:Joan Manuel Serrat 4944:Santiago Calatrava 4914:Alicia de Larrocha 4880:Montserrat Caballé 4830:Orfeón Donostiarra 4660:David A. Nethercot 4576:Santiago Calatrava 4450:John Guthrie Brown 3931:on 6 November 2007 3821:The New York Times 3528:greekcitytimes.com 3395:The New York Times 3369:The New York Times 3266:www.europapress.es 3241:The New York Times 3193:The New York Times 3166:The New York Times 2526:Degree awarded by 2387:In the Middle East 2216:, monument on the 2106:2004, redesign of 2086:James Joyce Bridge 2051:Puente de la Mujer 2010:, Lisbon, Portugal 1959:in Manchester and 1955:, footbridge over 1919:, Toronto, Ontario 1804:, Ontario, Canada, 1768:, Barcelona, Spain 1766:Bac de Roda Bridge 1713: 1705:Museum of Tomorrow 1698: 1687: 1672: 1657: 1642: 1631: 1463:The New York Times 1406: 1334:World Trade Center 1299:Museum of Tomorrow 1166:Museum of Tomorrow 1151:Museum of Tomorrow 1011:2004 Olympic Games 938:Quadracci Pavilion 522:Bac de Roda Bridge 439:Bac de Roda Bridge 423:Bac de Roda Bridge 196:Museum of Tomorrow 159:Santiago Calatrava 129:Engineering career 5189:ETH Zurich alumni 5141: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5079:William Kentridge 5046: 5045: 4950:Barbara Hendricks 4938:Sebastião Salgado 4812:Jesús López Cobos 4786:Laureates of the 4753: 4752: 4726:James O'Callaghan 4504:Nathan M. Newmark 4444:William Glanville 4426:Eugène Freyssinet 4259:Tzonis, Alexander 4243:978-2-08-134385-6 4224:978-2-10-070689-1 4186:978-3-8365-5630-9 4167:978-2-03-587641-6 4148:978-3-8365-3564-9 3907:Texas Instruments 3743:. 5 December 2013 3544:, 13 October 2014 2924:on 2 January 2017 2883:, pp. 70–71. 2813:, pp. 63–65. 2607:Pope Benedict XVI 2396:Dubai Creek Tower 2246:, Dublin, Ireland 2092:, Dublin, Ireland 1948:(Alicante), Spain 1926:, Berlin, Germany 1924:Kronprinzenbrücke 1753:1983–89, Hall of 1458:Michael Kimmelman 1415:kinetic sculpture 1273:Lakeland, Florida 1248:, began in 2011. 782: 692:market in Paris. 661:structure of the 492:, a warehouse in 249: 248: 204:Dubai Creek Tower 67:Calatrava in 2010 16:(Redirected from 5286: 5107:Marina Abramović 5052: 5051: 4980:Maya Plisetskaya 4932:Vittorio Gassman 4848:Eduardo Chillida 4797: 4796: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4757: 4756: 4708:Robert Halvorson 4696:Tristram Carfrae 4666:William F. Baker 4600:Michael Burdekin 4588:Michel Virlogeux 4510:Riccardo Morandi 4456:Pier Luigi Nervi 4395: 4388: 4381: 4372: 4371: 4311: 4310: 4308:Official website 4295: 4276: 4247: 4228: 4209: 4190: 4171: 4152: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3990: 3984: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3921: 3915: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3895:on 16 July 2011. 3891:. Archived from 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3733: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3707: 3701: 3689: 3683: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3636:Rodin, Auguste, 3634: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3156: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3134:Business Insider 3126: 3120: 3114: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2871:, p. 47-51. 2866: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2844: 2838: 2837:, p. 67-69. 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2498:Honorary degrees 2474:Eugene McDermott 2262:Oviedo, Asturias 2214:Technion Obelisk 2124:, California, US 2110:, Athens, Greece 1880:Lusitania Bridge 1798:Brookfield Place 1603:Hermitage Museum 1572:Alexander Calder 1429: 1193: 1177: 1162: 1147: 1131: 1115: 1100: 1085: 1069: 948:in 1957 next to 897: 885: 869: 850: 831: 812: 800: 784: 783: 763: 649: 634: 619: 604: 585: 569: 554: 469: 454:Lusitania Bridge 450: 434: 418: 401:Interior of the 398: 379: 332:Francisco Franco 231:Eugene McDermott 86: 82: 80: 65: 51: 50: 21: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5133: 5097:Ennio Morricone 5085:Martin Scorsese 5057: 5042: 4990:Pedro Almodóvar 4926:Joaquín Rodrigo 4896:Plácido Domingo 4876:Teresa Berganza 4824:Eusebio Sempere 4802: 4791: 4784: 4754: 4749: 4492:Fritz Leonhardt 4486:Charles Husband 4405: 4399: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4292: 4273: 4254: 4252:Further reading 4244: 4225: 4206: 4187: 4168: 4149: 4133: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4106: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4061:Wayback Machine 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4028:Wayback Machine 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3998:Wayback Machine 3991: 3987: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3904: 3900: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3851: 3849: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3823: 3813: 3809: 3799: 3797: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3760: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3699:Wayback Machine 3690: 3686: 3681:Wayback Machine 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3501:TheGuardian.com 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3467: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3312: 3308: 3298: 3296: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3157: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3115: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3034: 3030: 3020: 3018: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2955:on 7 April 2013 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2910: 2906: 2899:Dallas Observer 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2653: 2649: 2633: 2598: 2593: 2500: 2457:. In 1993, the 2443: 2426: 2417:Taoyuan, Taiwan 2368:City of Sport, 2360: 2353:, New York City 2325:, New York City 2316:Museu do Amanhã 2253:, Madrid, Spain 2209:, Venice, Italy 2075:, Texas at the 2071:2002, Wave, in 2008:Gare do Oriente 1917:Humber Bay Park 1869:Alamillo Bridge 1858:Oberbaum Bridge 1718: 1711:, Brazil (2015) 1655:, Sweden (2005) 1612: 1580: 1544:Robert Maillart 1516: 1507: 1440: 1367: 1326: 1295: 1265: 1221: 1208: 1201: 1194: 1185: 1178: 1169: 1163: 1154: 1148: 1139: 1132: 1123: 1116: 1107: 1101: 1092: 1086: 1077: 1070: 1061: 1040: 1020: 1007: 991: 975: 958: 934: 912: 898: 889: 886: 877: 874:Valencia, Spain 870: 861: 858:Valencia, Spain 851: 842: 832: 823: 813: 804: 801: 792: 785: 776: 771: 764: 755: 742: 726:Gare do Oriente 698: 656: 650: 641: 635: 626: 620: 611: 608:Gare do Oriente 605: 596: 586: 577: 570: 561: 555: 546: 483: 470: 461: 451: 442: 435: 426: 419: 410: 399: 390: 380: 371: 363:Robert Maillart 328:Valencia, Spain 324: 238: 234: 229: 224: 220: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 180:Alamillo bridge 178: 174: 170: 112: 93: 87: 84: 78: 76: 68: 56: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5292: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5139: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113:Carmen Linares 5109: 5103: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5032:Michael Haneke 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4976: 4970: 4968:Miquel Barceló 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4888:Pilar Lorengar 4868: 4862: 4860:Oscar Niemeyer 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4793: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4760: 4751: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4690:Man-Chung Tang 4687: 4681: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4621: 4618:Cheng Hon-kwan 4615: 4612:Duncan Michael 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4564:Edmund Happold 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4462:Alfred Pugsley 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4417: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4350: 4346:The New Yorker 4342: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4301: 4300:External links 4298: 4297: 4296: 4290: 4277: 4271: 4253: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4229: 4223: 4210: 4204: 4191: 4185: 4172: 4166: 4153: 4147: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4100: 4086: 4064: 4046: 4015: 3985: 3975:Herman, Lisa. 3968: 3942: 3916: 3898: 3880: 3859: 3833: 3807: 3796:on 24 May 2013 3781: 3754: 3728: 3702: 3684: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3614:, p. 111. 3604: 3592: 3571: 3559:infoplease.com 3546: 3533: 3515: 3504:. 4 March 2016 3487: 3461: 3433: 3407: 3381: 3355: 3333: 3306: 3293:La Información 3279: 3253: 3227: 3205: 3179: 3146: 3121: 3106: 3080: 3054: 3028: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2935: 2904: 2893:Schutze, Jim. 2885: 2873: 2861: 2850:. Arcspace.com 2839: 2827: 2815: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2761: 2749: 2732: 2710: 2691: 2666: 2664:, p. 108. 2650: 2648: 2645: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2610: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2530: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2451:SOM Foundation 2442: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2420: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2403: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2373: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2319: 2312: 2305: 2290: 2283: 2272: 2265: 2254: 2247: 2242:, bridge over 2236: 2225: 2210: 2199: 2188: 2173: 2162: 2147: 2136: 2133:Haarlemmermeer 2125: 2114: 2111: 2104: 2093: 2088:, bridge over 2082: 2080:Meadows Museum 2069: 2062: 2047: 2032: 2025:Bilbao Airport 2021: 2014: 2011: 2004: 1997: 1990: 1975: 1964: 1953:Trinity Bridge 1949: 1938: 1927: 1920: 1909: 1898: 1887: 1876: 1865: 1854: 1847: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1762: 1751: 1740: 1733: 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4035: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3957: 3953: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3920: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3869: 3863: 3848: 3847:The Telegraph 3844: 3837: 3822: 3818: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3769: 3765: 3758: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3717:. 2 July 2012 3716: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3664:, p. 19. 3663: 3658: 3652:, p. 11. 3651: 3646: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3620: 3613: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3581: 3575: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3519: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3491: 3476: 3475:New York Post 3472: 3465: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3437: 3422: 3418: 3411: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3344: 3337: 3321: 3317: 3310: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3215: 3209: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3135: 3131: 3125: 3119:, p. 77. 3118: 3113: 3111: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3000:, p. 83. 2999: 2994: 2988:, p. 81. 2987: 2982: 2976:, p. 93. 2975: 2970: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2825:, p. 67. 2824: 2819: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2798:, p. 57. 2797: 2792: 2786:, p. 53. 2785: 2780: 2774:, p. 33. 2773: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2753: 2747:, p. 91. 2746: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2720: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2631:Personal life 2626: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2596:Other honours 2589: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2534:Honoris Causa 2531: 2529: 2525: 2524:Honoris Causa 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2435: 2431: 2430:Chicago Spire 2428: 2427: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2331: 2327: 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