40:
93:
432:
68:
424:
620:
government scientist has suggested it should be around 200 tonnes), and partly because of the impact of a number of over-lapping threats such as land clearing; fire; grazing by livestock (sheep and cattle), feral goats and camels, and native herbivores; loss of natural seed dispersers (Boodies and
Woylies); and climate change, especially increasing drought and associated poor rainfall in the Goldfields and the
316:. Soon after the arrival of Europeans in Western Australia, colonists began harvesting sandalwood trees to export overseas for incense production. This decimated sandalwood populations in the south west agricultural zone, and pushed harvesting out into the arid and semi-arid interior. Millions of trees have been exported since the 1840s, pushing the species towards extinction in the wild.
474:
Research by the
Forestry Products Commission (WA), state universities and private industry was undertaken into the cultivation of the tree and the properties of its wood and nuts. Replanting has occurred at some properties as a land restoration strategy, a food crop and in the long term for harvest.
619:
allowing 2,500 tonnes to be harvested annually. Recent research has shown that wild populations have decreased dramatically, with no regeneration over the past 80 to 100 years, and most current plants 100 to 200 years old. This is partly because the current level of harvesting is too high (a
486:
The area of commercial plantations rose from 7-square-kilometre (2.7 sq mi) to 70-square-kilometre (27 sq mi) between 2000 and 2006. The export of 2 000 tonnes of sandalwood a year is primarily sourced from wild stands of the remote rangelands and
451:
area was accelerated by the funds generated by sandalwood found there. Distribution and population of the endemic stands were significantly affected during periods of rural development and economic downturn. The state conservator of forests,
491:
region of
Western Australia. The harvest of naturally occurring trees is reduced when compared to the industry of the 19th century. Exports of over 50 000 tonnes in the last decade were related to
415:, known as the woylie, is known to consume and cache the seeds of this species, and is thought to have played a significant role in its dispersal before their decline in the twentieth century.
378:
from the roots of hosts. It has a shrubby to small tree habit, but can grow to 6 metres (20 ft) and is tolerant of drought and salt. The foliage is grey-green in colour. The fruit of
615:
Scientists have warned for many years about the decline and over-harvesting of
Australian sandalwood in the wild in Western Australia, with present harvesting and management under the WA
989:
Most of WA's native sandalwood harvest ends up at the Mt
Romance essential oil factory in Albany, on the south coast of WA. It is converted into a liquid fetching as much as $ 1,000/kg.
402:
and inland regions of low rainfall, the impact of over-harvesting and land-clearing for wheat and sheep since the 1880s has greatly reduced the range and population of the species.
1129:
McLellan R. C. et al. (2021) Prolific or precarious: a review of the status of
Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum A.DC., Santalaceae). The Rangeland Journal 43, 211-222.
628:
518:
where sandalwood is harvested, co-manage the company along with
Kutkabbuba Aboriginal Corporation and the founders of WA Sandalwood Plantations. The harvesters stay at the tiny
742:
McLellan R. C. et al. (2021) Prolific or precarious: a review of the status of
Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum A.DC., Santalaceae). The Rangeland Journal 43, 211-222
631:
in South
Australia, and there are calls to do the same at the National level and in WA. It is currently being assessed as a Threatened Species by the Australian Government.
456:, reported in the 1920s that the export value of the 331205 tons shipped from 1845 to date was £3,061,661; the primary use when imported to China was the manufacture of
1141:
McLellan, R. C., & Watson, D. M. (2022). The living dead: Demography of
Australian sandalwood in Australia's western rangelands. Austral Ecology, 47(8), 1685-1709.
627:
Despite being protected and listed as a Vulnerable threatened species on the IUCN Red List., it is still being unsustainably harvested from the wild. It is listed as a
1116:
Separation and identification of ximenynic acid isomers in the seed oil of Santalum spicatum R.Br. as their 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives. Yandi et al. 1996
554:
in sealed plastic bags at room temperature. Once germinated, seeds should be planted next to a (preferably Australian native) seedling, and watered adequately.
1358:
527:
1272:
702:
447:
has been an important part of the Western Australian economy, at one time forming more than half of the state's revenue. Settlement of the
523:
1020:
1483:
1438:
813:
Sandalwood (Santalum Spicatum) Guide for Farmers - Tree Facts pamphlet- Forest Products Commission - April 2007 specifically states
755:
1306:
1473:
1319:
1069:
Sandalwood Guide for Farmers states "being a root hemi-parasitic tree. it is planted with a nitrogen-fixing host species such as
1003:
1463:
368:
to occur in Western Australia, and is native to semi-arid areas in the Southwest. It has a similar distribution to quandong (
710:
1267:
213:
1488:
1458:
905:
519:
959:
1363:
460:. However, Poole also notes the development of an oil extraction industry and use as an effective medical product.
1478:
1332:
972:
1468:
1389:
814:
448:
1083:
784:
503:
in 2020, the WA sandalwood industry provides about 40 per cent of the international sandalwood oil market.
1233:
1153:
Gowland, K. 2021. Santalum spicatum, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T172724199A172724334
1443:
1228:
1215:
1206:
217:
672:
1384:
1324:
616:
1021:"From the Gibson Desert to New York, these sandalwood harvesters are winning over the perfume market"
480:
92:
828:
1298:
569:
488:
1453:
1259:
621:
1115:
510:
have been involved in the production of the oil. The Dutjahn custodians, representing the wider
1350:
1168:
535:
507:
493:
464:
309:
20:
39:
1142:
866:
730:
Statham-Drew, Pamela 2007, 'Sandalwood: WA's sometime saviour', Fremantle Studies, 5: 87-105
575:
500:
411:
382:
is spherical, about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter, and orange in colour. An edible
196:
1376:
862:
A primer of forestry, with illustrations of the principal forest trees of Western Australia
563:, which is used in plantations, which sustains a 15- to 30-year, long-term host species in
1154:
649:
599:
The oils produced by the tree contain a great complexity of chemicals, many of which have
8:
759:
370:
252:
57:
1410:
1293:
1285:
856:
453:
399:
313:
264:
87:
72:
1000:
948:
538:. The Dutjahn Sandalwood Oils company is 50 per cent owned by Indigenous Australians.
1448:
1371:
1241:
926:
901:
860:
436:
256:
882:
731:
1415:
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878:
870:
667:
559:
1220:
1007:
468:
260:
130:
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604:
594:
276:
272:
117:
921:
1432:
1345:
658:
600:
581:
515:
375:
349:
305:
77:
1402:
960:
Australian Arid Lands Botanic Garden - Plants: Sandalwood, Santalum spicatum
874:
390:
deeply pitted surface. Germination occurs during warm and moist conditions.
511:
345:
248:
1130:
743:
534:
and markets the oil to some of the biggest names in the industry, such as
386:
with a hard shell forms the bulk of the fruit; the shell is smoother than
1200:
551:
431:
365:
301:
163:
1311:
531:
268:
153:
547:
1280:
1045:
423:
406:
1162:
1397:
1185:
285:
173:
143:
1337:
703:"Calls to better protect wild sandalwood amid fears of extinction"
1254:
550:
cycle. Success has been reported by placing the kernels in moist
457:
325:
240:
792:
463:
A much smaller, but economically significant, source was in the
427:
A sandalwood cutters' camp in the Wheatbelt of Western Australia
826:
479:
per 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) is produced at Mount Romance in
104:
564:
383:
1143:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aec.13243
1094:. Department of Environment and conservation. August 2002
1019:
Stevens, Rhiannon; Moussalli, Isabel (5 September 2020).
1155:
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/172724199/172724334
827:
Australian National Botanic Gardens, Parks Australia.
701:
Prendergast, Joanna; Lewis, Chris (20 November 2021).
499:
According to the research and development corporation
251:), is a tree native to semi-arid areas at the edge of
398:
Once found across the southwest of Australia, at the
1125:
1123:
895:
865:. Perth: F.W. Simpson, government printer. p.
673:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T172724199A172724334.en
1104:/browse/flora?f=092&level=g&id=523 et al.
900:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Pub. p. 108.
732:https://fremantlestuff.info/fhs/fs/5/Statham.html
1430:
1120:
1018:
896:Claridge, A.W.; Seebeck, J.H.; Rose, R. (2007).
851:
849:
700:
546:Germination is difficult, and may depend on the
1025:ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)
930:. South Australia. 23 November 1928. p. 1
898:Bettongs, potoroos, and the musky rat-kangaroo
779:
777:
846:
829:"Santalum acuminatum - Growing Native Plants"
817:and areas with minimum 400 mm annual rainfall
889:
19:"Waang" redirects here. For other uses, see
774:
647:
567:sands over clay duplex soils. Rock sheaok
1012:
938:– via National Library of Australia.
855:
66:
38:
1109:
1076:
971:Murphy, Sean (reporter) (27 April 2007).
696:
694:
692:
690:
671:
530:people. The company has a distillery in
430:
422:
364:It is one of four species of the family
263:, where it is protected and listed as a
1131:https://www.publish.csiro.au/RJ/RJ21017
744:https://www.publish.csiro.au/RJ/RJ21017
514:, who are connected to the land in the
1431:
1038:
970:
949:University of Queensland site's detail
687:
610:
588:
1167:
1166:
496:by increased access and harvesters.
711:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
659:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
641:
374:) and is a hemi-parasite requiring
13:
973:"High hopes for native sandalwood"
758:. kippleonline.net. Archived from
14:
1500:
418:
1484:Crops originating from Australia
1439:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1390:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:780643-1
289:species occurring in Australia.
279:and a food source over history.
91:
1147:
1135:
1063:
994:
964:
953:
942:
914:
506:Since 2015, for the first time
393:
300:has been used sustainably as a
1474:Trees of Mediterranean climate
820:
807:
748:
736:
724:
541:
526:, built in the early 1980s by
359:
1:
1464:Eudicots of Western Australia
634:
629:vulnerable threatened species
7:
319:
10:
1505:
756:"Noongar names for plants"
666:: e.T172724199A172724334.
617:Forest Products Commission
592:
443:The harvest and export of
328:peoples know the plant as
308:for thousands of years by
292:
18:
1175:
557:The main host species is
481:Albany, Western Australia
202:
195:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
46:
37:
30:
1489:Plants described in 1857
1459:Flora of South Australia
883:2027/umn.31951p011067200
603:qualities, and contains
570:Allocasuarina huegeliana
1050:Dutjahn Sandalwood Oils
875:10.5962/bhl.title.61019
622:Great Western Woodlands
1479:Drought-tolerant trees
508:Aboriginal Australians
494:agricultural expansion
440:
428:
310:Aboriginal Australians
259:. It is also found in
21:Waang (disambiguation)
1469:Edible nuts and seeds
977:Landline (transcript)
593:Further information:
576:Acacia resinimarginea
501:AgriFutures Australia
434:
426:
412:Bettongia penicillata
312:, who also use it in
233:Australian sandalwood
16:Australian sandalwood
1001:WA Gov site's detail
648:Gowland, K. (2021).
471:, reported in 1928.
275:has been used as an
762:on 20 November 2016
611:Conservation status
589:Composition of oils
371:Santalum acuminatum
302:source of bush food
253:Southwest Australia
58:Conservation status
1444:Trees of Australia
1006:2006-09-20 at the
454:Charles Lane-Poole
441:
429:
400:Swan Coastal Plain
314:smoking ceremonies
267:. It is traded as
265:vulnerable species
255:, in the state of
1426:
1425:
1372:Open Tree of Life
1299:Santalum spicatum
1273:Santalum_spicatum
1207:Santalum spicatum
1177:Santalum spicatum
1169:Taxon identifiers
927:The Quorn Mercury
857:Lane-Poole, C. E.
652:Santalum spicatum
437:Fremantle Harbour
257:Western Australia
239:and other names (
228:Santalum spicatum
224:
223:
206:Santalum spicatum
81:
32:Santalum spicatum
1496:
1419:
1418:
1406:
1405:
1393:
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1379:
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1133:
1127:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1080:
1074:
1071:Acacia acuminata
1067:
1061:
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1056:
1042:
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1033:
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886:
853:
844:
843:
841:
839:
824:
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811:
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800:
791:. Archived from
781:
772:
771:
769:
767:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
721:
719:
717:
698:
685:
684:
682:
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645:
560:Acacia acuminata
478:
208:
188:S. spicatum
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
42:
28:
27:
1504:
1503:
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1128:
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1114:
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1068:
1064:
1054:
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1044:
1043:
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1029:
1027:
1017:
1013:
1008:Wayback Machine
999:
995:
982:
980:
969:
965:
958:
954:
947:
943:
933:
931:
922:"Under the Lap"
920:
919:
915:
908:
894:
890:
854:
847:
837:
835:
833:www.anbg.gov.au
825:
821:
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796:
795:on 3 March 2019
783:
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749:
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737:
729:
725:
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699:
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646:
642:
637:
613:
597:
591:
585:are also used.
544:
512:Martu community
476:
475:Oil valued at
469:South Australia
421:
396:
388:S. acuminatum's
362:
322:
295:
283:is one of four
261:South Australia
220:
210:
204:
191:
90:
82:
71:
67:
60:
47:A mature tree,
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1502:
1492:
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1486:
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1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1454:Essential oils
1451:
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1441:
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1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:wfo-0000492979
1407:
1394:
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819:
806:
773:
747:
735:
723:
686:
639:
638:
636:
633:
612:
609:
605:ximenynic acid
595:Sandalwood oil
590:
587:
543:
540:
435:Exported from
420:
419:Commercial use
417:
395:
392:
376:macronutrients
361:
358:
321:
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294:
291:
273:sandalwood oil
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1126:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1072:
1066:
1051:
1047:
1046:"Sacred Tree"
1041:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1002:
997:
990:
978:
974:
967:
961:
956:
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929:
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917:
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907:9780643093416
903:
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632:
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623:
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602:
601:antimicrobial
596:
586:
584:
583:
582:Acacia aneura
578:
577:
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571:
566:
562:
561:
555:
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549:
539:
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529:
525:
521:
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516:Gibson Desert
513:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
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484:
482:
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450:
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350:Gibson Desert
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197:Binomial name
194:
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118:Tracheophytes
116:
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94:
89:
85:
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63:
59:
54:
50:
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41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1176:
1149:
1137:
1111:
1103:
1096:. Retrieved
1091:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1030:19 September
1028:. Retrieved
1024:
1014:
996:
988:
981:. Retrieved
976:
966:
955:
944:
934:18 September
932:. Retrieved
925:
916:
897:
891:
861:
836:. Retrieved
832:
822:
809:
799:19 September
797:. Retrieved
793:the original
788:
764:. Retrieved
760:the original
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579:, and mulga
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536:Estee Lauder
505:
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394:Distribution
387:
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369:
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346:Martu people
344:, while the
341:
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1201:Wikispecies
1055:20 November
983:28 December
838:18 February
766:15 December
716:20 November
552:vermiculite
542:Cultivation
528:Muntiljarra
445:S. spicatum
380:S. spicatum
366:Santalaceae
360:Description
298:S. spicatum
281:S. spicatum
164:Santalaceae
131:Angiosperms
1433:Categories
635:References
532:Kalgoorlie
520:outstation
489:Goldfields
467:region of
271:, and its
269:sandalwood
154:Santalales
73:Vulnerable
1403:100436238
1351:172724199
1281:FloraBase
1092:Florabase
815:Wheatbelt
679:1 January
624:regions.
573:, wodjil
449:Wheatbelt
407:marsupial
182:Species:
101:Kingdom:
1449:Santalum
1398:Tropicos
1338:780643-1
1268:eFloraSA
1192:Q3018287
1186:Wikidata
1098:29 April
1086:Santalum
1004:Archived
859:(1922).
707:ABC News
524:Mungilli
477:A$ 1,000
409:species
352:call it
320:Taxonomy
306:medicine
286:Santalum
277:aromatic
175:Santalum
160:Family:
144:Eudicots
78:IUCN 3.1
1312:3788877
1255:Ecocrop
1234:1110691
789:Dutjahn
785:"About"
548:El Niño
458:incense
354:dutjahn
348:of the
342:wollgat
330:uilarac
326:Noongar
293:History
245:Dutjahn
241:Noongar
235:, also
170:Genus:
150:Order:
105:Plantae
76: (
1377:150898
1364:453088
904:
439:, 1905
384:kernel
338:wolgol
243:) and
231:, the
49:circa
1325:33077
1294:FoAO2
1247:79KBJ
1221:61992
979:. ABC
565:loamy
465:Quorn
340:, or
334:waang
249:Martu
237:Waang
218:A.DC.
214:R.Br.
138:Clade
125:Clade
112:Clade
51:1920
1385:POWO
1359:NCBI
1346:IUCN
1333:IPNI
1320:GRIN
1307:GBIF
1286:2359
1260:9549
1229:BOLD
1216:APNI
1100:2007
1057:2021
1032:2020
985:2018
936:2020
902:ISBN
840:2022
801:2020
768:2016
718:2021
681:2022
664:2021
405:The
324:The
304:and
1411:WFO
1242:CoL
879:hdl
871:doi
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